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id="toc-Caucus_and_convention_era_(1832–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_primary_and_caucus_era_(1912–68)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_primary_and_caucus_era_(1912–68)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mixed primary and caucus era (1912–68)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_primary_and_caucus_era_(1912–68)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_binding_primary_era_(1972–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_binding_primary_era_(1972–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>National binding primary era (1972–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_binding_primary_era_(1972–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_primaries_and_caucuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_primaries_and_caucuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Types of primaries and caucuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_primaries_and_caucuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delegate_selection_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delegate_selection_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Delegate selection rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delegate_selection_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_U.S._territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_U.S._territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In U.S. territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_U.S._territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delegate_voting_at_the_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delegate_voting_at_the_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Delegate voting at the convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delegate_voting_at_the_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Calendar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Calendar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iowa_and_New_Hampshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iowa_and_New_Hampshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iowa and New Hampshire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iowa_and_New_Hampshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nevada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>South Carolina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_Tuesday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_Tuesday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Super Tuesday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_Tuesday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front-loading_and_coordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front-loading_and_coordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Front-loading and coordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front-loading_and_coordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representativeness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representativeness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Representativeness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representativeness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front-loading_and_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front-loading_and_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Front-loading and compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front-loading_and_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_superdelegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_superdelegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Role of superdelegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_superdelegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantage_of_incumbency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantage_of_incumbency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Advantage of incumbency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantage_of_incumbency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reform proposals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reform_proposals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reform proposals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reform_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California_Plan_(American_Plan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_Plan_(American_Plan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>California Plan (American Plan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_Plan_(American_Plan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delaware_Plan_(Fourfold_Round_Plan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delaware_Plan_(Fourfold_Round_Plan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Delaware Plan (Fourfold Round Plan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delaware_Plan_(Fourfold_Round_Plan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotating_regional_primary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotating_regional_primary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Rotating regional primary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotating_regional_primary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter_regional_primary_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter_regional_primary_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Inter regional primary plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter_regional_primary_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing_adjustment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing_adjustment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Timing adjustment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing_adjustment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States presidential primary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الانتخابات الرئاسية التمهيدية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانتخابات الرئاسية التمهيدية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Прэзідэнцкія праймерыз у ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэзідэнцкія праймерыз у ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Предварителни президентски избори в САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предварителни президентски избори в САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccions_prim%C3%A0ries_dels_Estats_Units" title="Eleccions primàries dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eleccions primàries dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftsvorwahl_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Präsidentschaftsvorwahl in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsidentschaftsvorwahl in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انتخابات مقدماتی ریاست‌جمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات مقدماتی ریاست‌جمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaires_pr%C3%A9sidentielles_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Primaires présidentielles aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Primaires présidentielles aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_primarie_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Elezioni primarie negli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni primarie negli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הבחירות המקדימות לנשיאות ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבחירות המקדימות לנשיאות ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8-%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="АҚШ-тағы президенттік праймериз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ-тағы президенттік праймериз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91v%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1sok_az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamokban" title="Előválasztások az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Előválasztások az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E4%BA%88%E5%82%99%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領予備選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国大統領予備選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Nominating process of candidates for United States presidential elections</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the United States primary election system: <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary elections in the United States">Primary elections in the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224118861">.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar{width:20em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-politics-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (R)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland" title="Elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="List of elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi" title="Elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri" title="Elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon" title="Elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Elections in the District of Columbia">Elections in the District of Columbia</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States" title="List of elections in the United States">List of elections</a>)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in the United States">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a 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ballots in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg/220px-2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg/330px-2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg/440px-2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Voters checking in at a 2008 Washington State Democratic caucus held at the <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eckstein_Middle_School" title="Nathan Eckstein Middle School">Nathan Eckstein Middle School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each of the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories of the United States</a> holds either <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary elections</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caucus#Caucuses_to_select_election_candidates" title="Caucus">caucuses</a> to help nominate individual candidates for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. This process is designed to choose the candidates that will represent their <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties</a> in the <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> has never specified this process; political parties have developed their own procedures over time. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered, generally beginning sometime in January or February, and ending about mid-June before the general election in November. State and local governments run the primary elections, while caucuses are private events that are directly run by the political parties themselves. A state's primary election or caucus is usually an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect election</a>: instead of voters directly selecting a particular person running for president, they determine the number of delegates a candidate will receive from their respective state for each party's <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national convention</a>. These delegates then in turn select their party's presidential nominee. The first state in the United States to hold its presidential primary was <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following on <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>'s successful <a href="/wiki/Direct_Legislation_League" title="Direct Legislation League">implementation of its system</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each party determines how many delegates it allocates to each state. Along with those "pledged" delegates chosen during the primaries and caucuses, state delegations to both the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> conventions also include <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">"unpledged" delegates</a> who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials who serve <i>At Large</i> from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "<a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">superdelegates</a>", who are party leaders and elected officials. If no single candidate has secured an absolute majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a "<a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">brokered convention</a>" occurs: all pledged delegates are "released" after the first round of voting and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate, and then additional rounds take place until there is a winner with an absolute majority. </p><p>The staggered nature of the presidential primary season allows candidates to concentrate their resources in each area of the country one at a time instead of campaigning in every state simultaneously. In some of the less populous states, this allows campaigning to take place on a much more personal scale. However, the overall results of the primary season may not be representative of the U.S. electorate as a whole: voters in Iowa, New Hampshire and other less populous states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses in late-January/February usually have a major impact on the races, while voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries in June generally end up having a significantly reduced say because the races are usually over by then. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries, known as "front-loading", to claim a greater influence in the process. The national parties have used penalties and awarded bonus delegates in efforts to stagger the system over broadly a 90-day window. Where state legislatures set the primary or caucus date, sometimes the out-party in that state has endured penalties in the number of delegates it can send to the national convention. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States#History" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties in the United States § History</a></div> <p>There is no provision for the role of political parties in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. In <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._9" title="Federalist No. 9">Federalist Papers No. 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">political factions</a>. Thus in the first two presidential elections, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> handled the nominations and elections in <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1789</a> and <a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a> that selected <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. The beginnings of the American <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> then emerged from Washington's immediate circle of advisors. Hamilton and Madison, who wrote the aforementioned Federalist Papers against political factions, ended up being the core leaders in this partisanship: Hamilton became the leader of <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> while Madison co-helmed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_caucus_era_(1796–1832)"><span id="Congressional_caucus_era_.281796.E2.80.931832.29"></span>Congressional caucus era (1796–1832)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congressional caucus era (1796–1832)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 election</a>, congressional party or a state legislature party <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> selected the party's presidential candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1820, Democratic-Republican members of Congress would nominate a single candidate from their party. That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucus_and_convention_era_(1832–1912)"><span id="Caucus_and_convention_era_.281832.E2.80.931912.29"></span>Caucus and convention era (1832–1912)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Caucus and convention era (1832–1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first national convention to nominate a presidential candidate was called by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> in 1831, as they could not use the caucus system because they had no congressmen. The party leaders instead called for a national meeting of supporters to set the party's candidate. This convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, on September 26, 1831, which selected <a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> as their presidential candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions. Sometimes they were dominated by intrigue between <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political bosses</a> who controlled delegates; the national convention was far from democratic or transparent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_primary_and_caucus_era_(1912–68)"><span id="Mixed_primary_and_caucus_era_.281912.E2.80.9368.29"></span>Mixed primary and caucus era (1912–68)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mixed primary and caucus era (1912–68)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> reformers looked to the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> as a way to measure popular opinion of candidates, as opposed to the opinion of the bosses. Florida enacted the first presidential primary in 1901. The Wisconsin direct open primary of 1905 was the first to eliminate the caucus and mandate direct selection of national convention delegates. In 1910, Oregon became the first state to establish a presidential preference primary, which requires delegates to the National Convention to support the winner of the primary at the convention. By 1912, twelve states either selected delegates in primaries, used a preferential primary, or both. By 1920 there were 20 states with primaries, but some went back, and from 1936 to 1968, 12 states used them. </p><p>The primary received its first major test in the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 election</a> pitting incumbent president <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> against challengers <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert La Follette</a>. Roosevelt proved the most popular candidate, but as most primaries were non-binding "preference" shows and held in only fourteen of the-then forty-eight states, the Republican nomination went to Taft, who controlled the convention. </p><p>Seeking to boost <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> simplified its <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot access in the United States">ballot access</a> laws in 1949. In the ensuing non-binding "beauty contest" of 1952, Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> demonstrated his broad voter appeal by out-polling the favored <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, "Mr. Republican." Also, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> defeated incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, leading the latter to decide not to run for another term.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first-in-the-nation <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a> has since become a widely observed test of candidates' viability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_binding_primary_era_(1972–present)"><span id="National_binding_primary_era_.281972.E2.80.93present.29"></span>National binding primary era (1972–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National binding primary era (1972–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impetus for national adoption of the binding primary election was the chaotic <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> secured the presidential nomination despite not winning a single primary under his own name. After this, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>-commissioned panel led by Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> – the <a href="/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Fraser_Commission" title="McGovern–Fraser Commission">McGovern–Fraser Commission</a> – recommended that states adopt new rules to assure wider participation. A large number of states, faced with the need to conform to more detailed rules for the selection of national delegates, chose a presidential primary as an easier way to come into compliance with the new national Democratic Party rules. The result was that many more future delegates would be selected by a state presidential primary. The Republicans also adopted many more state presidential primaries. By 1992, Democrats had primaries in 40 states and Republicans in 39. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both major political parties of the U.S.—the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>—officially nominate their candidate for president at their respective <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national conventions</a>. Each of these conventions is attended by a number of <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegates</a> selected in accordance with the given party's bylaws. The results of the presidential primaries and caucuses bind many of these delegates, known as pledged delegates, to vote for a particular candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-WAPO20150512_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAPO20150512-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both parties also have a group of unpledged delegates. Republicans have three <i>At-Large</i> delegates selected at the state convention from all the states and territories, 168 in number. These are each states' two national committeepersons and the state chairperson. </p><p>In Democratic primaries through 2016, about 85% of delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> are "pledged delegates" who are apportioned to candidates according to the results of primaries and caucuses. The remaining 15% are unpledged <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">superdelegates</a> (consisting of sitting Democratic governors, sitting Democratic members of Congress [i.e., senators and representatives], former and current Democratic presidents and vice presidents, and a few leaders of Democratic National Committee-affiliated organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a>) who can vote for whomever they wish.<sup id="cite_ref-Naft_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naft-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some superdelegates are former or current state or federal lobbyists.<sup id="cite_ref-Naft_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naft-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, following a push by independent Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, who ran as a Democrat,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the party voted in favor of superdelegate reform, such that in future presidential elections most superdelegates will be bound to their state primary results.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_primaries_and_caucuses">Types of primaries and caucuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of primaries and caucuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary#Types" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election § Types</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg/220px-2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg/330px-2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg/440px-2008_Wash_State_Democratic_Caucus_17B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>A 2008 Washington state Democratic caucus held in the school lunchroom of Eckstein Middle School in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. In some states like Washington, voters attend local meetings run by the parties instead of polling places to cast their selections.</figcaption></figure> <p>Franchise in a primary or caucus is governed by rules established by the state party, although the states may impose other regulations. </p><p>While most states hold primary elections, a handful of states hold caucuses. Instead of going to a polling place, voters attend local private events run by the political parties, and cast their selections there. One disadvantage of caucuses is that the state party runs the process directly instead of having the state and local governments run them. Another is that most election laws do not normally apply to caucuses.