CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Napoleonic Wars Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="zpfIwRZwxIP5u6z75nRnyzYIzDarbb_wR_e6ff-X4S8lXFbCBprnWVvwstbegYAnaJvt8YraawE3CuXRtwM7Og" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?after=50%2C30974300" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Napoleonic Wars Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '29cbb9485f79f49ca3eb38b6f0905739256f19a4'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14030,"monthly_visitors":"103 million","monthly_visitor_count":103095310,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":103,"user_count":283462615,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740274378000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740274378000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-b42d48e01e9cb3bf5ae55ea154ab7133fe47240c1d7c59b0249065c67d6f65ab.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f3fdf92d2e211a3fd7a717a75adb7bf4af30f5d7651964d9f223129f218112cd.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Napoleonic Wars</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">13,130 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Napoleonic Wars</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Napoleonic_Wars">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42452878" data-work_id="42452878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42452878/Kriegsdenkm%C3%A4ler_und_Erinnerungskultur_in_Deutschland_die_gesellschaftliche_Rezeption_milit%C3%A4rischer_Konflikte_zwischen_Kaiserreich_und_Bundesrepublik">Kriegsdenkmäler und Erinnerungskultur in Deutschland - die gesellschaftliche Rezeption militärischer Konflikte zwischen Kaiserreich und Bundesrepublik</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Kriege und moderne militärische Konflikte bergen das wirkmächtige Potential den Verlauf der Geschichte in einer derart gestauchten chronologischen Abfolge der Geschehnisse zu verändern, die es für Gesellschaften schwer macht, sie in ihrer... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42452878" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Kriege und moderne militärische Konflikte bergen das wirkmächtige Potential den Verlauf der Geschichte in einer derart gestauchten chronologischen Abfolge der Geschehnisse zu verändern, die es für Gesellschaften schwer macht, sie in ihrer Gesamtheit und ihren überaus komplexen Konsequenzen zu fassen. Mindestens ebenso schwierig ist es für kleinere sozialen Entitäten, die blutigen, schockierenden, traumatischen und tieftraurigen persönlichen Erfahrungen, die ein Krieg mit sich bringt, zu begreifen. Dennoch sind die Assoziationen, die mit dem historischen Ereignis und der Erfahrung Krieg einhergehen, vielfältiger und facettenreicher, als man zunächst annehmen könnte. Wie das Kriegsgeschehen und sein mittelbares sowie unmittelbares Nachspiel erlebt werden, ist abhängig davon, aus welcher Perspektive man einen Krieg und seinen Ausgang erlebt. Welche Motive ein Staat, eine Nation oder eine Gesellschaft gehabt hat, die Krieg führte, mit welchem Ergebnis dieser Krieg zu einem Ende kam und welche kollektiven oder auch persönlichen Erfahrungen mit ebendiesem Kriegsende verbunden waren, spielt daher die maßgebliche Rolle, wenn man über die Rezeptionsgeschichte und die Erinnerungskultur einer Nation an einen Krieg spricht und sich dieser Problematik mithilfe eines kunsthistorischen, archäologischen, architektonischen oder auch soziologischen Zugangs nähert.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42452878" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a099f0f6b73fb12dba23b5c0c181b4cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62625583,"asset_id":42452878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62625583/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10469890" href="https://glasgow.academia.edu/robertsamuellangner">Robert S Langner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10469890" type="text/json">{"id":10469890,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Langner","domain_name":"glasgow","page_name":"robertsamuellangner","display_name":"Robert S Langner","profile_url":"https://glasgow.academia.edu/robertsamuellangner?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10469890/42210508/159502530/s65_robert.langner.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42452878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42452878"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42452878, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42452878", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42452878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42452878; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42452878"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42452878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42452878"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42452878; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42452878]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42452878").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42452878").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42452878"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3987" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory">History and Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3987" type="text/json">{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4157" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_Warfare">Naval Warfare</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4157" type="text/json">{"id":4157,"name":"Naval Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_Warfare?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5459" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Conservation">Cultural Heritage Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5459" type="text/json">{"id":5459,"name":"Cultural Heritage Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Conservation?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42452878]'), work: {"id":42452878,"title":"Kriegsdenkmäler und Erinnerungskultur in Deutschland - die gesellschaftliche Rezeption militärischer Konflikte zwischen Kaiserreich und Bundesrepublik","created_at":"2020-03-31T10:45:19.777-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42452878/Kriegsdenkm%C3%A4ler_und_Erinnerungskultur_in_Deutschland_die_gesellschaftliche_Rezeption_milit%C3%A4rischer_Konflikte_zwischen_Kaiserreich_und_Bundesrepublik?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_42452878","summary":"Kriege und moderne militärische Konflikte bergen das wirkmächtige Potential den Verlauf der Geschichte in einer derart gestauchten chronologischen Abfolge der Geschehnisse zu verändern, die es für Gesellschaften schwer macht, sie in ihrer Gesamtheit und ihren überaus komplexen Konsequenzen zu fassen. Mindestens ebenso schwierig ist es für kleinere sozialen Entitäten, die blutigen, schockierenden, traumatischen und tieftraurigen persönlichen Erfahrungen, die ein Krieg mit sich bringt, zu begreifen. Dennoch sind die Assoziationen, die mit dem historischen Ereignis und der Erfahrung Krieg einhergehen, vielfältiger und facettenreicher, als man zunächst annehmen könnte. Wie das Kriegsgeschehen und sein mittelbares sowie unmittelbares Nachspiel erlebt werden, ist abhängig davon, aus welcher Perspektive man einen Krieg und seinen Ausgang erlebt. Welche Motive ein Staat, eine Nation oder eine Gesellschaft gehabt hat, die Krieg führte, mit welchem Ergebnis dieser Krieg zu einem Ende kam und welche kollektiven oder auch persönlichen Erfahrungen mit ebendiesem Kriegsende verbunden waren, spielt daher die maßgebliche Rolle, wenn man über die Rezeptionsgeschichte und die Erinnerungskultur einer Nation an einen Krieg spricht und sich dieser Problematik mithilfe eines kunsthistorischen, archäologischen, architektonischen oder auch soziologischen Zugangs nähert. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62625583,"asset_id":42452878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10469890,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Langner","domain_name":"glasgow","page_name":"robertsamuellangner","display_name":"Robert S Langner","profile_url":"https://glasgow.academia.edu/robertsamuellangner?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10469890/42210508/159502530/s65_robert.langner.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":4157,"name":"Naval Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_Warfare?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":5459,"name":"Cultural Heritage Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Conservation?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":11483,"name":"Cultural Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Memory?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":14482,"name":"World War I","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_I?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15263,"name":"First World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_World_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II?f_ri=12567"},{"id":29273,"name":"Reconciliation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reconciliation?f_ri=12567"},{"id":82404,"name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Federal_Republic_of_Germany?f_ri=12567"},{"id":117186,"name":"Memories and Experiences of War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memories_and_Experiences_of_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":190640,"name":"Memorialisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memorialisation?f_ri=12567"},{"id":325678,"name":"The Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":377242,"name":"War Memorials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Memorials?f_ri=12567"},{"id":383503,"name":"War and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_and_Memory?f_ri=12567"},{"id":497604,"name":"World War One","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_One?f_ri=12567"},{"id":599604,"name":"German Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Empire?f_ri=12567"},{"id":673669,"name":"Heritage and Nationalism, Heritage and Memory of War and Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_and_Nationalism_Heritage_and_Memory_of_War_and_Conflict?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2286798" data-work_id="2286798" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2286798/Clausewitz_La_campagna_del_1796_in_Italia">Clausewitz, La campagna del 1796 in Italia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Clausewitz è celeberrimo per la sua opera Vom Kriege (Della Guerra), unanimemente considerato uno dei classici imprescindibili dell'arte militare, ma pochi sanno che il Vom Kriege raccoglie solo i primi tre volumi dei lavori incompiuti... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2286798" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Clausewitz è celeberrimo per la sua opera Vom Kriege (Della Guerra), unanimemente considerato uno dei classici imprescindibili dell'arte militare, ma pochi sanno che il Vom Kriege raccoglie solo i primi tre volumi dei lavori incompiuti del generale prussiano (Hinterlassene Werke über Krieg und Kriegführung), gli altri, secondo il principio, caro all'autore, che gli historische Beispiele machen Alles klar (gli esempi storici rendono tutto chiaro), essendone il complemento ed il sussidio. Infatti, nei volumi successivi, il riferimento corre continuamente alle enunciazioni dei primi tre volumi, per dimostrarne la validità e discutere i rischi della mancata applicazione dei princìpi, talvolta per emendarli, migliorarli ed adattarli alle situazioni specifiche, senza in ogni caso mai discostarsene. Questa opera, il primo dei restanti volumi, il quarto in generale, dunque non è solo il resoconto talvolta impietoso degli accadimenti militari e politici, ma una dettagliata ed acuta analisi dei processi decisionali e delle opzioni tattiche, degli errori e delle scelte corrette di entrambi i contendenti della prima Campagna d'Italia (1796-97). È anche un riconoscimento, spesso intriso di spunti polemici e malcelato odio, delle capacità del giovane generale Bonaparte, che al suo primo comando indipendente, trasformò un esercito di straccioni, indisciplinati e demotivati, privi di vestiario, vettovaglie e armamento, in un formidabile strumento di guerra, che non solo inflisse continue e ripetute sconfitte a due eserciti alleati, ma impose trattati di pace - qui riprodotti - con pesanti condizioni in termini economici, politici e territoriali a tutti gli altri stati italiani, cancellandone persino uno dalla mappa geografica. Nomi come Montenotte, Millesimo, Dego, Lodi, Lonato, Castiglione, Rovereto, Bassano, La Favorita, San Giorgio, Arcole, Rivoli, Mantova, non furono altro che le principali tappe di una delle campagne più decisive della storia e sancirono il mito di Napoleone come generale abilissimo, fortunato ed invincibile e l'inizio della sua parabola stupefacente, mossa da un'ambizione senza più limiti che portò guerra e distruzione, ma anche il fuoco inestinguibile dei valori rivoluzionari, in tutta l'Europa nel corso dei successivi vent'anni. In appendice, ad opera del curatore, una esaustiva cronologia, dieci ordini di battaglia, un dizionario dei principali protagonisti della campagna, una raccolta di trattati e armistizi, una corposa bibliografia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2286798" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="13b53d8ade2956236976d506865d2c4f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30335525,"asset_id":2286798,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30335525/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="536692" href="https://uniba-it.academia.edu/GiovanniCerinoBadone">Giovanni Cerino Badone</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="536692" type="text/json">{"id":536692,"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Cerino Badone","domain_name":"uniba-it","page_name":"GiovanniCerinoBadone","display_name":"Giovanni Cerino Badone","profile_url":"https://uniba-it.academia.edu/GiovanniCerinoBadone?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/536692/291765/17274603/s65_giovanni.cerino_badone.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2286798 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2286798"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2286798, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2286798", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2286798 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2286798; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2286798"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2286798 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2286798"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2286798; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2286798]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2286798").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2286798").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2286798"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_">Strategy (Military Science)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="579" type="text/json">{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1172" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria_European_History_">Austria (European History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1172" type="text/json">{"id":1172,"name":"Austria (European History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria_European_History_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1181" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History">French History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1181" type="text/json">{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2286798]'), work: {"id":2286798,"title":"Clausewitz, La campagna del 1796 in Italia","created_at":"2012-12-13T09:14:20.626-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2286798/Clausewitz_La_campagna_del_1796_in_Italia?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_2286798","summary":"Clausewitz è celeberrimo per la sua opera Vom Kriege (Della Guerra), unanimemente considerato uno dei classici imprescindibili dell'arte militare, ma pochi sanno che il Vom Kriege raccoglie solo i primi tre volumi dei lavori incompiuti del generale prussiano (Hinterlassene Werke über Krieg und Kriegführung), gli altri, secondo il principio, caro all'autore, che gli historische Beispiele machen Alles klar (gli esempi storici rendono tutto chiaro), essendone il complemento ed il sussidio. Infatti, nei volumi successivi, il riferimento corre continuamente alle enunciazioni dei primi tre volumi, per dimostrarne la validità e discutere i rischi della mancata applicazione dei princìpi, talvolta per emendarli, migliorarli ed adattarli alle situazioni specifiche, senza in ogni caso mai discostarsene. Questa opera, il primo dei restanti volumi, il quarto in generale, dunque non è solo il resoconto talvolta impietoso degli accadimenti militari e politici, ma una dettagliata ed acuta analisi dei processi decisionali e delle opzioni tattiche, degli errori e delle scelte corrette di entrambi i contendenti della prima Campagna d'Italia (1796-97). È anche un riconoscimento, spesso intriso di spunti polemici e malcelato odio, delle capacità del giovane generale Bonaparte, che al suo primo comando indipendente, trasformò un esercito di straccioni, indisciplinati e demotivati, privi di vestiario, vettovaglie e armamento, in un formidabile strumento di guerra, che non solo inflisse continue e ripetute sconfitte a due eserciti alleati, ma impose trattati di pace - qui riprodotti - con pesanti condizioni in termini economici, politici e territoriali a tutti gli altri stati italiani, cancellandone persino uno dalla mappa geografica. Nomi come Montenotte, Millesimo, Dego, Lodi, Lonato, Castiglione, Rovereto, Bassano, La Favorita, San Giorgio, Arcole, Rivoli, Mantova, non furono altro che le principali tappe di una delle campagne più decisive della storia e sancirono il mito di Napoleone come generale abilissimo, fortunato ed invincibile e l'inizio della sua parabola stupefacente, mossa da un'ambizione senza più limiti che portò guerra e distruzione, ma anche il fuoco inestinguibile dei valori rivoluzionari, in tutta l'Europa nel corso dei successivi vent'anni. In appendice, ad opera del curatore, una esaustiva cronologia, dieci ordini di battaglia, un dizionario dei principali protagonisti della campagna, una raccolta di trattati e armistizi, una corposa bibliografia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30335525,"asset_id":2286798,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":536692,"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Cerino Badone","domain_name":"uniba-it","page_name":"GiovanniCerinoBadone","display_name":"Giovanni Cerino Badone","profile_url":"https://uniba-it.academia.edu/GiovanniCerinoBadone?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/536692/291765/17274603/s65_giovanni.cerino_badone.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1172,"name":"Austria (European History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria_European_History_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1729,"name":"German History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1744,"name":"Italian (European History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italian_European_History_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":3873,"name":"Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":4652,"name":"French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":31856,"name":"19th Century Prussia/Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Prussia_Germany?f_ri=12567"},{"id":33210,"name":"Battlefields","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Battlefields?f_ri=12567"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=12567"},{"id":100218,"name":"Clausewitz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clausewitz?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_826856" data-work_id="826856" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/826856/Prussian_Napoleonic_Landwehr_Infantry_and_Cavalry_1808_1815_Landsturm_Volunteer_Cavalry_and_Streifkorps">Prussian Napoleonic Landwehr Infantry and Cavalry 1808-1815: Landsturm, Volunteer Cavalry and Streifkorps</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">NOW OUT OF PRINT Title: Prussian Napoleonic Landwehr Infantry and Cavalry 1813-15: Landsturm, Volunteer Cavalry and Streifkorps Publisher: Partizan Press Pages: 224 pages and over 380 colour illustrations. This is the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_826856" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">NOW OUT OF PRINT  <br /> <br />Title: Prussian Napoleonic Landwehr Infantry and Cavalry 1813-15: Landsturm, Volunteer Cavalry and Streifkorps <br />Publisher: Partizan Press <br />Pages: 224 pages and over 380 colour illustrations. <br /> <br />This is the companion volume to the successful two volumes on the Prussian Infantry 1808-1840. <br /> <br />The Landwehr and volunteers were essential in the success of the Prussian Army during the Wars of Liberation (1813-1815) against Napoleon. Their participation permitted the army to quadruple in size by August 1813 and become the cutting edge of the Allied Armies. <br /> <br />This unique work is the companion to the author’s two volume reference on the Prussian Infantry 1808-1840. It documents the campaign history, organisation, uniforms, horse furniture and their commanders, whether Landwehr (infantry and cavalry), Landsturm, Civil Guard, National Cavalry or Volunteers (Freiwilliger Jäger, Freikorps, and Streifkorps). For the first time in one volume the great diversity of their uniforms are lavishly illustrated and explored in detail, not previously attempted even in German. <br /> <br />The work draws upon all the essential sources on Prussian uniforms, including the contemporary works of Elberfeld and Genty. The 380+ colour illustrations include 331 of uniforms after Hans, Brauer, Woldemar Friedrich, Herbert Knötel, Richard Knötel, Bob Marrion, Carl Röchling and Moritz Ruhl plus 18 tables, 12 order of battles, 110 uniform details, saddlecloths and lance pennants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/826856" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c5412039e98ebc74b712dc675eb8f425" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5011070,"asset_id":826856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5011070/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13799" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield">Stephen Summerfield</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13799" type="text/json">{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_826856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="826856"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 826856, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_826856", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_826856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 826856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_826856"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_826856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="826856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 826856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=826856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_826856").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_826856").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="826856"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="559" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Science">Military Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="559" type="text/json">{"id":559,"name":"Military Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Science?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_German_History">19th Century German History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19140" type="text/json">{"id":19140,"name":"19th Century German History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_German_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=826856]'), work: {"id":826856,"title":"Prussian Napoleonic Landwehr Infantry and Cavalry 1808-1815: Landsturm, Volunteer Cavalry and Streifkorps","created_at":"2011-08-12T03:26:37.395-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/826856/Prussian_Napoleonic_Landwehr_Infantry_and_Cavalry_1808_1815_Landsturm_Volunteer_Cavalry_and_Streifkorps?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_826856","summary":"NOW OUT OF PRINT \r\n\r\nTitle: Prussian Napoleonic Landwehr Infantry and Cavalry 1813-15: Landsturm, Volunteer Cavalry and Streifkorps\r\nPublisher: Partizan Press\r\nPages: 224 pages and over 380 colour illustrations. \r\n\r\nThis is the companion volume to the successful two volumes on the Prussian Infantry 1808-1840.\r\n\r\nThe Landwehr and volunteers were essential in the success of the Prussian Army during the Wars of Liberation (1813-1815) against Napoleon. Their participation permitted the army to quadruple in size by August 1813 and become the cutting edge of the Allied Armies. \r\n\r\nThis unique work is the companion to the author’s two volume reference on the Prussian Infantry 1808-1840. It documents the campaign history, organisation, uniforms, horse furniture and their commanders, whether Landwehr (infantry and cavalry), Landsturm, Civil Guard, National Cavalry or Volunteers (Freiwilliger Jäger, Freikorps, and Streifkorps). For the first time in one volume the great diversity of their uniforms are lavishly illustrated and explored in detail, not previously attempted even in German. \r\n\r\nThe work draws upon all the essential sources on Prussian uniforms, including the contemporary works of Elberfeld and Genty. The 380+ colour illustrations include 331 of uniforms after Hans, Brauer, Woldemar Friedrich, Herbert Knötel, Richard Knötel, Bob Marrion, Carl Röchling and Moritz Ruhl plus 18 tables, 12 order of battles, 110 uniform details, saddlecloths and lance pennants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5011070,"asset_id":826856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":559,"name":"Military Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Science?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":19140,"name":"19th Century German History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_German_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":26654,"name":"History of Prussia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Prussia?f_ri=12567"},{"id":31856,"name":"19th Century Prussia/Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Prussia_Germany?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36087471" data-work_id="36087471" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36087471/Girardoni_Airguns_from_the_National_Museum_of_Slovenia">Girardoni Airguns from the National Museum of Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">English version of the paper published in 'Waffen- und Kostümkunde' 2016/1</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36087471" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc83c7533be7d99bf59473ace29a8b2e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55976779,"asset_id":36087471,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55976779/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61058182" href="https://nms-si.academia.edu/Toma%C5%BELazar">Tomaž Lazar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61058182" type="text/json">{"id":61058182,"first_name":"Tomaž","last_name":"Lazar","domain_name":"nms-si","page_name":"TomažLazar","display_name":"Tomaž Lazar","profile_url":"https://nms-si.academia.edu/Toma%C5%BELazar?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61058182/101274055/90429177/s65_toma_.lazar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36087471 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36087471"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36087471, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36087471", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36087471 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36087471; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36087471"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36087471 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36087471"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36087471; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36087471]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36087471").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36087471").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36087471"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3852" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Armor_Studies">Arms and Armor Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3852" type="text/json">{"id":3852,"name":"Arms and Armor Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Armor_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19609" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Military_Technology">History of Military Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19609" type="text/json">{"id":19609,"name":"History of Military Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Military_Technology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81113" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Armour">Arms and Armour</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="81113" type="text/json">{"id":81113,"name":"Arms and Armour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Armour?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36087471]'), work: {"id":36087471,"title":"Girardoni Airguns from the National Museum of Slovenia","created_at":"2018-03-06T00:47:39.439-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36087471/Girardoni_Airguns_from_the_National_Museum_of_Slovenia?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_36087471","summary":"English version of the paper published in 'Waffen- und Kostümkunde' 2016/1","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55976779,"asset_id":36087471,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61058182,"first_name":"Tomaž","last_name":"Lazar","domain_name":"nms-si","page_name":"TomažLazar","display_name":"Tomaž Lazar","profile_url":"https://nms-si.academia.edu/Toma%C5%BELazar?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61058182/101274055/90429177/s65_toma_.lazar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3852,"name":"Arms and Armor Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Armor_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":19609,"name":"History of Military Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Military_Technology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":81113,"name":"Arms and Armour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Armour?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":152982,"name":"Small Arms and light weapons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Arms_and_light_weapons?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22996771" data-work_id="22996771" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22996771/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_Napoleons_Mameluk_Memoirs_of_Roustam_Raza">ნაპოლეონის მამლუქი - რუსტამ რაზას მემუარები - Napoleon's Mameluk: Memoirs of Roustam Raza</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">ნაპოლეონის მამლუქის, თბილისში დაბადებული სომხური წარმომავლობის რუსტამ რაზას მემუარები. <br />თარგმანი: ალექსანდრე მიქაბერიძე, ნიკა ხოფერია</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22996771" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0f0c2f7d93cdfd6a069aa1b40d511f14" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43511879,"asset_id":22996771,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43511879/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3417451" href="https://gipa.academia.edu/NikaKhoperia">Nika Khoperia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3417451" type="text/json">{"id":3417451,"first_name":"Nika","last_name":"Khoperia","domain_name":"gipa","page_name":"NikaKhoperia","display_name":"Nika Khoperia","profile_url":"https://gipa.academia.edu/NikaKhoperia?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3417451/1159905/30244314/s65_nika.khoperia.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22996771 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22996771"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22996771, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22996771", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22996771 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22996771; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22996771"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22996771 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22996771"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22996771; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22996771]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22996771").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22996771").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22996771"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="139925" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="139925" type="text/json">{"id":139925,"name":"Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History">Napoleonic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="260097" type="text/json">{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524423" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mamluks">Mamluks</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="524423" type="text/json">{"id":524423,"name":"Mamluks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mamluks?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22996771]'), work: {"id":22996771,"title":"ნაპოლეონის მამლუქი - რუსტამ რაზას მემუარები - Napoleon's Mameluk: Memoirs of Roustam Raza","created_at":"2016-03-08T09:05:19.291-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22996771/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_Napoleons_Mameluk_Memoirs_of_Roustam_Raza?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_22996771","summary":"ნაპოლეონის მამლუქის, თბილისში დაბადებული სომხური წარმომავლობის რუსტამ რაზას მემუარები. \nთარგმანი: ალექსანდრე მიქაბერიძე, ნიკა ხოფერია","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43511879,"asset_id":22996771,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3417451,"first_name":"Nika","last_name":"Khoperia","domain_name":"gipa","page_name":"NikaKhoperia","display_name":"Nika Khoperia","profile_url":"https://gipa.academia.edu/NikaKhoperia?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3417451/1159905/30244314/s65_nika.khoperia.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":139925,"name":"Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":524423,"name":"Mamluks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mamluks?