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id="toc-College_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career_(1948–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career_(1948–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Business career (1948–1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_career_(1948–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career_(1963–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career_(1963–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political career (1963–1971)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career_(1963–1971)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career (1963–1971) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1963–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_into_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Entry into politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon_and_Ford_administrations_(1971–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_and_Ford_administrations_(1971–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nixon and Ford administrations (1971–1977)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nixon_and_Ford_administrations_(1971–1977)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nixon and Ford administrations (1971–1977) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nixon_and_Ford_administrations_(1971–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ambassador to the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairman_of_the_Republican_National_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairman_of_the_Republican_National_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chairman of the Republican National Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairman_of_the_Republican_National_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_U.S._Liaison_Office_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_U.S._Liaison_Office_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Head of U.S. Liaison Office in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_U.S._Liaison_Office_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Director_of_Central_Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_of_Central_Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Director of Central Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_of_Central_Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1980 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1980_presidential_election-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1980 presidential election subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1980_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vice presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1981–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1981–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vice presidency (1981–1989)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency (1981–1989) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>First term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1988_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>1988 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1989–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1989–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidency (1989–1993)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1989–1993)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1989–1993) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1989–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>End of the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Invasion of Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NAFTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NAFTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>NAFTA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NAFTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Domestic affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_and_fiscal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_fiscal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Economy and fiscal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_fiscal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_of_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Points of Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_of_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.6</span> <span>Other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>1992 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1993–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1993–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-presidency (1993–2018)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1993–2018)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1993–2018) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1993–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials,_awards,_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials,_awards,_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Memorials, awards, and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials,_awards,_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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W. Bush</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85_%E1%8A%A4%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A1%E1%88%BD" title="ጆርጅ ኤች ቡሽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆርጅ ኤች ቡሽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_H._W._Bush" title="Georgius H. W. Bush – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgius H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8" title="جورج بوش الأب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج بوش الأب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" title="George Herbert Walker Bush – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="George Herbert Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Herbert_Volker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Corc Herbert Volker Buş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Herbert Volker Buş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج هربرت واکر بوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج هربرت واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6" title="জর্জ হারবার্ট ওয়াকার বুশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ হারবার্ট ওয়াকার বুশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Герберт Уокер Буш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Герберт Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%8E%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Гэрбэрт Ўокер Буш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Гэрбэрт Ўокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5._%D0%A3._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Х. У. Буш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Х. У. Буш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Буш Джордж Герберт Уокер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Буш Джордж Герберт Уокер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="دجورج بوش لكبير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجورج بوش لكبير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%96%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%88%DE%AF%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83_%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="ޖޯޖް ހާރބަޓް ވޯކަރ ބުޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯޖް ހާރބަޓް ވޯކަރ ބުޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_(%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Τζορτζ Μπους (πρεσβύτερος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Μπους (πρεσβύτερος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جرج اچ. دابلیو. بوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج اچ. دابلیو. بوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="老布什 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="老布什" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B6_%F0%90%8C%B7.%F0%90%8D%85._%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE" title="𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐌷.𐍅. 𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌾 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐌷.𐍅. 𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌾" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_H._W._%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%9C" title="조지 H. W. 부시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 H. W. 부시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%80._%D5%88%D6%82._%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7" title="Ջորջ Հ. Ու. Բուշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Հ. Ու. Բուշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट वॉकर बुश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट वॉकर बुश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="ג'ורג' הרברט ווקר בוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' הרברט ווקר בוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D._%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81._%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಎಚ್. ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯು. ಬುಷ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಎಚ್. ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯು. ಬುಷ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ჰერბერტ უოკერ ბუში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ ჰერბერტ უოკერ ბუში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Герберт Уокер Буш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Герберт Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Bush" title="George H. Bush – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George H. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_H._W._Bush" title="Georgius H. W. Bush – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Herberts_Volkers_Bu%C5%A1s" title="Džordžs Herberts Volkers Bušs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Herberts Volkers Bušs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Bush" title="George Herbert Bush – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Herbert Bush" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" title="George Herbert Walker Bush – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="George Herbert Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djorj._xyrbyrt._ualker._buc" title="djorj. xyrbyrt. ualker. buc – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djorj. xyrbyrt. ualker. buc" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A5._%D0%92._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Џорџ Х. В. Буш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Х. В. Буш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81._%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ്ജ് എച്ച്.ഡബ്ല്യു. ബുഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് എച്ച്.ഡബ്ല്യു. ബുഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A.%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82._%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज एच.डब्ल्यू. बुश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज एच.डब्ल्यू. बुश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ჰერბერტ უოლკერ ბუში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ ჰერბერტ უოლკერ ბუში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج هيربيرت ووكر بوش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج هيربيرت ووكر بوش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج هربرت واکر بوش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جورج هربرت واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Жорж Херберт Уокер Буш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Херберт Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် ဟားဘတ် ဝေါလ်ကာ ဘုရှ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ချ် ဟားဘတ် ဝေါလ်ကာ ဘုရှ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BBH%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="ジョージ・H・W・ブッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・H・W・ブッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%9A._%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%89._%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਐਚ. ਡਬਲਿਉ. ਬੁਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਐਚ. ਡਬਲਿਉ. ਬੁਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B4" title="جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج هربرت واکر بوش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج هربرت واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Gerbert_Voker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Corc Gerbert Voker Buş – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Corc Gerbert Voker Buş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Буш, Джордж Герберт Уокер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буш, Джордж Герберт Уокер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhorxh_H._Bush" title="Xhorxh H. Bush – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhorxh H. Bush" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝර්ජ් එච්. ඩබ්. බුෂ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජ් එච්. ඩබ්. බුෂ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%86_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جۆرج ئێچ دەبلیوو بوش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج ئێچ دەبلیوو بوش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A5._%D0%92._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Џорџ Х. В. Буш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Х. В. Буш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82._%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் எச். டபிள்யூ. புஷ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் எச். டபிள்யூ. புஷ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Герберт Уокер Буш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джордж Герберт Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్జి బుష్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్జి బుష్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A._%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9._%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A" title="จอร์จ เอช. ดับเบิลยู. บุช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ เอช. ดับเบิลยู. บุช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%B7_%D2%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Ҷорҷ Ҳерберт Уокер Буш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷорҷ Ҳерберт Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%AE._%E1%8F%A9._%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏣᏥ Ꭾ. Ꮹ. ᏊᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏥ Ꭾ. Ꮹ. ᏊᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Герберт Вокер Буш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Герберт Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B4" title="جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج ایچ ڈبلیو بش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B4" title="جورج بۇش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جورج بۇش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="老布什 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="老布什" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="老布什 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老布什" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%94._%D7%95%D7%95._%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="דזשארזש ה. וו. בוש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשארזש ה. וו. בוש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E9%9D%B4%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8D%B2%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E6%AE%8A" title="佐治靴伯特獲加布殊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佐治靴伯特獲加布殊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="George H.W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEos_Herberts_Bo%C5%A1os" title="Džordžos Herberts Bošos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džordžos Herberts Bošos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23505#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:George_H._W._Bush" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_H._W._Bush&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1989 to 1993</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 41st president of the United States. For his son, the 43rd president, see <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George H. W. Bush</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bush's presidential portrait, 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1989</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">41st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">43rd <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ronald Reagan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Dan Quayle</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_Central_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Director of Central Intelligence">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/E._Henry_Knoche" title="E. Henry Knoche">E. Henry Knoche</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_U.S._Liaison_Office_to_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China">Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 26, 1974 – December 7, 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Gerald Ford</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">David K. E. Bruce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Thomas S. Gates Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 19, 1973 – September 16, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Mary Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to <span class="nowrap">the United Nations</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 1, 1971 – January 18, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Texas07 !"><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">7th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dowdy" title="John Dowdy">John Dowdy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">Bill Archer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Herbert Walker Bush</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-06-12</span>)</span>June 12, 1924<br /><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 30, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-11-30)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Pierce</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1945; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="April 2018">2018</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Businessman</li> <li>diplomat</li> <li>politician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George H. W. Bush">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George H. W. Bush's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/128px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/192px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/256px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="132" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu">Presidential Library</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">"Skin"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1955 <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(reserve, active service 1942‍–‍1945)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force" title="Fast Carrier Task Force">Fast Carrier Task Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> (<b>DFC</b>) </li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> (3)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_announces_the_Persian_Gulf_War.ogg" title="File:George H. W. Bush announces the Persian Gulf War.ogg">George H. W. Bush's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="394" data-mwtitle="George_H._W._Bush_announces_the_Persian_Gulf_War.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/George_H._W._Bush_announces_the_Persian_Gulf_War.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/George_H._W._Bush_announces_the_Persian_Gulf_War.ogg/George_H._W._Bush_announces_the_Persian_Gulf_War.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Bush announces the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a><br />Recorded January 16, 1991</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Herbert Walker Bush</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 1989 to 1993. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he also served as the 43rd <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> from 1981 to 1989 under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and previously in various other <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal positions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born into a <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">wealthy, established family</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton, Massachusetts</a>, Bush was raised in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> and served as a pilot in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a> during World War II before graduating from Yale and moving to <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, where he established a successful oil company. Following an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a>, he was elected to represent <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">Texas's 7th congressional district</a> in 1966. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appointed Bush as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">ambassador to the United Nations</a> in 1971 and as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Republican_National_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Republican National Committee">chairman of the Republican National Committee</a> in 1973. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> appointed him as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Liaison_Office_to_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China">chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China</a> in 1974 and as the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">director of Central Intelligence</a> in 1976. Bush ran for president in 1980 but was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican presidential primaries</a> by Reagan, who then selected Bush as his vice presidential running mate. In the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>, Bush defeated Democrat <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>. </p><p>Foreign policy drove <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Bush's presidency</a> as he navigated the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a>. He presided over the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Panama">invasion of Panama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_occupation_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi occupation of Kuwait">Iraqi occupation of Kuwait</a> in the latter conflict. Though the agreement was not ratified until after he left office, Bush negotiated and signed the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, which created a trade bloc consisting of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Domestically, Bush reneged on <a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">a 1988 campaign promise</a> by enacting legislation to raise taxes to justify reducing the budget deficit. He championed and signed three pieces of bipartisan legislation in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_Amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act Amendments">Clean Air Act Amendments</a>. He also appointed <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> to the Supreme Court. Bush lost the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 presidential election</a> to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> following <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">an economic recession</a>, his turnaround on <a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">his tax promise</a>, and the decreased emphasis of foreign policy in a post–Cold War political climate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving office in 1993, Bush was active in humanitarian activities, often working alongside Clinton. With the victory of his son, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, the two became the second father–son pair to serve as the nation's president, following <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. Another son, <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>, unsuccessfully sought the Republican presidential nomination in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 primaries</a>. Historians generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Bush as an above-average president. