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class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 停電 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-停電-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-降載" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#降載"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 降載 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-降載-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-黑啟動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#黑啟動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 黑啟動 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-黑啟動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-設備過時問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#設備過時問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 設備過時問題 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-設備過時問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-趨勢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#趨勢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 趨勢 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-趨勢-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关趨勢子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-趨勢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-需量響應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#需量響應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 需量響應 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-需量響應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-智慧電網" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#智慧電網"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 智慧電網 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-智慧電網-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-離網營運" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#離網營運"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 離網營運 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-離網營運-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">輸電網路</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。53种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة كهربائية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_ll%C3%A9trica" title="Rede llétrica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rede llétrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Електроснабдителна мрежа – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроснабдителна мрежа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Xarxa elèctrica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa elèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A1_s%C3%AD%C5%A5" title="Elektrická síť – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrická síť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Электро тетел – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электро тетел" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektricitetsforsyningsnet" title="Elektricitetsforsyningsnet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektricitetsforsyningsnet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromnetz" title="Stromnetz – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stromnetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electrical grid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriza_sistemo" title="Elektriza sistemo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektriza sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Red eléctrica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriv%C3%B5rk" title="Elektrivõrk – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrivõrk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare_elektriko" title="Sare elektriko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sare elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="شبکه برق – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه برق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6verkko" title="Sähköverkko – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköverkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Réseau électrique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogalra_leictreach" title="Mogalra leictreach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mogalra leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="רשת חשמל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשת חשמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="विद्युत ग्रिड – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत ग्रिड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroenergetski_sustav" title="Elektroenergetski sustav – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektroenergetski sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezo_elektrik" title="Rezo elektrik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rezo elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamos_h%C3%A1l%C3%B3zat" title="Villamos hálózat – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villamos hálózat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_listrik" title="Jaringan listrik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaringan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_elettrica" title="Rete elettrica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rete elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="電力系統 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電力系統" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Электр желісі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электр желісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5_%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5" title="전력 계통 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전력 계통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Электр тармагы – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электр тармагы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroumnetz" title="Stroumnetz – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stroumnetz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87" title="वीजवहन जाळे – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वीजवहन जाळे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_elektrik" title="Grid elektrik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grid elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂရစ်လျှပ်စစ်စနစ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရစ်လျှပ်စစ်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriciteitsnet" title="Elektriciteitsnet – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektriciteitsnet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elnett" title="Elnett – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elnett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overf%C3%B8ringsnett" title="Overføringsnett – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overføringsnett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_elektroenergetyczna" title="Sieć elektroenergetyczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieć elektroenergetyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_el%C3%A9trica" title="Rede elétrica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede elétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_electric%C4%83" title="Rețea electrică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rețea electrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Электрическая сеть – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрическая сеть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroenergetski_sistem" title="Elektroenergetski sistem – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektroenergetski sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electrical grid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriza%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_s%C3%BAstava" title="Elektrizačná sústava – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrizačná sústava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_omre%C5%BEje" title="Električno omrežje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električno omrežje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrjeti_i_elektricitetit" title="Rrjeti i elektricitetit – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrjeti i elektricitetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Електричне мреже – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електричне мреже" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_(%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2)" title="กริด (ไฟฟ้า) – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กริด (ไฟฟ้า)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_%C5%9Febekesi" title="Elektrik şebekesi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik şebekesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Електрична мережа – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрична мережа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_tarmog%CA%BBi" title="Elektr tarmogʻi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr tarmogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Điện lưới – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện lưới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E7%94%B5%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="输电网络 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="输电网络" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="電網 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電網" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1096907#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Power_grids" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1096907" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg/370px-Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg/555px-Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg/740px-Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>電力系統（發電系統（紅色），輸電系統（藍色），配電系統（綠色）。</figcaption></figure> 輸電網路（英語：Electrical grid 或 Electricity network），簡稱電網，是指用來將電力從生產者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力輸送（页面不存在）">輸送</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electricity_delivery" class="extiw" title="en:electricity delivery">electricity delivery</a>）至消費者以供使用的互聯電網。