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7599269" data-work_id="7599269" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7599269/Beating_Napoleon_at_Eton_Violence_Sport_and_Manliness_in_England_s_Public_Schools_1783_1815_Cultural_and_Social_History">Beating Napoleon at Eton: Violence, Sport and Manliness in England’s Public Schools, 1783-1815 -- Cultural and Social History</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite the popular aphorism, ‘the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,’ historians have been slow to appreciate the value Georgian elites vested in their public schools and public school sport. In fact, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7599269" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite the popular aphorism, ‘the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,’ historians have been slow to appreciate the value Georgian elites vested in their public schools and public school sport. In fact, the stereotype of these schools as anarchic and pedagogically insignificant still endures. I argue that the schools of this period came to enjoy a growing popularity precisely because of their rough nature. Contemporaries praised the violence of both the dormitories and the playing fields as productive of vigorous, future leaders, capable of defending Britain in a world at war. Such rhetoric, I argue, anticipated the late Victorian cults of sport and manliness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7599269" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a2b59427aec4a417ae8eaa7d30ff5439" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47041140,"asset_id":7599269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47041140/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13698958" href="https://durham.academia.edu/KevinWaite">Kevin Waite</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13698958" type="text/json">{"id":13698958,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Waite","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"KevinWaite","display_name":"Kevin Waite","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/KevinWaite?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13698958/3813362/4463718/s65_kevin.waite.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7599269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7599269"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7599269, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7599269", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7599269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7599269; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7599269"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7599269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7599269"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7599269; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7599269]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7599269").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7599269").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7599269"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_History">English History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5131" type="text/json">{"id":5131,"name":"English History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7599269]'), work: {"id":7599269,"title":"Beating Napoleon at Eton: Violence, Sport and Manliness in England’s Public Schools, 1783-1815 -- Cultural and Social History","created_at":"2014-07-08T07:54:22.525-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7599269/Beating_Napoleon_at_Eton_Violence_Sport_and_Manliness_in_England_s_Public_Schools_1783_1815_Cultural_and_Social_History?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_7599269","summary":"Despite the popular aphorism, ‘the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,’ historians have been slow to appreciate the value Georgian elites vested in their public schools and public school sport. In fact, the stereotype of these schools as anarchic and pedagogically insignificant still endures. I argue that the schools of this period came to enjoy a growing popularity precisely because of their rough nature. Contemporaries praised the violence of both the dormitories and the playing fields as productive of vigorous, future leaders, capable of defending Britain in a world at war. Such rhetoric, I argue, anticipated the late Victorian cults of sport and manliness.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47041140,"asset_id":7599269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13698958,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Waite","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"KevinWaite","display_name":"Kevin Waite","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/KevinWaite?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13698958/3813362/4463718/s65_kevin.waite.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":5131,"name":"English History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":13274,"name":"Masculinities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masculinities?f_ri=12567"},{"id":14788,"name":"Boxing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boxing?f_ri=12567"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":603706,"name":"Public School History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_School_History?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2917690" data-work_id="2917690" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2917690/Bloody_Fields_of_Waterloo_Medical_Support_at_Wellington_s_Greatest_Battle">Bloody Fields of Waterloo: Medical Support at Wellington’s Greatest Battle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many books, articles and programmes have been produced about the Battle of Waterloo. Recent authors and researchers have started to take a wider perspective of this iconic struggle, which virtually ended the prolonged war against... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2917690" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many books, articles and programmes have been produced about the Battle of Waterloo. Recent authors and researchers have started to take a wider perspective of this iconic struggle, which virtually ended the prolonged war against Republican and Imperial France. Whilst not the most sanguinary conflict of these wars, there were thousands of dead and damaged men left on the battlefields, between the 15th and 18th June 1815. The medical services provided at and after the battle, left a good deal to be desired and some lessons learnt in the Peninsular campaigns had been forgotten.  <br /> <br />As Britain and Europe approach the bicentenary of this great event and as we continue to lose men in conflict, it is appropriate to remember their sacrifice and the medical men who helped them, albeit in their limited capacity.  <br /> <br />Medical perspectives of the battles from the 16th to the 18th June 1815, anecdotal casualties, explanations of medical ranking, with a comprehensive list of medical men, who served at the battle and their career paths, add an unusual dimension to the story of the Battle of Waterloo.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2917690" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c22834e353b53e484c05f965b661d09" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30862273,"asset_id":2917690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30862273/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13799" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield">Stephen Summerfield</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13799" type="text/json">{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2917690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2917690"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2917690, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2917690", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2917690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2917690; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2917690"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2917690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2917690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2917690; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2917690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2917690").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2917690").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2917690"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="647" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery">Surgery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="647" type="text/json">{"id":647,"name":"Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waterloo">Waterloo</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="262556" type="text/json">{"id":262556,"name":"Waterloo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waterloo?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2917690]'), work: {"id":2917690,"title":"Bloody Fields of Waterloo: Medical Support at Wellington’s Greatest Battle","created_at":"2013-03-06T08:23:26.235-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2917690/Bloody_Fields_of_Waterloo_Medical_Support_at_Wellington_s_Greatest_Battle?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_2917690","summary":"Many books, articles and programmes have been produced about the Battle of Waterloo. Recent authors and researchers have started to take a wider perspective of this iconic struggle, which virtually ended the prolonged war against Republican and Imperial France. Whilst not the most sanguinary conflict of these wars, there were thousands of dead and damaged men left on the battlefields, between the 15th and 18th June 1815. The medical services provided at and after the battle, left a good deal to be desired and some lessons learnt in the Peninsular campaigns had been forgotten. \r\n\r\nAs Britain and Europe approach the bicentenary of this great event and as we continue to lose men in conflict, it is appropriate to remember their sacrifice and the medical men who helped them, albeit in their limited capacity. \r\n\r\nMedical perspectives of the battles from the 16th to the 18th June 1815, anecdotal casualties, explanations of medical ranking, with a comprehensive list of medical men, who served at the battle and their career paths, add an unusual dimension to the story of the Battle of Waterloo.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30862273,"asset_id":2917690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":647,"name":"Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":262556,"name":"Waterloo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waterloo?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":770980,"name":"Battlefield Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Battlefield_Surgery?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38673099" data-work_id="38673099" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38673099/SL_05_The_Baker_Rifle_and_the_Early_Campaigns_of_the_95th_Rifles">SL-05 The Baker Rifle and the Early Campaigns of the 95th Rifles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">SHORNCLIFFE LECTURES BOOK 5 Book 5 of the Shorncliffe Lectures series explores the development of the Baker Rifle and the Experimental Corps of Riflemen of Colonel Coote-Manningham that became the 95th Rifles. This was the first permanent... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38673099" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">SHORNCLIFFE LECTURES BOOK 5<br />Book 5 of the Shorncliffe Lectures series explores the development of the Baker Rifle and the Experimental Corps of Riflemen of Colonel Coote-Manningham that became the 95th Rifles. This was the first permanent light infantry and completely rifle armed regiment in the British Army. There are 20 Maps, 27 Orders of Battle (OOBs), 93 Tables and over 110 illustrations including 56 of rifles, sword bayonets and bayonets. The themes of the book are:-<br />  1. The origins (Chapter 1) and formation (Chapter 8) of the 95th Rifles as the Experimental Corps of Riflemen under Colonel Coote Manningham. <br />  2. The development of the Baker Rifle and its use (Chapters 2-6), <br />  3. The barracks (Chapter 7), the training in Essex, Kent and Sussex (Chapter 8, 10, 14-15), their drilling of the  Volunteer Riflemen (Chapter 16) and the formation of the 2/95th in Canterbury on 1805 (Chapter 17). <br />  4. The early campaigns over the first seven years of their existence (Chapters 9, 11-12 and 18-20), and their campaign medals (Chapter 21).<br />  5. Selected articles from the Regulations for the Rifle Corps (Chapter 22) and the Shorncliffe Lectures of 1803 are printed in full (Chapter 23).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38673099" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c8fc4cd3ce78de65c7ab553c845c06c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58753765,"asset_id":38673099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58753765/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13799" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield">Stephen Summerfield</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13799" type="text/json">{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38673099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38673099"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38673099, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38673099", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38673099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38673099; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38673099"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38673099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38673099"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38673099; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38673099]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38673099").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38673099").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38673099"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2324" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History">British History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2324" type="text/json">{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7088" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Portuguese_and_Spanish">History Portuguese and Spanish</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7088" type="text/json">{"id":7088,"name":"History Portuguese and Spanish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Portuguese_and_Spanish?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argentina">Argentina</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9813" type="text/json">{"id":9813,"name":"Argentina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argentina?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38673099]'), work: {"id":38673099,"title":"SL-05 The Baker Rifle and the Early Campaigns of the 95th Rifles","created_at":"2019-03-31T03:07:57.193-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38673099/SL_05_The_Baker_Rifle_and_the_Early_Campaigns_of_the_95th_Rifles?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_38673099","summary":"SHORNCLIFFE LECTURES BOOK 5\nBook 5 of the Shorncliffe Lectures series explores the development of the Baker Rifle and the Experimental Corps of Riflemen of Colonel Coote-Manningham that became the 95th Rifles. This was the first permanent light infantry and completely rifle armed regiment in the British Army. There are 20 Maps, 27 Orders of Battle (OOBs), 93 Tables and over 110 illustrations including 56 of rifles, sword bayonets and bayonets. The themes of the book are:-\n 1.\tThe origins (Chapter 1) and formation (Chapter 8) of the 95th Rifles as the Experimental Corps of Riflemen under Colonel Coote Manningham. \n 2.\tThe development of the Baker Rifle and its use (Chapters 2-6), \n 3.\tThe barracks (Chapter 7), the training in Essex, Kent and Sussex (Chapter 8, 10, 14-15), their drilling of the Volunteer Riflemen (Chapter 16) and the formation of the 2/95th in Canterbury on 1805 (Chapter 17). \n 4.\tThe early campaigns over the first seven years of their existence (Chapters 9, 11-12 and 18-20), and their campaign medals (Chapter 21).\n 5.\tSelected articles from the Regulations for the Rifle Corps (Chapter 22) and the Shorncliffe Lectures of 1803 are printed in full (Chapter 23). \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58753765,"asset_id":38673099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":7088,"name":"History Portuguese and Spanish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Portuguese_and_Spanish?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":9813,"name":"Argentina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argentina?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12537,"name":"Egypt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egypt?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=12567"},{"id":267022,"name":"Black Powder Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Powder_Firearms?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1851987,"name":"Shorncliffe Lectures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shorncliffe_Lectures?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3092659" data-work_id="3092659" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3092659/Napoleons_German_Division_in_Spain_Volume_1">Napoleon's German Division in Spain Volume 1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">See Review by Robert Burnham <br /><a href="http://napoleon-series.org/reviews/military/c_GermanDivision.html" rel="nofollow">http://napoleon-series.org/reviews/military/c_GermanDivision.html</a> <br />262 pages. 17 color uniform plates. 11 color maps. 11 black and white maps.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3092659" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b80f6d901bd54ee0f78d0f8afe4d5588" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31023270,"asset_id":3092659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31023270/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13799" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield">Stephen Summerfield</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13799" type="text/json">{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3092659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3092659"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3092659, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3092659", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3092659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3092659; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3092659"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3092659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3092659"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3092659; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3092659]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3092659").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3092659").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3092659"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6880" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_History">Spanish History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6880" type="text/json">{"id":6880,"name":"Spanish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7088" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Portuguese_and_Spanish">History Portuguese and Spanish</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7088" type="text/json">{"id":7088,"name":"History Portuguese and Spanish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Portuguese_and_Spanish?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3092659]'), work: {"id":3092659,"title":"Napoleon's German Division in Spain Volume 1","created_at":"2013-03-23T23:26:57.429-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3092659/Napoleons_German_Division_in_Spain_Volume_1?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_3092659","summary":"See Review by Robert Burnham\r\nhttp://napoleon-series.org/reviews/military/c_GermanDivision.html\r\n262 pages. 17 color uniform plates. 11 color maps. 11 black and white maps. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31023270,"asset_id":3092659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":6880,"name":"Spanish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":7088,"name":"History Portuguese and Spanish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Portuguese_and_Spanish?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":184725,"name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peninsular_War?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30834602" data-work_id="30834602" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30834602/From_the_Nore_Turner_at_the_mouth_of_the_Thames">From the Nore: Turner at the mouth of the Thames</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Nore sand remains covered at low-water, and never seen by human eye; but the Nore is a name to conjure with visions of historical events, of battles, of fl eets, of mutinies, of watch and ward kept upon the great throbbing heart of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30834602" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Nore sand remains covered at low-water, and never seen by human eye; but the Nore is a name to conjure with visions of historical events, of battles, of fl eets, of mutinies, of watch and ward kept upon the great throbbing heart of the State.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30834602" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e20fe2d44c9ca8b4d31c6741d9b9709a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51389266,"asset_id":30834602,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51389266/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3810836" href="https://york.academia.edu/richardjohns">Richard Johns</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3810836" type="text/json">{"id":3810836,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Johns","domain_name":"york","page_name":"richardjohns","display_name":"Richard Johns","profile_url":"https://york.academia.edu/richardjohns?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30834602 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30834602"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30834602, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30834602", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30834602 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30834602; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30834602"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30834602 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30834602"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30834602; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30834602]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30834602").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30834602").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30834602"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_art">British art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16572" type="text/json">{"id":16572,"name":"British art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_art?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22831" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape">Landscape</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22831" type="text/json">{"id":22831,"name":"Landscape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155491" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seascape">Seascape</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155491" type="text/json">{"id":155491,"name":"Seascape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seascape?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30834602]'), work: {"id":30834602,"title":"From the Nore: Turner at the mouth of the Thames","created_at":"2017-01-09T09:39:30.022-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30834602/From_the_Nore_Turner_at_the_mouth_of_the_Thames?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_30834602","summary":"The Nore sand remains covered at low-water, and never seen by human eye; but the Nore is a name to conjure with visions of historical events, of battles, of fl eets, of mutinies, of watch and ward kept upon the great throbbing heart of the State.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51389266,"asset_id":30834602,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3810836,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Johns","domain_name":"york","page_name":"richardjohns","display_name":"Richard Johns","profile_url":"https://york.academia.edu/richardjohns?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":16572,"name":"British art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_art?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":22831,"name":"Landscape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":155491,"name":"Seascape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seascape?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":556280,"name":"J.M.W. Turner","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/J.M.W._Turner?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49264871" data-work_id="49264871" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49264871/Konsekwencje_wojen_napoleo%C5%84skich_na_%C5%9Al%C4%85sku">Konsekwencje wojen napoleońskich na Śląsku</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autor podejmuje próbę udowodnienia tezy, że kwestie narodowe na Dolnym i Górnym Śląsku w istotny sposób znalazły swój początek w dobie wojen napoleońskich. Podczas gdy w 1807 górnośląscy autochtoni zachowywali się wobec pruskich... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49264871" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autor podejmuje próbę udowodnienia tezy, że kwestie narodowe na Dolnym i Górnym Śląsku w istotny sposób znalazły swój początek w dobie wojen napoleońskich. Podczas gdy w 1807 górnośląscy autochtoni zachowywali się wobec pruskich Hohenzollernów lojalnie, to w tym samym czasie na Dolnym Śląsku wojska w barwach napoleońskich witano entuzjastycznie. W 1813 na Dolnym Śląsku nastroje się zmieniły, a pruskim elitom udało się tę niechęć przekuć w zupełnie na tej ziemi nowy, pruski narodowy entuzjazm. Wojny napoleońskie stały się wręcz mitem założycielskim krystalizującej się niemieckiej świadomości narodowej. Na Górnym Śląsku wypadki potoczyły się dokładnie w odwrotnym kierunku. W 1811 roku wybuchło tu powstanie przeciwko panującym socjalnym niesprawiedliwościom. Zostało krwawo stłumione przez wojska pruskie, co wywołało głęboką nienawiść do Hohenzollernów. Rebelia ta stała się fundamentem napięć społecznych i narodowych w XIX wieku, które znalazły swój finał w powstaniach <br />śląskich 1919-1921.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49264871" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eda2d4573a4bbe4c1973c885f26741a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67648199,"asset_id":49264871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67648199/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="80439717" href="https://silesian.academia.edu/SebastianFikus">Sebastian Fikus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="80439717" type="text/json">{"id":80439717,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Fikus","domain_name":"silesian","page_name":"SebastianFikus","display_name":"Sebastian Fikus","profile_url":"https://silesian.academia.edu/SebastianFikus?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80439717/20747460/43874542/s65_sebastian.fikus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49264871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49264871"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49264871, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49264871", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49264871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49264871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49264871"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49264871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49264871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49264871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49264871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49264871").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49264871").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49264871"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="31856" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Prussia_Germany">19th Century Prussia/Germany</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="31856" type="text/json">{"id":31856,"name":"19th Century Prussia/Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Prussia_Germany?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1266363" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1266363" type="text/json">{"id":1266363,"name":"Hohenzollern","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hohenzollern?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1656175" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Upper_Silesia">History of Upper Silesia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1656175" type="text/json">{"id":1656175,"name":"History of Upper Silesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Upper_Silesia?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49264871]'), work: {"id":49264871,"title":"Konsekwencje wojen napoleońskich na Śląsku","created_at":"2021-06-16T11:41:16.165-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49264871/Konsekwencje_wojen_napoleo%C5%84skich_na_%C5%9Al%C4%85sku?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_49264871","summary":"Autor podejmuje próbę udowodnienia tezy, że kwestie narodowe na Dolnym i Górnym Śląsku w istotny sposób znalazły swój początek w dobie wojen napoleońskich. Podczas gdy w 1807 górnośląscy autochtoni zachowywali się wobec pruskich Hohenzollernów lojalnie, to w tym samym czasie na Dolnym Śląsku wojska w barwach napoleońskich witano entuzjastycznie. W 1813 na Dolnym Śląsku nastroje się zmieniły, a pruskim elitom udało się tę niechęć przekuć w zupełnie na tej ziemi nowy, pruski narodowy entuzjazm. Wojny napoleońskie stały się wręcz mitem założycielskim krystalizującej się niemieckiej świadomości narodowej. Na Górnym Śląsku wypadki potoczyły się dokładnie w odwrotnym kierunku. W 1811 roku wybuchło tu powstanie przeciwko panującym socjalnym niesprawiedliwościom. Zostało krwawo stłumione przez wojska pruskie, co wywołało głęboką nienawiść do Hohenzollernów. Rebelia ta stała się fundamentem napięć społecznych i narodowych w XIX wieku, które znalazły swój finał w powstaniach \nśląskich 1919-1921.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67648199,"asset_id":49264871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":80439717,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Fikus","domain_name":"silesian","page_name":"SebastianFikus","display_name":"Sebastian Fikus","profile_url":"https://silesian.academia.edu/SebastianFikus?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80439717/20747460/43874542/s65_sebastian.fikus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":31856,"name":"19th Century Prussia/Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Prussia_Germany?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1266363,"name":"Hohenzollern","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hohenzollern?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1656175,"name":"History of Upper Silesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Upper_Silesia?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3384003,"name":"Silesian Uprisings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silesian_Uprisings?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10343727" data-work_id="10343727" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10343727/The_Vienna_Peace_Settlements_From_a_Balance_of_Power_to_a_Balance_of_Negotiation">The Vienna Peace Settlements: From a Balance of Power to a Balance of Negotiation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Stella Ghervas, "The Vienna Peace Settlements: From a Balance of Power to a Balance of Negotiation". What were the innovations of the Congress of Vienna? It has been traditional to affirm that the European peace and security system... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10343727" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Stella Ghervas, "The Vienna Peace Settlements: From a Balance of Power to a Balance of Negotiation". <br /> <br />What were the innovations of the Congress of Vienna? It has been traditional to affirm that the European peace and security system established in the course of the Congress of Vienna had been an achievement of the political model of the balance of power. Historical reality was however more complex than that. Despite conflicting agendas, the statesmen and diplomats who drafted the settlements of 1814-15 genuinely sought to establish a lasting peace, after the long and bloody wars against Napoleon. In doing so, they effectively banned war among themselves for nearly four decades, until the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10343727" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9238bf3c12df78a9fb99ac4c259a69f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36432510,"asset_id":10343727,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36432510/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="225913" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/StellaGhervas">Stella Ghervas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="225913" type="text/json">{"id":225913,"first_name":"Stella","last_name":"Ghervas","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"StellaGhervas","display_name":"Stella Ghervas","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StellaGhervas?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/225913/50520/3757649/s65_stella.ghervas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10343727 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10343727"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10343727, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10343727", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10343727 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10343727; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10343727"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10343727 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10343727"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10343727; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10343727]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10343727").