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education_(1924–1948)"><span id="Early_life_and_education_.281924.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Early life and education (1924–1948)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half,_ca_1925.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half%2C_ca_1925.gif/170px-George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half%2C_ca_1925.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half%2C_ca_1925.gif/255px-George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half%2C_ca_1925.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half%2C_ca_1925.gif/340px-George_H_W_Bush_at_Age_One_and_One-Half%2C_ca_1925.gif 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bush at his grandfather's house in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport, Maine</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1925</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg/170px-George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg/255px-George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg/340px-George_H._W._Bush_in_1942_Pot_Pourri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Bush's <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> yearbook photo, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> and Dorothy (Walker) Bush,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201519–20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201519–20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Prescott Bush Jr.">Prescott Bush Jr.</a> His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a>, worked as an executive for a railroad parts company in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham20158–9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham20158–9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his maternal grandfather and namesake, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a>, led <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> investment bank <a href="/wiki/W._A._Harriman_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="W. A. Harriman & Co.">W. A. Harriman & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201516–17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201516–17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walker was known as "Pop", and young Bush was called "Poppy" as a tribute to him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bush family moved to <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a>, in 1925, and Prescott took a position with W. A. Harriman & Co., which later merged into <a href="/wiki/Brown_Brothers_Harriman_%26_Co." title="Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.">Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201520–21_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201520–21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush spent most of his childhood in Greenwich, at the family vacation home in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport, Maine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at his maternal grandparents' plantation in South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201525_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201525-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the family's wealth, Bush was largely unaffected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201527_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201527-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Country_Day_School" title="Greenwich Country Day School">Greenwich Country Day School</a> from 1929 to 1937 and <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a>, an elite private academy in Massachusetts, from 1937 to 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201527–36_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201527–36-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Phillips Academy, he served as president of the senior class, secretary of the student council, president of the community fund-raising group, a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, and captain of the varsity baseball and soccer teams.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger,_circa_1944_(H069-13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger%2C_circa_1944_%28H069-13%29.jpg/170px-George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger%2C_circa_1944_%28H069-13%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger%2C_circa_1944_%28H069-13%29.jpg/255px-George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger%2C_circa_1944_%28H069-13%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger%2C_circa_1944_%28H069-13%29.jpg/340px-George_H.W._Bush_seated_in_a_Grumman_TBM_Avenger%2C_circa_1944_%28H069-13%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6262" /></a><figcaption>Bush in his <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBM_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman TBM Avenger">Grumman TBM Avenger</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(CVL-30)" title="USS San Jacinto (CVL-30)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a> in 1944, during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>On his 18th birthday, immediately after graduating from Phillips Academy, he enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviator_(United_States)" title="Naval aviator (United States)">naval aviator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHWBlifebefore_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHWBlifebefore-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of training, he was commissioned as an ensign in the Naval Reserve at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi" title="Naval Air Station Corpus Christi">Naval Air Station Corpus Christi</a> on June 9, 1943, becoming one of the youngest pilots in the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201554_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201554-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1944, Bush served in the Pacific theater, where he flew a <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBM_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman TBM Avenger">Grumman TBM Avenger</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bomber</a> capable of taking off from aircraft carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201556–57_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201556–57-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His squadron was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(CVL-30)" title="USS San Jacinto (CVL-30)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a> as a member of Air Group 51, where his lanky physique earned him the nickname "Skin".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush flew his first combat mission in May 1944, bombing Japanese-held <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201557–59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201557–59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on August 1, 1944. During an attack on a Japanese installation in <a href="/wiki/Chichijima" title="Chichijima">Chichijima</a>, Bush's aircraft successfully attacked several targets but was downed by enemy fire.<sup id="cite_ref-navy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both of Bush's fellow crew members died, Bush successfully bailed out from the aircraft and was rescued by the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Finback_(SS-230)" title="USS Finback (SS-230)">USS <i>Finback</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201560–63_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201560–63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the aviators shot down during the attack were captured and executed, and their livers were <a href="/wiki/Chichijima_incident" title="Chichijima incident">cannibalized by their captors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's survival after such a close brush with death shaped him profoundly, leading him to ask, "Why had I been spared and what did God have for me?"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> for his role in the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201566_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201566-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush returned to <i>San Jacinto</i> in November 1944, participating in operations in the Philippines. In early 1945, he was assigned to a new combat squadron, VT-153, where he trained to participate in an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of mainland Japan</a>. Between March and May 1945, he trained in <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Maine" title="Auburn, Maine">Auburn, Maine</a>, where he and Barbara lived in a small apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 2, 1945, before any invasion took place, Japan formally surrendered following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201569_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201569-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush was released from active duty that same month but was not formally discharged from the Navy until October 1955, when he had reached the rank of lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-navy_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of his period of active service, Bush had flown 58 missions, completed 128 carrier landings, and recorded 1228 hours of flight time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201570_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201570-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <p>Bush met <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Pierce</a> at a Christmas dance in Greenwich in December 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201541_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201541-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, after a period of courtship, they became engaged in December 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201556_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201556-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Bush was on leave from the Navy, they married in <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye, New York</a>, on January 6, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bushes enjoyed a strong marriage, and Barbara would later be a popular First Lady, seen by many as "a kind of national grandmother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015406–407_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015406–407-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had six children: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W.</a> (b. 1946), <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin</a> (1949–1953), <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb</a> (b. 1953), <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil</a> (b. 1955), <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin</a> (b. 1956), and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Doro</a> (b. 1959).<sup id="cite_ref-GHWBlifebefore_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHWBlifebefore-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their oldest daughter, Robin, died of leukemia in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201597–100_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201597–100-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_years">College years</h3></div> <p>Bush enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>, where he took part in an accelerated program that enabled him to graduate in two and a half years rather than the usual four.<sup id="cite_ref-GHWBlifebefore_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHWBlifebefore-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> fraternity and was elected its president.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also captained the Yale baseball team and played in the first two <a href="/wiki/College_World_Series" title="College World Series">College World Series</a> as a left-handed first baseman.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his father, he was a member of the Yale cheerleading squad<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> secret society. He graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201572_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201572-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career_(1948–1963)"><span id="Business_career_.281948.E2.80.931963.29"></span>Business career (1948–1963)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entire_Bush_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg/220px-Entire_Bush_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg/330px-Entire_Bush_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Entire_Bush_family.jpg/440px-Entire_Bush_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Bush, top right, standing with his wife and children, mid-1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his young family to <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>. Biographer Jon Meacham writes that Bush's relocation to Texas allowed him to move out of the "daily shadow of his Wall Street father and Grandfather Walker, two dominant figures in the financial world," but would still allow Bush to "call on their connections if he needed to raise capital."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201578_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201578-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first position in Texas was an <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil field</a> equipment salesman<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Dresser_Industries" title="Dresser Industries">Dresser Industries</a>, which was led by family friend Neil Mallon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201577,_83_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201577,_83-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working for Dresser, Bush lived in various places with his family: <a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compton,_California" title="Compton, California">Compton, California</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, he volunteered for the successful presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Republican_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican (United States)">Republican</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. That same year, his father won election to represent Connecticut in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> as a member of the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201594–96_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201594–96-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With support from Mallon and Bush's uncle, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Jr." title="George Herbert Walker Jr.">George Herbert Walker Jr.</a>, Bush and John Overbey launched the Bush-Overbey Oil Development Company in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201592–93_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201592–93-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/HRG_Group" title="HRG Group">Zapata Petroleum Corporation</a>, an oil company that drilled in the <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a> in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, he was named president of the Zapata Offshore Company, a subsidiary which specialized in <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the subsidiary became independent in 1959, Bush moved the company and his family from Midland to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he befriended <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, a prominent attorney who later became an important political ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015144–146_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015144–146-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush remained involved with Zapata until the mid-1960s, when he sold his stock in the company for approximately $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015130–131_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015130–131-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> published an article alleging that Bush worked as an operative of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) during the 1960s; Bush denied this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1963–1971)"><span id="Early_political_career_.281963.E2.80.931971.29"></span>Early political career (1963–1971)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg/220px-George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg/330px-George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg/440px-George_Herbert_Walker_Bush_and_Eisenhower_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Former president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> with Bush</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1960s, Bush was widely regarded as an appealing political candidate, and some leading <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> attempted to convince Bush to become a Democrat. He declined to leave the Republican Party, later citing his belief that the national Democratic Party favored "big, centralized government". The Democratic Party had historically dominated Texas, but Republicans scored their first major victory in the state with <a href="/wiki/John_G._Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Tower">John G. Tower</a>'s victory in a 1961 special election to the United States Senate. Motivated by Tower's victory and hoping to prevent the far-right <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> from coming to power, Bush ran for the chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a> Republican Party, winning election in February 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015112–114_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015112–114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most other Texas Republicans, Bush supported conservative Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> over the more centrist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015116–117_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015116–117-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Bush sought to unseat liberal Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ralph_W._Yarborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph W. Yarborough">Ralph W. Yarborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">Texas's U.S. Senate election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaftali200713_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali200713-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolstered by superior fundraising, Bush won the Republican primary by defeating former gubernatorial nominee <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cox_(Texas_politician)" title="Jack Cox (Texas politician)">Jack Cox</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Run-off_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-off election">run-off election</a>. In the general election, Bush attacked Yarborough's vote for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, which banned racial and gender discrimination in public institutions and many privately owned businesses. Bush argued that the act unconstitutionally expanded the federal government's powers, but he was privately uncomfortable with the racial politics of opposing the act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015120–122_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015120–122-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost the election 56 percent to 44 percent, though he did run well ahead of Barry Goldwater, the Republican presidential nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaftali200713_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali200713-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the loss, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that Bush was "rated by political friend and foe alike as the Republicans' best prospect in Texas because of his attractive personal qualities and the strong campaign he put up for the Senate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015133_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg/170px-George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg/255px-George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg/340px-George_H._W._Bush_91st_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>Bush in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a>, Bush ran for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">Texas's 7th congressional district</a>, a newly redistricted seat in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> area. Initial polling showed him trailing his Democratic opponent, Harris County District Attorney Frank Briscoe, but he ultimately won the race with 57 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015130–132_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015130–132-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To woo potential candidates in the South and Southwest, House Republicans secured Bush an appointment to the powerful <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">United States House Committee on Ways and Means</a>, making Bush the first freshman to serve on the committee since 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015133–134_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015133–134-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His voting record in the House was generally <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnam policies</a> but broke with Republicans on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, which he supported. He also voted for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>, although it was generally unpopular in his district.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Bush joined several other Republicans in issuing the party's <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">Response to the State of the Union address</a>; Bush's part of the address focused on a call for fiscal responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015136–137_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015136–137-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though most other Texas Republicans supported <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, Bush endorsed <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, who went on to win the party's nomination. Nixon considered selecting Bush as his running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>, but he ultimately chose <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> instead. Bush won re-election to the House unopposed, while Nixon defeated <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> in the presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015141–142_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015141–142-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, with President Nixon's support, Bush gave up his seat in the House to <a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">run for the Senate</a> against Yarborough. Bush easily won the Republican primary, but Yarborough was defeated by the more conservative <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> in the Democratic primary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015146–147_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015146–147-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Bentsen defeated Bush, taking 53.5 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015150_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015150-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nixon_and_Ford_administrations_(1971–1977)"><span id="Nixon_and_Ford_administrations_.281971.E2.80.931977.29"></span>Nixon and Ford administrations (1971–1977)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency of Gerald Ford</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative,_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative%2C_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif/lossy-page1-220px-George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative%2C_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative%2C_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif/lossy-page1-330px-George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative%2C_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative%2C_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif/lossy-page1-440px-George_Bush_as_United_Nations_Representative%2C_1971-72_-_NARA_-_186386.