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all states have a <i>binding</i> primary or caucus, in which the results of the election depending on state law or party rules legally <i>bind</i> some or all of the delegates to vote for a particular candidate at the national convention, for a certain number of ballots or until the candidate releases the delegates. Some binding primaries are <i><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">winner-take-all</a></i> contests, in which all of a state's delegates are required to vote for the same candidate. In a <i>proportional vote</i>, a state's delegation is allocated in proportion to the candidates' percent of the popular vote in a congressional district. In many of those states that have proportional vote primaries, a candidate must meet a certain threshold in the popular vote to be given delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-WAPO20150512_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAPO20150512-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some states may use a binding <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_subcaucus" title="Walking subcaucus">walking subcaucus</a></i> system, where voters may instead be choosing pledged delegates to a local, county or state party convention, which then, in turn, selects pledged delegates to the national convention. A handful of states may also practice <i>non-binding</i> "beauty contests", which are public opinion surveys for use by caucus delegates to select candidates to a state convention, which then in turn selects delegates to the national convention. </p><p>In many states, only voters registered with a party may vote in that party's primary, known as a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">closed primary</a>. In some states, a semi-closed primary is practiced, in which voters unaffiliated with a party (<a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">independents</a>) may choose a party primary in which to vote. In an <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">open primary</a>, any voter may vote in any party's primary. A semi-open primary occurs when a voter must choose a party-specific ballot to cast, instead of being provided a single ballot where the voter must choose on the ballot itself which party's primary to vote in. In all of these systems, a voter may participate in only one primary; that is, a voter who casts a vote for a candidate standing for the Republican nomination for president cannot cast a vote for a candidate standing for the Democratic nomination, or vice versa. A few states once staged a <a href="/wiki/Blanket_primary" title="Blanket primary">blanket primary</a>, in which voters could vote for one candidate in multiple primaries, but the practice was struck down by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in the 2000 case of <i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i> as violating the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delegate_selection_rules">Delegate selection rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Delegate selection rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention#Delegations" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention § Delegations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention#Delegations" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention § Delegations</a></div> <p>Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party usually modify their delegate selection rules between presidential elections, including how delegates are allocated to each state and territory. </p><p>Under the current Democratic Party selection rules, adopted in 2006, pledged delegates are selected under <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, which requires a candidate have a minimum of 15% of a state's popular vote to receive delegates. In addition, the Democratic Party may reject any candidate under their bylaws. Each state publishes a Delegate Selection Plan that notes the mechanics of calculating the number of delegates per <a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">congressional district</a>, and how votes are transferred from local conventions to the state and national convention.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2012 Democratic primaries, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., is based on two main factors: (1) the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections, and (2) the number of electoral votes each state has in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. Territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a> are instead assigned a fixed number of pledged delegates. States and territories who schedule their primary or caucus later in the primary season may also get additional bonus delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican Party's rules since 2008 leave more discretion to the states in choosing a method of allocating pledged delegates. As a result, states variously applied the statewide winner-take-all method (e.g., <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>), district- and state-level winner-take-all (e.g., <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>), or proportional allocation (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in the rules before 2012 brought proportional representation to more states. The number of Republican pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states is 10 at-large delegates, plus three district delegates for each congressional district. Washington, D.C., and the five U.S. Territories are instead assigned a fixed number of pledged delegates. States and territories get bonus delegates based on whether it (if applicable) has a Republican governor, it has GOP majorities in one or all chambers of its state legislature, whether one or both of its U.S. senators are Republican, it has a GOP majority in its delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives, and whether its electoral college votes went to the Republican candidate in the last presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersGOPDelegates_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersGOPDelegates-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersGOPDelegates2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersGOPDelegates2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each party's bylaws also specify which current and former elected officeholders and party leaders qualify as unpledged delegates. Because of possible deaths, resignations, or the results of intervening or special elections, the final number of these superdelegates may not be known until the week of the convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_U.S._territories">In U.S. territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In U.S. territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary and caucus system is the only method in which voters in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> can have a say in the presidential race. Under the U.S. Constitution, U.S. territories are not represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>, and thus voters residing in those areas are basically ineligible to vote in the general election. On the other hand, as stated above, the primaries and caucuses are non-governmental party affairs. Both the Democratic and Republican parties, as well as other third parties, have agreed to let these territories participate in the presidential nomination process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two major party's rules, "territories" are referred to as "states", which can be carried over in discussion and media implying there are more than 50 states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delegate_voting_at_the_convention">Delegate voting at the convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Delegate voting at the convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention#Voting" title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention § Voting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></div> <p>During the convention, there is generally a roll call of the votes. Each delegation announces its vote tallies, usually accompanied with some boosterism of their state or territory. The delegation may pass, nominally to retally their delegates' preferences, but often to allow a different delegation to give the leading candidate the honor of casting the majority-making vote. </p><p>If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged) during the first vote, then a "<a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">brokered convention</a>" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trading</a>, and additional rounds of re-votes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A customary ceremonial practice has been for the losing candidate(s) in the primary season to "release" their delegates at the convention and exhort them to vote for the winning nominee as a sign of party unity. Thus, the vote tallied on the convention floor is unanimous or nearly so. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 Democratic National Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (who only captured about 22% of delegates compared to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s approximate 72%)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved to nominate Obama by acclamation, making it a unanimous vote.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar">Calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about a general overview of the primary calendar. For schedules of the 2024 primaries, see <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Primary_and_caucus_calendar" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Primary_and_caucus_calendar" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries#Primary_and_caucus_calendar" title="2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2024_Green_Party_presidential_primaries#Primary_and_caucus_calendar" title="2024 Green Party presidential primaries">2024 Green Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar</a>.</div> <p>Campaigning for president often begins almost a year before the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, almost two years before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential election</a>. This is largely because federal campaign finance laws including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act" title="Federal Election Campaign Act">Federal Election Campaign Act</a> state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, presidential candidates officially announce their intentions to run that early so they can start raising or spending the money needed to mount their nationwide campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first six months of the year, primaries and caucuses are separately held in each of the 50 states; the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, and each of the five permanently inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">US territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a>. Each party sets its own calendar and rules, and in some cases actually administers the election. However, to reduce expenses and encourage turnout, the major parties' primaries are usually held the same day and may be consolidated with other state elections. The primary election itself is administered by local governments according to state law. In some cases, state law determines how delegates will be awarded and who may participate in the primary; where it does not, party rules prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, states have held increasingly early primaries to maximize their leverage<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <i><a href="#Front-loading_and_compression">Front-loading and compression</a></i> below). In reaction to these moves, both the Democratic and Republican National Committees imposed a <a href="#Timing_adjustment">timing tier system</a> of scheduling rules, stripping states of delegates if they move their primaries early, such as the case in both the <a href="/wiki/2008_Florida_Democratic_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Florida Democratic primary">Florida Democratic primary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_Florida_Republican_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Florida Republican primary">Florida Republican primary</a> in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iowa_and_New_Hampshire">Iowa and New Hampshire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iowa and New Hampshire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg/220px-Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg/330px-Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg/440px-Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in <a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City, Iowa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a> are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG/220px-Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG/330px-Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG/440px-Balsams_Grand_Hotel_-_Dixville_NH.