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10343727").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10343727"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10343727]'), work: {"id":10343727,"title":"The Vienna Peace Settlements: From a Balance of Power to a Balance of Negotiation","created_at":"2015-01-26T14:02:10.386-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10343727/The_Vienna_Peace_Settlements_From_a_Balance_of_Power_to_a_Balance_of_Negotiation?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_10343727","summary":"Stella Ghervas, \"The Vienna Peace Settlements: From a Balance of Power to a Balance of Negotiation\".\r\n\r\nWhat were the innovations of the Congress of Vienna? It has been traditional to affirm that the European peace and security system established in the course of the Congress of Vienna had been an achievement of the political model of the balance of power. Historical reality was however more complex than that. Despite conflicting agendas, the statesmen and diplomats who drafted the settlements of 1814-15 genuinely sought to establish a lasting peace, after the long and bloody wars against Napoleon. In doing so, they effectively banned war among themselves for nearly four decades, until the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36432510,"asset_id":10343727,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":225913,"first_name":"Stella","last_name":"Ghervas","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"StellaGhervas","display_name":"Stella Ghervas","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StellaGhervas?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/225913/50520/3757649/s65_stella.ghervas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=12567"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":13965,"name":"18th \u0026 19th Centuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_and_19th_Centuries?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":19332,"name":"19th Century (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_History_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":24048,"name":"Peace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=12567"},{"id":67027,"name":"Crimean War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimean_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":112454,"name":"post-Napoleonic 19th century history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/post-Napoleonic_19th_century_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":190815,"name":"Concert of Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concert_of_Europe?f_ri=12567"},{"id":198844,"name":"Security and Peace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_and_Peace_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":230050,"name":"Longue durée","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longue_dur%C3%A9e?f_ri=12567"},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":364570,"name":"Balance of Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_of_Power?f_ri=12567"},{"id":478716,"name":"Holy Alliance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Holy_Alliance?f_ri=12567"},{"id":478717,"name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Congress_of_Vienna?f_ri=12567"},{"id":807922,"name":"The Congress System of Viscount Castlereagh and Chancellor Metternich","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Congress_System_of_Viscount_Castlereagh_and_Chancellor_Metternich?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1156552,"name":"The Peace of Utrecht","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Peace_of_Utrecht?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79575007" data-work_id="79575007" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79575007/_Zeal_and_Patriotism_Forging_Identity_in_the_Irish_Militia_1793_1802">‘Zeal and Patriotism’: Forging Identity in the Irish Militia, 1793-1802</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Irish Militia, formed in 1793 to defend Ireland from French invasion, represented almost two-thirds of the British garrison in Ireland during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Irish Militia was also significant as it was a coming... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79575007" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Irish Militia, formed in 1793 to defend Ireland from French invasion, represented almost two-thirds of the British garrison in Ireland during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Irish Militia was also significant as it was a coming together of the upper-class Anglo-Irish Protestant military tradition, represented by the officer corps, and the Catholic majority, who filled the ranks. This article explores how successfully or unsuccessfully these competing Irish identities came together in the Donegal Regiment of Militia, examining how the officers overcame challenges and fostered a regimental identity that was capable of weathering the violence of the 1798 rebellion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79575007" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="af4f7d9e5935af33d858e04ab1a471a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86243093,"asset_id":79575007,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86243093/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25149088" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ciar%C3%A1nMcDonnell">Ciarán McDonnell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25149088" type="text/json">{"id":25149088,"first_name":"Ciarán","last_name":"McDonnell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CiaránMcDonnell","display_name":"Ciarán McDonnell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ciar%C3%A1nMcDonnell?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25149088/6838671/154733779/s65_ciar_n.mcdonnell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79575007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79575007"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79575007, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79575007", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79575007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79575007; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79575007"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79575007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79575007"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79575007; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79575007]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79575007").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79575007").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79575007"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="386" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Studies">Irish Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="386" type="text/json">{"id":386,"name":"Irish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2324" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History">British History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2324" type="text/json">{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79575007]'), work: {"id":79575007,"title":"‘Zeal and Patriotism’: Forging Identity in the Irish Militia, 1793-1802","created_at":"2022-05-21T03:45:49.704-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79575007/_Zeal_and_Patriotism_Forging_Identity_in_the_Irish_Militia_1793_1802?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_79575007","summary":"The Irish Militia, formed in 1793 to defend Ireland from French invasion, represented almost two-thirds of the British garrison in Ireland during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Irish Militia was also significant as it was a coming together of the upper-class Anglo-Irish Protestant military tradition, represented by the officer corps, and the Catholic majority, who filled the ranks. This article explores how successfully or unsuccessfully these competing Irish identities came together in the Donegal Regiment of Militia, examining how the officers overcame challenges and fostered a regimental identity that was capable of weathering the violence of the 1798 rebellion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86243093,"asset_id":79575007,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25149088,"first_name":"Ciarán","last_name":"McDonnell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CiaránMcDonnell","display_name":"Ciarán McDonnell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ciar%C3%A1nMcDonnell?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25149088/6838671/154733779/s65_ciar_n.mcdonnell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":386,"name":"Irish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":4652,"name":"French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":44933,"name":"Irish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish?f_ri=12567"},{"id":52408,"name":"Literary studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":70421,"name":"Irish military history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_military_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":75988,"name":"Militias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militias?f_ri=12567"},{"id":257992,"name":"Historical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":287823,"name":"Irish Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Identity?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56361331" data-work_id="56361331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56361331/Az_1809_es_%C3%B6t%C3%B6dik_koal%C3%ADci%C3%B3s_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA_hivatalos_propagand%C3%A1j%C3%A1nak_keretei_a_Habsburg_Monarchi%C3%A1ban">Az 1809-es ötödik koalíciós háború hivatalos propagandájának keretei a Habsburg Monarchiában</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Az 1809-es osztrák–francia háború Ausztriában és Magyarországon is számos innovatív, de hosszabb időtartamban szemlélve kivételesnek számító megoldást hozott a „népi-nemzeti háború” gondolata jegyében minél szélesebb körben végrehajtani... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56361331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Az 1809-es osztrák–francia háború Ausztriában és Magyarországon is számos innovatív, de<br />hosszabb időtartamban szemlélve kivételesnek számító megoldást hozott a „népi-nemzeti háború”<br />gondolata jegyében minél szélesebb körben végrehajtani kívánt katonai mozgósítás és<br />az ennek szolgálatába állított hivatalos propaganda tekintetében. Különösen Ausztriát illetően<br />az újítások szervezeti és ideológiai értelemben is számos ponton tetten érthetők a korábbi<br />és későbbi francia háborúk mobilizációihoz képest. Szervezetileg mindenekelőtt a közvetlen<br />kormányzati irányítás és finanszírozás megléte és a változatos propagandatechnikák komplex,<br />extenzív alkalmazása érdemel figyelmet, különös tekintettel a nyomtatás térhódítására. Ideológiai<br />értelemben pedig a patrióta-nemzeti beszédmód különféle regisztereinek az egyes technikákhoz<br />kötődő párhuzamos és szegmentált használatát szükséges kiemelni. Az alkotmányos<br />különállására, tradicionális hadszervezetére (inszurrekció) és a nemesi politikai nemzet kollektív<br />identitására tekintettel sajátos helyzetben lévő Magyar Királyságban az osztrák-birodalmi<br />hivatalos propaganda által alkalmazott technikák és ideológiai megoldások is adaptációra<br />szorultak. A dolgozat célkitűzése, hogy a magyarországi, s mindenekelőtt az inszurrekcióra<br />irányuló hivatalos propaganda felépítését és működését a Habsburg monarchia szélesebb kontextusában<br />vázolja fel.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56361331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="66d4f7f53c725cdc65f94bebf7c8b117" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71778923,"asset_id":56361331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71778923/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2221010" href="https://uni-nke.academia.edu/Nagy%C3%81goston">Ágoston Nagy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2221010" type="text/json">{"id":2221010,"first_name":"Ágoston","last_name":"Nagy","domain_name":"uni-nke","page_name":"NagyÁgoston","display_name":"Ágoston Nagy","profile_url":"https://uni-nke.academia.edu/Nagy%C3%81goston?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2221010/914599/69480100/s65__goston.nagy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56361331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56361331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56361331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56361331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_56361331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56361331; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_56361331"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_56361331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="56361331"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56361331; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56361331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56361331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56361331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56361331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3356" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda">Propaganda</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3356" type="text/json">{"id":3356,"name":"Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6633" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Studies">Habsburg Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6633" type="text/json">{"id":6633,"name":"Habsburg Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11180" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary">History of Hungary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11180" type="text/json">{"id":11180,"name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56361331]'), work: {"id":56361331,"title":"Az 1809-es ötödik koalíciós háború hivatalos propagandájának keretei a Habsburg Monarchiában","created_at":"2021-10-07T09:51:33.452-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56361331/Az_1809_es_%C3%B6t%C3%B6dik_koal%C3%ADci%C3%B3s_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA_hivatalos_propagand%C3%A1j%C3%A1nak_keretei_a_Habsburg_Monarchi%C3%A1ban?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_56361331","summary":"Az 1809-es osztrák–francia háború Ausztriában és Magyarországon is számos innovatív, de\nhosszabb időtartamban szemlélve kivételesnek számító megoldást hozott a „népi-nemzeti háború”\ngondolata jegyében minél szélesebb körben végrehajtani kívánt katonai mozgósítás és\naz ennek szolgálatába állított hivatalos propaganda tekintetében. Különösen Ausztriát illetően\naz újítások szervezeti és ideológiai értelemben is számos ponton tetten érthetők a korábbi\nés későbbi francia háborúk mobilizációihoz képest. Szervezetileg mindenekelőtt a közvetlen\nkormányzati irányítás és finanszírozás megléte és a változatos propagandatechnikák komplex,\nextenzív alkalmazása érdemel figyelmet, különös tekintettel a nyomtatás térhódítására. Ideológiai\nértelemben pedig a patrióta-nemzeti beszédmód különféle regisztereinek az egyes technikákhoz\nkötődő párhuzamos és szegmentált használatát szükséges kiemelni. Az alkotmányos\nkülönállására, tradicionális hadszervezetére (inszurrekció) és a nemesi politikai nemzet kollektív\nidentitására tekintettel sajátos helyzetben lévő Magyar Királyságban az osztrák-birodalmi\nhivatalos propaganda által alkalmazott technikák és ideológiai megoldások is adaptációra\nszorultak. A dolgozat célkitűzése, hogy a magyarországi, s mindenekelőtt az inszurrekcióra\nirányuló hivatalos propaganda felépítését és működését a Habsburg monarchia szélesebb kontextusában\nvázolja fel.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71778923,"asset_id":56361331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2221010,"first_name":"Ágoston","last_name":"Nagy","domain_name":"uni-nke","page_name":"NagyÁgoston","display_name":"Ágoston Nagy","profile_url":"https://uni-nke.academia.edu/Nagy%C3%81goston?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2221010/914599/69480100/s65__goston.nagy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3356,"name":"Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":6633,"name":"Habsburg Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":11180,"name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":13395,"name":"Hungarian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hungarian_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":21129,"name":"Hungarian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hungarian_Literature?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":225390,"name":"Austrian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_Studies?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38675832" data-work_id="38675832" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38675832/Heeresstruktur_und_Identit%C3%A4t_in_der_Epoche_der_Freiheitskriege">Heeresstruktur und Identität in der Epoche der Freiheitskriege</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dem Themenfeld ,,Heer und Demokratie" in Beziehung zum Selbstverständnis des Soldaten als Militär und Christ soll hier anhand der Epoche der Napoleonischen Kriege nachgegangen werden. Die Vorstellungen von Krieg und Frieden sowie... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38675832" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dem Themenfeld ,,Heer und Demokratie" in Beziehung zum Selbstverständnis des Soldaten als Militär und Christ soll hier anhand der Epoche der Napoleonischen Kriege nachgegangen werden. Die Vorstellungen von Krieg und Frieden sowie frühdemokratische Ideen prägten die Heeresstruktur der Befreiungskriege.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38675832" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d5509a35cf78cc85c47b9b1280bec7a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58756474,"asset_id":38675832,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58756474/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="73206210" href="https://univie.academia.edu/KarlReinhartTrauner">Karl-Reinhart Trauner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="73206210" type="text/json">{"id":73206210,"first_name":"Karl-Reinhart","last_name":"Trauner","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"KarlReinhartTrauner","display_name":"Karl-Reinhart Trauner","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/KarlReinhartTrauner?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73206210/19248660/37145868/s65_karl-reinhart.trauner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38675832 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38675832"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38675832, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38675832", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38675832 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38675832; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38675832"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38675832 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38675832"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38675832; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38675832]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38675832").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38675832").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38675832"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5878" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism">Nationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5878" type="text/json">{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65492" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politische_Ethik">Politische Ethik</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="65492" type="text/json">{"id":65492,"name":"Politische Ethik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politische_Ethik?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97436" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militargeschichte">Militärgeschichte</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="97436" type="text/json">{"id":97436,"name":"Militärgeschichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militargeschichte?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38675832]'), work: {"id":38675832,"title":"Heeresstruktur und Identität in der Epoche der Freiheitskriege","created_at":"2019-03-31T10:40:26.583-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38675832/Heeresstruktur_und_Identit%C3%A4t_in_der_Epoche_der_Freiheitskriege?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_38675832","summary":"Dem Themenfeld ,,Heer und Demokratie\" in Beziehung zum Selbstverständnis des Soldaten als Militär und Christ soll hier anhand der Epoche der Napoleonischen Kriege nachgegangen werden. Die Vorstellungen von Krieg und Frieden sowie frühdemokratische Ideen prägten die Heeresstruktur der Befreiungskriege.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58756474,"asset_id":38675832,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":73206210,"first_name":"Karl-Reinhart","last_name":"Trauner","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"KarlReinhartTrauner","display_name":"Karl-Reinhart Trauner","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/KarlReinhartTrauner?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73206210/19248660/37145868/s65_karl-reinhart.trauner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":65492,"name":"Politische Ethik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politische_Ethik?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":97436,"name":"Militärgeschichte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militargeschichte?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":902323,"name":"Ernst Moritz Arndt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1116228,"name":"Nationalismus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalismus?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1880122,"name":"Militärsoziologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milit%C3%A4rsoziologie?f_ri=12567"},{"id":2910928,"name":"Militärethik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milit%C3%A4rethik?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39390354" data-work_id="39390354" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39390354/A_second_unpublished_version_of_the_so_called_Joseph_Laportes_notebook_on_the_French_Expedition_in_Egypt_and_Syria_Preliminary_study_and_remarks">A second unpublished version of the so-called Joseph Laporte's notebook on the French Expedition in Egypt and Syria. Preliminary study and remarks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 2007 the facsimile edition of an original manuscript written by a French soldier of Bonaparte’s Expedition in Egypt was published. Illustrated by naive coloured plates by the hand of the author, this document relates, almost day after... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39390354" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2007 the facsimile edition of an original manuscript written by a French soldier of Bonaparte’s Expedition in Egypt was published. Illustrated by naive coloured plates by the hand of the author, this document relates, almost day after day, the French Expedition in Egypt and Syria. It describes the main battles between the French troops and the English and Mameluks forces, but also the discovery of an exotic country and its culture at the end of the18th century, from a young revolutionary French soldier’s point of view. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a second version of this personal Description de l'Egypte, probably written shortly after the first one. A preliminary study shows that this variant, still unpublished and mentioned here for the first time, is longer and more detailed. Future research will have to explain why those two versions were written and now coexist.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39390354" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9d671ebd2357541ece5c8e2e6280a2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59533639,"asset_id":39390354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59533639/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="435781" href="https://xn--muse-du-louvre-dkb.academia.edu/RenaudPietri">Renaud Pietri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="435781" type="text/json">{"id":435781,"first_name":"Renaud","last_name":"Pietri","domain_name":"xn--muse-du-louvre-dkb","page_name":"RenaudPietri","display_name":"Renaud Pietri","profile_url":"https://xn--muse-du-louvre-dkb.academia.edu/RenaudPietri?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/435781/133070/59000646/s65_renaud.pietri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39390354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39390354"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39390354, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39390354", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39390354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39390354; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39390354"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39390354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39390354"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39390354; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39390354]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39390354").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39390354").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39390354"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="394" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology">Egyptology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="394" type="text/json">{"id":394,"name":"Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23466" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23466" type="text/json">{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26289" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Egyptology">History of Egyptology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26289" type="text/json">{"id":26289,"name":"History of Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Egyptology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39390354]'), work: {"id":39390354,"title":"A second unpublished version of the so-called Joseph Laporte's notebook on the French Expedition in Egypt and Syria. Preliminary study and remarks","created_at":"2019-06-05T03:45:55.547-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39390354/A_second_unpublished_version_of_the_so_called_Joseph_Laportes_notebook_on_the_French_Expedition_in_Egypt_and_Syria_Preliminary_study_and_remarks?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_39390354","summary":"In 2007 the facsimile edition of an original manuscript written by a French soldier of Bonaparte’s Expedition in Egypt was published. Illustrated by naive coloured plates by the hand of the author, this document relates, almost day after day, the French Expedition in Egypt and Syria. It describes the main battles between the French troops and the English and Mameluks forces, but also the discovery of an exotic country and its culture at the end of the18th century, from a young revolutionary French soldier’s point of view. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a second version of this personal Description de l'Egypte, probably written shortly after the first one. A preliminary study shows that this variant, still unpublished and mentioned here for the first time, is longer and more detailed. Future research will have to explain why those two versions were written and now coexist.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59533639,"asset_id":39390354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":435781,"first_name":"Renaud","last_name":"Pietri","domain_name":"xn--muse-du-louvre-dkb","page_name":"RenaudPietri","display_name":"Renaud Pietri","profile_url":"https://xn--muse-du-louvre-dkb.academia.edu/RenaudPietri?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/435781/133070/59000646/s65_renaud.pietri.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":394,"name":"Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":26289,"name":"History of Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Egyptology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":683902,"name":"Napoleonic Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":715471,"name":"Modern Egyptian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Egyptian_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":2995587,"name":"French expedition to Egypt (1798-1801)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_expedition_to_Egypt_1798-1801_?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26944099" data-work_id="26944099" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26944099/Linvasion_et_loccupation_de_la_Seine_et_Marne_en_1814">L'invasion et l'occupation de la Seine-et-Marne en 1814.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Les conditions de la campagne de France en Seine-et-Marne en 1814 puis la période d'occupation qui s'ensuit dans le département.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26944099" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3be7074e4101f41e81baf7296432f1f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48743830,"asset_id":26944099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48743830/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50253738" href="https://u-paris10.academia.edu/ThomasHindley">Thomas Hindley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50253738" type="text/json">{"id":50253738,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Hindley","domain_name":"u-paris10","page_name":"ThomasHindley","display_name":"Thomas Hindley","profile_url":"https://u-paris10.academia.edu/ThomasHindley?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50253738/23540128/22591251/s65_thomas.hindley.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26944099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26944099"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26944099, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26944099", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26944099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26944099; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26944099"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26944099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26944099"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26944099; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26944099]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26944099").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26944099").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26944099"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1181" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History">French History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1181" type="text/json">{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23466" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23466" type="text/json">{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History">Napoleonic History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="260097" type="text/json">{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26944099]'), work: {"id":26944099,"title":"L'invasion et l'occupation de la Seine-et-Marne en 1814.","created_at":"2016-07-13T01:32:03.690-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26944099/Linvasion_et_loccupation_de_la_Seine_et_Marne_en_1814?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_26944099","summary":"Les conditions de la campagne de France en Seine-et-Marne en 1814 puis la période d'occupation qui s'ensuit dans le département.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48743830,"asset_id":26944099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50253738,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Hindley","domain_name":"u-paris10","page_name":"ThomasHindley","display_name":"Thomas Hindley","profile_url":"https://u-paris10.academia.edu/ThomasHindley?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50253738/23540128/22591251/s65_thomas.hindley.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":683902,"name":"Napoleonic Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":742214,"name":"Premier empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Premier_empire?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1233982,"name":"Histoire Des Occupations Militaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histoire_Des_Occupations_Militaires?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25215880" data-work_id="25215880" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25215880/2016_Archeologisch_vooronderzoek_in_het_oostelijk_deel_van_het_camp_d_Utrecht_een_Frans_legerkamp_uit_de_periode_van_het_Bataafs_Gemenebest_in_Austerlitz">2016. Archeologisch vooronderzoek in het oostelijk deel van het camp d’Utrecht, een Frans legerkamp uit de periode van het Bataafs Gemenebest in Austerlitz</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Heeringen, R.M. van/A. Vissinga, 2016: Archeologisch vooronderzoek in het oostelijk deel van het camp d’Utrecht, een Frans legerkamp uit de periode van het Bataafs Gemenebest in Austerlitz. Een inventariserend veldonderzoek onder het... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25215880" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Heeringen, R.M. van/A. Vissinga, 2016: Archeologisch vooronderzoek in het oostelijk deel van het camp d’Utrecht, een Frans legerkamp uit de periode van het Bataafs Gemenebest in Austerlitz. Een inventariserend veldonderzoek onder het protocol proefsleuven tussen Hubertweg 31 en Kamperlinie (Dorpsplan Austerlitz), gemeente Zeist, Amersfoort (Vestigia-rapport V1359).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25215880" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d76c63d6c278e243bb0565eee410192e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45560028,"asset_id":25215880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45560028/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1519233" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/RobertvanHeeringen">Robert M Van Heeringen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1519233" type="text/json">{"id":1519233,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Van Heeringen","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"RobertvanHeeringen","display_name":"Robert M Van Heeringen","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/RobertvanHeeringen?