這個網路由<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="發電廠">發電廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80" title="變電所">變電所</a>（將<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a>升高或降低）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="輸電系統">輸電系統</a>（可長途輸送電力）組成。在電力抵達最終用戶之前，會利用變電所將電壓降低至用戶所需的工作電壓。發電廠通常建在靠近能源，且遠離人口稠密的所在。電網的規模各不相同，可覆蓋整個國家或是大陸。依據規模可以分類為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微電網（页面不存在）">微電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/microgrid" class="extiw" title="en:microgrid">microgrid</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣域同步電網（页面不存在）">廣域同步電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wide_area_synchronous_grid" class="extiw" title="en:wide area synchronous grid">wide area synchronous grid</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="超級電網">超級電網</a>。 各個電網幾乎均為同步運作，表示所有配電區都以同步的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="三相電">三相</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流電</a>運作（因此電壓波動幾乎同時發生），使得交流電能在整個區域傳輸，將發電廠與消費者連結。電網的同步運作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="電力市場">電力市場</a>提供穩定的基礎，有利於市場的流動性。 輸電和配電兩者合在一起是電力傳輸工作的一部分，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a>稱為"power grid"，或逕稱"the grid"。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坦尚尼亞">坦尚尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="紐西蘭">紐西蘭</a>，這種網路稱為國家電網"national Grid"。 當全球電氣化程度提高後，由電網取得電力的人數也不斷增加。全球於2010年約有12億人未連結到電網<a href="#cite_note-Odarno_2019_j852-1">[1]</a>，而於2017年仍約有8.4億人未連結到電網（約佔總人口的11%，主要在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>）。 電網容易受到惡意入侵或攻擊，因此需要確保<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電網安全（页面不存在）">安全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_system_reliability" class="extiw" title="en:Power system reliability">Power system reliability</a>）。隨著電網現代化並引入電腦技術，來自網路的威脅開始成為嚴重的風險。<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>特別令人擔憂的是電網需用到更複雜的電腦系統進行管理，而這類系統成為易於攻擊的目標。<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="類型（按規模分類）">類型（按規模分類）</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：類型（按規模分類）">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: yellow">系列之一</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: yellow"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電力工程學">電力工程學</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> 電力轉換</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電壓轉換器（页面不存在）">電壓轉換器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_converter" class="extiw" title="en:Voltage converter">Voltage converter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%B5%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="变流技术">電力轉換</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E6%8F%9B%E6%B5%81%E7%AB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高壓直流換流站（页面不存在）">高壓直流換流站</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC_converter_station" class="extiw" title="en:HVDC converter station">HVDC converter station</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8" title="交流/交流轉換器">交流/交流轉換器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81-%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8" title="直流-直流轉換器">直流-直流轉換器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E6%B5%81%E5%99%A8" title="整流器">整流器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%AE%8A%E5%99%A8" title="逆變器">功率逆變器</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" title="Category:電力基礎設施">電力基礎設施</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="電力系統">電力系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="發電廠">發電廠</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">輸電網路</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互聯電網（页面不存在）">互聯電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnector" class="extiw" title="en:Interconnector">Interconnector</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="需量反應">需量反應</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6" title="Category:电力系统组件">電力系統組件</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E7%B6%B2%E9%96%8B%E9%97%9C%E6%AB%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環網開關櫃（页面不存在）">環網開關櫃</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_main_unit" class="extiw" title="en:Ring main unit">Ring main unit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E7%BD%91%E9%80%86%E5%8F%98%E5%99%A8" title="并网逆变器">併網逆變器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="储能技术">儲能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B)" title="母线 (电力)">匯流排 (電力)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E7%BA%BF%E6%A7%BD" title="母线槽">母線槽</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8D%E5%90%88%E9%96%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自動重合閘（页面不存在）">自動重合閘</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recloser" class="extiw" title="en:Recloser">Recloser</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E7%BB%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8" title="保护继电器">保護電驛</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%81%B4%E9%82%8A%E6%AC%84" title="Template:電力工程側邊欄"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%81%B4%E9%82%8A%E6%AC%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:電力工程側邊欄（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%81%B4%E9%82%8A%E6%AC%84" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:電力工程側邊欄"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="微電網">微電網</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：微電網">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微電網（页面不存在）">微電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgrid" class="extiw" title="en:Microgrid">Microgrid</a>）</div> 所謂微電網是種區域電網，通常是廣域同步電網的一部分，但可脫離並自行運作（尤其是當主電網受停電影響時），<a href="#cite_note-microgrids-4">[4]</a>這種佈局稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="島嶼化（页面不存在）">島嶼化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/islanding" class="extiw" title="en:islanding">islanding</a>）（電力系統分割），<a href="#cite_note-vehicle-grid-berkely-5">[5]</a>這類微電網可能依靠自己的資源無限期運作。 微電網通常比較大的電網使用較低電壓的配電網路和分散式發電機。<a href="#cite_note-academia-6">[6]</a>微電網不僅更具韌性，而且會以較低的成本在偏遠地區提供服務。 設計微電網的目的通常是當地有能源可資利用。<a href="#cite_note-microgrids-4">[4]</a> 實際的案例有： <ul><li>位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="葉門">葉門</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="哈傑">哈傑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%AD%A3" title="拉赫季">拉赫季</a>：社區擁有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F" title="太阳能光伏">太陽能光電</a>微電網。<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>沿岸的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="約島">約島</a>試點計畫：於五棟房屋屋頂安裝64個峰值容量為23.7千瓦（kW）的太陽能光電面板，以及一個容量為15千瓦時（kWh）的電池。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地">海地</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Anglais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Anglais（页面不存在）">Les Anglais</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Anglais" class="extiw" title="en:Les Anglais">Les Anglais</a>）：<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>此設施裝設有偵測偷電的裝置。<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="肯亞">肯亞</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpeketoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mpeketoni（页面不存在）">Mpeketoni</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpeketoni" class="extiw" title="en:Mpeketoni">Mpeketoni</a>）：社區性柴油發電機微電網系統。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>位於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加利福尼亞州">加利福尼亞州</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%AF%BA%E9%A9%AC" title="索诺马">索諾馬</a>的Stone Edge Farm Winery（葡萄莊園及酒廠）：微電網包含有太陽能光電面板、電池和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3" title="水電解">電解水</a>產生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>氣（作為能源載體，於必要時用於燃料電池，作能源用）。<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="廣域同步電網">廣域同步電網</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：廣域同步電網">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣域同步電網（页面不存在）">廣域同步電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wide_area_synchronous_grid" class="extiw" title="en:wide area synchronous grid">wide area synchronous grid</a>）</div> 廣域同步電網在北美也稱為"互聯電網"。電網將許多發電廠連結，以相對一樣的頻率提供交流電給眾多消費者。例如位於北美的廣域同步電網 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西部互聯電網（页面不存在）">西部互聯電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Interconnection" class="extiw" title="en:Western Interconnection">Western Interconnection</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東部互聯電網（页面不存在）">東部互聯電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Interconnection" class="extiw" title="en:Eastern Interconnection">Eastern Interconnection</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魁北克互聯電網（页面不存在）">魁北克互聯電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec%27s_electricity_transmission_system" class="extiw" title="en:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system">Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="德克薩斯州電網">德克薩斯州電網</a>）。歐洲有個大型電網將歐洲大陸的大部分地區聯結。 廣域同步電網是個區域級規模或甚至規模更大的電網。電網在正常運作下會採相同頻率，以同步的方式聯結。涵蓋的範圍也稱為同步區，其中最大的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="歐洲大陸電網">歐洲大陸電網</a> (ENTSO-E)，發電量有667吉瓦 (GW=十億瓦)，而供電範圍最廣的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="统一电力系统">統一電力系統</a>，涵蓋前屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>的各個國家。發電容量充足的同步電網可促進大範圍電力市場交易。ENTSO-E在2008年經由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲能源交易所（页面不存在）">歐洲能源交易所</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Energy_Exchange" class="extiw" title="en:European Energy Exchange">European Energy Exchange</a>） (EEX) 每天售出的電力超過35萬百萬瓦時（MVh）。<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 於北美互聯電網的額定頻率為60<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="赫茲">赫茲</a>，而歐洲的則是50赫茲。具有相同頻率和標準的相鄰互聯電網可以同步及直接方式連結以形成更大的電網，也可透過<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓直流輸電">高壓直流輸電</a>線路（DC ties）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E9%A0%BB%E8%AE%8A%E5%A3%93%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變頻變壓器（页面不存在）">變頻變壓器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/variable-frequency_transformer" class="extiw" title="en:variable-frequency transformer">variable-frequency transformer</a>）（VFT）在不同步的情況下共享電力，可實現雙向有功功率和無功功率的無縫傳輸，又能同時維持系統自身的頻率獨立。 