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>Bush as ambassador to the United Nations, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1970 Senate election, Bush accepted a position as a senior adviser to the president, but he convinced Nixon to instead appoint him as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015153–154_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015153–154-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position represented Bush's first foray into foreign policy, as well as his first major experiences with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China, the two major U.S. rivals in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015152,_157–158_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015152,_157–158-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Bush's tenure, the Nixon administration pursued a policy of détente, seeking to ease tensions with both the Soviet Union and China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008773–775_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008773–775-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's ambassadorship was marked by a defeat on the China question, as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> voted, in <a href="/wiki/Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution 2758">Resolution 2758</a>, to expel the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> and replace it with the People's Republic of China in October 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 crisis in Pakistan</a>, Bush supported an Indian motion at the UN General Assembly to condemn the Pakistani government of <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> for waging genocide in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (modern Bangladesh), referring to the "tradition which we have supported that the human rights question transcended domestic jurisdiction and should be freely debated".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201439_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201439-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's support for India at the UN put him into conflict with Nixon who was supporting Pakistan, partly because Yahya Khan was a useful intermediary in his attempts to reach out to China and partly because the president was fond of Yahya Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201438–39_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201438–39-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, during a controversy over whether the United States was intentionally bombing civilian hydrological infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, Bush was sent by Nixon to convince <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">Kurt Waldheim</a> of the United States' position. Bush, who was himself a fighter pilot in the Second World War, was "unwilling to press his assigned case that the dikes had been spared," and told reporters "I think that the best thing I can do on the subject is shut up."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairman_of_the_Republican_National_Committee">Chairman of the Republican National Committee</h3></div> <p>After Nixon won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a>, he appointed Bush as chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> (RNC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015162–163_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015162–163-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that position, he was charged with fundraising, candidate recruitment, and making appearances on behalf of the party in the media. </p><p>When Agnew was being investigated for corruption, Bush assisted, at the request of Nixon and Agnew, in pressuring <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn_Beall_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Glenn Beall Jr.">John Glenn Beall Jr.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator_from_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator from Maryland">U.S. Senator from Maryland</a>, to force his brother, <a href="/wiki/George_Beall_(attorney)" title="George Beall (attorney)">George Beall</a> the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney">U.S. Attorney</a> in Maryland, to shut down the investigation into Agnew. Attorney Beall ignored the pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Bush's tenure at the RNC, the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> emerged into public view; the scandal originated from the June 1972 break-in of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> but also involved later efforts to cover up the break-in by Nixon and other members of the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015163–164_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015163–164-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush initially defended Nixon steadfastly, but as Nixon's complicity became clear he focused more on defending the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the resignation of Vice President Agnew in 1973 for a scandal unrelated to Watergate, Bush was considered for the position of vice president, but the appointment instead went to <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015166–167_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015166–167-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the public release of an <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">audio recording</a> that confirmed that Nixon had plotted to use the CIA to cover up the Watergate break-in, Bush joined other party leaders in urging Nixon to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015170–173_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015170–173-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon—a kick or two at the press—enormous strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [President Gerald Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_U.S._Liaison_Office_in_China">Head of U.S. Liaison Office in China</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China,_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China%2C_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif/lossy-page1-170px-George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China%2C_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China%2C_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif/lossy-page1-255px-George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China%2C_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China%2C_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif/lossy-page1-340px-George_Bush_as_United_States_Liaison_to_China%2C_1974-1975_-_NARA_-_186378.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bush on <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> as U.S. Liaison to China, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1975</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his ascension to the presidency, Ford <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">strongly considered</a> Bush, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, and Nelson Rockefeller for the vacant position of vice president. Ford ultimately chose Nelson Rockefeller, partly because of the publication of a news report claiming that Bush's 1970 campaign had benefited from a secret fund set up by Nixon; Bush was later cleared of any suspicion by a special prosecutor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015176–177_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015176–177-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush accepted appointment as Chief of the <a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy#China_and_the_United_States" title="De facto embassy">U.S. Liaison Office</a> in the People's Republic of China, making him the de facto ambassador to China.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer Jon Meacham, Bush's time in China convinced him that American engagement abroad was needed to ensure global stability and that the United States "needed to be visible but not pushy, muscular but not domineering."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015181_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015181-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_of_Central_Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut,_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg/220px-CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg/330px-CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg/440px-CIA_Director_George_H.W._Bush_listens_at_a_meeting_following_the_assassinations_in_Beirut%2C_1976_-_NARA_-_7064954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5997" data-file-height="4050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> Bush at a meeting following the assassinations of <a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Meloy_Jr." title="Francis E. Meloy Jr.">Francis E. Meloy Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Waring" title="Robert O. Waring">Robert O. Waring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (DCI), placing him in charge of the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the Watergate scandal and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the CIA's reputation had been damaged for its role in various covert operations. Bush was tasked with restoring the agency's morale and public reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015189–193_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015189–193-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Bush's year in charge of the CIA, the U.S. national security apparatus actively supported <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> operations and right-wing <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Ford decided to drop Rockefeller from the ticket for the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>; he considered Bush as his running mate, but ultimately chose <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> both as a presidential candidate and as president-elect.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980_presidential_election">1980 presidential election</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_campaign">Presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg/220px-Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg/330px-Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg/440px-Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, moderator Jon Breen, and Bush at the presidential debate in <a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua, New Hampshire</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican party presidential primary</a> in 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush's tenure at the CIA ended after Carter narrowly defeated Ford in the 1976 presidential election. Out of public office for the first time since the 1960s, Bush became chairman on the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/First_International_Bank" title="First International Bank">First International Bank</a> in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also spent a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science at Rice University's <a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones_Graduate_School_of_Business" title="Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business">Jones School of Business</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued his membership in the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>. Meanwhile, he began to lay the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">his candidacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015209–210_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015209–210-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980 Republican primary campaign, Bush faced Ronald Reagan, who was widely regarded as the front-runner, as well as other contenders like Senator Bob Dole, Senator <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a>, Texas Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">Phil Crane</a>, and Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015211,_214–215_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015211,_214–215-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush's campaign cast him as a youthful, "thinking man's candidate" who would emulate the pragmatic conservatism of President Eisenhower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015215–217_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015215–217-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, which brought an end to a period of détente, and the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, in which 52 Americans were taken hostage, the campaign highlighted Bush's foreign policy experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015221–222_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015221–222-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the outset of the race, Bush focused heavily on winning the January 21 <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a>, making 31 visits to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won a close victory in Iowa with 31.5% to Reagan's 29.4%. After the win, Bush stated that his campaign was full of momentum, or "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Mo" title="The Big Mo">the Big Mo</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Reagan reorganized his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly in response to the Bush campaign's frequent questioning of Reagan's age (Reagan turned 69 in 1980), the Reagan campaign stepped up attacks on Bush, painting him as an elitist who was not truly committed to conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015228–229_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015228–229-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, Bush and Reagan agreed to a two-person debate, organized by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nashua_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nashua Telegraph">The Nashua Telegraph</a></i> but paid for by the Reagan campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Days before the debate, Reagan announced that he would invite four other candidates to the debate; Bush, who had hoped that the one-on-one debate would allow him to emerge as the main alternative to Reagan in the primaries, refused to debate the other candidates. All six candidates took the stage, but Bush refused to speak in the presence of the other candidates. Ultimately, the other four candidates left the stage, and the debate continued, but Bush's refusal to debate anyone other than Reagan badly damaged his campaign in New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015230–233_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015230–233-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decisively lost New Hampshire's primary to Reagan, winning just 23 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush revitalized his campaign with a victory in Massachusetts but lost the next several primaries. As Reagan built up a commanding delegate lead, Bush refused to end his campaign, but the other candidates dropped out of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015233–235_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015233–235-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticizing his more conservative rival's policy proposals, Bush famously labeled Reagan's <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply side</a>–influenced plans for massive tax cuts as "<a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">voodoo economics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he favored lower taxes, Bush feared that dramatic reductions in taxation would lead to deficits and, in turn, cause inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015211–212_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015211–212-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidential_campaign">Vice presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1980.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ElectoralCollege1980.svg/270px-ElectoralCollege1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ElectoralCollege1980.svg/405px-ElectoralCollege1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ElectoralCollege1980.svg/540px-ElectoralCollege1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The Reagan–Bush ticket won the 1980 presidential election with 50.7% of the popular vote and a large majority of the electoral vote.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Reagan clinched a majority of delegates in late May, Bush reluctantly dropped out of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015236–238_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015236–238-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 Republican National Convention</a>, Reagan made the last-minute decision to select Bush as his vice presidential nominee after negotiations with Ford regarding a Reagan–Ford ticket collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Reagan had resented many of the Bush campaign's attacks during the primary campaign, and several conservative leaders had actively opposed Bush's nomination, Reagan ultimately decided that Bush's popularity with moderate Republicans made him the best and safest pick. Bush, who had believed his political career might be over following the primaries, eagerly accepted the position and threw himself into campaigning for the Reagan–Bush ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015242–255_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015242–255-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1980 general election campaign between Reagan and Carter was conducted amid a multitude of domestic concerns and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis, and Reagan sought to focus the race on Carter's handling of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossinow201523–27_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossinow201523–27-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the race was widely regarded as a close contest for most of the campaign, Reagan ultimately won over the large majority of undecided voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossinow201527–28_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossinow201527–28-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reagan took 50.7 percent of the popular vote and 489 of the 538 electoral votes, while Carter won 41% of the popular vote and John Anderson, running as an independent candidate, won 6.6% of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005149–151_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005149–151-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1981–1989)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281981.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Vice presidency (1981–1989)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency of Ronald Reagan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush_vice_presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="4840" /></a><figcaption>Bush's official portrait as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1981–1989</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg/330px-Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg/440px-Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Bush with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including Bush's close friend James Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015267_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015267-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, who enjoyed a strong relationship with Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>'s difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the <a href="/wiki/Ford_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford administration">Ford administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015264–265_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015264–265-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funerals</a>, which became a common joke for comedians. As the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the U.S. Senate">president of the Senate</a>, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C17903-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/C17903-4.jpg/220px-C17903-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/C17903-4.jpg/330px-C17903-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/C17903-4.jpg/440px-C17903-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>Reagan and Bush in a meeting to discuss the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States' invasion of Grenada</a> with a group of bipartisan members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in October 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 30, 1981, while Bush was in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">Reagan was shot</a> and seriously wounded by <a href="/wiki/John_Hinckley_Jr." title="John Hinckley Jr.">John Hinckley Jr.</a> Bush immediately flew back to Washington D.C.; when his plane landed, his aides advised him to proceed directly to the White House by helicopter to show that the government was still functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush rejected the idea, fearing that such a dramatic scene risked giving the impression that he sought to usurp Reagan's powers and prerogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015275–277_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015275–277-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Reagan's short period of incapacity, Bush presided over Cabinet meetings, met with congressional and foreign leaders, and briefed reporters. Still, he consistently rejected invoking the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015280–281_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015280–281-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's handling of the attempted assassination and its aftermath made a positive impression on Reagan, who recovered and returned to work within two weeks of the shooting. From then on, the two men would have regular Thursday lunches in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reagan assigned Bush to chair two special task forces, one on <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and one on international drug smuggling. Both were popular issues with conservatives, and Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them through his work. The deregulation task force reviewed hundreds of rules, making specific recommendations on which ones to amend or revise to curb the size of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reagan administration's deregulation push strongly impacted broadcasting, finance, resource extraction, and other economic activities, and the administration eliminated numerous government positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg2015601–604_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg2015601–604-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also oversaw the administration's national security crisis management organization, which had traditionally been the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015267–268_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015267–268-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Bush toured Western Europe as part of the Reagan administration's ultimately successful efforts to convince skeptical <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies to support the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015285–287_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015285–287-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reagan's approval ratings fell after his first year in office, but they bounced back when the United States began to emerge from recession in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg2015620–621_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg2015620–621-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former vice president Walter Mondale was nominated by the Democratic Party in the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 presidential election</a>. Down in the polls, Mondale <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1984 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selected</a> Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a> as his running mate in hopes of galvanizing support for his campaign, thus making Ferraro the first female major party vice presidential nominee in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossinow2015166–169,_173_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossinow2015166–169,_173-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and Bush squared off in <a href="/wiki/United_States_vice-presidential_debate,_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="United States vice-presidential debate, 1984">a single televised vice presidential debate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public opinion polling consistently showed a Reagan lead in the 1984 campaign, and Mondale was unable to shake up the race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossinow2015173_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossinow2015173-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Reagan won re-election, winning 49 of 50 states and receiving 59% of the popular vote to Mondale's 41%.