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1519233/10795307/12049268/s65_robert.van_heeringen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25215880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25215880"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25215880, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25215880", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25215880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25215880; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25215880"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25215880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25215880"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25215880; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25215880]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25215880").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25215880").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25215880"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe">Napoleonic Europe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38843" type="text/json">{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95634" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologie">Archeologie</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="95634" type="text/json">{"id":95634,"name":"Archeologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologie?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="103557" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arch%C3%A9ologie">Archéologie</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="103557" type="text/json">{"id":103557,"name":"Archéologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arch%C3%A9ologie?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25215880]'), work: {"id":25215880,"title":"2016. Archeologisch vooronderzoek in het oostelijk deel van het camp d’Utrecht, een Frans legerkamp uit de periode van het Bataafs Gemenebest in Austerlitz","created_at":"2016-05-10T21:51:56.959-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25215880/2016_Archeologisch_vooronderzoek_in_het_oostelijk_deel_van_het_camp_d_Utrecht_een_Frans_legerkamp_uit_de_periode_van_het_Bataafs_Gemenebest_in_Austerlitz?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_25215880","summary":"Heeringen, R.M. van/A. Vissinga, 2016: Archeologisch vooronderzoek in het oostelijk deel van het camp d’Utrecht, een Frans legerkamp uit de periode van het Bataafs Gemenebest in Austerlitz. Een inventariserend veldonderzoek onder het protocol proefsleuven tussen Hubertweg 31 en Kamperlinie (Dorpsplan Austerlitz), gemeente Zeist, Amersfoort (Vestigia-rapport V1359).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45560028,"asset_id":25215880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1519233,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Van Heeringen","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"RobertvanHeeringen","display_name":"Robert M Van Heeringen","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/RobertvanHeeringen?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1519233/10795307/12049268/s65_robert.van_heeringen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":95634,"name":"Archeologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologie?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":103557,"name":"Archéologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arch%C3%A9ologie?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":139925,"name":"Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":263051,"name":"Napoleonic Era","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Era?f_ri=12567"},{"id":398066,"name":"NAPOLEON BONAPARTE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NAPOLEON_BONAPARTE?f_ri=12567"},{"id":461008,"name":"provincie Utrecht","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/provincie_Utrecht?f_ri=12567"},{"id":683902,"name":"Napoleonic Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1076895,"name":"Nederlandse geschiedenis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nederlandse_geschiedenis?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1206715,"name":"Nieuwe Tijd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nieuwe_Tijd?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1402398,"name":"Bataafs-franse Tijd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bataafs-franse_Tijd?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1559442,"name":"Krijgsgeschiedenis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Krijgsgeschiedenis?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17402796" data-work_id="17402796" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17402796/Ett_stycke_v%C3%A4sterbottnisk_krigshistoria_p%C3%A5_ryska">Ett stycke västerbottnisk krigshistoria på ryska</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Vid det nordöstra hörnet av Bygdeås medeltida stenkyrka står en gravsten -eller rättare sagt en kopia av en gravsten -rest över en rysk officer som stupade i slaget vid Sävar 1809. 1 Striderna vid Sävar och Ratan utgjorde ett av de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17402796" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Vid det nordöstra hörnet av Bygdeås medeltida stenkyrka står en gravsten -eller rättare sagt en kopia av en gravsten -rest över en rysk officer som stupade i slaget vid Sävar 1809. 1 Striderna vid Sävar och Ratan utgjorde ett av de avslutande kapitlen i 1808-09 års krig, även känt som finska kriget. 2 År 2004 skrev jag själv i militärtolkföreningens medlemsblad en kort artikel 3 som i huvudsak behandlade språket på gravstenen på Bygdeå kyrkogård. 4 Uppgifter hämtade ur denna artikel har sedan dess förts vidare på Internet. 5 Eftersom det tycks föreligga ett visst intresse för stenen och dess text, finner jag det som motiverat att än en gång ta upp ämnet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17402796" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30f9df4d1f3b6f5ea80e8aaca71b3401" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39485499,"asset_id":17402796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39485499/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="500474" href="https://gu-se.academia.edu/TRos%C3%A9n">Thomas Rosén</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="500474" type="text/json">{"id":500474,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Rosén","domain_name":"gu-se","page_name":"TRosén","display_name":"Thomas Rosén","profile_url":"https://gu-se.academia.edu/TRos%C3%A9n?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/500474/172494/71271811/s65_thomas.ros_n.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17402796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17402796"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17402796, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17402796", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17402796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17402796; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17402796"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17402796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17402796"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17402796; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17402796]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17402796").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17402796").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17402796"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15455" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History">Russian History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15455" type="text/json">{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27395" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swedish_History">Swedish History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27395" type="text/json">{"id":27395,"name":"Swedish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swedish_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17402796]'), work: {"id":17402796,"title":"Ett stycke västerbottnisk krigshistoria på ryska","created_at":"2015-10-28T02:33:37.270-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17402796/Ett_stycke_v%C3%A4sterbottnisk_krigshistoria_p%C3%A5_ryska?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_17402796","summary":"Vid det nordöstra hörnet av Bygdeås medeltida stenkyrka står en gravsten -eller rättare sagt en kopia av en gravsten -rest över en rysk officer som stupade i slaget vid Sävar 1809. 1 Striderna vid Sävar och Ratan utgjorde ett av de avslutande kapitlen i 1808-09 års krig, även känt som finska kriget. 2 År 2004 skrev jag själv i militärtolkföreningens medlemsblad en kort artikel 3 som i huvudsak behandlade språket på gravstenen på Bygdeå kyrkogård. 4 Uppgifter hämtade ur denna artikel har sedan dess förts vidare på Internet. 5 Eftersom det tycks föreligga ett visst intresse för stenen och dess text, finner jag det som motiverat att än en gång ta upp ämnet.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39485499,"asset_id":17402796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":500474,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Rosén","domain_name":"gu-se","page_name":"TRosén","display_name":"Thomas Rosén","profile_url":"https://gu-se.academia.edu/TRos%C3%A9n?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/500474/172494/71271811/s65_thomas.ros_n.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":27395,"name":"Swedish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swedish_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59805026" data-work_id="59805026" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59805026/_Ponencia_Tropas_extranjeras_en_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e_religiones_y_minor%C3%ADas_%C3%A9tnicas_">"Ponencia: Tropas extranjeras en la Grande Armée, religiones y minorías étnicas".</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Organizado por el Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Reseña en "20Minutos" <a href="https://blogs.20minutos.es/xx-siglos/2021/10/15/lepanto-napoleon-y-pearl-harbour-se-citan-en-hortaleza-con-h-de-historia/" rel="nofollow">https://blogs.20minutos.es/xx-siglos/2021/10/15/lepanto-napoleon-y-pearl-harbour-se-citan-en-hortaleza-con-h-de-historia/</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59805026" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5299d25f1724e196864bc905754952a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73538000,"asset_id":59805026,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73538000/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="103601831" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/JonathanJacoboBarShuali">Jonathan Jacobo Bar Shuali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="103601831" type="text/json">{"id":103601831,"first_name":"Jonathan Jacobo","last_name":"Bar Shuali","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"JonathanJacoboBarShuali","display_name":"Jonathan Jacobo Bar Shuali","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/JonathanJacoboBarShuali?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/103601831/24650053/158692546/s65_jonathan_jacobo.bar_shuali.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59805026 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59805026"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59805026, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59805026", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_59805026 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59805026; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_59805026"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_59805026 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="59805026"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59805026; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=59805026]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_59805026").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59805026").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59805026"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23466" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23466" type="text/json">{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59805026]'), work: {"id":59805026,"title":"\"Ponencia: Tropas extranjeras en la Grande Armée, religiones y minorías étnicas\".","created_at":"2021-10-24T07:32:00.296-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59805026/_Ponencia_Tropas_extranjeras_en_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e_religiones_y_minor%C3%ADas_%C3%A9tnicas_?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_59805026","summary":"Organizado por el Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Reseña en \"20Minutos\" https://blogs.20minutos.es/xx-siglos/2021/10/15/lepanto-napoleon-y-pearl-harbour-se-citan-en-hortaleza-con-h-de-historia/ ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73538000,"asset_id":59805026,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":103601831,"first_name":"Jonathan Jacobo","last_name":"Bar Shuali","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"JonathanJacoboBarShuali","display_name":"Jonathan Jacobo Bar Shuali","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/JonathanJacoboBarShuali?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/103601831/24650053/158692546/s65_jonathan_jacobo.bar_shuali.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_165721" data-work_id="165721" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/165721/The_Czars_General_Memoirs_of_a_Russian_General_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars">The Czar's General: Memoirs of a Russian General of the Napoleonic Wars</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aleksey Yermolov is a legend in Russia. A man who rose from obscurity to command armies and conquer provinces, he was the epitome of a military man of action. To his enemies he was a byword for brutality, but, to his homeland, a hero.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_165721" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aleksey Yermolov is a legend in Russia. A man who rose from obscurity to command armies and conquer provinces, he was the epitome of a military man of action. To his enemies he was a byword for brutality, but, to his homeland, a hero. <br /> <br />His memoirs are as dramatic as his rise to fame and fortune. Disgraced and exiled by the mad Czar Paul he was brought back into service only to witness Russian defeat at the battle of Austerlitz in 1805. Honoured and advanced by his new patron, the dashing Czar Alexander, Yermolov then made rapid progress. He witnessed at firsthand Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 but went on to see revenge completed when the Russians marched into Paris in April 1814. <br /> <br />When peace was declared in Europe, this hard and capable soldier was sent into the Caucasus to conquer Chechnya, sparking Russia's long and complex struggle to govern this unstable region. <br /> <br />Yermolov was a talented general who captured the spirit of his times in his brilliant and engaging memoirs. His acidic wit, acute powers of observation and grasp of drama make this book stand out as a unique source on the wars which defeated Napoleon and made Russia a superpower.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/165721" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ea0248344034b062e2a5c8af3de72f0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36214130,"asset_id":165721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36214130/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20015" href="https://lsus.academia.edu/AlexanderMikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20015" type="text/json">{"id":20015,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Mikaberidze","domain_name":"lsus","page_name":"AlexanderMikaberidze","display_name":"Alexander Mikaberidze","profile_url":"https://lsus.academia.edu/AlexanderMikaberidze?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20015/6768/2652229/s65_alexander.mikaberidze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_165721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="165721"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 165721, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_165721", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_165721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 165721; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_165721"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_165721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="165721"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 165721; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=165721]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_165721").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_165721").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="165721"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15455" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History">Russian History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15455" type="text/json">{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="580928" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_memoirs">Russian memoirs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="580928" type="text/json">{"id":580928,"name":"Russian memoirs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_memoirs?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=165721]'), work: {"id":165721,"title":"The Czar's General: Memoirs of a Russian General of the Napoleonic Wars","created_at":"2008-11-28T05:26:20.050-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/165721/The_Czars_General_Memoirs_of_a_Russian_General_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_165721","summary":"Aleksey Yermolov is a legend in Russia. A man who rose from obscurity to command armies and conquer provinces, he was the epitome of a military man of action. To his enemies he was a byword for brutality, but, to his homeland, a hero.\r\n\r\nHis memoirs are as dramatic as his rise to fame and fortune. Disgraced and exiled by the mad Czar Paul he was brought back into service only to witness Russian defeat at the battle of Austerlitz in 1805. Honoured and advanced by his new patron, the dashing Czar Alexander, Yermolov then made rapid progress. He witnessed at firsthand Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 but went on to see revenge completed when the Russians marched into Paris in April 1814.\r\n\r\nWhen peace was declared in Europe, this hard and capable soldier was sent into the Caucasus to conquer Chechnya, sparking Russia's long and complex struggle to govern this unstable region.\r\n\r\nYermolov was a talented general who captured the spirit of his times in his brilliant and engaging memoirs. His acidic wit, acute powers of observation and grasp of drama make this book stand out as a unique source on the wars which defeated Napoleon and made Russia a superpower.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36214130,"asset_id":165721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20015,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Mikaberidze","domain_name":"lsus","page_name":"AlexanderMikaberidze","display_name":"Alexander Mikaberidze","profile_url":"https://lsus.academia.edu/AlexanderMikaberidze?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20015/6768/2652229/s65_alexander.mikaberidze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":580928,"name":"Russian memoirs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_memoirs?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20170449" data-work_id="20170449" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20170449/_War_and_Society_in_Napoleonic_Poland_Consortium_on_Revolutionary_Europe_Selected_Papers_2003_ISBN_0092_2574_74_15970_80_88">"War & Society in Napoleonic Poland," Consortium on Revolutionary Europe: Selected Papers, (2003) ISBN 0092-2574/74-15970, 80-88.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This work was originally presented at a meeting of Consortium on Revolutionary Europe. It was later published in the edited papers of the conference under the title, "Consortium on Revolutionary Europe: Selected Papers, 2003, 80-88." ©... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20170449" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This work was originally presented at a meeting of Consortium on Revolutionary Europe.  It was later published in the edited papers of the conference under the title, "Consortium on Revolutionary Europe: Selected Papers, 2003, 80-88."<br />© 2003 The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe. 0092-2574/74-15970  <br />All Rights Reserved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20170449" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cfc58dafff74506e4adbaa3b2e5869da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41045669,"asset_id":20170449,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41045669/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34505664" href="https://louisianaatmonroe.academia.edu/ChristopherBlackburn">Christopher Blackburn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34505664" type="text/json">{"id":34505664,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Blackburn","domain_name":"louisianaatmonroe","page_name":"ChristopherBlackburn","display_name":"Christopher Blackburn","profile_url":"https://louisianaatmonroe.academia.edu/ChristopherBlackburn?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34505664/10088625/32101875/s65_christopher.blackburn.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20170449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20170449"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20170449, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20170449", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20170449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20170449; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20170449"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20170449 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20170449"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20170449; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20170449]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20170449").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20170449").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20170449"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3622" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_History">Polish History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3622" type="text/json">{"id":3622,"name":"Polish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="828643" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw">Grand Duchy of Warsaw</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="828643" type="text/json">{"id":828643,"name":"Grand Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20170449]'), work: {"id":20170449,"title":"\"War \u0026 Society in Napoleonic Poland,\" Consortium on Revolutionary Europe: Selected Papers, (2003) ISBN 0092-2574/74-15970, 80-88.","created_at":"2016-01-11T09:39:48.376-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20170449/_War_and_Society_in_Napoleonic_Poland_Consortium_on_Revolutionary_Europe_Selected_Papers_2003_ISBN_0092_2574_74_15970_80_88?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_20170449","summary":"This work was originally presented at a meeting of Consortium on Revolutionary Europe. It was later published in the edited papers of the conference under the title, \"Consortium on Revolutionary Europe: Selected Papers, 2003, 80-88.\"\n© 2003 The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe. 0092-2574/74-15970 \nAll Rights Reserved.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41045669,"asset_id":20170449,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34505664,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Blackburn","domain_name":"louisianaatmonroe","page_name":"ChristopherBlackburn","display_name":"Christopher Blackburn","profile_url":"https://louisianaatmonroe.academia.edu/ChristopherBlackburn?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34505664/10088625/32101875/s65_christopher.blackburn.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3622,"name":"Polish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":828643,"name":"Grand Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10964781" data-work_id="10964781" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10964781/Admiral_Sir_John_Wentworth_Loring_KCB_KCH">Admiral Sir John Wentworth Loring, KCB, KCH</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fascinating things can turn up in genealogical research. I was reminded of this a few years ago while studying some of my colonial New England ancestors. As a historian specializing in the American Revolution, I am always eager to learn... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10964781" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fascinating things can turn up in genealogical research.  I was reminded of this a few years ago while studying some of my colonial New England ancestors.  As a historian specializing in the American Revolution, I am always eager to learn about relatives who participated in that conflict.  Recently, while researching my Revolutionary War ties to one family – the Lorings of Massachusetts – I was surprised to discover a relationship to Admiral Sir John Wentworth Loring, known for his distinguished Royal Navy service during the Age of Nelson and beyond.  What intrigued me about this Boston-area native was how he began his career as a destitute, Loyalist exile, but ended it as an affluent and respected Royal Navy leader.  Moreover, Loring excelled in both operational and administrative commands, earning admiration from his peers and knighthoods from King William IV and Queen Victoria.  <br /> <br />Despite these achievements, modern historians have not really examined Loring in any great depth.  He has been mentioned as a minor reference in published works about his parents, Joshua Loring Jr. and Elizabeth Lloyd “Betsey” Loring, or other close relatives.  What follows here is a brief biographical sketch that provides a closer, more detailed, look at this compelling Royal Navy leader.  It is part of a more complete study of Loring and his family that is currently underway.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10964781" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32f06149e1c70f0bdab5769ee2d8b95b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36713179,"asset_id":10964781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36713179/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60170" href="https://cnu.academia.edu/SeanHeuvel">Sean Heuvel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60170" type="text/json">{"id":60170,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Heuvel","domain_name":"cnu","page_name":"SeanHeuvel","display_name":"Sean Heuvel","profile_url":"https://cnu.academia.edu/SeanHeuvel?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60170/17354/8305470/s65_sean.heuvel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10964781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10964781"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10964781, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10964781", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10964781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10964781; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10964781"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10964781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10964781"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10964781; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10964781]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10964781").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10964781").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10964781"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2324" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History">British History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2324" type="text/json">{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3165" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History">Maritime History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3165" type="text/json">{"id":3165,"name":"Maritime History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4409" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History">Naval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4409" type="text/json">{"id":4409,"name":"Naval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10964781]'), work: {"id":10964781,"title":"Admiral Sir John Wentworth Loring, KCB, KCH","created_at":"2015-02-20T12:38:28.792-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10964781/Admiral_Sir_John_Wentworth_Loring_KCB_KCH?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_10964781","summary":"Fascinating things can turn up in genealogical research. I was reminded of this a few years ago while studying some of my colonial New England ancestors. As a historian specializing in the American Revolution, I am always eager to learn about relatives who participated in that conflict. Recently, while researching my Revolutionary War ties to one family – the Lorings of Massachusetts – I was surprised to discover a relationship to Admiral Sir John Wentworth Loring, known for his distinguished Royal Navy service during the Age of Nelson and beyond. What intrigued me about this Boston-area native was how he began his career as a destitute, Loyalist exile, but ended it as an affluent and respected Royal Navy leader. Moreover, Loring excelled in both operational and administrative commands, earning admiration from his peers and knighthoods from King William IV and Queen Victoria. \r\n\t\r\nDespite these achievements, modern historians have not really examined Loring in any great depth. He has been mentioned as a minor reference in published works about his parents, Joshua Loring Jr. and Elizabeth Lloyd “Betsey” Loring, or other close relatives. What follows here is a brief biographical sketch that provides a closer, more detailed, look at this compelling Royal Navy leader. It is part of a more complete study of Loring and his family that is currently underway.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36713179,"asset_id":10964781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60170,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Heuvel","domain_name":"cnu","page_name":"SeanHeuvel","display_name":"Sean Heuvel","profile_url":"https://cnu.academia.edu/SeanHeuvel?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60170/17354/8305470/s65_sean.heuvel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3165,"name":"Maritime History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":4409,"name":"Naval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":15573,"name":"American Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Revolution?f_ri=12567"},{"id":39596,"name":"New England (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_England_History_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":58881,"name":"Loyalists- American Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Loyalists-_American_Revolution?f_ri=12567"},{"id":92747,"name":"British naval history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_naval_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":138619,"name":"British Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Military_History?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41054923" data-work_id="41054923" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41054923/Irun_las_Batallas_de_San_Marcial_y_las_epidemias_San_Martzialeko_guduak_Irun_eta_izurriteak">Irun, las Batallas de San Marcial y las epidemias / San Martzialeko guduak, Irun eta izurriteak</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41054923" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1808d394c8ee807a8928d22c8c93863f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61326918,"asset_id":41054923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61326918/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27125026" href="https://ehu.academia.edu/AdrianHugoAginagaldeLlorente">Adrian Hugo Aginagalde Llorente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27125026" type="text/json">{"id":27125026,"first_name":"Adrian Hugo","last_name":"Aginagalde Llorente","domain_name":"ehu","page_name":"AdrianHugoAginagaldeLlorente","display_name":"Adrian Hugo Aginagalde Llorente","profile_url":"https://ehu.academia.edu/AdrianHugoAginagaldeLlorente?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27125026/7659912/33523968/s65_adrian_hugo.aginagalde_llorente.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41054923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41054923"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41054923, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41054923", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41054923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41054923; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41054923"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41054923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41054923"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41054923; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41054923]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41054923").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41054923").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41054923"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="277869" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Epidemics">History of Epidemics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="277869" type="text/json">{"id":277869,"name":"History of Epidemics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Epidemics?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41054923]'), work: {"id":41054923,"title":"Irun, las Batallas de San Marcial y las epidemias / San Martzialeko guduak, Irun eta izurriteak","created_at":"2019-11-25T01:32:47.567-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41054923/Irun_las_Batallas_de_San_Marcial_y_las_epidemias_San_Martzialeko_guduak_Irun_eta_izurriteak?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_41054923","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61326918,"asset_id":41054923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27125026,"first_name":"Adrian Hugo","last_name":"Aginagalde Llorente","domain_name":"ehu","page_name":"AdrianHugoAginagaldeLlorente","display_name":"Adrian Hugo Aginagalde Llorente","profile_url":"https://ehu.academia.edu/AdrianHugoAginagaldeLlorente?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27125026/7659912/33523968/s65_adrian_hugo.aginagalde_llorente.