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Balsams_Grand_Resort_Hotel" title="The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel">The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dixville_Notch,_New_Hampshire" title="Dixville Notch, New Hampshire">Dixville Notch, New Hampshire</a>, the site of the first "midnight vote" in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first binding event, in which a candidate can secure convention delegates, is traditionally the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucus</a>, usually held in late January or early February of the presidential election year. It is generally followed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, the first primary by tradition since 1920 and by New Hampshire state law. New Hampshire law states the primary shall be held "on the Tuesday at least seven days immediately preceding the date on which any other state shall hold a similar election." The Iowa caucuses are not considered to be "a similar election" under New Hampshire's law because the former uses caucuses instead of primary elections. Should any other state move its primary too close to New Hampshire's, or before, the New Hampshire secretary of state is required to reschedule the primary accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent elections, the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary have garnered over half the media attention paid to the entire selection process.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes20120105_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes20120105-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Iowa and New Hampshire, the front runners then attempt to solidify their status, while the others fight to become #2.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because these states are small, campaigning takes place on a much more personal scale. As a result, even a little-known, underfunded candidate can use <a href="/wiki/Retail_politics" title="Retail politics">retail politics</a> to meet intimately with interested voters and perform better than expected. The Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary have produced a number of headline-making upsets in history:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> ended his presidential re-election bid in 1952 after losing the Democratic Party's New Hampshire primary.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Baines Johnson</a> dropped his 1968 presidential reelection bid after performing far below expectations in the Democratic Party's New Hampshire primary.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972 Democratic primaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> was initially considered a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> but he had better-than-expected second-place finishes in Iowa and New Hampshire and eventually won the nomination; frontrunner <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> who won both contests instead lost momentum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> had entered the 1976 presidential race with extremely low name recognition and seemingly little chance against nationally better-known politicians but Carter became the Democratic Party front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary and he went on to win the nomination.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> won the Iowa caucus in 1980, leading him to claim that he had "Big Mo" (momentum) over Republican Party presidential frontrunner <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. However, Reagan won the New Hampshire primary and several others to take the nomination. Eight years later, in the 1988 Republican presidential nomination battle, Bush, serving as Reagan's vice president, unexpectedly finished third in Iowa which <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> won. Dole was also leading in New Hampshire polls but ended up losing that primary as he failed to counterattack ads from Bush. Bush had no serious trouble clinching the nomination afterward.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a> was initially not considered a serious contender in 1984, which featured former vice president <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> as the Democratic Party presidential frontrunner. However, Hart had a respectable showing in Iowa and then stunned Mondale in New Hampshire, the latter where Hart had started campaigning months earlier. This resulted in a long primary battle, with Mondale eventually emerging as the nominee after Super Tuesday III.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>'s 2nd place showing in the 1992 and win in the 1996 New Hampshire primaries coincided with the weakness of the future Republican Party presidential nominees, incumbent <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> respectively; Bush and Dole subsequently lost the general election.</li> <li>In 1992, then-Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s better-than-expected second-place finish in New Hampshire salvaged his campaign and he went on to win the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, following on to be elected president with a 43% plurality.</li> <li>Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> upset <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in the Republican Party's New Hampshire primary in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>, Bush's frontrunner campaign had initially not expected serious opposition after other potential candidates like <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> decided not to run. McCain's new-found momentum ended after his defeat in the South Carolina primary (see below), and though he pulled out wins in Michigan and his home state of Arizona, his campaign was ended by Super Tuesday.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2004#Iowa_caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 2004">2004 primaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, whose campaign had been sagging in prior months, won the Democratic Party's Iowa caucus while <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> unexpectedly finished second, over heavily favored <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Richard Gephardt</a> (the latter two had been trading negative attacks in the weeks leading up to the vote). Gephardt immediately ended his campaign, while Dean's <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean#Iowa_Caucus_setback_and_the_"Dean_Scream"_media_gaffe" title="Howard Dean">post-concession speech</a> drew negative attention. Kerry went on to overcome Dean's initial lead in New Hampshire to win that primary, and eventually the Democratic presidential nomination.</li> <li>In 2008, Democratic Party presidential frontrunner <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, whose campaign initially banked on a knockout victory in Iowa, unexpectedly finished third in that caucus behind winner <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton then pulled off a comeback victory in New Hampshire where Obama had been leading the polls. Although Obama and Clinton were largely well matched in most of the subsequent primaries, Obama's better organization and uncontested caucus victories were crucial to his winning the Democratic nomination.</li> <li>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, initially struggling among Republican Party contenders in 2007, decided to skip Iowa and concentrate on New Hampshire (the same primary where he had unexpectedly triumphed back in 2000) and McCain's win rejuvenated his presidential campaign and he became the Republican nominee. Rudy Giuliani and Mitt Romney, two candidates who had each led in the polls in 2007, did not perform as expected in Iowa and New Hampshire.</li> <li>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> was initially reported to be the first Republican Party <i>non-incumbent</i> presidential candidate, since the Iowa caucus started in 1976, to win both the Iowa caucus (albeit, by an 8-vote margin over <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>) and New Hampshire primary.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a final count released by the Iowa state party sixteen days after the caucus contest reported Santorum as the winner by 34 votes over Romney, but by then Romney had already won New Hampshire by a comfortable margin.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nevada">Nevada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nevada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nevada_caucuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada caucuses">Nevada caucuses</a></div> <p>In 2008 Nevada was given the official "First in the West" status reflecting the growing importance of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> as well as Nevada's electoral <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America's increasing ethnic diversity, urbanization, and geographic redistribution made influential political leaders come to the realization that Iowa and New Hampshire were not representative of the rest of the country. Following the 2004 election, then-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Majority Leader">Senate majority leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> began making a case for Nevada as the perfect American <a href="/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">microcosm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2012, the Nevada caucuses have been the third race in the process after Iowa and New Hampshire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Carolina">South Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina primary">South Carolina primary</a></div> <p>South Carolina is generally the "First in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>" primary.