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3248" /></a><figcaption>Vice President Bush standing with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> on the New York City waterfront in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. Rejecting the ideological rigidity of his three elderly sick predecessors, Gorbachev insisted on urgently needed economic and political reforms called "<a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>" (openness) and "<a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>" (restructuring).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008894_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008894-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington Summit</a>, Gorbachev and Reagan signed the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a>, which committed both signatories to the total abolition of their respective short-range and medium-range missile stockpiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005215_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005215-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty began a new era of trade, openness, and cooperation between the two powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008897–898_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008897–898-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Reagan and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> took the lead in these negotiations, but Bush sat in on many meetings. Bush did not agree with many of the Reagan policies, but he did tell Gorbachev that he would seek to continue improving relations if he succeeded Reagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201590Meacham2015315–316_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201590Meacham2015315–316-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 13, 1985, Bush became the first vice president to serve as <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a> when Reagan underwent surgery to remove <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyps</a> from his <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">colon</a>; Bush served as the acting president for approximately eight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. The officials had used the proceeds to fund the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a> rebels in their fight against the leftist <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista government in Nicaragua</a>. Democrats had passed a law that appropriated funds could not be used to help the Contras. Instead, the administration used non-appropriated funds from the sales.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news of the affair broke to the media, Bush stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the diversion of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Jon Meacham writes that "no evidence was ever produced proving Bush was aware of the diversion to the contras," but he criticizes Bush's "out of the loop" characterization, writing that the "record is clear that Bush was aware that the United States, in contravention of its own stated policy, was trading arms for hostages".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015299–305_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015299–305-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran–Contra scandal">Iran–Contra scandal</a>, as it became known, did serious damage to the Reagan presidency, raising questions about Reagan's competency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossinow2015202–204_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossinow2015202–204-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress established the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Commission" title="Tower Commission">Tower Commission</a> to investigate the scandal, and, at Reagan's request, a panel of federal judges appointed <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Walsh" title="Lawrence Walsh">Lawrence Walsh</a> as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_the_Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of the Independent Counsel">special prosecutor</a> charged with investigating the Iran–Contra scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005210–211_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005210–211-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigations continued after Reagan left office, and, though Bush was never charged with a crime, the Iran–Contra scandal would remain a political liability for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015305_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015305-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 3, 1988, the guided missile cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CG-49)" title="USS Vincennes (CG-49)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a> accidentally shot down <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a>, killing 290 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush, then-vice president, defended his country at the United Nations by arguing that the U.S. attack had been a wartime incident and the crew of <i>Vincennes</i> had acted appropriately to the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1988_presidential_election">1988 presidential election</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">1988 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Bush began planning for a presidential run after the 1984 election, and he officially entered the <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">1988 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> in October 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He put together a campaign led by Reagan staffer <a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Lee Atwater</a>, which also included his son, George W. Bush, and media consultant <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Roger Ailes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015295–296_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015295–296-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he had moved to the right during his time as vice president, endorsing a <a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life Amendment</a> and repudiating his earlier comments on "voodoo economics", Bush still faced opposition from many conservatives in the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015297–298_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015297–298-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His major rivals for the Republican nomination were Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole of Kansas, Representative <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> of New York, and Christian <a href="/wiki/Televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Televangelist">televangelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201530–31_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201530–31-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reagan did not publicly endorse any candidate but privately expressed support for Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015318,_326_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015318,_326-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though considered the early front-runner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa caucus">Iowa caucus</a>, behind Dole and Robertson.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much as Reagan had done in 1980, Bush reorganized his staff and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With help from Governor <a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a> and an effective campaign attacking Dole for raising taxes, Bush overcame an initial polling deficit and won New Hampshire with 39 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015322–325_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015322–325-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Bush won South Carolina and 16 of the 17 states holding a primary on <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>, his competitors dropped out of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201535–37_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201535–37-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence compared to Reagan, delivered a well-received speech at the Republican convention. Known as the "<a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">thousand points of light</a>" speech, it described Bush's vision of America: he endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">prayer in schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">capital punishment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">gun rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also <a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">pledged that he would not raise taxes</a>, stating: "Congress will push me to raise taxes, and I'll say no, and they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again. And all I can say to them is: read my lips. No new taxes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201543_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201543-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selected</a> little-known Senator <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> of Indiana as his running mate. Though Quayle had compiled an unremarkable record in Congress, he was popular among many conservatives, and the campaign hoped that Quayle's youth would appeal to younger voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201540–41_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201540–41-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Bush won the 1988 presidential election with 53.4% of the popular vote and a large majority of the electoral vote.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the Democratic Party nominated Governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>, known for presiding over an economic turnaround in Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201537–39_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201537–39-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading in the general election polls against Bush, Dukakis ran an ineffective, low-risk campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201539,_47_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201539,_47-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush campaign attacked Dukakis as an unpatriotic liberal extremist and seized on the <a href="/wiki/Willie_Horton" title="Willie Horton">Willie Horton</a> case, in which a convicted felon from Massachusetts raped a woman while on a <a href="/wiki/Prison_furlough" title="Prison furlough">prison furlough</a>, a program Dukakis supported as governor. The Bush campaign charged that Dukakis presided over a "<a href="/wiki/Revolving_door" title="Revolving door">revolving door</a>" that allowed dangerous convicted felons to leave prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201544–46_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201544–46-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis damaged his own campaign with a widely mocked ride in an <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank and poor performance at the second presidential debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201547–49_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201547–49-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also attacked Dukakis for opposing a law that would require all students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election is widely considered to have had a high level of negative campaigning, though political scientist John Geer has argued that the share of negative ads was in line with previous presidential elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015347–348_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015347–348-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush defeated Dukakis by a margin of 426 to 111 in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, and he took 53.4 percent of the national popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush ran well in all the major regions of the country, but especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201549_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201549-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the fourth sitting vice president to be elected president and the first to do so since <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> in <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a> and the first person to succeed a president from his own party via election since <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">1929</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_107-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the concurrent <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_elections" title="1988 United States elections">congressional elections</a>, Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005224–225_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005224–225-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1989–1993)"><span id="Presidency_.281989.E2.80.931993.29"></span>Presidency (1989–1993)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> administers the Presidential Oath of Office to Bush.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Bush was inaugurated</a> on January 20, 1989, succeeding Reagan. In his inaugural address, Bush said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: 100%;"><p>I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bush's first major appointment was that of James Baker as Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201553–55_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201553–55-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership of the Department of Defense went to <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, who had previously served as Gerald Ford's chief of staff and would later serve as vice president under his son George W. Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaftali200769–70_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali200769–70-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Kemp joined the administration as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, while <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a>, the wife of Bob Dole and a former Secretary of Transportation, became the Secretary of Labor under Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201556–57_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201556–57-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush retained several Reagan officials, including Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a>, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a>, and Secretary of Education <a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201555–56_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201555–56-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Hampshire Governor John Sununu, a strong supporter of Bush during the 1988 campaign, became chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201553–55_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201553–55-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> was appointed as the National Security Advisor, a role he had also held under Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaftali200766–67_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali200766–67-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_the_Cold_War">End of the Cold War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>During the first year of his tenure, Bush paused Reagan's détente policy toward the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015110–112_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015110–112-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush and his advisers were initially divided on Gorbachev; some administration officials saw him as a democratic reformer, but others suspected him of trying to make the minimum changes necessary to restore the Soviet Union to a competitive position with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015368–369_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015368–369-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, all the Communist governments collapsed in Eastern Europe. Gorbachev declined to send in the Soviet military, effectively abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a>. The U.S. was not directly involved in these upheavals, but the Bush administration avoided gloating over the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> to avoid undermining further democratic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008904–906_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008904–906-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush and Gorbachev met at the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a> in December 1989. Though many on the right remained wary of Gorbachev, Bush came away believing that Gorbachev would negotiate in good faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015385–387_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015385–387-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of his term, Bush sought cooperative relations with Gorbachev, believing he was the key to peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaftali200791–93_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali200791–93-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary issue at the Malta Summit was the potential <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a>. While Britain and France were wary of a reunified Germany, Bush joined German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> in pushing for German reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-heilbrunn_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilbrunn-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve American interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015400–402_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015400–402-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After extensive negotiations, Gorbachev agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990 after paying billions of marks to Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015126,_134–137_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015126,_134–137-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/220px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/330px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/440px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Bush and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a> in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Gorbachev used force to suppress nationalist movements within the Soviet Union itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015120–121_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015120–121-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crisis in Lithuania left Bush in a difficult position, as he needed Gorbachev's cooperation in the reunification of Germany and feared that the collapse of the Soviet Union could leave nuclear arms in dangerous hands. The Bush administration mildly protested Gorbachev's suppression of Lithuania's independence movement but took no action to intervene directly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008907_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008907-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush warned independence movements of the disorder that could come with secession from the Soviet Union; in a 1991 address that critics labeled the "<a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev speech</a>", he cautioned against "suicidal nationalism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008907,_913–914_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008907,_913–914-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1991, Bush and Gorbachev signed the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)</a> treaty, in which both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015204_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015204-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">coup</a> against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaftali2007137–138_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali2007137–138-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">general secretary of the Communist party</a>, and Russian president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a> until December 1991, when the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015205–206_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015205–206-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Fifteen states</a> emerged from the Soviet Union, and of those states, Russia was the largest and most populous. Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".<sup id="cite_ref-mwines1_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwines1-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>, which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015238–239_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015238–239-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_of_Panama">Invasion of Panama</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></div> <p>Through the late 1980s, the U.S. provided aid to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>, the anti-Communist leader of Panama. Noriega had long-standing ties to United States intelligence agencies, including during Bush's tenure as Director of Central Intelligence, and was also deeply involved in <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1989, Noriega annulled the results of a democratic presidential election in which <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Endara" title="Guillermo Endara">Guillermo Endara</a> had been elected. Bush objected to the annulment of the election and worried about the status of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> with Noriega still in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005226–227_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005226–227-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush dispatched 2,000 soldiers to the country, where they began conducting regular military exercises violating prior treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-rutgers_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rutgers-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Panamanian forces shot a U.S. serviceman in December 1989, Bush ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>, known as "Operation Just Cause". The invasion was the first large-scale American military operation unrelated to the Cold War in more than 40 years. American forces quickly took control of the Panama Canal Zone and <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>. Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990, and was quickly transported to a prison in the United States. Twenty-three Americans died in the operation, while another 394 were wounded. Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005226–227_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005226–227-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Stewart Brewer argues that the invasion "represented a new era in American foreign policy" because Bush did not justify the invasion under the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> or the threat of Communism, but rather because it was in the best interests of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell,_General_Scowcroft,_Secretary_James_Baker,_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/220px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/330px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/440px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>Bush meets with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, Secretary <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Faced with massive debts and low oil prices in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Iran–Iraq War">aftermath of the Iran–Iraq War</a>, Iraqi leader <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> decided to conquer the country of Kuwait, a small, oil-rich country situated on Iraq's southern border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015139–141_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015139–141-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraq invaded Kuwait</a> in August 1990, Bush imposed <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">economic sanctions</a> on Iraq and assembled a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">multi-national coalition</a> opposed to the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005230–232_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005230–232-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in the administration feared that a failure to respond to the invasion would embolden Hussein to attack Saudi Arabia or Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008908–909_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008908–909-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> attempted to convince <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> that Bush should tone down the rhetoric but Bush insisted it was his primary concern to discourage other countries from "unanswered aggression".<sup id="cite_ref-gates00_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates00-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also wanted to ensure continued access to oil, as Iraq and Kuwait collectively accounted for 20 percent of the world's oil production, and Saudi Arabia produced another 26 percent of the world's oil supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005233_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005233-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Bush's insistence, in November 1990, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> approved a resolution authorizing the use of force if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005232_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005232-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorbachev's support and China's abstention helped ensure passage of the United Nations resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015146–147,_159_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015146–147,_159-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush convinced Britain, France, and other nations to commit soldiers to an operation against Iraq. He won important financial backing from Germany, Japan, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015149–151_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015149–151-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1991, Bush asked Congress to approve a joint resolution authorizing a war against Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005232–233_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005232–233-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush believed that the United Nations resolution had already provided him with the necessary authorization to launch a military operation against Iraq. Still, he wanted to show that the nation was united behind military action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015160–161_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015160–161-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the opposition of a majority of Democrats in both the House and the Senate, Congress approved the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_1991" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005232–233_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005232–233-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the January 15 deadline passed without an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, U.S. and coalition forces conducted a bombing campaign that devastated Iraq's power grid and communications network and resulted in the desertion of about 100,000 Iraqi soldiers. In retaliation, Iraq launched <a href="/wiki/Scud_missile" title="Scud missile">Scud missiles</a> at Israel and Saudi Arabia, but most missiles did little damage. On February 23, coalition forces began a ground invasion into Kuwait, evicting Iraqi forces by the end of February 27. About 300 Americans and approximately 65 soldiers from other coalition nations died during the military action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005233–235_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005233–235-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ceasefire was arranged on March 3, and the United Nations passed a resolution establishing a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission">peacekeeping force</a> in a demilitarized zone between Kuwait and Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015165_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015165-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A March 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll showed that Bush had an approval rating of 89 percent, the highest presidential approval rating in the history of Gallup polling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterman1996337_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterman1996337-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1991, the United Nations maintained economic sanctions against Iraq, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations Special Commission</a> was assigned to ensure that Iraq did not revive its <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005236_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005236-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NAFTA">NAFTA</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: (standing) President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Salinas">Carlos Salinas</a>, President Bush, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>; (seated) <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Serra_Puche" title="Jaime Serra Puche">Jaime Serra Puche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Carla Hills">Carla Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> at the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, the U.S. and Canada reached a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> that eliminated many tariffs between the two countries. President Reagan had intended it as the first step towards a larger trade agreement to eliminate most tariffs among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2008313–314_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2008313–314-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush administration, along with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, spearheaded the negotiations of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) with Mexico. In addition to lowering tariffs, the proposed treaty would affect patents, copyrights, and trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-fedex_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedex-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Bush sought <a href="/wiki/Fast_track_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast track authority">fast track authority</a>, which grants the president the power to submit an international trade agreement to Congress without the possibility of amendment. Despite congressional opposition led by House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>, both houses of Congress voted to grant Bush fast track authority. NAFTA was signed in December 1992, after Bush lost reelection,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015222–223_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015222–223-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but President Clinton won ratification of NAFTA in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAFTA was controversial for its impact on wages, jobs, and overall economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-jzarroli_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jzarroli-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it was replaced entirely by the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_and_fiscal_issues">Economy and fiscal issues</h4></div> <p>The U.S. economy had generally performed well since emerging from <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">recession in late 1982</a>, but it slipped into a mild <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1990s recession in the United States">recession in 1990</a>. The unemployment rate rose from 5.9 percent in 1989 to a high of 7.8 percent in mid-1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Accepting_the_Harsh_Truth_Of_a_Blue-Collar_Recession,_New_York_Times,_Dec._25,_1991_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accepting_the_Harsh_Truth_Of_a_Blue-Collar_Recession,_New_York_Times,_Dec._25,_1991-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blue-collar_Towns_Have_Highest_Jobless_Numbers,_Hartford_Courant,_Sept._1,_1991_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue-collar_Towns_Have_Highest_Jobless_Numbers,_Hartford_Courant,_Sept._1,_1991-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">federal deficits</a>, spawned during the Reagan years, rose from $152.1 billion in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to $220 billion for 1990;<sup id="cite_ref-NYT10-27-90_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT10-27-90-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the $220 billion deficit represented a threefold increase since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201572–73_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201572–73-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the public became increasingly concerned about the economy and other domestic affairs, Bush's well-received handling of foreign affairs became less of an issue for most voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterman1996340–341_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterman1996340–341-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's top domestic priority was to end federal budget deficits, which he saw as a liability for the country's long-term economic health and standing in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015360–361_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015360–361-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he was opposed to major defense spending cuts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005228–229_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005228–229-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had pledged not to raise taxes, the president had major difficulties in balancing the budget.<sup id="cite_ref-millercenterdomesticaffairs_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millercenterdomesticaffairs-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush and congressional leaders agreed to avoid major changes to the budget for <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 1990, which began in October 1989. However, both sides knew spending cuts or new taxes would be necessary for the following year's budget to avoid the draconian automatic domestic spending cuts required by the <a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Rudman%E2%80%93Hollings_Balanced_Budget_Act" title="Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act">Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act</a> of 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201595–97_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201595–97-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush and other leaders also wanted to cut deficits because Federal Reserve Chair <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> refused to lower interest rates and thus stimulate economic growth unless the federal budget deficit was reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015409–410_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015409–410-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement released in late June 1990, Bush said that he would be open to a deficit reduction program which included spending cuts, incentives for economic growth, budget process reform, as well as tax increases.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatives</a> in the Republican Party, Bush's statement represented a betrayal, and they heavily criticized him for compromising so early in the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1990, Bush and congressional Democrats announced a compromise to cut mandatory and discretionary programs funding while raising revenue, partly through a higher gas tax. The compromise additionally included a <a href="/wiki/PAYGO" title="PAYGO">"pay as you go"</a> provision that required that new programs be paid for at the time of implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015100–104_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015100–104-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House Minority Whip <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> led the conservative opposition to the bill, strongly opposing any form of tax increase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015446–447_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015446–447-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some liberals also criticized the budget cuts in the compromise, and in October, the House rejected the deal, resulting in a brief government shutdown. Without the strong backing of the Republican Party, Bush agreed to another compromise bill, this one more favorable to Democrats. The <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990">Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990</a> (OBRA-90), enacted on October 27, 1990, dropped much of the gasoline tax increase in favor of higher income taxes on top earners. It included cuts to domestic spending, but the cuts were not as deep as those proposed in the original compromise. Bush's decision to sign the bill damaged his standing with conservatives and the general public, but it also laid the groundwork for the budget surpluses of the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015104–106_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015104–106-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"Even the strongest person couldn't scale the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> to gain the elusive promise of independence that lay just beyond. And so, together we rejoiced when that barrier fell. And now I sign legislation which takes a sledgehammer to another wall, one which has for too many generations separated Americans with disabilities from the freedom they could glimpse, but not grasp." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">—Bush's remarks at the signing ceremony for the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015395_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015395-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> had not received legal protections under the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, and many faced discrimination and segregation by the time Bush took office. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Lowell_P._Weicker_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell P. Weicker Jr.">Lowell P. Weicker Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Coelho" title="Tony Coelho">Tony Coelho</a> introduced the Americans with Disabilities Act, which barred employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. The bill had passed the Senate but not the House and was reintroduced in 1989. Though some conservatives opposed the bill due to its costs and potential burdens on businesses, Bush strongly supported it, partly because his son, Neil, had struggled with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>. After the bill passed both houses of Congress, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> into law in July 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201590–92_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201590–92-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act required employers and public accommodations to make "reasonable accommodations" for disabled people while providing an exception when such accommodations imposed an "undue hardship".<sup id="cite_ref-griffin1_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffin1-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> later led the congressional passage of a separate civil rights bill designed to facilitate launching employment discrimination lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201579–80_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201579–80-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In vetoing the bill, Bush argued that it would lead to racial quotas in hiring.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmes1_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes1-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1991, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991" title="Civil Rights Act of 1991">Civil Rights Act of 1991</a>, which was largely similar to the bill he had vetoed in the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201579–80_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201579–80-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1990, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White_CARE_Act" title="Ryan White CARE Act">Ryan White CARE Act</a>, the largest federally funded program dedicated to assisting persons living with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his presidency, the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a> grew dramatically in the U.S. and around the world, and Bush often found himself at odds with AIDS activist groups who criticized him for not placing a high priority on HIV/AIDS research and funding. Frustrated by the administration's lack of urgency on the issue, <a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a> dumped the ashes of deceased HIV/AIDS patients on the White House lawn during a viewing of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Quilt" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Quilt">AIDS Quilt</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, HIV had become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">leading cause of death</a> in the U.S. for men aged 25–44.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment">Environment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act of 1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></div> <p>In June 1989, the Bush administration proposed a bill to amend the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>. Working with Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a>, the administration won passage of the amendments over the opposition of business-aligned members of Congress who feared the impact of tougher regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201592–94_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201592–94-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation sought to curb <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> and smog by requiring decreased emissions of chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cleanair1_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleanair1-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first major update to the Clean Air Act since 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-pshabecoff1_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pshabecoff1-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also signed the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act of 1990</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a> criticized some of Bush's other environmental actions, including his opposition to stricter auto-mileage standards.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrown1_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrown1-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Points_of_Light">Points of Light</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light" title="Points of Light">Points of Light</a></div> <p>Bush devoted attention to voluntary service to solve some of America's most serious social problems. He often used the "thousand points of light" theme to describe the power of citizens to solve community problems. In his 1989 inaugural address, Bush said, "I have spoken of a thousand points of light, of all the community organizations that are spread like stars throughout the Nation, doing good."<sup id="cite_ref-President's_Report_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-President's_Report-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his presidency, Bush honored numerous volunteers with the Daily Point of Light Award, a tradition that his presidential successors continued.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the Points of Light Foundation was created as a nonprofit organization in Washington to promote this spirit of <a href="/wiki/Volunteerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteerism">volunteerism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the Points of Light Foundation merged with the <a href="/wiki/Hands_On_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands On Network">Hands On Network</a> to create a new organization, <a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light" title="Points of Light">Points of Light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointments">George H. W. Bush judicial appointments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/190px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/285px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/380px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Bush appointed <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> to the Supreme Court in 1991.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush appointed two justices to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. In 1990, Bush appointed a largely unknown state appellate judge, <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>, to replace liberal icon <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-souter1_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter1-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souter was easily confirmed and served until 2009, but joined the liberal bloc of the court, disappointing Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-souter1_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter1-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Bush nominated conservative federal judge <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, a long-time liberal stalwart. Thomas, the former head of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC), <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">faced heavy opposition</a> in the Senate, as well as from <a href="/wiki/United_States_pro-choice_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States pro-choice movement">pro-choice groups</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. His nomination faced another difficulty when <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> accused Thomas of having sexually harassed her during his time as the chair of EEOC. Thomas won confirmation in a narrow 52–48 vote; 43 Republicans and 9 Democrats voted to confirm Thomas's nomination, while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted against confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005243–244_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005243–244-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas became one of the most conservative justices of his era.<sup id="cite_ref-ntotenberg_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntotenberg-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h4></div> <p>Bush's education platform consisted mainly of offering federal support for a variety of innovations, such as open enrollment, incentive pay for outstanding teachers, and rewards for schools that improve performance with underprivileged children.