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":277869,"name":"History of Epidemics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Epidemics?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18852083" data-work_id="18852083" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18852083/His_Majestys_Agents_The_British_Consul_at_Tripoli_1795_1832">His Majesty's Agents: The British Consul at Tripoli, 1795–1832</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article will challenge the currently accepted notions of weak British consular presence, influence and activity in the southern Mediterranean during the period 1795–1832 through a case study of the careers of three successive consuls... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18852083" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article will challenge the currently accepted notions of weak British consular presence, influence and activity in the southern Mediterranean during the period 1795–1832 through a case study of the careers of three successive consuls in the Regency of Tripoli: Simon Lucas, William Wass Langford and Hanmer Warrington. Utilising the official correspondence of these agents, the extent of the consular bridgehead in the capital, Tripoli, will be investigated, and how, through these consular and diplomatic agents, it served to define imperial interests and activity at the frontiers of empire. Moreover, the overlapping personal and professional networks within which the consuls embedded themselves, the role of enterprising missions and the development of an intelligence-gathering network will be of central significance in understanding the consequent ruptures in the social and political fabric of the Regency of Tripoli. British imperial interest in North Africa during and immediately post the Napoleonic era remains under-studied and misunderstood within both British diplomatic and imperial history. This article challenges the existing literature that underestimates the diplomatic as well as consular power exercised by the British consuls to Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, as well as the importance of these three Barbary regencies to wider strategic interests in the Mediterranean.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18852083" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c37948be05827ae6e4974bf1c758acf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40323842,"asset_id":18852083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40323842/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="666132" href="https://hull.academia.edu/SElGaddari">Sara ElGaddari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="666132" type="text/json">{"id":666132,"first_name":"Sara","last_name":"ElGaddari","domain_name":"hull","page_name":"SElGaddari","display_name":"Sara ElGaddari","profile_url":"https://hull.academia.edu/SElGaddari?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/666132/232113/784866/s65_sara.elgaddari.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18852083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18852083"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18852083, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18852083", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18852083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18852083; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18852083"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18852083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18852083"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18852083; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18852083]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18852083").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18852083").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18852083"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History">Modern History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="134" type="text/json">{"id":134,"name":"Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History">Diplomatic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="138" type="text/json">{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East & North Africa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2016" type="text/json">{"id":2016,"name":"Middle East \u0026 North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18852083]'), work: {"id":18852083,"title":"His Majesty's Agents: The British Consul at Tripoli, 1795–1832","created_at":"2015-11-23T03:18:31.966-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18852083/His_Majestys_Agents_The_British_Consul_at_Tripoli_1795_1832?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_18852083","summary":"This article will challenge the currently accepted notions of weak British consular presence, influence and activity in the southern Mediterranean during the period 1795–1832 through a case study of the careers of three successive consuls in the Regency of Tripoli: Simon Lucas, William Wass Langford and Hanmer Warrington. Utilising the official correspondence of these agents, the extent of the consular bridgehead in the capital, Tripoli, will be investigated, and how, through these consular and diplomatic agents, it served to define imperial interests and activity at the frontiers of empire. Moreover, the overlapping personal and professional networks within which the consuls embedded themselves, the role of enterprising missions and the development of an intelligence-gathering network will be of central significance in understanding the consequent ruptures in the social and political fabric of the Regency of Tripoli. British imperial interest in North Africa during and immediately post the Napoleonic era remains under-studied and misunderstood within both British diplomatic and imperial history. This article challenges the existing literature that underestimates the diplomatic as well as consular power exercised by the British consuls to Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, as well as the importance of these three Barbary regencies to wider strategic interests in the Mediterranean.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40323842,"asset_id":18852083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":666132,"first_name":"Sara","last_name":"ElGaddari","domain_name":"hull","page_name":"SElGaddari","display_name":"Sara ElGaddari","profile_url":"https://hull.academia.edu/SElGaddari?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/666132/232113/784866/s65_sara.elgaddari.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":134,"name":"Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2016,"name":"Middle East \u0026 North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2223,"name":"North Africa Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":6553,"name":"History of Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Public_Health?f_ri=12567"},{"id":6952,"name":"Mediterranean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=12567"},{"id":10318,"name":"British Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12961,"name":"British Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Empire?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23398,"name":"Maghreb studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":46854,"name":"Consular networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consular_networks?f_ri=12567"},{"id":87590,"name":"CONSULAR HISTORY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CONSULAR_HISTORY?f_ri=12567"},{"id":207697,"name":"Diplomatic and Consular Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_and_Consular_Law?f_ri=12567"},{"id":384137,"name":"Consular Jurisdiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consular_Jurisdiction?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13979115" data-work_id="13979115" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13979115/Philippe_Boulanger_Compte_rendu_de_Nicola_Todorov_Ladministration_du_royaume_de_Westphalie_de_1807_%C3%A0_1813_Le_d%C3%A9partement_de_lElbe_2011">Philippe Boulanger, Compte rendu de Nicola Todorov, L'administration du royaume de Westphalie de 1807 à 1813. Le département de l'Elbe, 2011</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13979115" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="295b9e2810e2d70e1e94951d4e4cbdac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38171332,"asset_id":13979115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38171332/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3341599" href="https://univ-guyane.academia.edu/NicolaTodorov">Nicola Todorov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3341599" type="text/json">{"id":3341599,"first_name":"Nicola","last_name":"Todorov","domain_name":"univ-guyane","page_name":"NicolaTodorov","display_name":"Nicola Todorov","profile_url":"https://univ-guyane.academia.edu/NicolaTodorov?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13979115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13979115"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13979115, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13979115", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13979115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13979115; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13979115"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13979115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13979115"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13979115; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13979115]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13979115").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13979115").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13979115"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23466" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23466" type="text/json">{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe">Napoleonic Europe</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38843" type="text/json">{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13979115]'), work: {"id":13979115,"title":"Philippe Boulanger, Compte rendu de Nicola Todorov, L'administration du royaume de Westphalie de 1807 à 1813. Le département de l'Elbe, 2011","created_at":"2015-07-13T02:17:56.169-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13979115/Philippe_Boulanger_Compte_rendu_de_Nicola_Todorov_Ladministration_du_royaume_de_Westphalie_de_1807_%C3%A0_1813_Le_d%C3%A9partement_de_lElbe_2011?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_13979115","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38171332,"asset_id":13979115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3341599,"first_name":"Nicola","last_name":"Todorov","domain_name":"univ-guyane","page_name":"NicolaTodorov","display_name":"Nicola Todorov","profile_url":"https://univ-guyane.academia.edu/NicolaTodorov?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34139821" data-work_id="34139821" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34139821/Dienstweigering_in_de_Napoleontische_periode_De_relatie_met_de_samenleving_en_de_reactie_van_de_staat">Dienstweigering in de Napoleontische periode. De relatie met de samenleving en de reactie van de staat</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, the draft evasion during the Napoleonic periode is examined. It has its focus on the Departement de l'Escaut, which is almost the same area as the current Belgian province Eastern Flanders. Several methods of draft evasion... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34139821" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, the draft evasion during the Napoleonic periode is examined. It has its focus on the Departement de l'Escaut, which is almost the same area as the current Belgian province Eastern Flanders. Several methods of draft evasion were common, such as (self-)mutilation and forgery. The complicity of civilians in draft evasion is extensively examined, as well as the response of the Napoleonic government to the problem.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34139821" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c83d953761d498f6d60e4bc48b522e28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54065412,"asset_id":34139821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54065412/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67006802" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/JonasMaebe">Jonas Maebe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67006802" type="text/json">{"id":67006802,"first_name":"Jonas","last_name":"Maebe","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"JonasMaebe","display_name":"Jonas Maebe","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/JonasMaebe?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67006802/17450874/19548610/s65_jonas.maebe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34139821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34139821"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34139821, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34139821", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34139821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34139821; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34139821"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34139821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34139821"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34139821; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34139821]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34139821").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34139821").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34139821"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="163334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flanders">Flanders</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="163334" type="text/json">{"id":163334,"name":"Flanders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flanders?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1282406" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Conscription">Military Conscription</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1282406" type="text/json">{"id":1282406,"name":"Military Conscription","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Conscription?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34139821]'), work: {"id":34139821,"title":"Dienstweigering in de Napoleontische periode. De relatie met de samenleving en de reactie van de staat","created_at":"2017-08-05T06:51:00.177-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34139821/Dienstweigering_in_de_Napoleontische_periode_De_relatie_met_de_samenleving_en_de_reactie_van_de_staat?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_34139821","summary":"In this paper, the draft evasion during the Napoleonic periode is examined. It has its focus on the Departement de l'Escaut, which is almost the same area as the current Belgian province Eastern Flanders. Several methods of draft evasion were common, such as (self-)mutilation and forgery. The complicity of civilians in draft evasion is extensively examined, as well as the response of the Napoleonic government to the problem.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54065412,"asset_id":34139821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67006802,"first_name":"Jonas","last_name":"Maebe","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"JonasMaebe","display_name":"Jonas Maebe","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/JonasMaebe?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67006802/17450874/19548610/s65_jonas.maebe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":163334,"name":"Flanders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flanders?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1282406,"name":"Military Conscription","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Conscription?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18101844" data-work_id="18101844" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18101844/Treatment_of_War_Wounds_A_Historical_Review">Treatment of War Wounds: A Historical Review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The treatment of war wounds is an ancient art, constantly refined to reflect improvements in weapons technology, transportation, antiseptic practices, and surgical techniques. Throughout most of the history of warfare, more soldiers died... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18101844" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The treatment of war wounds is an ancient art, constantly refined to reflect improvements in weapons technology, transportation, antiseptic practices, and surgical techniques. Throughout most of the history of warfare, more soldiers died from disease than combat wounds, and misconceptions regarding the best timing and mode of treatment for injuries often resulted in more harm than good. Since the 19th century, mortality from war wounds steadily decreased as surgeons on all sides of conflicts developed systems for rapidly moving the wounded from the battlefield to frontline hospitals where surgical care is delivered. We review the most important trends in US and Western military trauma management over two centuries, including the shift from primary to delayed closure in wound management, refinement of amputation techniques, advances in evacuation philosophy and technology, the development of antiseptic practices, and the use of antibiotics. We also discuss how the lessons of history are reflected in contemporary US practices in Iraq and Afghanistan.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18101844" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="078261fb0d40750343ac9b7d9a08054d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39877138,"asset_id":18101844,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39877138/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38055623" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Manring">M. Manring</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38055623" type="text/json">{"id":38055623,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Manring","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Manring","display_name":"M. Manring","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Manring?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18101844 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18101844"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18101844, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18101844", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18101844 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18101844; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18101844"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18101844 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18101844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18101844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18101844]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18101844").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18101844").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18101844"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Medicine">Military Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="572" type="text/json">{"id":572,"name":"Military Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Medicine?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1446" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1446" type="text/json">{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18101844]'), work: {"id":18101844,"title":"Treatment of War Wounds: A Historical Review","created_at":"2015-11-10T12:23:51.409-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18101844/Treatment_of_War_Wounds_A_Historical_Review?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_18101844","summary":"The treatment of war wounds is an ancient art, constantly refined to reflect improvements in weapons technology, transportation, antiseptic practices, and surgical techniques. Throughout most of the history of warfare, more soldiers died from disease than combat wounds, and misconceptions regarding the best timing and mode of treatment for injuries often resulted in more harm than good. Since the 19th century, mortality from war wounds steadily decreased as surgeons on all sides of conflicts developed systems for rapidly moving the wounded from the battlefield to frontline hospitals where surgical care is delivered. We review the most important trends in US and Western military trauma management over two centuries, including the shift from primary to delayed closure in wound management, refinement of amputation techniques, advances in evacuation philosophy and technology, the development of antiseptic practices, and the use of antibiotics. We also discuss how the lessons of history are reflected in contemporary US practices in Iraq and Afghanistan.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39877138,"asset_id":18101844,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38055623,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Manring","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Manring","display_name":"M. Manring","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Manring?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":572,"name":"Military Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Medicine?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2273,"name":"History of Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Medicine?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":13080,"name":"American Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Civil_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":13355,"name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vietnam_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15263,"name":"First World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_World_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15573,"name":"American Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Revolution?f_ri=12567"},{"id":22878,"name":"Ancient Greek History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":38052,"name":"Korean War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korean_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":41861,"name":"War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":67027,"name":"Crimean War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimean_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":71922,"name":"Wound care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wound_care?f_ri=12567"},{"id":173898,"name":"Global War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_War_on_Terror?f_ri=12567"},{"id":224149,"name":"Tissue Viability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Viability?f_ri=12567"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12567"},{"id":256481,"name":"Greek and Roman Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Warfare?f_ri=12567"},{"id":561974,"name":"SURGICAL TECHNIQUE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SURGICAL_TECHNIQUE?f_ri=12567"},{"id":749127,"name":"Related","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Related?f_ri=12567"},{"id":979632,"name":"Drug Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Interaction?f_ri=12567"},{"id":979636,"name":"Advanced Wound Care Modalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advanced_Wound_Care_Modalities?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45644945" data-work_id="45644945" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45644945/In_the_service_of_the_Crown_Peter_Perry_Brookings_Royal_Navy_and_40th_Foot">In the service of the Crown: Peter (Perry) Brookings -Royal Navy and 40th Foot</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In all of the major military campaigns of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including the “American War of Independence” and the Napoleonic Wars, both the Royal Navy and the Crown regiments of the British Army employed Black... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45644945" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In all of the major military campaigns of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including the “American War of Independence” and the Napoleonic Wars, both the Royal Navy and the Crown regiments of the British Army employed Black servicemen. The Royal Navy employed Black and Asian men as ratings on their vessels, before, during and after the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).(1) The British Army’s Black rankers served before, during and after the Battle of Waterloo (1815).(2) (Neither service seems to have made any distinction between men of African or Asian origin, simply referring to them as either “Black” or “of colour”).<br />Peter (Perry) Brookings, was born in Barbados c.1791-1793, and between 1810 and 1833 he served in both the Royal Navy and the 40th Foot of the British Army. (Nothing is known of his early life and throughout his military and civilian records, his forename alternated between Peter and Perry). His twenty-three years of service to the Crown included the Napoleonic War against France, the “War of “1812” against the United States (with the Royal Navy), and service in Britain, France, Ireland, Australia and India (with the 40th).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45644945" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3808e0114a715a3259140e088ca8131" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66141157,"asset_id":45644945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66141157/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51792851" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/JohnDEllis">John D Ellis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51792851" type="text/json">{"id":51792851,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Ellis","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"JohnDEllis","display_name":"John D Ellis","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/JohnDEllis?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45644945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45644945"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45644945, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45644945", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45644945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45644945; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45644945"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45644945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45644945"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45644945; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45644945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45644945").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45644945").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45644945"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2324" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History">British History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2324" type="text/json">{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2938" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora">Black/African Diaspora</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2938" type="text/json">{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_History">English History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5131" type="text/json">{"id":5131,"name":"English History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45644945]'), work: {"id":45644945,"title":"In the service of the Crown: Peter (Perry) Brookings -Royal Navy and 40th Foot","created_at":"2021-03-30T10:29:23.813-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45644945/In_the_service_of_the_Crown_Peter_Perry_Brookings_Royal_Navy_and_40th_Foot?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_45644945","summary":"In all of the major military campaigns of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including the “American War of Independence” and the Napoleonic Wars, both the Royal Navy and the Crown regiments of the British Army employed Black servicemen. The Royal Navy employed Black and Asian men as ratings on their vessels, before, during and after the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).(1) The British Army’s Black rankers served before, during and after the Battle of Waterloo (1815).(2) (Neither service seems to have made any distinction between men of African or Asian origin, simply referring to them as either “Black” or “of colour”).\nPeter (Perry) Brookings, was born in Barbados c.1791-1793, and between 1810 and 1833 he served in both the Royal Navy and the 40th Foot of the British Army. (Nothing is known of his early life and throughout his military and civilian records, his forename alternated between Peter and Perry). His twenty-three years of service to the Crown included the Napoleonic War against France, the “War of “1812” against the United States (with the Royal Navy), and service in Britain, France, Ireland, Australia and India (with the 40th). \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66141157,"asset_id":45644945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51792851,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Ellis","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"JohnDEllis","display_name":"John D Ellis","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/JohnDEllis?f_ri=12567","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2324,"name":"British History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":5131,"name":"English History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":64963,"name":"War of 1812","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_of_1812?f_ri=12567"},{"id":71276,"name":"Barbados","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barbados?f_ri=12567"},{"id":367005,"name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Royal_Navy?f_ri=12567"},{"id":637659,"name":"Transatlantic Slave Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transatlantic_Slave_Trade?f_ri=12567"},{"id":683902,"name":"Napoleonic Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40656923" data-work_id="40656923" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40656923/KRAY_P%C3%81L_MEMORANDUMA_AZ_EL%C5%90%C5%90RSI_SZOLG%C3%81LATR%C3%93L">KRAY PÁL MEMORANDUMA AZ ELŐŐRSI SZOLGÁLATRÓL</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Pál Kray’s memorandum on outpost service The source publication presents a memorandum of 5th April 1800, written by Paul Kray (1735-1804), an Imperial and Royal Feldzeugmeister of Hungarian origin. The memorandum was circulated among the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40656923" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Pál Kray’s memorandum on outpost service<br />The source publication presents a memorandum of 5th April 1800, written by Paul Kray (1735-1804), an Imperial and Royal Feldzeugmeister of Hungarian origin. The memorandum was circulated among the generals and the regimental commanders under the feldzeugmeister, who was commander-in-chief of the Imperial and Royal army in Germany. The Notes on Outpost Service gives an excellent insight not only into the practice of securing an army, giving guard service and dispatching patrols, but it also contributes to our knowledge on small war tactics. It contains instructions about conducting an orderly withdrawal, about reconnaissance, intelligence agents, urban warfare and many other details which official regulations and military history works generally do not discuss. This practical-minded guide is fully authenticated by the forty-year-long military career of Feldzeugmeister Pál Kray and by the successes he had in the Turkish and French wars first as the commander of small and big independent units, then as the commander of the advance guard of the whole army.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40656923" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f03b0fb1737ba0249f4fb47639aa1d76" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60940093,"asset_id":40656923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60940093/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29589755" href="https://militaria.academia.edu/Bal%C3%A1zsL%C3%A1z%C3%A1r">Balázs Lázár</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29589755" type="text/json">{"id":29589755,"first_name":"Balázs","last_name":"Lázár","domain_name":"militaria","page_name":"BalázsLázár","display_name":"Balázs Lázár","profile_url":"https://militaria.academia.edu/Bal%C3%A1zsL%C3%A1z%C3%A1r?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29589755/23176249/22278731/s65_bal_zs.l_z_r.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40656923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40656923"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40656923, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40656923", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40656923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40656923; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40656923"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40656923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40656923"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40656923; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40656923]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40656923").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40656923").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40656923"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="580" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tactics_Military_Science_">Tactics (Military Science)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="580" type="text/json">{"id":580,"name":"Tactics (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tactics_Military_Science_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40656923]'), work: {"id":40656923,"title":"KRAY PÁL MEMORANDUMA AZ ELŐŐRSI SZOLGÁLATRÓL","created_at":"2019-10-17T23:54:17.151-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40656923/KRAY_P%C3%81L_MEMORANDUMA_AZ_EL%C5%90%C5%90RSI_SZOLG%C3%81LATR%C3%93L?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_40656923","summary":"Pál Kray’s memorandum on outpost service\nThe source publication presents a memorandum of 5th April 1800, written by Paul Kray (1735-1804), an Imperial and Royal Feldzeugmeister of Hungarian origin. The memorandum was circulated among the generals and the regimental commanders under the feldzeugmeister, who was commander-in-chief of the Imperial and Royal army in Germany. The Notes on Outpost Service gives an excellent insight not only into the practice of securing an army, giving guard service and dispatching patrols, but it also contributes to our knowledge on small war tactics. It contains instructions about conducting an orderly withdrawal, about reconnaissance, intelligence agents, urban warfare and many other details which official regulations and military history works generally do not discuss. This practical-minded guide is fully authenticated by the forty-year-long military career of Feldzeugmeister Pál Kray and by the successes he had in the Turkish and French wars first as the commander of small and big independent units, then as the commander of the advance guard of the whole army.