成立同步區的好處有將發電匯集以降低發電成本、集中負載而產生顯著平衡效果、共同配置發電容量而降低初級和次級備用電力成本、開放市場而導致長期合約和短期電力交換的可能性以及在發生系統故障時可互相支援。<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> 廣域同步電網有一缺點，即其中某一部分的問題可能會影響到電網整體。例如於2018年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a>因與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維亞">塞爾維亞</a>發生爭端，前者消耗的電力超過自身發電量，導致整個歐洲大陸同步電網的相位落後於正常水平，頻率下降到49.996赫茲，導致某些類型的電鐘因使用石英晶體振盪器計時的晶振變得較慢，而慢了六分鐘。<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectricityUCTE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="歐洲的5個廣域同步電網"><img alt="歐洲的5個廣域同步電網" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElectricityUCTE.svg/300px-ElectricityUCTE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElectricityUCTE.svg/450px-ElectricityUCTE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElectricityUCTE.svg/600px-ElectricityUCTE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">歐洲的5個廣域同步電網</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NERC-map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="位於北美的兩個主要和三個次要電網"><img alt="位於北美的兩個主要和三個次要電網" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NERC-map-en.svg/300px-NERC-map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NERC-map-en.svg/450px-NERC-map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NERC-map-en.svg/600px-NERC-map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1730" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">位於北美的兩個主要和三個次要電網</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="世界各地主要的廣域同步電網（WASG）"><img alt="世界各地主要的廣域同步電網（WASG）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg/300px-Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg/450px-Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg/600px-Wide_Area_Synchronous_Grids.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3859" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">世界各地主要的廣域同步電網（WASG）</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="超級電網">超級電網</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：超級電網">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="超級電網">超級電網</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TREC-Map-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TREC-Map-en.jpg/250px-TREC-Map-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TREC-Map-en.jpg/375px-TREC-Map-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TREC-Map-en.jpg/500px-TREC-Map-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>非營利性基金會<a href="/w/index.php?title=DESERTEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DESERTEC（页面不存在）">DESERTEC</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESERTEC" class="extiw" title="en:DESERTEC">DESERTEC</a>）所提一連結<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中東">中東</a>和歐洲跨地區再生能源的超級電網概念性規劃。<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64625722">.mw-parser-output .excerpt .selflink{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink selfref">这个部分摘自：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="超級電網">超級電網</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit">编辑</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="超級電網">超級電網</a>（英語：super grid，或是拼寫為supergrid）是一種廣域輸電網路，通常的規模是跨大陸或是包含多個國家，讓大量電力透過遠距離交易成為可能。這種電網有時也被被稱為"巨型電網（mega grid）"。通常超級電網採用的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓直流輸電">高壓直流輸電</a>（HVDC）以降低長距離傳輸電力中的損耗率。最新一代的HVDC傳輸電力時，每1,000公里的損耗僅有1.6%。<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> 超級電網具有將其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽能">太陽能</a>發電所產生的局部波動予以平順的作用，而能支持全球<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%BD%89%E5%9E%8B" title="能源轉型">能源轉型</a>。基於此，這種電網被認為是種能促進<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E7%B7%A9%E8%A7%A3" title="氣候變化緩解">氣候變化緩解</a>的關鍵技術。</div></div> 地區之間的電力公司經歷多重互聯，可提高經濟性和可靠性。互聯電網可實現規模經濟，讓消費者能從大型、高效的發電來源購買電力。公用事業公司可從不同地區的發電廠取得電力，以確保持續、可靠的電力供應並實現負載多樣化。互聯也讓各地區經由接受不同來源的電力來獲得廉價的批量能源。例如一個地區可能在豐水季節生產廉價的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水電</a>，但在枯水期，另一個地區可能有經風能生產更便宜的電力，而讓兩地區在一年中的不同時間取得更便宜的能源。鄰近的電力公司也可幫助其他公司維持整體系統頻率，並協助管理電力公司之間的電流轉移。<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Electric_Power_Systems-21">[21]</a> 電網的電力互聯水準（EIL）是電網互聯總功率除以電網裝置容量的數值。歐盟內部制定在2020年國家電網EIL佔比達到10%，於2030年將達到15%。<a href="#cite_note-auto-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電網組成">電網組成</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：電網組成">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發電廠">發電廠</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：發電廠">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="發電">發電</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbogenerator01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turbogenerator01.jpg/290px-Turbogenerator01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turbogenerator01.jpg/435px-Turbogenerator01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turbogenerator01.jpg/580px-Turbogenerator01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%80%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="西門子">西門子</a>所造500百萬瓦多級<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%B8%A6%E8%BC%AA%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="蒸汽渦輪發動機">蒸氣渦輪</a>發電機組（發電機於後部，紅色）。</figcaption></figure> 所謂發電是發電廠使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="一次能源">一次能源</a>生產電力的過程。通常這是透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="熱機">熱機</a>，或是水或風的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="動能">動能</a>驅動發電機來達成。其他能源還有太陽能光電、太陽熱能和地熱能。 電網的發電量等於所有接入電網發電機的發電量總和，通常以吉瓦為單位。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電力傳輸">電力傳輸</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：電力傳輸">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="輸電系統">輸電系統</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png/220px-500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png/330px-500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png/440px-500kV_3-Phase_Transmission_Lines.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>位於美國<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="華盛頓州">華盛頓州</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%B2%B3" title="哥倫比亞河">哥倫比亞河</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%A4%E5%8A%9B%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D" title="大古力水坝">大古力水壩</a>500千瓦<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="三相電">三相電</a>輸電線路。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png/220px-A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png/330px-A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png/440px-A_network_diagram_of_the_%27nesta_case1354_pegase_high_voltage%27_electrical_power_system.png 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>高壓輸電系統網路圖，顯示不同電壓等級之間的互連關係。本圖描繪的是電網線路結構<a href="#cite_note-CuffeKeane2017-23">[23]</a>而非實際地理分布。</figcaption></figure> 電力傳輸指的是電力從發電廠經由網絡傳輸到變電所，然後再連接到配電系統。這個網絡系統不同於高壓變電所與用戶之間的本地配電線路。 由於生產電力的地點通常遠離使用電力的，輸電系統通常可覆蓋很遠的距離。對於給定量的功率，當電壓越高，電流就會越低，而傳輸效率會因此更高。因此電壓會在發電廠升高，到了地方上的變電所經過降壓後再配送給用戶。 大多數輸電系統均為三相。三相可在相同量的電線下比單相傳輸更多的電力，因為中性線（當電流從火線流向負載（例如電燈、家電）後，會經由中性線回到電源）和接地線是共享的。<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>此外，三相發電機和電動機比單相的更有效率。<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> 傳統電流導體造成的主要損耗之一是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="電阻">電阻</a>損耗，它與電流的平方成正比，且與距離有關。高壓交流輸電線路每百英里會因電阻而損失1-4%。<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>然而高壓直流電的損耗只有交流電的一半。由於發電廠產生的和用戶端使用的電能都是交流電，因此在傳輸的兩端需要用到交流/直流換流站。在長距離輸電的情況下，節省下來的電能所帶來的經濟效益，可抵消設置這些換流站的成本。 傳輸網路非常複雜，存在冗餘路徑。實際佈線通常取決於可用的土地及其地質。大多數輸電系統都提供更複雜的網狀路徑所具的可靠性。透過冗餘線路，系統可在發生故障時自動切換，維持電力供應。<a href="#cite_note-redundancy-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="變電所">變電所</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：變電所">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80" title="變電所">變電所</a></div> 變電所可執行許多功能，但通常是將電壓從低變高（升壓）和從高變低（降壓）。電壓在發電機和最終消費者之間可能會變換好幾次。<a href="#cite_note-eep-29">[29]</a> 變電所依功能可劃分為三種主要類型：<a href="#cite_note-UofC-30">[30]</a> <ul><li>升壓變電所：這些變電所使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%A3%93%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="變壓器">變壓器</a>將發電機和發電廠生產的電力升高電壓（電流因之降低），以便進行有效長距離傳輸。</li> <li>降壓變電所：使用變壓器將來自輸電線路的電壓降低，提供給工業用戶，或是輸往配電變電所。</li> <li>配電變電所：再次用變壓器將電壓降低，以供一般最終用戶使用。</li></ul> 變電所除裝置有變壓器外，還有其他主要組件或功能： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8" title="斷路器">斷路器</a>：用於自動斷電，將系統中的故障部分隔離。<a href="#cite_note-hayes-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E9%97%9C" title="開關">開關</a>：控制電流，隔離不同設備。<a href="#cite_note-grady-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%AF%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%92_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B)" class="mw-redirect" title="匯流排 (電力)">匯流排</a>：通常是一組三根導線，分別對應三個相位電流。變電所以匯流排為中心而運作，匯流排連接入線、變壓器、保護裝置、開關和出線。<a href="#cite_note-hayes-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BF%E9%9B%B7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="避雷器（页面不存在）">避雷器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighning_arrester" class="extiw" title="en:Lighning arrester">Lighning arrester</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B0" title="功率因数">功率因數</a>校正<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電容器">電容器</a></li> <li>用於功率因數校正和電網穩定性的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同步電容器（页面不存在）">同步電容器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/synchronous_condenser" class="extiw" title="en:synchronous condenser">synchronous condenser</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="配電系統">配電系統</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：配電系統">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="配電系統">配電系統</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg/310px-Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg/465px-Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg/620px-Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>電力系統基本佈局。電壓和電線的表示法是德國和其他歐洲系統的常見形式。 </figcaption></figure> 配電是電力傳輸的最後階段 - 將電力從輸電系統輸送到個人消費者。變電所將輸電電壓降低至2千伏至35千伏之間（中壓）。主配電線路將中壓電力輸送至位於客戶所在附近的配電變壓器。配電變壓器再次將電壓降低至<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家用電力（页面不存在）">家用電力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mains_electricity" class="extiw" title="en:mains electricity">mains electricity</a>）電壓。