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Bush did not pass a major educational reform package during his presidency, his ideas influenced later reform efforts, including <a href="/wiki/Goals_2000" title="Goals 2000">Goals 2000</a> and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005239–240_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005239–240-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act of 1990</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to a 40 percent increase in legal <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act more than doubled the number of visas given to immigrants on the basis of job skills.<sup id="cite_ref-rpear1_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpear1-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a>, Bush proposed a $50 billion package to rescue the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loans</a> industry, and also proposed the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Thrift_Supervision" title="Office of Thrift Supervision">Office of Thrift Supervision</a> to regulate the industry. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989</a>, which incorporated most of Bush's proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene201597–100_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene201597–100-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_I_approval_rating.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png/260px-Bush_I_approval_rating.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png/390px-Bush_I_approval_rating.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png/520px-Bush_I_approval_rating.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Bush's approval ratings (red) compared to his disapproval ratings (blue) during his presidency</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush was widely seen as a "pragmatic caretaker" president who lacked a unified and compelling long-term theme in his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Bush <a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">sound bite</a>, referring to the issue of overarching purpose as "the vision thing", has become a metonym applied to other political figures accused of similar difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ability to gain broad international support for the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the war's result were seen as both a diplomatic and military triumph,<sup id="cite_ref-white_house_bio_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white_house_bio-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rousing bipartisan approval,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though his decision to withdraw without removing Saddam Hussein left mixed feelings, and attention returned to the domestic front and a souring economy.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>New York Times</i> article <a href="/wiki/Supermarket_scanner_moment" title="Supermarket scanner moment">mistakenly depicted</a> Bush as being surprised to see a supermarket <a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">barcode reader</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg08_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg08-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal92_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal92-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the report of his reaction exacerbated the notion that he was "out of touch".<sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg08_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg08-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush was popular throughout most of his presidency. After the Gulf war concluded in February 1991, his approval rating saw a high of 89 percent, before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually falling below 50 percent according to a January 1992 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Inc.">Gallup</a> poll.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sudden drop in his favorability was likely due to the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a>, which shifted his image from "conquering hero" to "politician befuddled by economic matters".<sup id="cite_ref-snopes_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the elite level, several commentators and political experts lamented the state of American politics in 1991–1992 and reported the voters were angry. Many analysts blamed the poor quality of national election campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_presidential_campaign">1992 presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval ratings, Bush's reelection initially looked likely.<sup id="cite_ref-skornacki_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skornacki-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many leading Democrats, including <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a>, Dick Gephardt, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, declined to seek their party's presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterman1996337–338_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterman1996337–338-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bush's tax increase angered many conservatives, who believed that Bush had strayed from the conservative principles of Ronald Reagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015444–445_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015444–445-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He faced a challenge from conservative political columnist <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">1992 Republican primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005246_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005246-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush fended off Buchanan's challenge and won his party's nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 Republican National Convention</a>. Still, the convention adopted a socially conservative platform strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005251–252_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005251–252-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElectoralCollege1992.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElectoralCollege1992.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElectoralCollege1992.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Bush was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 presidential election</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the Democrats nominated Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> of Arkansas. A moderate who was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a> (DLC), Clinton favored welfare reform, deficit reduction, and a tax cut for the middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005247–248_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005247–248-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1992, the race took an unexpected twist when Texas billionaire <a href="/wiki/H._Ross_Perot" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Ross Perot">H. Ross Perot</a> launched a third-party bid, claiming that neither Republicans nor Democrats could eliminate the deficit and make government more efficient. His message appealed to voters across the political spectrum disappointed with both parties' perceived fiscal irresponsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot also attacked NAFTA, which he claimed would lead to major job losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005251_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005251-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National polling taken in mid-1992 showed Perot in the lead, but Clinton experienced a surge through effective campaigning and the selection of Senator Al Gore, a popular and relatively young Southerner, as his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015504–506_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015504–506-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton won the election, taking 43 percent of the popular vote and 370 electoral votes, while Bush won 37.5 percent of the popular vote and 168 electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party performances in United States presidential elections">highest totals for a third-party candidate</a> in U.S. history, drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton performed well in the Northeast, the Midwest, and the West Coast, while also waging the strongest Democratic campaign in the South since the 1976 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005252–253_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2005252–253-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors were important in Bush's defeat. The ailing economy which arose from recession may have been the main factor in Bush's loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on election day that the economy was either "not so good" or "poor".<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of the 1992 election, the unemployment rate stood at 7.8%, which was the highest it had been since 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president was also damaged by his alienation of many conservatives in his party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015233–234_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015233–234-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush partially blamed Perot for his defeat, though exit polls showed that Perot drew his voters about equally from Clinton and Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015521_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015521-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his defeat, Bush left office with a 56 percent job approval rating in January 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many of his predecessors, Bush issued a <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">series of pardons</a> during his last days in office. In December 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former senior government officials implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal, most prominently former Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scientists_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientists-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charges against the six were that they lied to or withheld information from Congress. The pardons effectively brought an end to the Iran-Contra scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton uniting his party and winning over several heterogeneous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1993–2018)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281993.E2.80.932018.29"></span>Post-presidency (1993–2018)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearances">Appearances</h3></div> <p>After leaving office, Bush and his wife built a retirement house in the community of <a href="/wiki/West_Oaks,_Houston" title="West Oaks, Houston">West Oaks, Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a presidential office within the Park Laureate Building on <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_(Houston)" title="Memorial Drive (Houston)">Memorial Drive</a> in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also frequently spent time at his vacation home in Kennebunkport, took annual cruises in Greece, went on fishing trips in Florida, and visited the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Club" title="Bohemian Club">Bohemian Club</a> in Northern California. He declined to serve on corporate boards but delivered numerous paid speeches and was an adviser to <a href="/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group" title="The Carlyle Group">The Carlyle Group</a>, a private equity firm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015540–541_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015540–541-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never published his memoirs, but he and Brent Scowcroft co-wrote <i><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a></i>, a 1998 work on foreign policy. Portions of his letters and his diary were later published as <i>The China Diary of George H. W. Bush</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best, George Bush</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a 1993 visit to Kuwait, Bush was targeted in an assassination plot directed by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi Intelligence Service">Iraqi Intelligence Service</a>. President Clinton retaliated when he ordered the <a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">firing</a> of 23 <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> at Iraqi Intelligence Service headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush did not publicly comment on the assassination attempt or the missile strike, but privately spoke with Clinton shortly before the strike took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015541–543_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015541–543-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1994 United States gubernatorial elections">1994 gubernatorial elections</a>, his sons George W. and Jeb concurrently ran for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">Governor of Florida</a>. Concerning their political careers, he advised them both that "[a]t some point both of you may want to say 'Well, I don't agree with my Dad on that point' or 'Frankly I think Dad was wrong on that.' Do it. Chart your own course, not just on the issues but on defining yourselves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015546–549_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015546–549-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George W. won his race against <a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a> while Jeb lost to <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>. After the results came in, the elder Bush told ABC, "I have very mixed emotions. Proud father, is the way I would sum it all up."<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeb would again run for governor of Florida in 1998 and win at the same time that his brother George W. won re-election in Texas. It marked the second time in United States history that a pair of brothers served simultaneously as governors.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg/200px-G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg/300px-G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg/400px-G_%26_B._Bush_F-SD-03-15575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>George and Barbara Bush, 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush supported his son's candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> but did not actively campaign in the election and did not deliver a speech at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015552–555_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015552–555-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George W. Bush defeated Al Gore in the 2000 election and was re-elected in 2004. Bush and his son thus became the second father–son pair to each serve as President of the United States, following <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015560_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015560-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as "George Bush" or "President Bush", but following his son's election, the need to distinguish between them has made <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronymic</a> forms such as "George H. W. Bush" and "George Bush Sr." and colloquialisms such as "Bush 41" and "Bush the Elder" more common.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush advised his son on some personnel choices, approving of the selection of Dick Cheney as running mate and the retention of <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> as CIA Director. However, he was not consulted on all appointments, including that of his old rival, Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015554,_563–564_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015554,_563–564-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he avoided giving unsolicited advice to his son, Bush and his son also discussed some policy matters, especially regarding national security issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015567–568_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015567–568-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his retirement, Bush used the public spotlight to support various charities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015582–583_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015582–583-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite earlier political differences with Bill Clinton, the two former presidents eventually became friends.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appeared together in television ads, encouraging aid for victims of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when interviewed by Jon Meacham, Bush criticized Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, and even his son George W. Bush for their handling of foreign policy after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/260px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/390px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: George H. W. Bush, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bush supported Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> in the 2008 presidential election,<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Republican <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the 2012 presidential election,<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both were defeated by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. In 2011, Obama awarded Bush with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the highest civilian honor in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015598_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015598-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush supported his son Jeb's bid in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeb Bush's campaign struggled, however, and he withdrew from the race during the primaries. Neither George H. W. nor George W. Bush endorsed the eventual Republican nominee, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all three Bushes emerged as frequent critics of Trump's policies and speaking style, while Trump frequently criticized George W. Bush's presidency. George H. W. later said he voted for the Democratic nominee, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election, Bush wrote a letter to President-elect Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him that because of his poor health, he would not be able to attend <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's inauguration</a> on January 20; he gave him his best wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, after the violence at <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, both presidents Bush released a joint statement saying, "America must always reject racial bigotry, anti-Semitism, and hatred in all forms[. ...] As we pray for Charlottesville, we are all reminded of the fundamental truths recorded by that city's most prominent citizen in the Declaration of Independence: we are all created equal and endowed by our Creator with unalienable rights."<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 17, 2018, Barbara Bush died at the age of 92<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at her home in Houston, Texas. Her funeral was held at <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Houston)" title="St. Martin's Episcopal Church (Houston)">St. Martin's Episcopal Church</a> in Houston four days later.<sup id="cite_ref-houstonchroniclebushfamilyreleases_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houstonchroniclebushfamilyreleases-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush, along with former presidents Barack Obama, George W. Bush (son), Bill Clinton and First Ladies <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (daughter-in-law) and Hillary Clinton attended the funeral and posed together for a photo as a sign of unity.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 1, 2018, Bush went to the polls to vote early in the midterm elections. This would be his final public appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_United_States_Capitol_(46125518422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_United_States_Capitol_%2846125518422%29.jpg/210px-The_United_States_Capitol_%2846125518422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_United_States_Capitol_%2846125518422%29.jpg/315px-The_United_States_Capitol_%2846125518422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_United_States_Capitol_%2846125518422%29.jpg/420px-The_United_States_Capitol_%2846125518422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Members of the public pay their respects at the casket of President Bush <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>After a long battle with vascular <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, Bush <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">died at his home</a> in Houston on November 30, 2018, at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_obituary_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_obituary-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death he was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">longest-lived U.S. president</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a distinction now held by Jimmy Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by age">third-oldest vice president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state#United_States" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol</a> from December 3 through December 5; he was the 12th U.S. president to be accorded this honor.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, on December 5, Bush's casket was transferred from the Capitol rotunda to <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> where a state funeral was held.<sup id="cite_ref-cbsnewsfuneral_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsnewsfuneral-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the funeral, Bush's body was transported to George H.W. Bush Presidential Library in <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>, where he was buried next to his wife Barbara and daughter Robin.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the funeral, former president George W. Bush eulogized his father saying, "He looked for the good in each person, and he usually found it."<sup id="cite_ref-cbsnewsfuneral_331-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsnewsfuneral-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>In May 1991, <i>The New York Times</i> revealed that Bush had developed <a href="/wiki/Graves%27_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a>, a non-contagious <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> condition that his wife Barbara also had.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush had two separate hip replacement surgeries in 2000 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Bush started to experience weakness in his legs, which was attributed to vascular <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">parkinsonism</a>, a form of Parkinson's disease. He progressively developed problems walking, initially needing a walking stick for mobility aid before he eventually came to rely on a wheelchair from 2011 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a> and a member of St. Martin's Episcopal Church in Houston. As President, Bush regularly attended services at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a> in Washington D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cited various moments in his life on the deepening of his faith, including his escape from Japanese forces in 1944, and the death of his three-year-old daughter Robin in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His faith was reflected in his "thousand points of light" speech, his support for prayer in schools, and his support for the <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">pro-life movement</a> (following his election as vice president).