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60940093,"asset_id":40656923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29589755,"first_name":"Balázs","last_name":"Lázár","domain_name":"militaria","page_name":"BalázsLázár","display_name":"Balázs Lázár","profile_url":"https://militaria.academia.edu/Bal%C3%A1zsL%C3%A1z%C3%A1r?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29589755/23176249/22278731/s65_bal_zs.l_z_r.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":580,"name":"Tactics (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tactics_Military_Science_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1491366" data-work_id="1491366" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1491366/Vino_de_Gordoncillo_para_las_tropas_napole%C3%B3nicas">Vino de Gordoncillo para las tropas napoleónicas</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Texto en el que se resume un pleito relativo al abastecimiento de vino por parte de las tropas napoleónicas dirigidas por el mariscal Jean-Baptiste Bessières en el verano de 1808, acantonadas en Mayorga (Valladolid). Tomaron varios... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1491366" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Texto en el que se resume un pleito relativo al abastecimiento de vino por parte de las tropas napoleónicas dirigidas por el mariscal Jean-Baptiste Bessières en el verano de 1808, acantonadas en Mayorga (Valladolid). Tomaron varios acopios de vino de las bodegas de Gordoncillo (León).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1491366" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aa1d125ab40588e4c4e346a9b272ea60" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11676719,"asset_id":1491366,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11676719/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1179369" href="https://unileon.academia.edu/JavierRevillaCasado">Javier Revilla Casado</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1179369" type="text/json">{"id":1179369,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Revilla Casado","domain_name":"unileon","page_name":"JavierRevillaCasado","display_name":"Javier Revilla Casado","profile_url":"https://unileon.academia.edu/JavierRevillaCasado?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1179369/419868/97339308/s65_javier.revilla_casado.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1491366 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1491366"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1491366, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1491366", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1491366 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1491366; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1491366"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1491366 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1491366"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1491366; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1491366]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1491366").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1491366").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1491366"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39946" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military">Military</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39946" type="text/json">{"id":39946,"name":"Military","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147963" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_wine">History of wine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147963" type="text/json">{"id":147963,"name":"History of wine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_wine?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1491366]'), work: {"id":1491366,"title":"Vino de Gordoncillo para las tropas napoleónicas","created_at":"2012-03-29T09:45:07.009-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1491366/Vino_de_Gordoncillo_para_las_tropas_napole%C3%B3nicas?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_1491366","summary":"Texto en el que se resume un pleito relativo al abastecimiento de vino por parte de las tropas napoleónicas dirigidas por el mariscal Jean-Baptiste Bessières en el verano de 1808, acantonadas en Mayorga (Valladolid). Tomaron varios acopios de vino de las bodegas de Gordoncillo (León).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":11676719,"asset_id":1491366,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1179369,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Revilla Casado","domain_name":"unileon","page_name":"JavierRevillaCasado","display_name":"Javier Revilla Casado","profile_url":"https://unileon.academia.edu/JavierRevillaCasado?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1179369/419868/97339308/s65_javier.revilla_casado.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":39946,"name":"Military","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":147963,"name":"History of wine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_wine?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":257307,"name":"Vinoculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vinoculture?f_ri=12567"},{"id":382310,"name":"Tierra de Campos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tierra_de_Campos?f_ri=12567"},{"id":444216,"name":"Vino","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vino?f_ri=12567"},{"id":983067,"name":"Napoleonic Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Period?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36275756" data-work_id="36275756" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36275756/French_Guiana_Between_Portugal_and_France_1814_1817_">French Guiana Between Portugal and France (1814-1817)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After five years of occupation (from 1809 exactly) by Portuguese troops come from Brazil, French Guiana was supposed to be retroceded to France after the fall of Napoleon and the first Treaty of Paris of may 1814. After the flight of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36275756" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After five years of occupation (from 1809 exactly) by Portuguese troops come from Brazil, French Guiana was supposed to be retroceded to France after the fall of Napoleon and the first Treaty of Paris of may 1814. After the flight of the Eagle and the Hundred Days, however, the territory was to remain occupied by the Portuguese troops up to the end of the year 1817 when new French authorities could eventually be re-established in the colony. In my presentation here today, I will only stress some of the problems of this three year period of hesitations between de facto annexation to the Portuguese Empire of Brazil and de jure return to French sovereignty. • first, I focus on what it seems to be : a matter of rivalry between two colonial powers on the South American Continent – including the British, who were deeply interested in the new settlements of 1815 in the Eastern Caribbean, the Guiana plateau, and the Brazilian Empire. • second, I focus on the destiny of the slaves. Some of them were emancipated thanks to the conquest by the Portugueses, but for the most part of them, their condition was not changed by the new rulers of the colony. There was anyway a major interference, I mean the ban on the Atlantic slave trade edicted by the British in 1807 and confirmed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The colonial lobby in Paris claimed for new attempts to provision Guiana with African, Brazilian and Caribbean slaves, and so did the plantation owners disadvantaged by foreign occupation.  • third, the conclusion of this period of occupation by the Portuguese is also the issue of the territory situated southwest of the river Oyapock, which was reconfigured by the re-drawing of frontiers in 1814-1817 into a Franco-Brazilian disputed zone for more or less a century : the so-called " contesté " finally obtained by Brazil at the beginining of the twentieth century after an international arbitration ruled by Switzerland.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36275756" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5978b592747512edeb3e9eb8468c0970" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56180624,"asset_id":36275756,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56180624/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24619996" href="https://unistra.academia.edu/nbourguinat">nicolas bourguinat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24619996" type="text/json">{"id":24619996,"first_name":"nicolas","last_name":"bourguinat","domain_name":"unistra","page_name":"nbourguinat","display_name":"nicolas bourguinat","profile_url":"https://unistra.academia.edu/nbourguinat?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24619996/19391444/19306288/s65_nicolas.bourguinat.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36275756 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36275756"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36275756, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36275756", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36275756 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36275756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36275756"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36275756 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36275756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36275756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36275756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36275756").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36275756").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36275756"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12181" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism">French colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12181" type="text/json">{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_">British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15150" type="text/json">{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33921" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Brazilian_History">Colonial Brazilian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33921" type="text/json">{"id":33921,"name":"Colonial Brazilian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Brazilian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36275756]'), work: {"id":36275756,"title":"French Guiana Between Portugal and France (1814-1817)","created_at":"2018-03-28T04:10:59.242-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36275756/French_Guiana_Between_Portugal_and_France_1814_1817_?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_36275756","summary":"After five years of occupation (from 1809 exactly) by Portuguese troops come from Brazil, French Guiana was supposed to be retroceded to France after the fall of Napoleon and the first Treaty of Paris of may 1814. After the flight of the Eagle and the Hundred Days, however, the territory was to remain occupied by the Portuguese troops up to the end of the year 1817 when new French authorities could eventually be re-established in the colony. In my presentation here today, I will only stress some of the problems of this three year period of hesitations between de facto annexation to the Portuguese Empire of Brazil and de jure return to French sovereignty. • first, I focus on what it seems to be : a matter of rivalry between two colonial powers on the South American Continent – including the British, who were deeply interested in the new settlements of 1815 in the Eastern Caribbean, the Guiana plateau, and the Brazilian Empire. • second, I focus on the destiny of the slaves. Some of them were emancipated thanks to the conquest by the Portugueses, but for the most part of them, their condition was not changed by the new rulers of the colony. There was anyway a major interference, I mean the ban on the Atlantic slave trade edicted by the British in 1807 and confirmed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The colonial lobby in Paris claimed for new attempts to provision Guiana with African, Brazilian and Caribbean slaves, and so did the plantation owners disadvantaged by foreign occupation. • third, the conclusion of this period of occupation by the Portuguese is also the issue of the territory situated southwest of the river Oyapock, which was reconfigured by the re-drawing of frontiers in 1814-1817 into a Franco-Brazilian disputed zone for more or less a century : the so-called \" contesté \" finally obtained by Brazil at the beginining of the twentieth century after an international arbitration ruled by Switzerland.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56180624,"asset_id":36275756,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24619996,"first_name":"nicolas","last_name":"bourguinat","domain_name":"unistra","page_name":"nbourguinat","display_name":"nicolas bourguinat","profile_url":"https://unistra.academia.edu/nbourguinat?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24619996/19391444/19306288/s65_nicolas.bourguinat.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12181,"name":"French colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonialism?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":33921,"name":"Colonial Brazilian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Brazilian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":115872,"name":"French Guiana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Guiana?f_ri=12567"},{"id":131775,"name":"French Colonial History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Colonial_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10800671" data-work_id="10800671" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10800671/Carl_Schmitt_und_der_irregul%C3%A4re_Krieg">Carl Schmitt und der irreguläre Krieg</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10800671" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="400f7c98af7bc1e871d4bc60f5edbf7f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36640022,"asset_id":10800671,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36640022/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="134526" href="https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/HelgeHoibraaten">Helge Høibraaten</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="134526" type="text/json">{"id":134526,"first_name":"Helge","last_name":"Høibraaten","domain_name":"ntnu-no","page_name":"HelgeHoibraaten","display_name":"Helge Høibraaten","profile_url":"https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/HelgeHoibraaten?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/134526/35739/44711868/s65_helge.h_ibraaten.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10800671 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10800671"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10800671, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10800671", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10800671 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10800671; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10800671"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10800671 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10800671"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10800671; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10800671]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10800671").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10800671").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10800671"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18079" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Warfare">Irregular Warfare</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18079" type="text/json">{"id":18079,"name":"Irregular Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Warfare?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24086" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24086" type="text/json">{"id":24086,"name":"Carl Schmitt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_Schmitt?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60644" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maoism">Maoism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="60644" type="text/json">{"id":60644,"name":"Maoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maoism?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10800671]'), work: {"id":10800671,"title":"Carl Schmitt und der irreguläre Krieg","created_at":"2015-02-14T18:16:36.774-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10800671/Carl_Schmitt_und_der_irregul%C3%A4re_Krieg?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_10800671","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36640022,"asset_id":10800671,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":134526,"first_name":"Helge","last_name":"Høibraaten","domain_name":"ntnu-no","page_name":"HelgeHoibraaten","display_name":"Helge Høibraaten","profile_url":"https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/HelgeHoibraaten?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/134526/35739/44711868/s65_helge.h_ibraaten.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":18079,"name":"Irregular Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Warfare?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":24086,"name":"Carl Schmitt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_Schmitt?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":60644,"name":"Maoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maoism?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":221555,"name":"Guerilla Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guerilla_Warfare?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_888453" data-work_id="888453" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/888453/1_24_scale_Gribeauval_Artillery_Plans">1:24 scale Gribeauval Artillery Plans</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/888453" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13799" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield">Stephen Summerfield</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13799" type="text/json">{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_888453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="888453"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 888453, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_888453", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_888453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 888453; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_888453"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_888453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="888453"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 888453; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=888453]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_888453").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_888453").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="888453"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="176414" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gunpowder_Artillery_History_and_Development">Gunpowder Artillery History and Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="176414" type="text/json">{"id":176414,"name":"Gunpowder Artillery History and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gunpowder_Artillery_History_and_Development?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=888453]'), work: {"id":888453,"title":"1:24 scale Gribeauval Artillery Plans","created_at":"2011-09-05T09:53:25.018-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/888453/1_24_scale_Gribeauval_Artillery_Plans?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_888453","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13799,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Summerfield","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"StephenSummerfield","display_name":"Stephen Summerfield","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/StephenSummerfield?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799/4628/115774/s65_stephen.summerfield.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":176414,"name":"Gunpowder Artillery History and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gunpowder_Artillery_History_and_Development?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42043010" data-work_id="42043010" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42043010/Mark_Beumer_Recensie_Leo_van_Bergen_Pro_Patria_et_Patienti_De_Nederlandse_militaire_geneeskunde_1795_1950_Vantilt_2019_in_Kleio_Historia_nr_11_2020_">Mark Beumer (Recensie) Leo van Bergen, Pro Patria et Patienti. De Nederlandse militaire geneeskunde 1795-1950 (Vantilt 2019) in: Kleio-Historia, nr. 11. (2020)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42043010" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9c2faf77522f1b35dd4a5456020ec46" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62172078,"asset_id":42043010,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62172078/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="481038" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/MarkBeumer">Mark Beumer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="481038" type="text/json">{"id":481038,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beumer","domain_name":"cuni","page_name":"MarkBeumer","display_name":"Mark Beumer","profile_url":"https://cuni.academia.edu/MarkBeumer?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/481038/162494/120914779/s65_mark.beumer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42043010 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42043010"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42043010, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42043010", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42043010 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42043010; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42043010"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42043010 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42043010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42043010; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42043010]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42043010").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42043010").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42043010"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Medicine">Military Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="572" type="text/json">{"id":572,"name":"Military Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Medicine?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12739" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War">Second World War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12739" type="text/json">{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15263" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_World_War">First World War</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15263" type="text/json">{"id":15263,"name":"First World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_World_War?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42043010]'), work: {"id":42043010,"title":"Mark Beumer (Recensie) Leo van Bergen, Pro Patria et Patienti. De Nederlandse militaire geneeskunde 1795-1950 (Vantilt 2019) in: Kleio-Historia, nr. 11. (2020)","created_at":"2020-02-22T07:31:50.269-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42043010/Mark_Beumer_Recensie_Leo_van_Bergen_Pro_Patria_et_Patienti_De_Nederlandse_militaire_geneeskunde_1795_1950_Vantilt_2019_in_Kleio_Historia_nr_11_2020_?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_42043010","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62172078,"asset_id":42043010,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":481038,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beumer","domain_name":"cuni","page_name":"MarkBeumer","display_name":"Mark Beumer","profile_url":"https://cuni.academia.edu/MarkBeumer?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/481038/162494/120914779/s65_mark.beumer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":572,"name":"Military Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Medicine?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":15263,"name":"First World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_World_War?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":60428,"name":"Medical History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":293677,"name":"Tweede Wereldoorlog","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tweede_Wereldoorlog?f_ri=12567"},{"id":446761,"name":"Mark Beumer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mark_Beumer?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1122762,"name":"Belgische Opstand 1830","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Belgische_Opstand_1830?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1135570,"name":"Eerste Wereldoorlog","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eerste_Wereldoorlog?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1149605,"name":"Interbellum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interbellum?f_ri=12567"},{"id":2001575,"name":"Kleio-Historia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kleio-Historia?f_ri=12567"},{"id":3075959,"name":"Medische geschiedenis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medische_geschiedenis?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8974248" data-work_id="8974248" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8974248/_Las_fortificaciones_del_monte_del_Rastrillar_Laredo_De_bater%C3%ADas_aisladas_a_complejo_fortificado_Castillos_de_Espa%C3%B1a_148_Madrid_2007_pp_3_12">“Las fortificaciones del monte del Rastrillar (Laredo). De baterías aisladas a complejo fortificado”, Castillos de España 148, Madrid 2007, pp. 3-12</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper evolves the diferent fortification proyets on the El Rastrillar mountain (Laredo municipality), since the end of XVIth century, and decrives the diferent elements, which have came into ours days, most dated in the middle of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8974248" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper evolves the diferent fortification proyets on the El Rastrillar mountain (Laredo municipality), since the end of XVIth century, and decrives the diferent elements, which have came into ours days, most dated in the middle of XIXth century. El Rastrillar establishs one of de best and the most coherent fortified ensemble of Cantabria.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8974248" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e743721b7045ad680ed7dde657016b7d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45505698,"asset_id":8974248,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45505698/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15602189" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RafaelPalacio">Rafael Palacio</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15602189" type="text/json">{"id":15602189,"first_name":"Rafael","last_name":"Palacio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RafaelPalacio","display_name":"Rafael Palacio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RafaelPalacio?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15602189/4216618/16176793/s65_rafael.palacio.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8974248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8974248"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8974248, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8974248", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8974248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8974248; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8974248"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8974248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8974248"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8974248; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8974248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8974248").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8974248").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8974248"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7468" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Architecture">Military Architecture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7468" type="text/json">{"id":7468,"name":"Military Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Architecture?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fortifications">Fortifications</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54723" type="text/json">{"id":54723,"name":"Fortifications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fortifications?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8974248]'), work: {"id":8974248,"title":"“Las fortificaciones del monte del Rastrillar (Laredo). De baterías aisladas a complejo fortificado”, Castillos de España 148, Madrid 2007, pp. 3-12","created_at":"2014-10-26T18:58:56.821-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8974248/_Las_fortificaciones_del_monte_del_Rastrillar_Laredo_De_bater%C3%ADas_aisladas_a_complejo_fortificado_Castillos_de_Espa%C3%B1a_148_Madrid_2007_pp_3_12?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_8974248","summary":"This paper evolves the diferent fortification proyets on the El Rastrillar mountain (Laredo municipality), since the end of XVIth century, and decrives the diferent elements, which have came into ours days, most dated in the middle of XIXth century. El Rastrillar establishs one of de best and the most coherent fortified ensemble of Cantabria.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45505698,"asset_id":8974248,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15602189,"first_name":"Rafael","last_name":"Palacio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RafaelPalacio","display_name":"Rafael Palacio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RafaelPalacio?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15602189/4216618/16176793/s65_rafael.palacio.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":7468,"name":"Military Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Architecture?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":54723,"name":"Fortifications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fortifications?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4538221" data-work_id="4538221" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4538221/Ethnographic_Fieldwork_in_the_Dutch_Cape_Colony_at_the_Beginning_of_the_Nineteenth_Century">Ethnographic Fieldwork in the Dutch Cape Colony at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4538221" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c2d33d67f7c0d741a459c89d0a9a58e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37246494,"asset_id":4538221,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37246494/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2686658" href="https://wroc.academia.edu/SiegfriedHuigen">Siegfried Huigen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2686658" type="text/json">{"id":2686658,"first_name":"Siegfried","last_name":"Huigen","domain_name":"wroc","page_name":"SiegfriedHuigen","display_name":"Siegfried Huigen","profile_url":"https://wroc.academia.edu/SiegfriedHuigen?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2686658/859513/36624605/s65_siegfried.huigen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4538221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4538221"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4538221, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4538221", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4538221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4538221; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4538221"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4538221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4538221"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4538221; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4538221]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4538221").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4538221").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4538221"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4538221]'), work: {"id":4538221,"title":"Ethnographic Fieldwork in the Dutch Cape Colony at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century ","created_at":"2013-09-20T04:53:33.982-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4538221/Ethnographic_Fieldwork_in_the_Dutch_Cape_Colony_at_the_Beginning_of_the_Nineteenth_Century?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_4538221","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37246494,"asset_id":4538221,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2686658,"first_name":"Siegfried","last_name":"Huigen","domain_name":"wroc","page_name":"SiegfriedHuigen","display_name":"Siegfried Huigen","profile_url":"https://wroc.academia.edu/SiegfriedHuigen?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2686658/859513/36624605/s65_siegfried.huigen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2326,"name":"Nineteenth Century Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth_Century_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12567"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=12567"},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=12567"},{"id":4996,"name":"History of Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Anthropology?f_ri=12567"},{"id":5231,"name":"Eighteenth Century History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eighteenth_Century_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=12567"},{"id":8908,"name":"History of The Netherlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_The_Netherlands?f_ri=12567"},{"id":9405,"name":"Post-Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Colonialism?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12958,"name":"South Africa (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa_History_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":13135,"name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Africa?