需更大功率的客戶可以直接連接到主配電層或是次級輸電（次級輸電電壓比主輸電線路低，但又比直接供應給一般用戶的配電線路高）。<a href="#cite_note-HSW-33">[33]</a> 配電網路分為兩種：放射狀或是網狀。<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> 在北美的城鎮，電網往往遵循經典的放射狀設計。變電所從輸電網路接收電力，透過變壓器降壓後發送到匯流排，再經饋線分佈到鄉村的各個方向。這些饋線承載三相電力，並傾向於沿著變電所附近的主要街道延伸。隨著離開變電所越遠，饋電線路會繼續分支，較小的支線擴展到覆蓋饋電線路未涵蓋的地區。這種樹狀結構從變電所向外延伸，但出於可靠性考慮，通常會包含至少一條未使用的備用線路連接至附近的變電所。在緊急情況下可啟用此連接，以便原變電所服務區中的一部分可由另一個變電所供電。<a href="#cite_note-redundancy-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="儲能">儲能</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：儲能">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD" title="電網儲能">電網儲能</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64625722"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink selfref">这个部分摘自：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD" title="電網儲能">電網儲能</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD&action=edit">编辑</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grid_energy_storage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grid_energy_storage.png/220px-Grid_energy_storage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grid_energy_storage.png/330px-Grid_energy_storage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grid_energy_storage.png/440px-Grid_energy_storage.png 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>電網儲能簡單圖示。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grid_storage_energy_flow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Grid_storage_energy_flow.png/220px-Grid_storage_energy_flow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Grid_storage_energy_flow.png/330px-Grid_storage_energy_flow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Grid_storage_energy_flow.png/440px-Grid_storage_energy_flow.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>簡單圖示，顯示設有電網儲能或未有電網儲能，於24小時內的供電狀況。</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD" title="電網儲能">電網儲能</a>（英語：Grid energy storage)，也稱為大規模儲能（英語：large-scale energy storage）是在輸電網路內大規模<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="储能">儲能</a>方法的總稱。在電力充足且廉價時（特別是產自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%93%E6%AD%87%E6%80%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="間歇性再生源（页面不存在）">間歇性再生源</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Variable renewable energy">Variable renewable energy</a>），例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E8%83%BD" title="潮汐能">潮汐能</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽能">太陽能</a>的電力）或電力需求較低時將多餘電能儲存，在需求較高時再送回電網，且收取較高的電價。截至2020年，全球最大的電網儲能形式是築壩式<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水力發電</a>，包含常規水力發電，加上<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%B0%B4%E8%93%84%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99" title="抽水蓄能电站">抽水蓄能</a>發電兩種。<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> 由於電池儲能技術已有長足進展，使得商業上可行的項目能在電力生產高峰期間將其儲存，然後在需求高峰期間釋放，也會在發電廠發生意外，電力產量下降時釋放，而為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="需量反應">需量反應</a>較慢的發電能源爭取啟動運行所需時間。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E6%B0%AB" title="綠氫">綠氫</a>是透過再生能源或碳排放相對較低的能源產生的電力，進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3" title="水電解">水電解</a>而產生，就資本支出而言，綠氫是比抽水蓄能發電或是電池儲能更為經濟的長期儲能手段。<a href="#cite_note-電網儲能_Schrotenboer-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-電網儲能_Lipták-39">[39]</a> 有兩種電網儲能的替代方案 - 建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%B3%B0%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="尖峰負載發電廠">尖峰負載發電廠</a>來填補供應缺口和需求量，將電力負載轉移到其他電力需求較低的時間產生。</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="功能">功能</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：功能">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="需求">需求</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：需求">编辑</a>]</div> 電網的負載是指電網用戶所消耗的總電功率。 負載隨時間而變化的圖表稱為負載曲線。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="基本負載發電廠">基本負載發電廠</a>是任何給定時期內電網的最小負載，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E7%94%B5%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0" title="用电高峰">用電高峰</a>是電網的最高負載。從歷史上看，基本負載通常由運行相對便宜，可一次連續運行數週或數月的設備來滿足，但全球此種情況越來越不常見。額外的用電高峰有時是由成本高昂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%B3%B0%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="尖峰負載發電廠">尖峰負載發電廠</a>所生產，這些電廠配備有業經優化，可快速上線的發電機，但這類發電廠也變得越來越少見。 然而如果電力需求過大，電網會不堪負荷，輕則導致電器損壞，重則引發火災，造成嚴重安全隱患。<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電壓">電壓</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：電壓">编辑</a>]</div> 電網的目標是為用戶提供穩定且幾乎不變的電壓 - 即便面對用電量起伏不定、設備負載多變且不穩定的情況以及發電機和輸配電設備可能出現故障等挑戰，電網仍需維持電壓穩定。.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>為維持供電電壓穩定，電網常在靠近用戶端的變壓器上裝設<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%8E%A5%E9%96%8B%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分接開關（页面不存在）">分接開關</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tap_changer" class="extiw" title="en:tap changer">tap changer</a>），以即時調整輸出電壓，確保符合規範。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電源頻率">電源頻率</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：電源頻率">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BA%90%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="電源頻率">電源頻率</a></div> 發電量和用電量必須在整個電網中保持平衡，因為電力是在產生的同時被消耗掉。對於旋轉發電機，局部調速器調節驅動扭矩，在負載變化時保持幾乎恆定的旋轉速度。電力在短期內由發電機的旋轉動能儲存。 雖然發電機的速度保持相對恆定，但與額定系統頻率的小偏差對於調節個別發電機非常重要，並用於評估整個電網的平衡。當電網負載較輕時，電網頻率高於額定頻率，整個網絡中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自動發電控制系統（页面不存在）">自動發電控制系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" class="extiw" title="en:Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a>）將其視為發電機應減少輸出的指示。反過來，當電網負載較重時，頻率自然會降低，控制系統會調整發電機以輸出更多功率。當各發電機具有相同的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%BF%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="調速器控制（页面不存在）">調速器控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/droop_speed_control" class="extiw" title="en:droop speed control">droop speed control</a>）裝置時，它確保具有相同裝置的多個並聯發電機按額定值共同承擔負載。 此外，電網通常還有中央控制，可在一分鐘或更長的時間內改變自動發電控制系統的參數，以進一步調整體網路流量和電網的運作頻率。 電網的頻率雖然允許短暫的波動，但系統會進行調整，確保連接在電網上的電鐘在一天之內不會走得太快或太慢。 整個同步電網以相同的頻率運行，相鄰電網即使以相同的額定頻率運行也不會同步。採用高壓直流輸電線路或變頻變壓器，可把兩個不同步的電網連接起來，毋須將更廣泛區域進行同步。此技術在歐洲的電網架構中已得到廣泛應用。<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="銘牌容量和確定容量">銘牌容量和確定容量</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：銘牌容量和確定容量">编辑</a>]</div> 聯結電網發電機的最大功率輸出（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="額定容量">額定容量</a>），其總和可被認為電網的容量。 但實際上它們不會同時全功率運行。通常一些發電機以較低的輸出功率運行（<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%99%E8%BD%89%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="備轉容量">備轉容量</a>），以應對故障發生和需求變化。此外，發電機可能因維護或其他原因如能源供應端（如燃料、水力、風能、太陽能等）或環境規範的限制而離線。 確定容量（firm capacity）是電網在給定時間段內立即可產生的最大功率輸出，是一更有用的數字。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發電">發電</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：發電">编辑</a>]</div> 大多數電網規範規定，發電機運作根據<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E9%9A%9B%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="邊際成本">邊際成本</a>（即最便宜的優先）以及偶爾的環境因素而按<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%AA%E5%8A%A3%E9%A0%86%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="優劣順序（页面不存在）">優劣順序</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/merit_order" class="extiw" title="en:merit order">merit order</a>）來進行。因此價廉的發電設備幾乎受到全力運作，而價格昂貴的在必要時才會運作。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="故障與問題">故障與問題</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：故障與問題">编辑</a>]</div> 故障通常與發電機或輸電線路因故導致跳閘有關，導致用戶端用電受到影響，產生供電不足或超載等問題。這通常會導致電網頻率降低，其餘的發電機將做出反應並嘗試穩定在最低頻率值以上。如無法做到，有可能會發生多種情況。 電網某一部分發生重大故障，如無法迅速得到補償，會導致電流採不同線路傳輸，經容量不足的輸電線路傳輸給消費者，而可能發生進一步的故障。因此廣泛聯結的電網有個缺點 - 可能出現級聯故障和大範圍停電。應對此問題，通常會指定一個中心機構來促進溝通，並制定協議以維持一穩定的電網。例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%80%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北美電力可靠性公司（页面不存在）">北美電力可靠性公司</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Electric_Reliability_Corporation" class="extiw" title="en:North American Electric Reliability Corporation">North American Electric Reliability Corporation</a>）於2006年成為美國法定的強制執行機構，並在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>適用部分擁有諮詢權。美國政府另外還特別標示出一些區域為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家利益電力傳輸走廊（页面不存在）">國家利益電力傳輸走廊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Interest_Electric_Transmission_Corridors" class="extiw" title="en:National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors">National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors</a>），因為這些地區的電力傳輸系統已出現瓶頸問題，如果地方政府不配合解決，聯邦政府可出面處理。<a href="#cite_note-DOE-NIETC1-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="棕色停電">棕色停電</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：棕色停電">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%95%E8%89%B2%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="棕色停電（页面不存在）">棕色停電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" class="extiw" title="en:Brownout (electricity)">Brownout (electricity)</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110313-TokyoTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/20110313-TokyoTower.jpg/170px-20110313-TokyoTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/20110313-TokyoTower.jpg/255px-20110313-TokyoTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/20110313-TokyoTower.jpg/340px-20110313-TokyoTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>發生於<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%90%B5%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="東京鐵塔">東京鐵塔</a>附近的棕色停電。</figcaption></figure> 棕色停電指的是供電系統中有意或無意的電壓下降。故意的情況是在緊急情況下用來降低負載。<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>這種降低會持續幾分鐘或幾小時，與短期<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93%E9%A9%9F%E9%99%8D" title="電壓驟降">電壓驟降</a>不同。此名詞來自白熾燈在電壓下降時會變暗的描述。電壓降低可能是電網中斷的結果，或有時可能是為減少負載並防止<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="停電">停電</a>（稱為blackout）而實施的。<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 在某些國家，棕色停電並非指電壓下降，而是指有意或無意的停電。<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="停電">停電</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：停電">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="停電">停電</a></div> 停電（也稱為power cut、power out、power blackout、power failure或是blackout）是指特定區域失去電力。 