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Republicans, it is considered a "firewall" to protect establishment favorites and frontrunners in the presidential nomination race, being designed to stop the momentum of insurgent candidates who could have received a boost from strong showings in Iowa and New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its inception in 1980 through the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">election of 2008</a>, the winner of the South Carolina Republican presidential primary has gone on to win the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012 Republican primaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> initially finished poorly in the early states, but then scored an upset victory in South Carolina over frontrunner <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after suffering a decisive defeat to Romney in Florida, Gingrich's campaign was relegated back to third place, leaving <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> as the main challenger to Romney for the rest of the primaries. </p><p>In 2020, a decisive win in the South Carolina primary helped former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> win the Democratic presidential primary by eliminating several rivals and triggering strong wins across the country on Super Tuesday. Biden had previously struggled in Iowa and New Hampshire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_Tuesday">Super Tuesday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Super Tuesday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></div> <p>The Tuesday in February or March when the greatest number of states hold primary elections and caucuses is known as "<a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>". Because it is held in various states from geographically and socially diverse regions of the country, it typically represents a presidential candidate's first test of national electability. More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, thus convincing wins during this day have usually propelled candidates to their party's nomination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-loading_and_coordination">Front-loading and coordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Front-loading and coordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the broadened use of the primary system, states have tried to increase their influence in the nomination process. One tactic has been to create geographic blocs to encourage candidates to spend time in a region. <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> attempted to stage a joint <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> primary on the first Tuesday of March, but New Hampshire refused to participate so it could retain its traditional place as the first primary. The first regional primary was the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a> of March 8, 1988, in which nine states united in the idea that a candidate would reflect regional interests.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It failed as all but two of the eight major candidates won at least one primary on that day. </p><p>Another trend is to stage earlier and earlier primaries, given impetus by Super Tuesday and the mid-1990s move (since repealed) of the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> primary and its bloc of votes—the largest in the nation—from June to March. To retain its tradition as the first primary in the country (and adhere to a state law which requires it to be), New Hampshire moved their primary forward, from early March to early January. </p><p>A major reason states try to increase their influence, and vie for earlier primaries, is that in recent years the races have usually been decided before the primary season has ended in June. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> officially clinched the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008 Republican presidential nomination</a> in March,<sup id="cite_ref-cnn030408_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn030408-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while during that same month <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> held a substantial lead in pledged delegates in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-narrowpath_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narrowpath-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Obama faced no major challenger in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party primaries</a> since he had the advantage of incumbency <i>(<a href="#Advantage_of_incumbency">see below</a>)</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> gained enough delegates to be declared the <i>presumptive</i> <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican nominee</a> by late April.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, both the <a href="/wiki/2012_Florida_Republican_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Florida Republican primary">Republicans</a> and the Democrats moved their Florida primary to January 31, which was an earlier date than past election cycles. In response, other states also changed their primary election dates for 2012, in order to claim a greater influence, creating a cascade of changes in other states. This followed what happened in 2008 when Nevada moved its caucuses to January, causing other states to also move their primaries to earlier dates. <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate majority leader</a> and Nevada senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> was a major proponent of moving that state's caucuses to January, arguing that Nevada would be the perfect American <a href="/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">microcosm</a>: its western location, significant minority population, and strong labor population would be more representative of the country as a whole than Iowa and New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both parties then enacted stricter timing rules for 2016: primaries and caucuses cannot start until February 1; and only Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina and Nevada are entitled to February contests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representativeness">Representativeness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Representativeness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because they are the states that traditionally hold their respective contests first, the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary usually attract the most media attention;<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes20120105_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes20120105-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, critics, such as Mississippi secretary of state Eric Clark and Tennessee senator William Brock, point out that these states are not representative of the United States as a whole: they are more overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>, rural, and wealthy than the national average, and neither is in the fast-growing <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. </p><p>Conversely, states that traditionally hold their primaries in June, like <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population">most populous</a> state overall) and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">most densely populated</a> state), usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidate will be. As <a href="#History">stated above</a>, the races were usually over well before June. California and New Jersey moved their primaries to February for the 2008 election, but in 2012 both states ended up moving them back to June. California lawmakers stated that consolidating their presidential and statewide primary election in June saves them about $100 million, and that it is not worth the cost when there is generally no competitive balance between the two political parties within California.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the primary commission of the Democratic National Committee began considering removing Iowa and New Hampshire from the top of the calendar, but this proposal never gained approval, so those two states remain as the first two contests. New Hampshire also fought back by obliging candidates who wanted to campaign in the state to pledge to uphold that primary as the first one. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:708px;max-width:708px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg/350px-2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg/525px-2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg/700px-2016_Democrat_Primary_Dates_USA_w_territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2K16_GOPrimary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2K16_GOPrimary.svg/350px-2K16_GOPrimary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2K16_GOPrimary.svg/525px-2K16_GOPrimary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2K16_GOPrimary.svg/700px-2K16_GOPrimary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Maps of the Democratic Party (left) and the Republican Party (right) primary and caucus dates, 2016. The staggered nature of the primary and caucus season is source of criticism of the presidential nomination process</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-loading_and_compression">Front-loading and compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Front-loading and compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>States vie for earlier primaries to claim greater influence in the nomination process, as the early primaries can act as a signal to the nation, showing which candidates are popular and giving those who perform well early on the advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">bandwagon effect</a>. Also, candidates can ignore primaries that fall after the nomination has already been secured, and would owe less to those states politically. As a result, rather than stretching from March to July, most primaries take place in a compressed time frame in February and March. National party leaders also have an interest in compressing the primary calendar, as it enables the party to reduce the chance of a bruising internecine battle and to preserve resources for the general campaign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In such a primary season, however, many primaries will fall on the same day, forcing candidates to choose where to spend their time and resources. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a> was created deliberately to increase the influence of the South. When states cannot agree to coordinate primaries, however, attention flows to larger states with large numbers of delegates at the expense of smaller ones. Because the candidate's time is limited, paid advertising may play a greater role. Moreover, a compressed calendar limits the ability of lesser-known candidates to corral resources and raise their visibility among voters, especially when a better-known candidate enjoys the financial and institutional backing of the party establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamBock_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamBock-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article from <i>Detroit News</i>, Tennessee Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">William (Bill) Brock</a> said about front-loading, "Today, too many people in too many states have no voice in the election of our major party nominees. For them, the nominations are over before they have begun."<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamBock_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamBock-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_superdelegates">Role of superdelegates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Role of superdelegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate#Criticism" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate § Criticism</a></div> <p>The term "superdelegate" itself was used originally as a criticism of unpledged delegates. Superdelegates are only used by the Democratic Party. Political commentator <a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrich" title="Susan Estrich">Susan Estrich</a> argued in 1981 that these delegates, who at the time were predominantly white and male, had more power than other delegates because of their greater freedom to vote as they wish.