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":16485,"name":"South African Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_Literature?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12567"},{"id":29113,"name":"Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth-Century_Literature_and_Culture?f_ri=12567"},{"id":33524,"name":"South African history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":49917,"name":"Dutch History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":52197,"name":"Colonial Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Discourse?f_ri=12567"},{"id":56908,"name":"Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperialism?f_ri=12567"},{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=12567"},{"id":65822,"name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_East_India_Company?f_ri=12567"},{"id":109402,"name":"French Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Anthropology?f_ri=12567"},{"id":218722,"name":"Dutch overseas history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_overseas_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":447178,"name":"Colonial Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Knowledge?f_ri=12567"},{"id":635119,"name":"Ideologues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideologues?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1019273,"name":"Colonialism and Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism_and_Imperialism?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40046176" data-work_id="40046176" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40046176/The_Devizes_Loyal_Volunteers">The Devizes Loyal Volunteers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In January 2018 a cross belt plate of the Devizes Loyal Volunteers was found in Potterne by Mark Flitton (Figure 1). The find was reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (WILT-19531D) and subsequently donated to Wiltshire Museum,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40046176" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In January 2018 a cross belt plate of the Devizes<br />Loyal Volunteers was found in Potterne by Mark<br />Flitton (Figure 1). The find was reported to the<br />Portable Antiquities Scheme (WILT-19531D)<br />and subsequently donated to Wiltshire Museum,<br />Devizes. The belt plate dates to AD 1799–1808.<br />The front face is decorated with the Devizes coat of<br />arms, depicting a castle with a crown above, flanked<br />by the letters G R. It features an inscription, reading<br />DEVIZES LOYAL VOLUNTEERS. The bent<br />spike at the top of the belt plate’s reverse side is<br />incomplete and measures 4.8mm wide at the break.<br />At the bottom of the reverse are two circular studs<br />with flattened tops, 12.9mm in diameter.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40046176" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9272405c8d8ec6629b48aff83939779d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60245131,"asset_id":40046176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60245131/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5764798" href="https://reading.academia.edu/RichardHenry">Richard Henry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5764798" type="text/json">{"id":5764798,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Henry","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"RichardHenry","display_name":"Richard Henry","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/RichardHenry?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5764798/2943738/37762425/s65_richard.henry.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40046176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40046176"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40046176, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40046176", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40046176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40046176; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40046176"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40046176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40046176"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40046176; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40046176]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40046176").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40046176").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40046176"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militia">Militia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140136" type="text/json">{"id":140136,"name":"Militia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militia?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159761" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Uniforms">Military Uniforms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159761" type="text/json">{"id":159761,"name":"Military Uniforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Uniforms?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="272532" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="272532" type="text/json">{"id":272532,"name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wiltshire?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40046176]'), work: {"id":40046176,"title":"The Devizes Loyal Volunteers","created_at":"2019-08-09T06:46:10.934-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40046176/The_Devizes_Loyal_Volunteers?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_40046176","summary":"In January 2018 a cross belt plate of the Devizes\nLoyal Volunteers was found in Potterne by Mark\nFlitton (Figure 1). The find was reported to the\nPortable Antiquities Scheme (WILT-19531D)\nand subsequently donated to Wiltshire Museum,\nDevizes. The belt plate dates to AD 1799–1808.\nThe front face is decorated with the Devizes coat of\narms, depicting a castle with a crown above, flanked\nby the letters G R. It features an inscription, reading\nDEVIZES LOYAL VOLUNTEERS. The bent\nspike at the top of the belt plate’s reverse side is\nincomplete and measures 4.8mm wide at the break.\nAt the bottom of the reverse are two circular studs\nwith flattened tops, 12.9mm in diameter.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60245131,"asset_id":40046176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5764798,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Henry","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"RichardHenry","display_name":"Richard Henry","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/RichardHenry?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5764798/2943738/37762425/s65_richard.henry.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":140136,"name":"Militia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militia?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":159761,"name":"Military Uniforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Uniforms?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":272532,"name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wiltshire?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":295970,"name":"Early Modern Buttons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Buttons?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40288997" data-work_id="40288997" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40288997/Katonai_uniformisok_Nap%C3%B3leon_kor%C3%A1ban_Szemin%C3%A1riumi_dolgozat">Katonai uniformisok Napóleon korában - Szemináriumi dolgozat</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40288997" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f7069a7aa827daa5363d0f985920e27c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60527076,"asset_id":40288997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60527076/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18725138" href="https://independent.academia.edu/horvtmikls">Horvát Miklós</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18725138" type="text/json">{"id":18725138,"first_name":"Horvát","last_name":"Miklós","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"horvtmikls","display_name":"Horvát Miklós","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/horvtmikls?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18725138/5206554/29077408/s65_horv_t.mikl_s.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40288997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40288997"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40288997, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40288997", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40288997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40288997; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40288997"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40288997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40288997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40288997; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40288997]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40288997").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40288997").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40288997"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159761" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Uniforms">Military Uniforms</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="159761" type="text/json">{"id":159761,"name":"Military Uniforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Uniforms?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40288997]'), work: {"id":40288997,"title":"Katonai uniformisok Napóleon korában - Szemináriumi dolgozat","created_at":"2019-09-08T13:44:10.555-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40288997/Katonai_uniformisok_Nap%C3%B3leon_kor%C3%A1ban_Szemin%C3%A1riumi_dolgozat?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_40288997","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60527076,"asset_id":40288997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18725138,"first_name":"Horvát","last_name":"Miklós","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"horvtmikls","display_name":"Horvát Miklós","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/horvtmikls?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18725138/5206554/29077408/s65_horv_t.mikl_s.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":159761,"name":"Military Uniforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Uniforms?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7111103" data-work_id="7111103" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7111103/Fighting_for_Napoleon_French_soldiers_letters_1799_1815">Fighting for Napoleon: French soldiers' letters 1799-1815</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The French side of the Napoleonic Wars is often seen from a strategic point of view, or in terms of military organization and battlefield tactics, or through officers’ memoirs. It is rarely seen from the perspective of the lowest ranks of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7111103" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The French side of the Napoleonic Wars is often seen from a strategic point of view, or in terms of military organization and battlefield tactics, or through officers’ memoirs. It is rarely seen from the perspective of the lowest ranks of the army, and the experience of the ordinary soldiers is less well known and is often misunderstood. That is why this account, based on more than 1,600 letters written by French soldiers of the Napoleonic armies, is of such value. It adds to the existing literature by exploring every aspect of the life of a French soldier during the period 1799-1815. <br /><br />The book will be fascinating and informative reading for military and cultural historians, but it will also appeal to anyone who is interested in the war experience of common soldiers. It offers the English-speaking audience a French view of a conflict which is too often limited to the traditional memoirs of Captain Coignet, Colonel Marbot or Sergeant Bourgogne.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7111103" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b25b5b3a0bb0e3b5d733896bf1400173" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57493382,"asset_id":7111103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57493382/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8709975" href="https://arch-be.academia.edu/BernardWilkin">Bernard Wilkin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8709975" type="text/json">{"id":8709975,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Wilkin","domain_name":"arch-be","page_name":"BernardWilkin","display_name":"Bernard Wilkin","profile_url":"https://arch-be.academia.edu/BernardWilkin?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8709975/2907343/19591695/s65_bernard.wilkin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7111103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7111103"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7111103, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7111103", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7111103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7111103; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7111103"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7111103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7111103"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7111103; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7111103]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7111103").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7111103").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7111103"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1181" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History">French History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1181" type="text/json">{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1629" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Studies">French Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1629" type="text/json">{"id":1629,"name":"French Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7024" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender">Gender</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7024" type="text/json">{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7111103]'), work: {"id":7111103,"title":"Fighting for Napoleon: French soldiers' letters 1799-1815","created_at":"2014-05-20T23:58:11.896-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7111103/Fighting_for_Napoleon_French_soldiers_letters_1799_1815?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_7111103","summary":"The French side of the Napoleonic Wars is often seen from a strategic point of view, or in terms of military organization and battlefield tactics, or through officers’ memoirs. It is rarely seen from the perspective of the lowest ranks of the army, and the experience of the ordinary soldiers is less well known and is often misunderstood. That is why this account, based on more than 1,600 letters written by French soldiers of the Napoleonic armies, is of such value. It adds to the existing literature by exploring every aspect of the life of a French soldier during the period 1799-1815. \n\nThe book will be fascinating and informative reading for military and cultural historians, but it will also appeal to anyone who is interested in the war experience of common soldiers. It offers the English-speaking audience a French view of a conflict which is too often limited to the traditional memoirs of Captain Coignet, Colonel Marbot or Sergeant Bourgogne.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57493382,"asset_id":7111103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8709975,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Wilkin","domain_name":"arch-be","page_name":"BernardWilkin","display_name":"Bernard Wilkin","profile_url":"https://arch-be.academia.edu/BernardWilkin?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8709975/2907343/19591695/s65_bernard.wilkin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1629,"name":"French Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567"},{"id":40862,"name":"Belgium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Belgium?f_ri=12567"},{"id":44043,"name":"Wellington","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wellington?f_ri=12567"},{"id":88500,"name":"Memoir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memoir?f_ri=12567"},{"id":100217,"name":"Army","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Army?f_ri=12567"},{"id":138619,"name":"British Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Military_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":184725,"name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peninsular_War?f_ri=12567"},{"id":262556,"name":"Waterloo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waterloo?f_ri=12567"},{"id":518874,"name":"Liège","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liege?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1045338,"name":"Atrocities In Wartime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atrocities_In_Wartime?f_ri=12567"},{"id":1183179,"name":"Austerlitz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austerlitz?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28403874" data-work_id="28403874" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28403874/Napol%C3%A9on_chef_de_guerre_2016">Napoléon chef de guerre, 2016</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28403874" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecb4b31be11a42a8fd674ad25747dd36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50816096,"asset_id":28403874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50816096/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50253738" href="https://u-paris10.academia.edu/ThomasHindley">Thomas Hindley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50253738" type="text/json">{"id":50253738,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Hindley","domain_name":"u-paris10","page_name":"ThomasHindley","display_name":"Thomas Hindley","profile_url":"https://u-paris10.academia.edu/ThomasHindley?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50253738/23540128/22591251/s65_thomas.hindley.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28403874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28403874"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28403874, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28403874", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28403874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28403874; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28403874"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28403874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28403874"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28403874; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28403874]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28403874").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28403874").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28403874"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="683902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History">Napoleonic Military History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="683902" type="text/json">{"id":683902,"name":"Napoleonic Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28403874]'), work: {"id":28403874,"title":"Napoléon chef de guerre, 2016","created_at":"2016-09-11T01:01:32.689-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28403874/Napol%C3%A9on_chef_de_guerre_2016?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_28403874","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50816096,"asset_id":28403874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50253738,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Hindley","domain_name":"u-paris10","page_name":"ThomasHindley","display_name":"Thomas Hindley","profile_url":"https://u-paris10.academia.edu/ThomasHindley?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50253738/23540128/22591251/s65_thomas.hindley.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":683902,"name":"Napoleonic Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77802640" data-work_id="77802640" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77802640/Inszurrekci%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_t%C3%A1rsadalmi_mobilit%C3%A1s_a_nap%C3%B3leoni_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk_id%C5%91szak%C3%A1nak_Magyarorsz%C3%A1g%C3%A1n">Inszurrekció és társadalmi mobilitás a napóleoni háborúk időszakának Magyarországán</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Korall 2021. 86. 107-136.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77802640" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed0604d0c4cbaf09adcebf6a78764719" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85068665,"asset_id":77802640,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85068665/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2221010" href="https://uni-nke.academia.edu/Nagy%C3%81goston">Ágoston Nagy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2221010" type="text/json">{"id":2221010,"first_name":"Ágoston","last_name":"Nagy","domain_name":"uni-nke","page_name":"NagyÁgoston","display_name":"Ágoston Nagy","profile_url":"https://uni-nke.academia.edu/Nagy%C3%81goston?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2221010/914599/69480100/s65__goston.nagy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77802640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77802640"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77802640, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77802640", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77802640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77802640; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77802640"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77802640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77802640"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77802640; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77802640]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77802640").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77802640").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77802640"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1727" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History">Early Modern History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1727" type="text/json">{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6633" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Studies">Habsburg Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6633" type="text/json">{"id":6633,"name":"Habsburg Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11143" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nobility">Nobility</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11143" type="text/json">{"id":11143,"name":"Nobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nobility?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77802640]'), work: {"id":77802640,"title":"Inszurrekció és társadalmi mobilitás a napóleoni háborúk időszakának Magyarországán","created_at":"2022-04-27T11:08:29.041-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77802640/Inszurrekci%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_t%C3%A1rsadalmi_mobilit%C3%A1s_a_nap%C3%B3leoni_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk_id%C5%91szak%C3%A1nak_Magyarorsz%C3%A1g%C3%A1n?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_77802640","summary":"Korall 2021. 86. 107-136.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85068665,"asset_id":77802640,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2221010,"first_name":"Ágoston","last_name":"Nagy","domain_name":"uni-nke","page_name":"NagyÁgoston","display_name":"Ágoston Nagy","profile_url":"https://uni-nke.academia.edu/Nagy%C3%81goston?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2221010/914599/69480100/s65__goston.nagy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":6633,"name":"Habsburg Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Studies?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":11143,"name":"Nobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nobility?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":13395,"name":"Hungarian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hungarian_Studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=12567"},{"id":33481,"name":"Social Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility?f_ri=12567"},{"id":173818,"name":"Austro-Hungarian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austro-Hungarian_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":330088,"name":"Habsburg Monarchy, History of (Early) Modern Nobility, administrative history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habsburg_Monarchy_History_of_Early_Modern_Nobility_administrative_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":443813,"name":"European nobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_nobility?f_ri=12567"},{"id":554395,"name":"History of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hungary_and_the_Habsburg_Monarchy?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44468144 coauthored" data-work_id="44468144" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44468144/British_Naval_Power_and_the_Political_Situation_of_Indonesia_1795_1942_ENGLISH_VERSION_">British Naval Power and the Political Situation of Indonesia, 1795-1942 (ENGLISH VERSION)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is the English-language version of the Powerpoint on 'British Naval Power and the Political Situation of Indonesia, 1795-1942: The Netherlands Indies and the Cities of the Archipelago in the Vortex of Global History ' which I... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44468144" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is the English-language version of the Powerpoint on 'British Naval Power and the Political Situation of Indonesia, 1795-1942: The Netherlands Indies and the Cities of the Archipelago in the Vortex of Global History ' which I presented at the 2nd Annual Forum of the Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration at the Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) in Semarang on 28 October 2020. The article which accompanies this PowerPoint will be published in JMSNI in December 2020. The paper looks at the role played by the Royal Navy in guaranteeing the security of the Netherlands Indies from 31 January-8 February 1795, when the Dutch Stadhouder (Head of State), Willem V (r. 1751-1806), issued  the so-called 'Kew Letters' from his place of exile in London instructing the heads of all Dutch trading posts east of the Cape of Good Hope to hand their possessions over to the British to prevent them falling into French hands, up to 27 February 1942 when the remaining British naval presence in SE Asia was destroyed. This destruction followed the fall of Singapore (15 February 1942),  when the British, along with the American, Australian and Dutch naval assets, were comprehensively defeated in the Battle of the Java Sea by a Japanese fleet under the command of Admiral Takeo Takagi, tasked with protecting General Imamura's 16th Army conquest of Java.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44468144" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c24b39a5ccaa4a0fe90db677d857a69" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64895853,"asset_id":44468144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64895853/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3186061" href="https://indonesia.academia.edu/PeterCarey">Peter B R Carey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3186061" type="text/json">{"id":3186061,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Carey","domain_name":"indonesia","page_name":"PeterCarey","display_name":"Peter B R Carey","profile_url":"https://indonesia.academia.edu/PeterCarey?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3186061/1047844/1308753/s65_peter.cary.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44468144">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44468144"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ui.academia.edu/CReinhart">Christopher Reinhart</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44468144'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44468144').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44468144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44468144"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44468144, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44468144", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44468144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44468144; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44468144"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44468144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44468144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44468144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44468144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44468144").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44468144").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44468144"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesian_History">Indonesian History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2150" type="text/json">{"id":2150,"name":"Indonesian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3165" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History">Maritime History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3165" type="text/json">{"id":3165,"name":"Maritime History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44468144]'), work: {"id":44468144,"title":"British Naval Power and the Political Situation of Indonesia, 1795-1942 (ENGLISH VERSION)","created_at":"2020-11-10T02:50:37.382-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44468144/British_Naval_Power_and_the_Political_Situation_of_Indonesia_1795_1942_ENGLISH_VERSION_?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_44468144","summary":"This is the English-language version of the Powerpoint on 'British Naval Power and the Political Situation of Indonesia, 1795-1942: The Netherlands Indies and the Cities of the Archipelago in the Vortex of Global History ' which I presented at the 2nd Annual Forum of the Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration at the Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) in Semarang on 28 October 2020. The article which accompanies this PowerPoint will be published in JMSNI in December 2020. The paper looks at the role played by the Royal Navy in guaranteeing the security of the Netherlands Indies from 31 January-8 February 1795, when the Dutch Stadhouder (Head of State), Willem V (r. 1751-1806), issued the so-called 'Kew Letters' from his place of exile in London instructing the heads of all Dutch trading posts east of the Cape of Good Hope to hand their possessions over to the British to prevent them falling into French hands, up to 27 February 1942 when the remaining British naval presence in SE Asia was destroyed. This destruction followed the fall of Singapore (15 February 1942), when the British, along with the American, Australian and Dutch naval assets, were comprehensively defeated in the Battle of the Java Sea by a Japanese fleet under the command of Admiral Takeo Takagi, tasked with protecting General Imamura's 16th Army conquest of Java.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64895853,"asset_id":44468144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3186061,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Carey","domain_name":"indonesia","page_name":"PeterCarey","display_name":"Peter B R Carey","profile_url":"https://indonesia.academia.edu/PeterCarey?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3186061/1047844/1308753/s65_peter.cary.jpg"},{"id":178932975,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Reinhart","domain_name":"ui","page_name":"CReinhart","display_name":"Christopher Reinhart","profile_url":"https://ui.academia.edu/CReinhart?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/178932975/49558090/37537373/s65_christopher.reinhart.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":2150,"name":"Indonesian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesian_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3165,"name":"Maritime History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3410,"name":"Urban History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_History?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567"},{"id":12785,"name":"History of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations?f_ri=12567"},{"id":14482,"name":"World War I","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_I?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II?f_ri=12567"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=12567"},{"id":65822,"name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_East_India_Company?f_ri=12567"},{"id":92747,"name":"British naval history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_naval_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":166288,"name":"Netherlands Indies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Netherlands_Indies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":218722,"name":"Dutch overseas history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_overseas_history?f_ri=12567"},{"id":243982,"name":"Javanese studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Javanese_studies?f_ri=12567"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=12567"},{"id":548956,"name":"Great Power Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Power_Politics?f_ri=12567"},{"id":610983,"name":"Dutch colonial history in Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_colonial_history_in_Indonesia?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33891229" data-work_id="33891229" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33891229/British_Shipping_in_the_Mediterranean_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars_The_untold_story_of_a_successful_adaptation">British Shipping in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars. The untold story of a successful adaptation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In British shipping in the Mediterranean Katerina Galani investigates the impact of the French and Napoleonic wars on British maritime economic activity. Due to the close cooperation of the public and private sector at sea, the British... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33891229" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In British shipping in the Mediterranean Katerina Galani investigates the impact of the French and Napoleonic wars on British maritime economic activity. Due to the close cooperation of the public and private sector at sea, the British adopted flexible business strategies to mitigate economic warfare and sustain shipping and trade in the Mediterranean.