停電可能是由發電廠故障、輸電線路、變電所或配電系統等損壞、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF" title="短路">短路</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連鎖故障（页面不存在）">連鎖故障</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cascading_failure" class="extiw" title="en:cascading failure">cascading failure</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E7%B5%B2" title="保險絲">保險絲</a>或斷路器操作以及人為錯誤所引起。 在與環境和公共安全相關的場所發生停電，風險尤其嚴重。<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院">醫院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="污水處理">污水處理</a>廠、礦場、避難所等機構通常都會裝置備用電源，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緊急發電機（页面不存在）">緊急發電機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_power_system" class="extiw" title="en:Emergency power system">Emergency power system</a>）（於停電時會自動啟動）。其他關鍵系統（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="電信">電信</a>）也需有緊急電源。電話交換機的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電池間（页面不存在）">電池間</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_room" class="extiw" title="en:Battery room">Battery room</a>）通常有一組備用<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛酸電池">鉛酸電池</a>，還有一個插座，於長時間停電時可連接到發電機。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="降載">降載</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：降載">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="需量反應">需量反應</a></div> 發電和輸電系統可能無法時時滿足電力的尖峰需求 - 即給定區域內所有公用事業客戶所需的最大電量。在此情況下，必須將整體需求降低，方法是關閉某些設備或降低電網電壓（棕色停電），以防止供電中斷（例如大範圍停電）或是設備遭受損壞。公用事業公司可透過有針對性的停電、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%AA%E6%B5%81%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輪流停電（页面不存在）">輪流停電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rolling_blackout" class="extiw" title="en:rolling blackout">rolling blackout</a>）或與特定高電力消耗工業體達成協議，在系統高峰需求發生的時段實施降載（load shedding）而將部分生產設備關閉。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="黑啟動">黑啟動</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：黑啟動">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑啟動（页面不存在）">黑啟動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_start" class="extiw" title="en:Black start">Black start</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City skyline at dusk with only a very few office building windows lit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/220px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/330px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/440px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="2003年美加大停電">2003年美加大停電</a>期間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="多倫多">多倫多</a>黃昏時分的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%9A%9B%E7%B7%9A" title="天際線">天際線</a>，發電廠須經黑啟動以恢復運作。</figcaption></figure> 黑啟動指的是在不依賴外部輸電網路，而從全部或部分停電狀態中恢復發電廠或部分電網運作的過程。<a href="#cite_note-Knight01-49">[49]</a> 發電廠自身所需的電力通常由自己的發電機提供。如果發電廠的所有發電機都關閉，則須透過輸電線路從電網獲取電力。然而在大範圍停電期間，如果無法獲得來自外部電網的電力，則需執行所謂的黑啟動來讓發電廠重新運作。 一些發電廠為黑啟動做準備，會配置小型柴油發電機（一般稱為黑啟動柴油發電機（BSDG）），用來啟動較大的發電機（容量可達幾百萬瓦），而後者又用來啟動主發電機。使用蒸汽渦輪機的發電廠本身需要高達其發電容量10%的服務功率（用於鍋爐給水泵、鍋爐鼓風機和燃料輸送）。在每個發電廠安排如此大的備用容量並不具經濟效益，因此必須透過輸電線路與另一發電廠連結，作為黑啟動電源。通常是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" class="mw-redirect" title="水力发电厂">水力發電廠</a>會被指定為恢復故障電廠的黑啟動電力來源。水力發電廠啟動時僅用到甚少的初始電力（足以打開進水閘門，並向發電機磁線圈提供<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E7%A3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激磁（页面不存在）">激磁</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation_(magnetic)" class="extiw" title="en:Excitation (magnetic)">Excitation (magnetic)</a>）電流），且可非常快速投入大量電力以啟動化石燃料或核能發電廠。某些類型的燃氣渦輪機可用於黑啟動，是無合適水力發電廠地方的另一選擇。<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>一家於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="南加利福尼亞州">南加利福尼亞州</a>的公用事業公司於2017年展示使用電池儲能系統提供黑色啟動，成功啟動一部在閒置狀態下聯合循環燃氣渦輪機。<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="設備過時問題">設備過時問題</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：設備過時問題">编辑</a>]</div> 雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="已開發國家">已開發國家</a>有新穎的制度和輸電網路設計，但其電力傳輸<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="基礎設施">基礎設施</a>正在老化中。導致如此的因素有： <ul><li>設備老化 - 舊設備<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="失效率">失效率</a>較高，導致服務中斷，會影響到經濟和社會，此外，較舊的資產和設施會需要更高的檢查及維護成本，以及進一步的修理和恢復成本。</li> <li>過時的系統佈局 - 較老舊的地區需要增添大量的變電所和輸電線路<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%AC%8A" title="路權">路權</a>，由於難以取得，而被迫將就利用既有的、不足的設施。</li> <li>過時的工程技術 - 傳統的電力傳輸規劃和工程工具無法有效應對因設備老化、過時系統佈局和現代放鬆管制後的負載水平等問題。</li> <li>舊的文化價值 - 過度依賴垂直整合產業的經驗，阻礙企業在解除管制環境下的適應與發展。<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="趨勢">趨勢</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：趨勢">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="需量響應">需量響應</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：需量響應">编辑</a>]</div> 需量響應是一種電網管理技術，透過電子或手動方式請求或激勵零售或批發的電力用戶以減少負載。目前電網營運商利用需量響應來要求工廠等主要用戶減少負載。<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> 利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="智能电表">智慧型電錶</a>等技術可實施浮動式電價來鼓勵客戶在電力充足且價廉時多使用電力。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="智慧電網">智慧電網</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：智慧電網">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg/350px-Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg/525px-Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg/700px-Staying_big_or_getting_smaller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>傳統電網（左）與智慧電網（右）兩者特色的比較。</figcaption></figure> 本節摘自<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="智慧電網">智慧電網</a>。 智慧電網是20世紀電網的升級版，透過雙向溝通可實現智能設備之間的數據共享與協同作業。<a href="#cite_note-tsg-54">[54]</a>電力和資訊的雙向流動可改善輸送網路。於智慧電網的研究主要集中在三個系統 - 基礎設施系統、管理系統和保護系統。<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>智慧電網利用電子電力調節與控制系統，確保電力供應的穩定性和可靠性。<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 智慧電網是當今及未來解決電力供應問題最完整的方案。預計部署智慧電網技術將對能源基礎設施效率產生許多貢獻，特別是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="能源需求管理">能源需求管理</a>方面。提升智慧電網的彈性可讓<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%AD%87%E6%80%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="間歇性再生能源">間歇性再生能源</a>如太陽能和風能等，在不增加<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD" title="電網儲能">儲能</a>設施的情況之下仍能更為普及。智慧電網可監控並控制住家中的非必要設備，使其在用電尖峰時段暫停運作，而在離峰時段恢復正常。<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> 智慧電網包含有各種運作和能源措施： <ul><li>先進的計量基礎設施（智慧型電錶是這類設備的通用名稱）</li> <li>與居家控制和需量響應整合的智慧<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%9B%BB%E7%AE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="配電箱">配電箱</a>和斷路器 <ul><li>負載控制開關和智慧型電器</li></ul></li> <li>再生能源儲存裝置，包括有停放的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="電動載具">電動載具</a>電池，或是從電動載具及其他儲能電池回收而組成的陣列電池。</li> <li>提升<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="能源效率">能源效率</a>裝置</li> <li>透過輸電線和自動智慧開關進行剩餘電量分配</li> <li>足夠的公用事業級光纖寬頻用於連接和監控上述內容，並以無線連結作為備用。足夠的備用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%97%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暗光纖（页面不存在）">暗光纖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fiber" class="extiw" title="en:Dark fiber">Dark fiber</a>）頻寬以確保於故障時可轉移，平日則出租以獲取收入。<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ul> 對智慧電網技術的擔憂主要集中在智慧電錶、其支援的項目以及一般安全問題。智慧電網技術出現也表示電力服務業須做根本性重新設計，此名詞的典型用法集中在技術基礎設施方面。<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> 歐洲各國透過智慧電網歐洲技術平台（Smart Grid European Technology Platform）共同制定智慧電網政策。<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>美國的智慧電網政策在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC42%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國法典第42章（页面不存在）">美國法典第42章</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" class="extiw" title="en:Title 42 of the United States Code">Title 42 of the United States Code</a>）中有描述。<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="離網營運">離網營運</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：離網營運">编辑</a>]</div> 抵制分散式發電的電網營運商可能會選擇離開電網，轉而將電力僅供應給範圍較小的地區。<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> 能源<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%AB" title="智庫">智庫</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=RMI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RMI（页面不存在）">RMI</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMI_(energy_organization)" class="extiw" title="en:RMI (energy organization)">RMI (energy organization)</a>）<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>和其他機構的研究工作<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>預見將會發生大規模的離網營運。然而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>等冬季電力需求較大的地區，這類離網營運的可能性會較小。<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> 早期的電力是在需使用電力的設備或服務的附近地點生產。在1880年代，電力與蒸汽、液壓，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="煤氣">煤氣</a>競爭。煤氣最初是在客戶的場所內生產，但後來擴充為具有規模經濟的氣化廠。在工業化國家，城市擁有用於照明的管道煤氣網路。但使用煤氣照明，產生的光線亮度不足，浪費熱量，讓住家既熱又有煙害，且會釋放<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>氣和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>，還有造成火災的隱患，電力照明出現後很快就變得比燃氣照明更具優勢。 電力公司建立獨立的中央電廠以達成規模經濟，並演進為集中發電、配電和系統管理。<a href="#cite_note-Distributed_Generation-69">[69]</a>於1880年代後期出現的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="電流之戰">電流之戰</a>（交流電與直流電之爭）平息後，交流電勝出，透過長距離傳輸電力，可將各發電廠互聯以平衡負載並提高負載因數。史上的輸電和配電線路原由同一公司擁有，但從20世紀90年代開始，許多國家將電力市場監管開放（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="電力自由化">電力自由化</a>），導致輸電業務與配電業務分離。<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory_report-70">[70]</a> 在英國，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Merz_%26_McLellan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merz & McLellan（页面不存在）">Merz & McLellan</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merz_%26_McLellan" class="extiw" title="en:Merz & McLellan">Merz & McLellan</a>）顧問合夥公司創始人之一 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查爾斯·梅爾茨（页面不存在）">查爾斯·梅爾茨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Merz" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Merz">Charles Merz</a>）於1901年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94" title="泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔">泰恩河畔紐卡斯爾</a>附近建造<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E7%AB%99%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海王星發電站廠（页面不存在）">海王星發電站廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Bank_Power_Station" class="extiw" title="en:Neptune Bank Power Station">Neptune Bank Power Station</a>），<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>並於1912年發展成為歐洲最大的綜合電力系統。