<sup id="cite_ref-Karmack_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karmack-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic Party in particular has faced accusations that it conducts its nominating process in an undemocratic way,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because superdelegates are generally chosen without regard to their preferences in the presidential race and are not obligated to support the candidate chosen by the voters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantage_of_incumbency">Advantage of incumbency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Advantage of incumbency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An incumbent president seeking re-election usually faces no opposition during their respective party's primaries, especially if they are still popular. For presidents <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, for example, their respective paths to nomination became uneventful and the races become merely <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_forma" title="Pro forma">pro forma</a></i>. With the lack of serious competition, the incumbent president's party may also cancel several state primaries/caucuses to both save money and to show undivided support for the incumbent's candidacy. Furthermore, no incumbent president has participated in a primary debate since <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious challenges are rare, but then generally presage failure to win the general election in the fall. During the <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976 Republican Party primaries</a>, then-former California governor Reagan carried 23 states while running against incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>; Ford then went on to lose the presidential election to <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> then carried 12 states while running against Carter during the <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980 Democratic Party primaries</a>; Reagan then defeated Carter in the fall. <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> captured a decent percentage of a <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">protest vote</a> against <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">1992 Republican primaries</a>, but only received a handful of delegates; Bush too subsequently went on to lose in the general election to Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform_proposals">Reform proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reform proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several proposals for reforming the primary system. Some have called for a <a href="/wiki/National_primary" title="National primary">single nationwide primary</a> to be held on one day. Others point out that requiring candidates to campaign in every state simultaneously would exacerbate the purported problem of campaigns being dominated by the candidates who raise the most money. The following proposals attempt to return the primary system to a more relaxed schedule, and would help less-funded candidates by lowering the cost of entry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_Plan_(American_Plan)"><span id="California_Plan_.28American_Plan.29"></span>California Plan (American Plan)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: California Plan (American Plan)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One reform concept is the <a href="/wiki/Graduated_Random_Presidential_Primary_System" title="Graduated Random Presidential Primary System">graduated random presidential primary system</a>, variations of which have been referred to as the American Plan or the California Plan. This plan starts with small primaries, and gradually moves up to larger ones, in 10 steps, with states chosen at random. The idea is that fewer initial primaries, typically in smaller states, would allow grassroots campaigns to score early successes and pick up steam. However, since states are chosen at random, travel costs may still be significant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delaware_Plan_(Fourfold_Round_Plan)"><span id="Delaware_Plan_.28Fourfold_Round_Plan.29"></span>Delaware Plan (Fourfold Round Plan)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Delaware Plan (Fourfold Round Plan)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A commission empaneled by the Republican National Committee recommended the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Plan" title="Delaware Plan">Delaware Plan</a> in 2000. This plan had states grouped by size into four groups, with the smallest primaries first, then the next-smallest, and so on. Populous states objected to the plan, however, because it would have always scheduled their primaries at the end of the season. Other criticisms included the wide geographic range of the states, necessitating high travel costs. The Delaware Plan was put to vote at <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> of 2000 and rejected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotating_regional_primary_system">Rotating regional primary system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rotating regional primary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Secretaries_of_State" title="National Association of Secretaries of State">National Association of Secretaries of State</a> has endorsed a <a href="/wiki/Rotating_Regional_Primary_System" title="Rotating Regional Primary System">rotating regional primary system</a>, with the country split into four regions: the West, the Midwest, the South, and the Northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Delaware Plan and the American Plan, the Rotating Regional Primary System would lower campaigning costs by restricting groups of primaries to single, contiguous regions. </p><p>Author and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sabato" title="Larry Sabato">Larry J. Sabato</a> is also a proponent of this plan, but his proposal would have the order of regional primaries determined by lottery on January 1 of each presidential election year instead of on a rotating basis. In addition, his plan would allow for a few small population states, such as <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, to hold their primaries in advance of the first region. </p><p>Criticisms of the regional plan include the higher entry costs than the other plans (since 1/4 of the country would vote in the first regional), and the political bias of certain regions (the South or the Northeast) unduly influencing the selection of a nominee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter_regional_primary_plan">Inter regional primary plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Inter regional primary plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interregional_Primary_Plan" title="Interregional Primary Plan">interregional primary plan</a>, the country is divided into geographical regions. On each primary date from March to June, one state from each of six regions votes. Each election date would contain a wide variety of perspectives. The order of the states in each region is set by a lottery. In a 24-year cycle, every state would have a chance to be among the first primary states. The primary criticism of this plan is that travel costs would be quite high: in each round, candidates would essentially have to cover the entire country to campaign effectively. Contrary to most reform plans, this would reduce the ability of lesser-funded candidates to build up from small contests to large ones.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing_adjustment">Timing adjustment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Timing adjustment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2008 Republican primary, states that ran early primaries were punished by a reduction of 50% in the number of delegates they could send to the national convention. Extension of this idea would set timing tiers, under which states that ran earlier primaries would send proportionally fewer delegates to the national convention, and states that waited would get a higher proportional number of delegates to the convention. For example, the party allowed primaries before March 1 to send 40% of delegates; those during March could send 60%; those during April could send 80%; those during May could send 100%; and those during June could send 120%. </p><p>The effect of such a plan would be clumping of primaries at the beginning of each month. It would still allow states to determine the timing of their own primaries, while giving them some incentive to hold primaries later. The disadvantage of the timing adjustment method is that it does not reduce travel time as the regional plans do, although it does permit regional groups of states to voluntarily clump together in a single superprimary as they have done in the past. </p><p>In practice, however, this timing tier system did not prevent states from moving their primaries in 2008 and 2012. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012 Republican primary</a>, Florida and several other states still moved their primaries to earlier dates despite being penalized delegates. </p><p>Both parties then enacted more severe penalties in 2016 for violating their timing rules. For Republicans, states with more than 30 delegates that violate the timing rules will be deprived of all their delegates but nine; states with less than 30 will be reduced to six.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_rnc_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_rnc-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Democrats, states violating these rules will be penalized half of their pledged delegates and all of their unpledged delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_primary" title="White primary">White primary</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lists of primaries by party</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican Party presidential primaries</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Straw_Poll_(1979%E2%80%932011)" title="Iowa Straw Poll (1979–2011)">Ames (Iowa) Straw Poll</a> on a Saturday in August prior to the election year, from 1979 to 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_primary_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received">List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette-Times2016" class="citation web cs1">Gazette-Times, ANTHONY RIMEL Corvallis (17 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/primary-education-how-oregon-blazed-the-way-for-primary-elections/article_eec40ac7-2bdd-58f8-991d-dc723cbd1b49.html">"Primary education: How Oregon blazed the way for primary elections"</a>. <i>Corvallis Gazette Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corvallis+Gazette+Times&rft.atitle=Primary+education%3A+How+Oregon+blazed+the+way+for+primary+elections&rft.date=2016-04-17&rft.aulast=Gazette-Times&rft.aufirst=ANTHONY+RIMEL+Corvallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazettetimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fprimary-education-how-oregon-blazed-the-way-for-primary-elections%2Farticle_eec40ac7-2bdd-58f8-991d-dc723cbd1b49.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhhistory.org/Research/Online-Exhibitions/New-Hampshire-A-Proven-Primary-Tradition">"New Hampshire Historical Society - New Hampshire: A Proven Primary Tradition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Hampshire+Historical+Society+-+New+Hampshire%3A+A+Proven+Primary+Tradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhhistory.org%2FResearch%2FOnline-Exhibitions%2FNew-Hampshire-A-Proven-Primary-Tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hofstadter, <i>The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840</i> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon S. Wood, <i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (Oxford History of the United States)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1988" class="citation book cs1">Shafer, Byron E (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAQ_cWsAW-cC&q=Emergence+of+the+Presidential+Nominating+Convention%2C+1789%E2%80%931832&pg=PA11">"Emergence of the Presidential The Nomination and the Convention"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bifurcatedpoliti00shaf/page/11"><i>Bifurcated Politics: Evolution and Reform in the National Party Convention</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bifurcatedpoliti00shaf/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674072565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674072565"><bdi>978-0674072565</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+the+Presidential+The+Nomination+and+the+Convention&rft.btitle=Bifurcated+Politics%3A+Evolution+and+Reform+in+the+National+Party+Convention&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0674072565&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Byron+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAQ_cWsAW-cC%26q%3DEmergence%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPresidential%2BNominating%2BConvention%252C%2B1789%25E2%2580%25931832%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. Chase; <i>Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832</i> (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1988" class="citation book cs1">Shafer, Byron E (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAQ_cWsAW-cC&q=Emergence+of+the+Presidential+Nominating+Convention%2C+1789%E2%80%931832&pg=PA11">"Emergence of the Presidential The Nomination and the Convention"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bifurcatedpoliti00shaf/page/9"><i>Bifurcated Politics: Evolution and Reform in the National Party Convention</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bifurcatedpoliti00shaf/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674072565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674072565"><bdi>978-0674072565</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+the+Presidential+The+Nomination+and+the+Convention&rft.btitle=Bifurcated+Politics%3A+Evolution+and+Reform+in+the+National+Party+Convention&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0674072565&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Byron+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAQ_cWsAW-cC%26q%3DEmergence%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPresidential%2BNominating%2BConvention%252C%2B1789%25E2%2580%25931832%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul T. David. <i>Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952.