<br />The book offers a comprehensive approach by combining the study of international relations, ports, ships, business organisation, deep-sea voyages and intra-Mediterranean navigation. Katerina Galani conceptualises the Mediterranean as an economic entity and she insightfully examines, for the first time, free traders along with the chartered Levant Company. Her analysis draws upon a unique collection of British and Mediterranean sources to construct a multifaceted view of British maritime activity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33891229" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c5893c3ad99a59088c5060a6ba2c4f40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58490252,"asset_id":33891229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58490252/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15267" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/KaterinaGalani">Katerina Galani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15267" type="text/json">{"id":15267,"first_name":"Katerina","last_name":"Galani","domain_name":"piraeus","page_name":"KaterinaGalani","display_name":"Katerina Galani","profile_url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/KaterinaGalani?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15267/92728/55964548/s65_katerina.galani.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33891229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33891229"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33891229, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33891229", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33891229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33891229; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33891229"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33891229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33891229"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33891229; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33891229]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33891229").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33891229").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33891229"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3165" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History">Maritime History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3165" type="text/json">{"id":3165,"name":"Maritime History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4409" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History">Naval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4409" type="text/json">{"id":4409,"name":"Naval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33891229]'), work: {"id":33891229,"title":"British Shipping in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars. The untold story of a successful adaptation","created_at":"2017-07-15T06:53:45.537-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33891229/British_Shipping_in_the_Mediterranean_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars_The_untold_story_of_a_successful_adaptation?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_33891229","summary":"In British shipping in the Mediterranean Katerina Galani investigates the impact of the French and Napoleonic wars on British maritime economic activity. Due to the close cooperation of the public and private sector at sea, the British adopted flexible business strategies to mitigate economic warfare and sustain shipping and trade in the Mediterranean.\nThe book offers a comprehensive approach by combining the study of international relations, ports, ships, business organisation, deep-sea voyages and intra-Mediterranean navigation. Katerina Galani conceptualises the Mediterranean as an economic entity and she insightfully examines, for the first time, free traders along with the chartered Levant Company. Her analysis draws upon a unique collection of British and Mediterranean sources to construct a multifaceted view of British maritime activity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58490252,"asset_id":33891229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":57919748,"asset_id":33891229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":58490286,"asset_id":33891229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":104009517,"asset_id":33891229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15267,"first_name":"Katerina","last_name":"Galani","domain_name":"piraeus","page_name":"KaterinaGalani","display_name":"Katerina Galani","profile_url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/KaterinaGalani?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15267/92728/55964548/s65_katerina.galani.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":3165,"name":"Maritime History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":4409,"name":"Naval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":13965,"name":"18th \u0026 19th Centuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_and_19th_Centuries?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=12567"},{"id":15736,"name":"History of the Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mediterranean?f_ri=12567"},{"id":214592,"name":"Merchant Shipping/Maritime Economics/shipbuilding/Mediterranean/Shipowners/Maritime Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merchant_Shipping_Maritime_Economics_shipbuilding_Mediterranean_Shipowners_Maritime_Trade?f_ri=12567"},{"id":391169,"name":"Levant Company","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Levant_Company?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29035873" data-work_id="29035873" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29035873/Rzuci%C4%87_Rosj%C4%99_na_kolana_plan_polskiej_ofensywy_na_Wo%C5%82yniu_w_%C5%9Bwietle_memoria%C5%82u_gen_Micha%C5%82a_Sokolnickiego_Plan_of_the_polish_offensive_in_Volhynia_in_the_memorial_by_general_Micha%C5%82_Sokolnicki_">Rzucić Rosję na kolana! – plan polskiej ofensywy na Wołyniu w świetle memoriału gen. Michała Sokolnickiego [Plan of the polish offensive in Volhynia in the memorial by general Michał Sokolnicki]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">S ojusz francusko-rosyjski, zawarty w lipcu 1807 roku w Tylży, był, według słów Mariana Kukiela, złudzeniem, które prysnąć musiało pod naciskiem faktów, siłą przemożnej "natury rzeczy" 1 . Wobec stopniowo dojrzewającego konfliktu z Rosją,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29035873" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">S ojusz francusko-rosyjski, zawarty w lipcu 1807 roku w Tylży, był, według słów Mariana Kukiela, złudzeniem, które prysnąć musiało pod naciskiem faktów, siłą przemożnej "natury rzeczy" 1 . Wobec stopniowo dojrzewającego konfliktu z Rosją, dla francuskiego dowództwa istotnego znaczenia zaczęły nabierać informacje na temat topografii, układu dróg, osiedli ludzkich oraz dyslokacji wojsk carskich na dawnych ziemiach Rzeczypospolitej. Ważny problem stanowiła również postawa Polaków i Litwinów mieszkających na terenach pozostających pod panowaniem cara.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29035873" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="50ad3865c394984d4dea47a7709eb894" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49518834,"asset_id":29035873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49518834/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54740896" href="https://kul.academia.edu/MarcinBaranowski">Marcin Baranowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54740896" type="text/json">{"id":54740896,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Baranowski","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"MarcinBaranowski","display_name":"Marcin Baranowski","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/MarcinBaranowski?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54740896/14434603/15338959/s65_marcin.baranowski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29035873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29035873"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29035873, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29035873", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29035873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29035873; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29035873"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29035873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29035873"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29035873; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29035873]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29035873").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29035873").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29035873"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="570" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence">Military Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="570" type="text/json">{"id":570,"name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29035873]'), work: {"id":29035873,"title":"Rzucić Rosję na kolana! – plan polskiej ofensywy na Wołyniu w świetle memoriału gen. Michała Sokolnickiego [Plan of the polish offensive in Volhynia in the memorial by general Michał Sokolnicki]","created_at":"2016-10-09T15:14:13.526-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29035873/Rzuci%C4%87_Rosj%C4%99_na_kolana_plan_polskiej_ofensywy_na_Wo%C5%82yniu_w_%C5%9Bwietle_memoria%C5%82u_gen_Micha%C5%82a_Sokolnickiego_Plan_of_the_polish_offensive_in_Volhynia_in_the_memorial_by_general_Micha%C5%82_Sokolnicki_?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_29035873","summary":"S ojusz francusko-rosyjski, zawarty w lipcu 1807 roku w Tylży, był, według słów Mariana Kukiela, złudzeniem, które prysnąć musiało pod naciskiem faktów, siłą przemożnej \"natury rzeczy\" 1 . Wobec stopniowo dojrzewającego konfliktu z Rosją, dla francuskiego dowództwa istotnego znaczenia zaczęły nabierać informacje na temat topografii, układu dróg, osiedli ludzkich oraz dyslokacji wojsk carskich na dawnych ziemiach Rzeczypospolitej. Ważny problem stanowiła również postawa Polaków i Litwinów mieszkających na terenach pozostających pod panowaniem cara.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49518834,"asset_id":29035873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54740896,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Baranowski","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"MarcinBaranowski","display_name":"Marcin Baranowski","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/MarcinBaranowski?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54740896/14434603/15338959/s65_marcin.baranowski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":570,"name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29035526" data-work_id="29035526" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29035526/I_Pr%C4%85dzy%C5%84ski_O_sztuce_wojennej_Kurs_taktyki_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_2012_ss_362_The_Art_of_War_The_Course_of_Tactics_by_Ignacy_Pr%C4%85dzy%C5%84ski_">I. Prądzyński, O sztuce wojennej. Kurs taktyki, Oświęcim 2012, ss. 362. [The Art of War. The Course of Tactics by Ignacy Prądzyński]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ignacy Prądzyński - a participant of Napoleonic Wars, general and quartermaster general of our army during the November Uprising - belongs to the most eminent Polish military theoreticians. He is the author of 60 works from the field of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29035526" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ignacy Prądzyński - a participant of Napoleonic Wars, general and quartermaster general of our army during the November Uprising - belongs to the most eminent Polish military theoreticians. He is the author of 60 works from the field of the art of war. Most of them were published in print. An abundant treatise On the art of war occupies a significant place in Prądzyński's literary output. His Course of tactics  for years remained a manuscript. This book is its critical edition. It is an unfinished manual for the officers of the army of the Kingdom of Poland and, at the same time, a great source on the author's knowledge and views.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29035526" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="038858299647a4a55927d6786bae4864" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58048870,"asset_id":29035526,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58048870/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54740896" href="https://kul.academia.edu/MarcinBaranowski">Marcin Baranowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54740896" type="text/json">{"id":54740896,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Baranowski","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"MarcinBaranowski","display_name":"Marcin Baranowski","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/MarcinBaranowski?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54740896/14434603/15338959/s65_marcin.baranowski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29035526 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29035526"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29035526, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29035526", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29035526 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29035526; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29035526"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29035526 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29035526"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29035526; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29035526]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29035526").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29035526").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29035526"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_">Strategy (Military Science)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="579" type="text/json">{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29035526]'), work: {"id":29035526,"title":"I. Prądzyński, O sztuce wojennej. Kurs taktyki, Oświęcim 2012, ss. 362. [The Art of War. The Course of Tactics by Ignacy Prądzyński]","created_at":"2016-10-09T15:01:36.549-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29035526/I_Pr%C4%85dzy%C5%84ski_O_sztuce_wojennej_Kurs_taktyki_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_2012_ss_362_The_Art_of_War_The_Course_of_Tactics_by_Ignacy_Pr%C4%85dzy%C5%84ski_?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_29035526","summary":"Ignacy Prądzyński - a participant of Napoleonic Wars, general and quartermaster general of our army during the November Uprising - belongs to the most eminent Polish military theoreticians. He is the author of 60 works from the field of the art of war. Most of them were published in print. An abundant treatise On the art of war occupies a significant place in Prądzyński's literary output. His Course of tactics for years remained a manuscript. This book is its critical edition. It is an unfinished manual for the officers of the army of the Kingdom of Poland and, at the same time, a great source on the author's knowledge and views.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58048870,"asset_id":29035526,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54740896,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Baranowski","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"MarcinBaranowski","display_name":"Marcin Baranowski","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/MarcinBaranowski?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54740896/14434603/15338959/s65_marcin.baranowski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10847119" data-work_id="10847119" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10847119/Der_Andere_Hofer_Der_Mensch_hinter_dem_Mythos">Der Andere Hofer: Der Mensch hinter dem Mythos</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wer war Andreas Hofer? Jeder Tiroler weiß es oder glaubt zumindest, es zu wissen. Schon in der Volksschule war das schicksalsträchtige Jahr 1809 Thema: die „heldenhafte Verteidigung Tirols“ gegen die napoleonischen und bayerischen... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10847119" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wer war Andreas Hofer? Jeder Tiroler weiß es oder glaubt zumindest, es zu wissen. Schon in der Volksschule war das schicksalsträchtige Jahr 1809 Thema: die „heldenhafte Verteidigung Tirols“ gegen die napoleonischen und bayerischen Truppen, die in ganz Europa Aufsehen hervorrief. Andreas Hofer, der Sandwirt aus dem Passeiertal und kurzzeitige Oberkommandant von Tirol, stand dabei im Mittelpunkt. In dieser neuen Hofer-Biographie wird insbesondere das „private“ Leben des „Helden“, der „vormilitärische Hofer“ sozusagen, ins Blickfeld gerückt. Der Sandwirt war ja auch Bauer, Gastwirt, Pferde-, Wein- und Branntweinhändler, Ehemann und Familienvater. Andreas Oberhofer streift den Ballast der Mythen und Legendenbildung von der Hofer-Figur ab und erzählt auf der Grundlage der sozial- und wirtschaftshistorischen Gegebenheiten die Geschichte eines Mannes, der für wenige Monate, zwischen April 1809 und Februar 1810, in das Scheinwerferlicht der „großen“ Politik geriet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10847119" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="057ab15cbef8bccde79980ed8491f287" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36659581,"asset_id":10847119,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36659581/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26354544" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasOberhofer">Andreas Oberhofer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26354544" type="text/json">{"id":26354544,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Oberhofer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreasOberhofer","display_name":"Andreas Oberhofer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasOberhofer?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26354544/7293064/165847611/s65_andreas.oberhofer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10847119 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10847119"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10847119, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10847119", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10847119 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10847119; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10847119"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10847119 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10847119"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10847119; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10847119]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10847119").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10847119").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10847119"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8265" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography">Biography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8265" type="text/json">{"id":8265,"name":"Biography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History">Social History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15588" type="text/json">{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10847119]'), work: {"id":10847119,"title":"Der Andere Hofer: Der Mensch hinter dem Mythos","created_at":"2015-02-16T12:34:59.456-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10847119/Der_Andere_Hofer_Der_Mensch_hinter_dem_Mythos?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_10847119","summary":"Wer war Andreas Hofer? Jeder Tiroler weiß es oder glaubt zumindest, es zu wissen. Schon in der Volksschule war das schicksalsträchtige Jahr 1809 Thema: die „heldenhafte Verteidigung Tirols“ gegen die napoleonischen und bayerischen Truppen, die in ganz Europa Aufsehen hervorrief. Andreas Hofer, der Sandwirt aus dem Passeiertal und kurzzeitige Oberkommandant von Tirol, stand dabei im Mittelpunkt. In dieser neuen Hofer-Biographie wird insbesondere das „private“ Leben des „Helden“, der „vormilitärische Hofer“ sozusagen, ins Blickfeld gerückt. Der Sandwirt war ja auch Bauer, Gastwirt, Pferde-, Wein- und Branntweinhändler, Ehemann und Familienvater. Andreas Oberhofer streift den Ballast der Mythen und Legendenbildung von der Hofer-Figur ab und erzählt auf der Grundlage der sozial- und wirtschaftshistorischen Gegebenheiten die Geschichte eines Mannes, der für wenige Monate, zwischen April 1809 und Februar 1810, in das Scheinwerferlicht der „großen“ Politik geriet. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36659581,"asset_id":10847119,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26354544,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Oberhofer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreasOberhofer","display_name":"Andreas Oberhofer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasOberhofer?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26354544/7293064/165847611/s65_andreas.oberhofer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":8265,"name":"Biography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":935451,"name":"Tyrolean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tyrolean_History?f_ri=12567"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42099721" data-work_id="42099721" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42099721/Il_D%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_la_Guerre_e_la_cartografia_italiana_nelle_guerre_della_Rivoluzione_e_dell_Impero">Il Dépôt Général de la Guerre e la cartografia italiana nelle guerre della Rivoluzione e dell’Impero.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay is dedicated to cartography and the effects Napoleon's campaigns had on the representation of terrain. The reader is invited to consider Napoleon's particular style of cartography and its way of representing geographical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42099721" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay is dedicated to cartography and the effects Napoleon's campaigns had on the representation of terrain. The reader is invited to consider Napoleon's particular style of cartography and its way of representing geographical features visually, as well as its establishment of the norms for modern cartography.<br />Despite the great development that scientific studies on the Napoleonic cartography of ltaly have had since the 1980s, we are still far from having an overview like the 'interpretative' Atlas designed twenty years ago by Anne Godlewska. This study ain1s to contribute to a first, non-exhaustive, list of the main cartographic campaigns carried out in ltaly by French military geographers during the wars of French Revolution and Empire. Tue reader is invited to consider the particular ain1s and style of the new ltalian cartography produced by the French Dépòt général de la Guerre as well as by the topographic offices of Milan and Naples.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42099721" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="baf577194ad4c1abd183aa8a8e58cfae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67304483,"asset_id":42099721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67304483/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14146572" href="https://paris-sorbonne.academia.edu/GrandeArmee">Grande Armee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14146572" type="text/json">{"id":14146572,"first_name":"Grande","last_name":"Armee","domain_name":"paris-sorbonne","page_name":"GrandeArmee","display_name":"Grande Armee","profile_url":"https://paris-sorbonne.academia.edu/GrandeArmee?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14146572/4059842/4736101/s65_grande.armee.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42099721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42099721"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42099721, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42099721", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42099721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42099721; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42099721"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42099721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42099721"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42099721; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42099721]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42099721").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42099721").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42099721"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6878" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Cartography">History of Cartography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6878" type="text/json">{"id":6878,"name":"History of Cartography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Cartography?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History">Napoleonic History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="260097" type="text/json">{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42099721]'), work: {"id":42099721,"title":"Il Dépôt Général de la Guerre e la cartografia italiana nelle guerre della Rivoluzione e dell’Impero.","created_at":"2020-02-28T23:20:02.226-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42099721/Il_D%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_la_Guerre_e_la_cartografia_italiana_nelle_guerre_della_Rivoluzione_e_dell_Impero?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_42099721","summary":"This essay is dedicated to cartography and the effects Napoleon's campaigns had on the representation of terrain. The reader is invited to consider Napoleon's particular style of cartography and its way of representing geographical features visually, as well as its establishment of the norms for modern cartography.\nDespite the great development that scientific studies on the Napoleonic cartography of ltaly have had since the 1980s, we are still far from having an overview like the 'interpretative' Atlas designed twenty years ago by Anne Godlewska. This study ain1s to contribute to a first, non-exhaustive, list of the main cartographic campaigns carried out in ltaly by French military geographers during the wars of French Revolution and Empire. Tue reader is invited to consider the particular ain1s and style of the new ltalian cartography produced by the French Dépòt général de la Guerre as well as by the topographic offices of Milan and Naples.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67304483,"asset_id":42099721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14146572,"first_name":"Grande","last_name":"Armee","domain_name":"paris-sorbonne","page_name":"GrandeArmee","display_name":"Grande Armee","profile_url":"https://paris-sorbonne.academia.edu/GrandeArmee?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14146572/4059842/4736101/s65_grande.armee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6878,"name":"History of Cartography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Cartography?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30974300" data-work_id="30974300" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30974300/Dating_the_Bois_d_Hougoumont_Dating_the_Bois_dHougoumont_Ch%C3%A2teau_ferme_dHougoumont_Battlefield_of_Waterloo_Belgium_Introduction_and_context">Dating the Bois d' Hougoumont Dating the Bois d'Hougoumont Château/ferme d'Hougoumont Battlefield of Waterloo Belgium Introduction and context</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Situated just to the north of the château/farm of Hougoumont on the Waterloo battlefield, the Bois d’Hougoumont seldom gets a mention in the history books. Many authors have assumed that the wood was cut down well before the battle, but... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30974300" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Situated just to the north of the château/farm of Hougoumont on the Waterloo battlefield, the Bois d’Hougoumont seldom gets a mention in the history books. Many authors have assumed that the wood was cut down well before the battle, but Alasdair White’s recent research into the age of some of the trees in the wood show that they pre-date the Battle of Waterloo, suggesting that the Bois d’Hougoumont may well have existed at the time of the battle thus explaining some of the events that took place.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30974300" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ed204b9ab6cb73efa263898bc179cc5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51406920,"asset_id":30974300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51406920/download_file?st=MTc0MDI3NDM3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49936" href="https://uibs.academia.edu/AlasdairWhiteFHEAFINS">Alasdair White PhD FHEA FINS</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49936" type="text/json">{"id":49936,"first_name":"Alasdair","last_name":"White PhD FHEA FINS","domain_name":"uibs","page_name":"AlasdairWhiteFHEAFINS","display_name":"Alasdair White PhD FHEA FINS","profile_url":"https://uibs.academia.edu/AlasdairWhiteFHEAFINS?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49936/94224/18144137/s65_alasdair.white_fhea_fins.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30974300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30974300"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30974300, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30974300", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30974300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30974300; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30974300"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30974300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30974300"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30974300; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30974300]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30974300").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30974300").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30974300"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12567" type="text/json">{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe">Napoleonic Europe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38843" type="text/json">{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History">Napoleonic History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="260097" type="text/json">{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30974300]'), work: {"id":30974300,"title":"Dating the Bois d' Hougoumont Dating the Bois d'Hougoumont Château/ferme d'Hougoumont Battlefield of Waterloo Belgium Introduction and context","created_at":"2017-01-18T02:58:28.786-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30974300/Dating_the_Bois_d_Hougoumont_Dating_the_Bois_dHougoumont_Ch%C3%A2teau_ferme_dHougoumont_Battlefield_of_Waterloo_Belgium_Introduction_and_context?f_ri=12567","dom_id":"work_30974300","summary":"Situated just to the north of the château/farm of Hougoumont on the Waterloo battlefield, the Bois d’Hougoumont seldom gets a mention in the history books. Many authors have assumed that the wood was cut down well before the battle, but Alasdair White’s recent research into the age of some of the trees in the wood show that they pre-date the Battle of Waterloo, suggesting that the Bois d’Hougoumont may well have existed at the time of the battle thus explaining some of the events that took place.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51406920,"asset_id":30974300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49936,"first_name":"Alasdair","last_name":"White PhD FHEA FINS","domain_name":"uibs","page_name":"AlasdairWhiteFHEAFINS","display_name":"Alasdair White PhD FHEA FINS","profile_url":"https://uibs.academia.edu/AlasdairWhiteFHEAFINS?f_ri=12567","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49936/94224/18144137/s65_alasdair.white_fhea_fins.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12567,"name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":38843,"name":"Napoleonic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true},{"id":260097,"name":"Napoleonic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History?f_ri=12567","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?after=50%2C30974300" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="23466">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="23466">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Europe">Napoleonic Europe</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="38843">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="38843">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_History">Napoleonic History</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="260097">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="260097">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="133">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="133">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Era">Napoleonic Era</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="263051">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="263051">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Military_History">Napoleonic Military History</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="683902">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="683902">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="4652">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="4652">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peninsular_War">Peninsular War</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="184725">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="184725">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History">French History</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1181">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1181">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies">War Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="3872">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="3872">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "df76c94a03f7b90f6958e2d14c4dc427e89ebdf93c5092f69bb5161b8aa4ef23", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="2Q5goHmZZ8M6NcYF6VMr4_D5kT-lytj8NBPa06g2zhMyxf6jaXNEGZh-2CjRpswPrmqw-IR9DA1E7oV_4KIUBg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleonic_Wars" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="sPJmcrhcOA9Q4-FMKcNa9i-AO-cVpsCWkKY0n3J9EJRbOfhxqLYb1fKo_2ERNr0acRMaIDQRFGfgW2szOunKgQ" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>