<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>梅爾茨後被任命為英國議會委員會主席，他的調查結果催生1918年威廉森報告，該報告又促成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B1919%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%88%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%EF%BC%89%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國1919年電力（供應）法案（页面不存在）">英國1919年電力（供應）法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_(Supply)_Act_1919" class="extiw" title="en:Electricity (Supply) Act 1919">Electricity (Supply) Act 1919</a>）制定。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B1926%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%88%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%EF%BC%89%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國1926年電力（供應）法案（页面不存在）">英國1926年電力（供應）法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_(Supply)_Act_1926" class="extiw" title="en:Electricity (Supply) Act 1926">Electricity (Supply) Act 1926</a>）出台後促成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國國家電網（页面不存在）">國家電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" class="extiw" title="en:National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid (Great Britain)</a>）成立，<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>依據前項法案建立的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中央電力委員會（页面不存在）">中央電力委員會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Electricity_Board" class="extiw" title="en:Central Electricity Board">Central Electricity Board</a>）將國家電力供應標準化，並建立第一個同步交流電網，運行電壓為132伏特和50赫茲。該系統於1938年開始作為國家系統 - 英國國家電網 - 而運作。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>的電氣化始於1900年代，到1919年有700個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD)" title="市镇 (法国)">市鎮</a>通電，1938年增加到36,528個。同時這些獨立的電網開始互聯：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>在1907年以12千伏的電壓互聯，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E9%87%8C%E7%89%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="庇里牛斯山">庇里牛斯山</a>地區在1923年以150千伏互連聯，最終在1938年幾乎整個國家以220千伏互聯。該國在1946年擁有世界上最密集的電網。法國在1946年將私人公司集合組成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="法國電力集團">法國電力集團</a>，成為國營事業。頻率標準化為50赫茲，225千瓦網路取代110千瓦和120千瓦。於1956年將供電電壓標準化為220/380伏特，取代先前的127/220伏特。自1986年5月29日開始，最終用戶服務電壓逐步改為230/400伏特 +/-10%。<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> 於1920年代，美國的公用事業公司採聯合運作以共享尖峰負載和備用電力。該國《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E6%8E%A7%E8%82%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公用事業控股公司法（页面不存在）">公用事業控股公司法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act_of_1935" class="extiw" title="en:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935">Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935</a>）》於1935年通過，電力公司被視為重要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%B2%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="公共財">公共財</a>，為確保電力供應的穩定性和公平性，公用的運作受到政府的嚴格監管。1992年通過的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源政策法案（页面不存在）">能源政策法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" class="extiw" title="en:Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act of 1992</a>）要求輸電線路所有者必須開放網絡，允許發電廠接入。<a href="#cite_note-Distributed_Generation-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Electric_Power_Planning-76">[76]</a>並引導電力行業重組運作方式，在發電廠之間形成一競爭環境。電力公司不再是垂直整合的壟斷型事業，即集發電、輸電和配電於一身。現在這三種業務可分屬於不同的公司，以創造高壓輸電可公平接入的環境。<a href="#cite_note-Distributed_Generation-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Electric_Power_Planning-76">[76]</a>於2005年通過的《<a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="2005年能源政策法令">能源政策法令</a>》，允許對替代能源生產業提供獎勵和貸款擔保，以推動降低<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%AE%A4%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="溫室氣體排放">溫室氣體排放</a>的創新技術。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>電氣化始於1950年代。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E6%88%90%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="寶成鐵路">寶成鐵路</a>寶雞鳳州段電氣化工程於1961年8月竣工，交付運營，成為中國第一條電氣化鐵路。中國電氣化鐵路於1958年到1998年期間達到6,200英里（10,000公里）。截至2017年底，電氣化鐵路長度已達到54,000英里（87,000公里）。中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%B5%E7%BD%91" title="国家电网">國家電網</a>公司是該國電氣化鐵路的重要電力供應商。 中國從2009年開始便利用超高壓輸電技術（Ultra-high-voltage （UHV）electricity transmission），將產電的西部和用電的東部緊密相連，無論是交流電還是直流電，都能通過超長距離的輸電線路傳輸。為讓電力生產和消費保持平衡，同時減少電力在傳輸過程中的損耗，中國不斷擴大交流和直流輸電的規模。 中國已建造有史以來最大型超高壓長距離輸電項目，目標是在2015年至2020年期間實現全國電網一體化。<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%8B%E8%BE%93%E7%94%B5" title="中国特高压输电">中國特高壓輸電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-voltage_electricity_transmission" class="extiw" title="en:Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission">Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission</a>）</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電網規範（页面不存在）">電網規範</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_code" class="extiw" title="en:Grid code">Grid code</a>）: 電網連接設備規範</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北美電力傳輸網路（页面不存在）">北美電力傳輸網路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_power_transmission_grid" class="extiw" title="en:North American power transmission grid">North American power transmission grid</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="永續能源">永續能源</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li 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[2013-10-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnouk.com/survey/survey-utilities.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2016-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Belford+1995&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=North+Northumberland+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnouk.com%2Fsurvey%2Fsurvey-utilities.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091025/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-chl/w-places_collections/w-collections-main/w-collections-highlights/w-collections-lighting-electricity.html">Lighting by electricity</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty（页面不存在）">The National Trust</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-chl/w-places_collections/w-collections-main/w-collections-highlights/w-collections-lighting-electricity.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&rft.btitle=Lighting+by+electricity&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+National+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fmain%2Fw-chl%2Fw-places_collections%2Fw-collections-main%2Fw-collections-highlights%2Fw-collections-lighting-electricity.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Philippe CARRIVE, Réseaux de distribution - Structure et planification, volume D4210, collection Techniques de l'ingénieur, page 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000320337/">Journal Officiel n°0146, page 7895</a>. 1986-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&rft.btitle=Journal+Officiel+n%C2%B00146%2C+page+7895&rft.date=1986-06-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fjorf%2Fid%2FJORFTEXT000000320337%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|lang=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|language=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Electric_Power_Planning-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Electric_Power_Planning_76-0">76.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Electric_Power_Planning_76-1">76.1</a> Mazer, A. (2007). Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 313pgs. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Xiaoxin Zhou of Electric Power Research Institute, China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225181630/http://www.nautilus.org/archives/energy/grid/materials/zhou.pdf">Power System Development and Nationwide Grid Interconnection in China</a> (PDF). Workshop on Power Grid Interconnection in Northeast Asia, Beijing, China, May 14–16, 2001 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nautilus_Institute_for_Security_and_Sustainability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability（页面不存在）">Nautilus Institute</a>). 2001-06-27: 42 [2008-12-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nautilus.org/archives/energy/grid/materials/zhou.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2009-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&rft.atitle=Power+System+Development+and+Nationwide+Grid+Interconnection+in+China&rft.au=Xiaoxin+Zhou+of+Electric+Power+Research+Institute%2C+China&rft.date=2001-06-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Workshop+on+Power+Grid+Interconnection+in+Northeast+Asia%2C+Beijing%2C+China%2C+May+14%E2%80%9316%2C+2001&rft.pages=42&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nautilus.org%2Farchives%2Fenergy%2Fgrid%2Fmaterials%2Fzhou.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> database.