<sup id="cite_ref-Post-Faith_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-Faith-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_337-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his death, it was revealed that Bush secretly <a href="/wiki/Child_sponsorship" title="Child sponsorship">financed</a> the education and food expenses of a schoolboy from the Philippines under the assumed name "George Walker" through the charity <a href="/wiki/Compassion_International" title="Compassion International">Compassion International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hwbsponsor_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hwbsponsor-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tantuco_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tantuco-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_051008-N-9274T-001_After_arriving_on_board_Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_(NAS_JRB),_New_Orleans,_former_President_George_H._Bush_sits_down_to_eat_with_military_personnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_Navy_051008-N-9274T-001_After_arriving_on_board_Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_%28NAS_JRB%29%2C_New_Orleans%2C_former_President_George_H._Bush_sits_down_to_eat_with_military_personnel.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_Navy_051008-N-9274T-001_After_arriving_on_board_Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_%28NAS_JRB%29%2C_New_Orleans%2C_former_President_George_H._Bush_sits_down_to_eat_with_military_personnel.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_Navy_051008-N-9274T-001_After_arriving_on_board_Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_%28NAS_JRB%29%2C_New_Orleans%2C_former_President_George_H._Bush_sits_down_to_eat_with_military_personnel.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Bush visits <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_New_Orleans" title="Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans">NAS JRB</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> relief efforts, 2005</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington (Booker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Polls of historians and political scientists have <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Bush in the top half of presidents. A 2018 poll of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Bush as the 17th best president out of 44.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> poll of historians also ranked Bush as the 20th best president out of 43.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Rose described Bush as a "guardian" president, and many other historians and political scientists have similarly described Bush as a passive, hands-off president who was "largely content with things as they were".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2015255–256_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015255–256-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Steven Knott writes that "[g]enerally the Bush presidency is viewed as successful in foreign affairs but a disappointment in domestic affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-knottlegacy_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knottlegacy-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer Jon Meacham writes that, after he left office, many Americans viewed Bush as "a gracious and underappreciated man who had many virtues but who had failed to project enough of a distinctive identity and vision to overcome the economic challenges of 1991–92 and to win a second term."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015567_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015567-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush himself noted that his legacy was "lost between the glory of Reagan ... and the trials and tribulations of my sons."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015595_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015595-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, Bush was fondly remembered for his willingness to compromise, which contrasted with the intensely partisan era that followed his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-jshesol1_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jshesol1-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i> highlighted Bush for his "pragmatism" as a moderate Republican president by working across the aisle.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They specifically noted Bush's accomplishments within the domestic policy by making <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisan</a> deals, including raising the tax budget among the wealthy with the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Bush also helped pass the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which <i>The New York Times</i> described as "the most sweeping anti-discrimination law since the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill, Bush built another bipartisan coalition to strengthen the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also championed and signed into a law the Immigration Act of 1990, a sweeping bipartisan immigration reform act that made it easier for immigrants to legally enter the county, while also granting immigrants fleeing violence the temporary protected status visa, as well as lifted the pre-naturalization English testing process, and finally "eliminated the exclusion of homosexuals under what Congress now deemed the medically unsound classification of 'sexual deviant' that was included in the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Act of 1965">1965 act</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush stated, "Immigration is not just a link to our past but it's also a bridge to America's future".<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>, the legacy of Bush's presidency was defined by his victory over Iraq after the invasion of Kuwait and by his presiding over the dissolution of the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a> praise Bush's handling of the Soviet Union, especially how he prodded Gorbachev in terms of releasing control over the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> and permitting German unification—and especially a united Germany in NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Andrew Bacevich</a> judges the Bush administration as "morally obtuse" in the light of its "business-as-usual" attitude towards China after the massacre in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> and its uncritical support of Gorbachev as the Soviet Union disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Rothkopf argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the recent history of U.S. foreign policy, there has been no president, nor any president's team, who, when confronted with profound international change and challenges, responded with such a thoughtful and well-managed foreign policy...[the Bush administration was] a bridge over one of the great fault lines of history [that] ushered in a "new world order" it described with great skill and professionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>TIME</i></a> has criticized Bush's <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic policies">domestic policies</a> involving "drugs, homelessness, racial hostility, education gaps, [and] issues with the environment", and it argues that these issues in the United States became worse in the 21st century primarily due to Bush setting a poor example and his handling of these concepts during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials,_awards,_and_honors"><span id="Memorials.2C_awards.2C_and_honors"></span>Memorials, awards, and honors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George H. W. Bush">List of awards and honors received by George H. W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg/220px-George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg/330px-George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg/440px-George_Bush_Presidential_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6653" data-file-height="3941" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a> on the west campus of <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> in <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine named him the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, the Houston Intercontinental Airport was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the CIA headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>, was named the <i><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a></i> in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Bush, an avid golfer, was inducted in the <a href="/wiki/World_Golf_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Golf Hall of Fame">World Golf Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS <i>George H.W. Bush</i></a> (CVN-77), the tenth and last <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier"><i>Nimitz</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">supercarrier</a> of the United States Navy, was named for Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-NavyNews12182008_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavyNews12182008-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewCarrier_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewCarrier-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush is commemorated on a postage stamp that was issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> honored Bush with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Dollar">Presidential Dollar</a> coin. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a>, the tenth U.S. <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential library</a>, was completed in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains the presidential and vice presidential papers of Bush and the vice presidential papers of Dan Quayle.<sup id="cite_ref-bushmaterials_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bushmaterials-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library is located on a 90-acre (36 ha) site on the west campus of <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> in College Station, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagle_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagle-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas A&M University also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a>, a graduate <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_school" title="Public policy school">public policy school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagle_369-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagle-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Phillips Academy also awarded Bush its Alumni Award of Distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Electoral history of George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the 1990s, he became more commonly known as <b>George H. W. Bush</b>, "<b>Bush Senior</b>," "<b>Bush 41</b>," and even "<b>Bush the Elder</b>" to distinguish him from his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, who served as the 43rd U.S. president from 2001 to 2009; previously, he was usually referred to simply as <b>George Bush</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush later purchased the estate, which is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Bush_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush compound">Bush compound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For decades, Bush was considered the youngest aviator in the U.S. Navy during his period of service,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but such claims are now regarded as speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His official Navy biography called him "the youngest" in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 2018 the Navy biography described him as "one of the youngest".<sup id="cite_ref-navy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush's fellow crew members for the mission were William G. White and John Delaney. According to the accounts of an American pilot and a Japanese individual, another parachute from Bush's aircraft opened, but the bodies of White and Delaney were never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham201560–63_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham201560–63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time of his wife's death on April 17, 2018, George H. W. had been married to Barbara for 73 years, the longest presidential marriage in American history at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of their marriage was surpassed in 2019 by the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographer Jon Meacham writes that it was widely assumed at the time that Donald Rumsfeld had engineered Bush's appointment as CIA Director since the post was regarded as a "political graveyard". Meacham writes that it is more likely that the key factor in Bush's appointment was that Ford believed Bush would work better with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> than would <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a>, his original pick for the CIA post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015189–193_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2015189–193-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1988 presidential election remains the only presidential election since 1948 in which either party won a third consecutive term.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The longest-lived U.S. vice president is <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a>, who died on November 7, 1967, 15 days short of his 99th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-b/bush-george-h-w.html">"George Herbert Walker Bush"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+USS+George+H.+W.+Bush+to+Transit&rft.pub=Naval+Sea+Systems+Command+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fstory_id%3D41503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewCarrier-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewCarrier_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Matthew (January 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204192433/http://hamptonroads.com/2009/01/carrier-awaits-call-come-life-ceremony-today">"Carrier awaits a call to come to life in ceremony today"</a>. <i>The Virginian Pilot</i>. Landmark Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamptonroads.com/2009/01/carrier-awaits-call-come-life-ceremony-today">the original</a> on February 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginian+Pilot&rft.atitle=Carrier+awaits+a+call+to+come+to+life+in+ceremony+today&rft.date=2009-01-10&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamptonroads.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fcarrier-awaits-call-come-life-ceremony-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/57b0b4fb96b241d4a90a0470d3cef0d8">"Texas ceremony marks issuing of George H.W. Bush stamp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a></i>. June 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Texas+ceremony+marks+issuing+of+George+H.W.+Bush+stamp&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F57b0b4fb96b241d4a90a0470d3cef0d8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/1998-47">"National Archives Accepts Bush Library as Tenth Presidential Library"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. November 6, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives+Accepts+Bush+Library+as+Tenth+Presidential+Library&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=1997-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F1998-47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bushmaterials-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bushmaterials_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410185146/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/giq.html">"The Birth of the Tenth Presidential Library: The Bush Presidential Materials Project, 1993–1994"</a>. George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/giq.html">the original</a> on April 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Tenth+Presidential+Library%3A+The+Bush+Presidential+Materials+Project%2C+1993%E2%80%931994&rft.pub=George+H.W.+Bush+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbushlibrary.tamu.edu%2Fgiq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eagle-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eagle_369-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eagle_369-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathman2013" class="citation news cs1">Heathman, Claire (July 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myaggienation.com/campus_evolution/how-texas-a-m-became-home-to-the-george-bush/article_baa24bb4-e411-11e2-8085-0019bb2963f4.html">"How Texas A&M became home to the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bryan-College_Station_Eagle" title="The Bryan-College Station Eagle">The Bryan-College Station Eagle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bryan-College+Station+Eagle&rft.atitle=How+Texas+A%26M+became+home+to+the+George+Bush+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Heathman&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myaggienation.com%2Fcampus_evolution%2Fhow-texas-a-m-became-home-to-the-george-bush%2Farticle_baa24bb4-e411-11e2-8085-0019bb2963f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBtRgB6eO5A">"Finis Origine Pendent All-School Meeting: October 20, 2022"</a>. October 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finis+Origine+Pendent+All-School+Meeting%3A+October+20%2C+2022&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEBtRgB6eO5A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2015" class="citation book cs1">Greene, John Robert (2015). <i>The Presidency of George Bush</i> (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2079-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-2079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+George+Bush&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2079-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr"><i>From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">Leuchtenburg, William E.</a> (2015). <i>The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176162" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176162"><bdi>9780195176162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+President%3A+From+Teddy+Roosevelt+to+Bill+Clinton&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780195176162&rft.aulast=Leuchtenburg&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Meacham" title="Jon Meacham">Meacham, Jon</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMgOCAAAQBAJ"><i>Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6765-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-6765-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny+and+Power%3A+The+American+Odyssey+of+George+Herbert+Walker+Bush&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6765-7&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMgOCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaftali2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Naftali, Timothy</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgehwbush0000naft_v9m8"><i>George H. W. Bush</i></a></span>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6966-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-6966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6966-2&rft.aulast=Naftali&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgehwbush0000naft_v9m8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2005" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/restlessgiantuni00patt_0"><i>Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195122169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195122169"><bdi>978-0195122169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Giant%3A+The+United+States+from+Watergate+to+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195122169&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frestlessgiantuni00patt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossinow2015" class="citation book cs1">Rossinow, Douglas C. (2015). <i>The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231538657" title="Special:BookSources/9780231538657"><bdi>9780231538657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reagan+Era%3A+A+History+of+the+1980s&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780231538657&rft.aulast=Rossinow&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2014" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Harold (July 2014). "What Really Happened in Bangladesh: Washington, Islamabad, and the Genocide in East Pakistan". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>93</b> (3): 36–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=What+Really+Happened+in+Bangladesh%3A+Washington%2C+Islamabad%2C+and+the+Genocide+in+East+Pakistan&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=36-42&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Waterman, Richard W. (1996). "Storm Clouds on the Political Horizon: George Bush at the Dawn of the 1992 Presidential Election". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 337–349. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551581">27551581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Storm+Clouds+on+the+Political+Horizon%3A+George+Bush+at+the+Dawn+of+the+1992+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=337-349&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waterman&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreaganhisto00wile"><i>The Age of Reagan</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074480-9"><bdi>978-0-06-074480-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reagan&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-074480-9&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofreaganhisto00wile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/979907571"><i>The Presidents: George H. W. Bush</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i> (Television production). <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2F979907571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a> (1996). <i>For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush</i>. Harper Perennial. pp. 503–536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092178-1"><bdi>978-0-06-092178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+President%27s+Eyes+Only%3A+Secret+Intelligence+and+the+American+Presidency+from+Washington+to+Bush&rft.pages=503-536&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092178-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarilleauxStuckey,_Mary_E.1992" class="citation book cs1">Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadershipbushpr0000unse"><i>Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change</i></a></span>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94418-6"><bdi>978-0-275-94418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+and+the+Bush+Presidency%3A+Prudence+or+Drift+in+an+Era+of+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94418-6&rft.aulast=Barilleaux&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rft.au=Stuckey%2C+Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadershipbushpr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2021" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jean (2021). <i>The Man I Knew: The Amazing Story of George H. W. Bush's Post-Presidency</i>. Twelve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-53-873530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-53-873530-5"><bdi>978-1-53-873530-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+I+Knew%3A+The+Amazing+Story+of+George+H.+W.+Bush%27s+Post-Presidency&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-53-873530-5&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2024" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jean (2024). <i>Character Matters: And Other Life Lessons from George H. W. Bush</i>. Twelve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-53-875857-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-53-875857-1"><bdi>978-1-53-875857-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Character+Matters%3A+And+Other+Life+Lessons+from+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-53-875857-1&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brands, H. W. (2004). "George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 113–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00038.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00038.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552567">27552567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=George+Bush+and+the+Gulf+War+of+1991&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-131&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00038.