</i> (1954) Volume: 1: pp 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAPO20150512-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WAPO20150512_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAPO20150512_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam2015" class="citation news cs1">Putnam, Josh (May 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/05/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-presidential-primary-works/">"Everything you need to know about how the presidential primary works"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217214735/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/05/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-presidential-primary-works/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+how+the+presidential+primary+works&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-presidential-primary-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naft-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naft_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naft_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Naft, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/reason-dozens-lobbyists-democratic-presidential-delegates/story?id=37289507">The Reason Why Dozens of Lobbyists Will Be Democratic Presidential Delegates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812211906/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/reason-dozens-lobbyists-democratic-presidential-delegates/story?id=37289507">Archived</a> 2016-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC News (February 29, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becca Stanek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/articles/615261/superdelegates-explained">Superdelegates, explained</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203214305/http://theweek.com/articles/615261/superdelegates-explained">Archived</a> 2016-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Week</i> (April 4, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess Everett & Seung Min Kim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/superdelegates-bernie-sanders-senate-support-224548">Sanders' anti-superdelegate push gains steam in Senate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216182531/http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/superdelegates-bernie-sanders-senate-support-224548">Archived</a> 2016-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Politico</i> (June 21, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Weigel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/23/democrats-vote-to-bind-most-superdelegates-to-state-primary-results/">Democrats vote to bind most superdelegates to state primary results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725145941/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/23/democrats-vote-to-bind-most-superdelegates-to-state-primary-results/">Archived</a> 2016-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Washington Post</i> (July 23, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenpapers-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greenpapers_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Definitions.html">"Primary/Caucus/Convention Glossary"</a>. <i>The Green Papers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131112013/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Definitions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Green+Papers&rft.atitle=Primary%2FCaucus%2FConvention+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreenpapers.com%2FDefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce E. Cain and Elisabeth R. Gerber, <i>Voting at the political fault line: California's Experiment with the Blanket Primary</i>(2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a9.g.akamai.net/7/9/8082/v001/democratic1.download.akamai.com/8082/pdfs/2008delegateselectionrules.pdf">"Delegate Selection Rules"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>akamai.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615202559/http://a9.g.akamai.net/7/9/8082/v001/democratic1.download.akamai.com/8082/pdfs/2008delegateselectionrules.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Historically, Iowa and New Hampshire account for about half the news media coverage of the entire primary season, with the winners absorbing the lion's share of the attention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Iowa+and+New+Hampshire%3A+It%27s+win+one+or+go+home&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.aulast=Mellman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fla-xpm-2012-jan-05-la-oe-mellman-iowa-and-new-hampshire-still-matter-20120105-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scala (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sacala (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=244690">"New Hampshire Primary -- Feb 06, 1976 -- CBS -- TV news: Vanderbilt Television News Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813203655/http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=244690">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Hampshire+Primary+--+Feb+06%2C+1976+--+CBS+--+TV+news%3A+Vanderbilt+Television+News+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnews.vanderbilt.edu%2Fprogram.pl%3FID%3D244690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerRutenberg2008" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter; Rutenberg, Jim (June 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html?pagewanted=all">"The Long Road to a Clinton Exit"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115160819/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Long+Road+to+a+Clinton+Exit&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Rutenberg%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F08recon.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113190656/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Recent+history+primaries+suggests+Mitt+Romney+race+lose/5976931/story.html">"Recent history of primaries suggests it's Mitt Romney's race to lose"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/Recent+history+primaries+suggests+Mitt+Romney+race+lose/5976931/story.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recent+history+of+primaries+suggests+it%27s+Mitt+Romney%27s+race+to+lose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2FRecent%2Bhistory%2Bprimaries%2Bsuggests%2BMitt%2BRomney%2Brace%2Blose%2F5976931%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCillizzaBlake2011" class="citation news cs1">Cillizza, Chris; Blake, Aaron (December 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/mitt-romney-tries-to-make-history-in-iowa-and-new-hampshire/2011/12/28/gIQAoCdTNP_blog.html">"Mitt Romney tries to make history in Iowa and New Hampshire"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073331/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/mitt-romney-tries-to-make-history-in-iowa-and-new-hampshire/2011/12/28/gIQAoCdTNP_blog.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+tries+to+make+history+in+Iowa+and+New+Hampshire&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft.aulast=Cillizza&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Blake%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-fix%2Fpost%2Fmitt-romney-tries-to-make-history-in-iowa-and-new-hampshire%2F2011%2F12%2F28%2FgIQAoCdTNP_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahrentholdWilgoren2012" class="citation news cs1">Fahrenthold, David A.; Wilgoren, Debbi (January 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/report-santorum-finished-34-votes-ahead-of-romney-in-new-iowa-tally-votes-from-8-precincts-missing/2012/01/19/gIQAJGuRAQ_story.html">"Santorum finished 34 votes ahead of Romney in new Iowa tally; votes from 8 precincts missing"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120119203127/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/report-santorum-finished-34-votes-ahead-of-romney-in-new-iowa-tally-votes-from-8-precincts-missing/2012/01/19/gIQAJGuRAQ_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Santorum+finished+34+votes+ahead+of+Romney+in+new+Iowa+tally%3B+votes+from+8+precincts+missing&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Fahrenthold&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Wilgoren%2C+Debbi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Freport-santorum-finished-34-votes-ahead-of-romney-in-new-iowa-tally-votes-from-8-precincts-missing%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2FgIQAJGuRAQ_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstermeier2011" class="citation web cs1">Ostermeier, Eric (February 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2011/02/17/meet-the-new-bellwether-states/">"Meet the New Bellwether States: Ohio and Nevada"</a>. <i>Smart Politics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Politics&rft.atitle=Meet+the+New+Bellwether+States%3A+Ohio+and+Nevada&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Ostermeier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feditions.lib.umn.edu%2Fsmartpolitics%2F2011%2F02%2F17%2Fmeet-the-new-bellwether-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilligan2008" class="citation news cs1">Milligan, Susan (January 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/01/20/long_battle_still_ahead_for_top_democrats/">"Long battle still ahead for top Democrats: Contest could extend beyond Super Tuesday"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Long+battle+still+ahead+for+top+Democrats%3A+Contest+could+extend+beyond+Super+Tuesday&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2008%2F01%2F20%2Flong_battle_still_ahead_for_top_democrats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/storylines-watch-todays-south-carolina-republican-primary/story?id=37073967">"5 Things to Watch in South Carolina's Republican Primary"</a>. ABC Newa. February 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+Things+to+Watch+in+South+Carolina%27s+Republican+Primary&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fstorylines-watch-todays-south-carolina-republican-primary%2Fstory%3Fid%3D37073967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/articles/2016-02-17/south-carolinas-key-role-in-the-2016-presidential-race">"South Carolina's Key Role in the Presidential Race"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=South+Carolina%27s+Key+Role+in+the+Presidential+Race&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fdata-mine%2Farticles%2F2016-02-17%2Fsouth-carolinas-key-role-in-the-2016-presidential-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~action/states/scprimresults.html">"South Carolina Primary Results"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306215522/http://www.gwu.edu/~action/states/scprimresults.