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E6%AF%94_(%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F)" title="短路比 (發電機)">短路比</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需求因數（页面不存在）">需求因數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_factor" class="extiw" title="en:Demand factor">Demand factor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="供電質素（页面不存在）">供電質素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_quality" class="extiw" title="en:Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81" title="電力潮流">電力潮流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">能量來源</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" 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title="高變動性再生能源（页面不存在）">高變動性再生能源</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Variable renewable energy">Variable renewable energy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="生物质">生物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="生物燃料">生物燃料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="地熱能發電">地熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%83%BD" title="海洋能">海洋能</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%81%E8%83%BD" title="海流能">海流能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E9%B9%BD%E5%B7%AE%E8%83%BD" title="海水鹽差能">海水鹽差能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%AB%E5%B7%AE%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="海水溫差發電">海水溫差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E8%83%BD" title="潮汐能">潮汐能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%B5%AA%E8%83%BD" title="波浪能">波浪能</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="太陽能發電">太陽能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="發電">發電</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">發電廠及設備</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="火力發電廠">火力發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="核能發電廠">核能發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="风力发电场">風力發電場</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能發電場（页面不存在）">太陽能發電場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" class="extiw" title="en:Photovoltaic power station">Photovoltaic power station</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="潮汐發電">潮汐發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="基本負載發電廠">基本負載發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%B3%B0%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="尖峰負載發電廠">尖峰負載發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E8%BF%BD%E9%9A%A8%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負載追隨發電廠（页面不存在）">負載追隨發電廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_following_power_plant" class="extiw" title="en:Load following power plant">Load following power plant</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%B0%B4%E8%93%84%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99" title="抽水蓄能电站">抽水蓄能电站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="虛擬電廠">虛擬電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94" title="冷卻塔">冷卻塔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E6%AD%A5%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異步發電機（页面不存在）">異步發電機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_generator" class="extiw" title="en:Induction generator">Induction generator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="微型發電">微型發電</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">發電理論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7" title="热电联产">热电联产</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E7%83%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7" title="微型热电联产">微型热电联产</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="联合循环">联合循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="朗肯循环">朗肯循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="分散式發電">分散式發電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8%E7%8E%87%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可用率因數（页面不存在）">可用率因數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factor" class="extiw" title="en:Availability factor">Availability factor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自動發電控制（页面不存在）">自動發電控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" class="extiw" title="en:Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%95%9F%E5%81%9C%E9%A0%86%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發電機啟停順序（页面不存在）">發電機啟停順序</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_order" class="extiw" title="en:Merit order">Merit order</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%82%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="下垂速度控制">下垂速度控制</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%8A%95%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%9E%E5%A0%B1%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源投入回報比（页面不存在）">能源投入回報比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" class="extiw" title="en:Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E6%AF%94_(%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短路比 (電網)（页面不存在）">短路比 (電網)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit_ratio_(electrical_grid)" class="extiw" title="en:Short circuit ratio (electrical grid)">Short circuit ratio (electrical grid)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8" title="負載因數">負載因數</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%9E%E5%AE%B9%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="增容改造（页面不存在）">增容改造</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repowering" class="extiw" title="en:Repowering">Repowering</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%82%E5%B3%B0%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頂峰需求（页面不存在）">頂峰需求</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_demand" class="extiw" title="en:Peak demand">Peak demand</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="容量因子">容量因子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">輸電</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="電力系統">電力系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="輸電系統">輸電系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="配電系統">配電系統</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">輸電網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="需量反應">需求反應</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動態需求（页面不存在）">動態需求</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" class="extiw" title="en:Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand (electric power)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%8A%B7%E5%94%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力銷售（页面不存在）">電力銷售</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_retailing" class="extiw" title="en:Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B)" title="母线 (电力)">匯流排</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓直流輸電">高壓直流輸電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%B8%E9%9B%BB_(%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岸電 (輸電)（页面不存在）">岸電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" class="extiw" title="en:High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負載管理（页面不存在）">負載管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_management" class="extiw" title="en:Load management">Load management</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E9%9B%BB%E6%BA%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="家用電源列表">家用電源列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%B6%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C" title="架空電纜">架空電纜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="储能技术">储能技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="智慧電網">智慧電網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80" title="變電所">變電所</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%B4%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單線地迴路（页面不存在）">單線地迴路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" class="extiw" title="en:Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="超級電網">超級電網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8E%8B%E5%99%A8" title="变压器">变压器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%95%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸電系統操作商（页面不存在）">輸電系統操作商</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" class="extiw" title="en:Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸電塔（页面不存在）">輸電塔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_tower" class="extiw" title="en:Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%BA%BF%E6%9D%86" title="电线杆">电线杆</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E5%8F%8D%E9%A5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電流反饋（页面不存在）">電流反饋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backfeeding" class="extiw" title="en:Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%AA%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="經濟調度">經濟調度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="能源需求管理">能源需求管理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家用儲能（页面不存在）">家用儲能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage" class="extiw" title="en:Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E5%84%B2%E8%83%BD" title="電網儲能">電網儲能</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%88%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力守則（页面不存在）">電力守則</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_code" class="extiw" title="en:Grid code">Grid code</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81" title="電力潮流">電力潮流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">故障</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C" title="電力系統故障">電力系統故障</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93%E9%A9%9F%E9%99%8D" title="電壓驟降">電壓驟降</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="停電">停電</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%8D%80%E8%BC%AA%E6%B5%81%E4%BE%9B%E9%9B%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分區輪流供電（页面不存在）">分區輪流供電</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_blackout" class="extiw" title="en:Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a>）)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="限電">限電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E9%BB%91%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全黑啟動（页面不存在）">全黑啟動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_start" class="extiw" title="en:Black start">Black start</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連鎖故障（页面不存在）">連鎖故障</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_failure" class="extiw" title="en:Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="接地系统">接地系統</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">繼電保護</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%BC%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="繼電保護（页面不存在）">繼電保護</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-system_protection" class="extiw" title="en:Power-system protection">Power-system protection</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E7%BB%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8" title="保护继电器">保护继电器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8" title="斷路器">斷路器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六氟化硫斷路器（页面不存在）">六氟化硫斷路器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" class="extiw" title="en:Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%A7%E5%88%87%E6%96%B7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電弧切斷器（页面不存在）">電弧切斷器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" class="extiw" title="en:Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%8F%E9%9B%BB%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8_(%E6%96%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%99%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漏電斷路器 (斷路器)（页面不存在）">漏電斷路器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_leakage_circuit_breaker" class="extiw" title="en:Earth leakage circuit breaker">Earth leakage circuit breaker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0%E6%BC%8F%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%8F%92%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="接地漏电保护插座">接地漏电保护插座</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">經濟與政策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E7%B4%84%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="節約能源">節約能源</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E6%8A%B5%E6%B6%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳抵消（页面不存在）">碳抵消</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon offset">Carbon offset</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="发电成本">发电成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%A8%85" title="生態稅">生態稅</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%A3%9C%E8%B2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源補貼（页面不存在）">能源補貼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidy" class="extiw" title="en:Energy subsidy">Energy subsidy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7%E8%A1%A5%E8%B4%B4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="上网电价补贴政策">上网电价补贴政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E6%B7%98%E6%B1%B0" title="化石燃料淘汰">化石燃料淘汰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7" title="净计量电价">净计量电价</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E5%8F%A4%E7%A8%8E" title="庇古税">庇古税</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6" title="可再生能源证书">可再生能源證書</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%B6%E8%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可再生能源收費（页面不存在）">可再生能源收費</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" class="extiw" title="en:Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" title="可再生能源商业化">可再生能源商业化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E8%8A%B1%E5%83%B9%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火花價差（页面不存在）">火花價差</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_spread" class="extiw" title="en:Spark spread">Spark spread</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%94%E6%B7%A8%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潔淨電力計畫（页面不存在）">潔淨電力計畫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" class="extiw" title="en:Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="各国核能政策">各国核能政策</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">統計</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國電力行業（页面不存在）">各國電力行業</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" class="extiw" title="en:List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電力使用量（页面不存在）">電力使用量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" class="extiw" title="en:Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />主題：<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="Portal:可持续发展">可持續發展</a></li> <li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />分類：<a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="Category:电力分配">電力分配</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="Category:發電方式">發電方式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Category:发电站技术">發電站技術</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="輸電網路現代化" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="Template:輸電網路現代化"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="Template talk:輸電網路現代化"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:輸電網路現代化"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="輸電網路現代化" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">輸電網路</a>現代化</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">提案</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲未來輸電網路技術平台（页面不存在）">歐洲未來輸電網路技術平台</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Technology_Platform_for_the_Electricity_Networks_of_the_Future" class="extiw" title="en:European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future">European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超智慧電網（页面不存在）">超智慧電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSmart_Grid" class="extiw" title="en:SuperSmart Grid">SuperSmart Grid</a>）</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮肯斯計畫（页面不存在）">皮肯斯計畫#發電與輸電網路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_Plan#Power_generation_and_transmission_lines" class="extiw" title="en:Pickens Plan">Pickens Plan#Power generation and transmission lines</a>）</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統一智慧電網（页面不存在）">統一智慧電網</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Smart_Grid" class="extiw" title="en:Unified Smart Grid">Unified Smart Grid</a>）</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="能源效率">能源效率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="能源需求管理">能源需求管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="需量反應">需量反應</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動態需求（页面不存在）">動態需求</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" class="extiw" title="en:Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand (electric power)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負瓦電力市場（页面不存在）">負瓦電力市場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negawatt_market" class="extiw" title="en:Negawatt market">Negawatt market</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%BE%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%9B%A3%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非侵入式負載監控（页面不存在）">非侵入式負載監控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonintrusive_load_monitoring" class="extiw" title="en:Nonintrusive load monitoring">Nonintrusive load monitoring</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%BB%E7%B6%B2" title="智慧電網">智慧電網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="智能电表">智慧型電錶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他技術/概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%88%E6%B4%BB%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靈活交流電輸電系統（页面不存在）">靈活交流電輸電系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_AC_transmission_system" class="extiw" title="en:Flexible AC transmission system">Flexible AC transmission system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="高壓直流輸電">高壓直流輸電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E8%BF%BD%E9%9A%A8%E5%BC%8F%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負載追隨式發電廠（页面不存在）">負載追隨式發電廠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/load-following_power_plant" class="extiw" title="en:load-following power plant">load-following power plant</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負載管理（页面不存在）">負載管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_management" class="extiw" title="en:Load management">Load management</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E7%94%B5%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0" title="用电高峰">用電高峰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E9%87%8F%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相量測量單元（页面不存在）">相量測量單元</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phasor_measurement_unit" class="extiw" title="en:phasor measurement unit">phasor measurement unit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="電力線通信">電力線通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power-to-X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power-to-X（页面不存在）">Power-to-X</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-X" class="extiw" title="en:Power-to-X">Power-to-X</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%8D%95%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%8E%E5%B0%81%E5%AD%98" title="碳捕集与封存">碳捕集與封存</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7%E8%A1%A5%E8%B4%B4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="上网电价补贴政策">上網電價補貼政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7" title="净计量电价">淨計量電價</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6" title="可再生能源证书">可再生能源證書</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%A3%9C%E8%B2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="再生能源補貼（页面不存在）">再生能源補貼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" class="extiw" title="en:Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a>）（與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%B7%E8%A1%A5%E8%B4%B4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="上网电价补贴政策">上網電價補貼政策</a>同義)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96#再生能源" title="能源政策">能源政策#再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軟能源之路（页面不存在）">軟能源之路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_energy_path" class="extiw" title="en:Soft energy path">Soft energy path</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關主題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96" title="電氣化">電氣化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="能源危機">能源危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="能源安全">能源安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC" title="石油峰值">石油峰值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" title="可再生能源商业化">可再生能源商業化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="農村電氣化（页面不存在）">農村電氣化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_electrification" class="extiw" title="en:Rural electrification">Rural electrification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國能源獨立（页面不存在）">美國能源獨立</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_energy_independence" class="extiw" title="en:United States energy independence">United States energy independence</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>分類</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:電力經濟學（页面不存在）">分類:電力經濟學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electricity_economics" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Electricity economics">Category:Electricity economics</a>）</dd> <dd></dd> <dt>主題</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">主題:能源</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:可再生能源">主題:可再生能源</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div 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