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Primary+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~action%2Fstates%2Fscprimresults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherer2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Scherer, Michael (2008-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116090641/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1701639,00.html">"Huckabee Looks to South Carolina"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 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Kennedy School of Government</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327093432/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18072/history_of_superdelegates_in_the_democratic_party.html?breadcrumb=%2F">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=John+F.+Kennedy+School+of+Government&rft.atitle=A+History+of+%27Super-Delegates%27+in+the+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.aulast=Karmack&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fpublication%2F18072%2Fhistory_of_superdelegates_in_the_democratic_party.html%3Fbreadcrumb%3D%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell2008" class="citation news cs1">Snell, Teddye (January 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100109125317/http://www.tahlequahdailypress.com/features/local_story_009141211.html?keyword=topstory">"A Presidential Primer"</a>. <i>Tahlequah Daily Press</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=RNC+tightens+2016+primary+calendar%2C+rules&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fballot-box%2F196353-rnc-tightens-2016-primary-calendar-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+primary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brereton Charles. <i>First in the Nation: New Hampshire and the Premier Presidential Primary</i>. Portsmouth, NH: Peter E. Randall Publishers, 1987.</li> <li>Cowan, Geoffrey. <i>Let the People Rule: Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary</i> (WW Norton, 2016) on 1912</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.ehu.lt/index.php/topos/article/view/1045/924">Jeremias, Ralf. "Primary Elections in the USA: Between Republicanism and Democracy". <i>Topos. Journal for Philosophy and Cultural Studies</i>, 1/2021, pp. 55-72.</a></li> <li>Kendall, Kathleen E. <i>Communication in the Presidential Primaries: Candidates and the Media, 1912–2000</i> (2000)</li> <li>Hugh, Gregg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.nh.us/nhinfo/genesis.html">"First-In-The-Nation Presidential Primary"</a>, <i>State of New Hampshire Manual for the General Court</i>, (Department of State) No.55, 1997.</li> <li>Palmer, Niall A. <i>The New Hampshire Primary and the American Electoral Process</i> (1997)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/139096">"Reid, labor aided Nevada with Demos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814051133/http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/139096">Archived</a> 2009-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Arizona Daily Star, July 24, 2006.</li> <li>Sabato, Larry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/essay/politics-america%E2%80%99s-missing-constitutional-link">Politics: America's Missing Constitutional Link</a>, <i>Virginia Quarterly Review</i>, Summer 2006, 149–61.</li> <li>Scala, Dante J. <i>Stormy Weather: The New Hampshire Primary and Presidential Politics</i> (2003)</li> <li>Ware, Alan. <i>The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North</i> (2002), a British perspective</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_primary&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/?page=1801">Fairvote.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129235946/http://www.fairvote.org/?page=1801">Archived</a> 2007-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:U.S._presidential_primaries" title="Template:U.S. presidential primaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._presidential_primaries" title="Template talk:U.S. presidential primaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._presidential_primaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. presidential primaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_primaries_and_caucuses311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States presidential primaries and caucuses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2028 United States presidential election">2028</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National opinion polling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Democratic Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd> <dt>Republican Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#National_polling" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State opinion polling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Democratic Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Republican Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Statewide_polling" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debates and forums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Democratic Party</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd> <dd>2020 <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">debates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">forums</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2024</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Republican Party</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Republican Party presidential debates">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">2024</a></dd> <dt>Libertarian Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd> <dt>Green Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Green Party presidential debates and forums">2016</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Straw_poll" title="Straw poll">Straw polls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference#Straw_poll" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Fair_Straw_Poll" title="Iowa State Fair Straw Poll">Iowa State Fair</a></li> <li>(<i>defunct:</i> <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Straw_Poll_(1979%E2%80%932011)" title="Iowa Straw Poll (1979–2011)">Ames, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Straw_Poll" title="Texas Straw Poll">Texas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_caucuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada caucuses">Nevada caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina primary">South Carolina primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucuses</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2028 Democratic Party presidential primaries"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2028 Republican Party presidential primaries"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Green Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Green Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Green Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Reform Party presidential primaries">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Reform Party presidential primaries">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Reform Party presidential primaries">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Reform Party presidential primaries">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Reform Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Reform Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Reform_National_Convention" title="2024 Reform National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitution Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Constitution Party presidential primaries">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Constitution Party presidential primaries">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results breakdown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_primary_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received">List of candidates by number of primary votes received</a></dd> <dt>Democratic Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd> <dt>Republican Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National <br /> conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Republican_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Republican National Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1983 Libertarian National Convention">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1991 Libertarian National Convention">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1996 Libertarian National Convention">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2004 Libertarian National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2010 Libertarian National Convention">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2014 Libertarian National Convention">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2024 Libertarian National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_National_Convention" title="Green National Convention">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Green_National_Convention" title="2004 Green National Convention">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_National_Convention" title="2024 Green National Convention">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Whig_National_Conventions" title="List of Whig National Conventions">Whig Party</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party#Conventions" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">1876</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">1880</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1884_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1884 Greenback National Convention">1884</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888_Greenback_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888 Greenback National Convention (page does not exist)">1888</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)#1892_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">1892</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)#Presidential_election_of_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">1896</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)#Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">1900 • 1904 • 1908</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Progressive Party</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1912_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1912 Progressive National Convention">1912</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1916_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1916 Progressive National Convention">1916</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_Progressive_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 Progressive National Convention (page does not exist)">1920</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1924_Progressive_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Progressive National Convention">1924</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_Progressive_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 Progressive National Convention (page does not exist)">1952</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_Random_Presidential_Primary_System" title="Graduated Random Presidential Primary System">Graduated Random Presidential Primary System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Plan" title="Delaware Plan">Delaware Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_Regional_Primary_System" title="Rotating Regional Primary System">Rotating Regional Primary System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregional_Primary_Plan" title="Interregional Primary Plan">Interregional Primary Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Primary" class="mw-redirect" title="National Primary">National Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_primary" title="White primary">White primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_elections584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_elections584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Puerto_Rico" title="United States presidential straw polls in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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