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27552567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxHurst2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Michael; Hurst, Steven (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714000344">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'His Finest Hour?' George Bush and the Diplomacy of German Unification"</a></span>. <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 123–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714000344">10.1080/714000344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2296">0959-2296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.atitle=%27His+Finest+Hour%3F%27+George+Bush+and+the+Diplomacy+of+German+Unification&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=123-150&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714000344&rft.issn=0959-2296&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hurst%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F714000344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCull2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cull, Nicholas J. (January 2010). "Speeding the Strange Death of American Public Diplomacy: The George H. W. Bush Administration and the US Information Agency". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 47–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2009.00832.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00832.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24916033">24916033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Speeding+the+Strange+Death+of+American+Public+Diplomacy%3A+The+George+H.+W.+Bush+Administration+and+the+US+Information+Agency&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-69&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2009.00832.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24916033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cull&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucat2004" class="citation book cs1">Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wimpfactorgender00duca"><i>The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity</i></a>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4344-8"><bdi>978-0-8070-4344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wimp+Factor%3A+Gender+Gaps%2C+Holy+Wars%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Anxious+Masculinity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4344-8&rft.aulast=Ducat&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwimpfactorgender00duca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffyGoodgame,_Dan1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duffy_(American_journalist)" title="Michael Duffy (American journalist)">Duffy, Michael</a>; Goodgame, Dan (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchinginplaces00duff"><i>Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73720-7"><bdi>978-0-671-73720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marching+in+Place%3A+The+Status+Quo+Presidency+of+George+Bush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-671-73720-7&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Goodgame%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarchinginplaces00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, Jeffrey A. (January 2010). "A Better World...but Don't Get Carried Away: The Foreign Policy of George H. W. Bush Twenty Years On". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 25–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2009.00831.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00831.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24916032">24916032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=A+Better+World...but+Don%27t+Get+Carried+Away%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+George+H.+W.+Bush+Twenty+Years+On&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-46&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2009.00831.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24916032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2017" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Jeffrey A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenworldseemedn0000enge"><i>When the World Seemed New: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War</i></a>. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781328511652" title="Special:BookSources/9781328511652"><bdi>9781328511652</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016805975">1016805975</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+World+Seemed+New%3A+George+H.+W.+Bush+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Boston%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016805975&rft.isbn=9781328511652&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenworldseemedn0000enge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzwater1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marlin_Fitzwater" title="Marlin Fitzwater">Fitzwater, Marlin</a> (1995). <i>Call the Briefing</i>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7388-3458-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7388-3458-0"><bdi>978-0-7388-3458-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+the+Briefing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7388-3458-0&rft.aulast=Fitzwater&rft.aufirst=Marlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1989" class="citation book cs1">Green, Fitzhugh (1989). <i>George Bush: An Intimate Portrait</i>. New York: Hippocrene. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8705-2783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8705-2783-8"><bdi>978-0-8705-2783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Bush%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8705-2783-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Fitzhugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2011" class="citation book cs1">Han, Lori Cox (2011). <i>A Presidency Upstaged: The Public Leadership of George H. W. Bush</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603442206" title="Special:BookSources/9781603442206"><bdi>9781603442206</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/639940951">639940951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Presidency+Upstaged%3A+The+Public+Leadership+of+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639940951&rft.isbn=9781603442206&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Lori+Cox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyams1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hyams" title="Joe Hyams">Hyams, Joe</a> (1991). <i>Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War</i>. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-131469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-131469-0"><bdi>978-0-15-131469-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+of+the+Avenger%3A+George+Bush+at+War&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovic&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-15-131469-0&rft.aulast=Hyams&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Kelley" title="Kitty Kelley">Kelley, Kitty</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyrealstoryo00kell"><i>The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty</i></a>. London: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50324-2"><bdi>978-0-385-50324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Bush+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50324-2&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyrealstoryo00kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2008" class="citation book cs1">Maynard, Christopher (2008). <i>Out of the Shadow: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603440394" title="Special:BookSources/9781603440394"><bdi>9781603440394</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190596196">190596196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Shadow%3A+George+H.+W.+Bush+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F190596196&rft.isbn=9781603440394&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2009" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Tim (June 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2009/06/12/the-president-who-treated-me-like-a-son.html">"The President Who Treated Me Like a Son"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+President+Who+Treated+Me+Like+a+Son&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F06%2F12%2Fthe-president-who-treated-me-like-a-son.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2024" class="citation book cs1">Meacham, Jon (2024). <i>The Call to Serve: The Life of an American President, George Herbert Walker Bush: A Visual Biography</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593729458" title="Special:BookSources/9780593729458"><bdi>9780593729458</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/639940951">639940951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Call+to+Serve%3A+The+Life+of+an+American+President%2C+George+Herbert+Walker+Bush%3A+A+Visual+Biography&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639940951&rft.isbn=9780593729458&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodhoretz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Podhoretz" title="John Podhoretz">Podhoretz, John</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellofridebackst00podh"><i>Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989–1993</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79648-8"><bdi>978-0-671-79648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+of+a+Ride%3A+Backstage+at+the+White+House+Follies%2C+1989%E2%80%931993&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-79648-8&rft.aulast=Podhoretz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellofridebackst00podh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curt_Smith_(author)" title="Curt Smith (author)">Smith, Curt</a> (2014). <i>George H. W. Bush: Character at the Core</i>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61-234685-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61-234685-4"><bdi>978-1-61-234685-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+H.+W.+Bush%3A+Character+at+the+Core&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61-234685-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgebushswar00smit"><i>George Bush's War</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1388-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1388-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-1388-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Bush%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-1388-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgebushswar00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSununu2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">Sununu, John H.</a> (2015). <i>The Quiet Man: The Indispensable Presidency of George H. W. Bush</i>. Broadside Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-238428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-238428-7"><bdi>978-0-06-238428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Man%3A+The+Indispensable+Presidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Broadside+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-238428-7&rft.aulast=Sununu&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Troy, Gil (Fall 1995). "Stumping in the Bookstores: A Literary History of the 1992 Presidential Campaign". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (4: Perceptions of the Presidency): 697–710. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551506">27551506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Stumping+in+the+Bookstores%3A+A+Literary+History+of+the+1992+Presidential+Campaign&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4%3A+Perceptions+of+the+Presidency&rft.pages=697-710&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdegrove2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_K._Updegrove" title="Mark K. Updegrove">Updegrove, Mark K.</a> (2017). <i>The Last Republicans: Inside the Extraordinary Relationship between George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush</i>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-265412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-265412-0"><bdi>978-0-06-265412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Republicans%3A+Inside+the+Extraordinary+Relationship+between+George+H.W.+Bush+and+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-06-265412-0&rft.aulast=Updegrove&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wicker" title="Tom Wicker">Wicker, Tom</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeherbertwal00wick"><i>George Herbert Walker Bush</i></a>. Lipper/Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03303-4"><bdi>978-0-670-03303-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Walker+Bush&rft.pub=Lipper%2FViking&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03303-4&rft.aulast=Wicker&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeherbertwal00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1987" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George H. W. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingforward00bush"><i>Looking Forward: An Autobiography</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14181-9"><bdi>978-0-385-14181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Forward%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-385-14181-9&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookingforward00bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushScowcroft,_Brent1998" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George H. W.; Scowcroft, Brent (1998). <a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed"><i>A World Transformed</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43248-7"><bdi>978-0-679-43248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Transformed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-679-43248-7&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+H.+W.&rft.au=Scowcroft%2C+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1999" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George H. W. (1999). <a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)"><i>All the Best, George Bush</i></a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83958-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83958-5"><bdi>978-0-684-83958-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Best%2C+George+Bush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83958-5&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushBush2009" class="citation interview cs1">Bush, George H. W.; Bush, Barbara (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114224918/http://digital.houstonlibrary.org/oral-history/george-bush.php">"Interview with: George W. Bush, Barbara Bush"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by McGrath, Jim. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.houstonlibrary.org/oral-history/george-bush.php">the original</a> on November 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with%3A+George+W.+Bush%2C+Barbara+Bush&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+H.+W.&rft.au=Bush%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.houstonlibrary.org%2Foral-history%2Fgeorge-bush.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2014" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/41portraitofmyfa0000bush"><i>41: A Portrait of My Father</i></a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-44778-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-44778-1"><bdi>978-0-553-44778-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=41%3A+A+Portrait+of+My+Father&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-553-44778-1&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F41portraitofmyfa0000bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush_Koch2006" class="citation book cs1">Bush Koch, Dorothy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myfathermypresid00koch"><i>My Father, My President: A Personal Account of the Life of George H. W. Bush</i></a>. Grand Central Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57990-2"><bdi>978-0-446-57990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Father%2C+My+President%3A+A+Personal+Account+of+the+Life+of+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-446-57990-2&rft.aulast=Bush+Koch&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyfathermypresid00koch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2011" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George H. W. (2011). Engel, Jeffrey A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRvdwoKQOgQC&pg=PA356"><i>The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President</i></a>. Princeton UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2961-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2961-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-2961-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+Diary+of+George+H.+W.+Bush%3A+The+Making+of+a+Global+President&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2961-3&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRvdwoKQOgQC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>George H. W. Bush</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bush" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bush">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" class="extiw" title="c:George H. 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Bush">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" class="extiw" title="q:George H. W. Bush">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206232136/https://www.bush41.org/">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-h-w-bush/">White House biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#bush">Full audio of a number of Bush speeches</a> <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/george_bush/index.html">George H. W. Bush</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressB001166" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001166">"George H. W. Bush (id: B001166)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=George+H.+W.+Bush+%28id%3A+B001166%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB001166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/04/04/clinton-bush-heavyweight-orig.cnn">1992 election episode in CNN's Race for the White House</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516070910/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/bush">Extensive essays on Bush</a> and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?60">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151637-1/life-portrait-george-hw-bush">"Life Portrait of George H. W. Bush"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, December 13, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/bush/player/"><i>George H. W. Bush</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116044653/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/bush/player/">Archived</a> January 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> an <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1672">Works by George H. W. Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/4311">George H. W. Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_H._W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (1971–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX–7</a> (1967–1971)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#1980_presidential_election">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Public_image">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a></i> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS <i>George H.W. Bush</i> (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Whittenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Whittenburg (page does not exist)">Roy Whittenburg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Texas, 1970">1970</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Steelman" title="Alan Steelman">Alan Steelman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> </b><br />1973–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Mary Louise Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Dowdy" title="John Dowdy">John Dowdy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">Texas's 7th congressional district</a> </b><br />1967–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">William Reynolds Archer Jr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a> </b><br />1971–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Crowe" title="Colin Crowe">Colin Crowe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">President of the United Nations Security Council</a> </b><br />May 1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> </b><br />1976–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1981–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1989–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Ronald Reagan Freedom Award</a> </b><br />2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_George_H._W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_George_H._W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to George H. W. Bush</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bush_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bush_family" title="Template:Bush family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bush_family" title="Template talk:Bush family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bush_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bush family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bush_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Walker_family_political_line" title="Bush–Davis–Walker family political line">Bush–Davis–Walker family political line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_(surname)" title="Bush (surname)">Bush (surname)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prescott Bush ancestors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Newcomb Bush</a> (1797–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel Prescott Bush</a> (1863–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (1825–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samuel P. Bush and Flora Sheldon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Sheldon Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prescott Bush (1895–1972) and<br />Dorothy Wear Walker (1901–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Herbert Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan James Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William Henry Trotter Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">George H. W. Bush (1924–2018)<br />Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (1926–2021)<br />Jonathan Bush (1931–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Lane Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">John Ellis Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Columba_Bush" title="Columba Bush">Columba Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Mallon Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Pierce Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Koch" title="Bobby Koch">Robert P. Koch</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott_Ellis" title="John Prescott Ellis">John Prescott Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ellis_III" title="Alexander Ellis III">Alexander Ellis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ellis" title="Joe Ellis">Josiah Wear Ellis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bush" title="Billy Bush">Billy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_S._Bush" title="Jonathan S. Bush">Jonathan S. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">George W. Bush (b. 1946)<br />Jeb Bush (b. 1953)<br />Neil Bush (b. 1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Welch Bush</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George Prescott Bush</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/David_Lauren" title="David Lauren">David Lauren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Castings" title="Columbus Castings">Buckeye Steel Castings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Walker_%26_Co." title="G. H. Walker & Co.">G. H. Walker & Co.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Walker_family_political_line" title="Bush–Davis–Walker family political line">Political line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_of_Central_Intelligence_and_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DCIA" title="Template:DCIA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DCIA" title="Template talk:DCIA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DCIA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DCIA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_of_Central_Intelligence_and_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Directors of Central Intelligence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Souers" title="Sidney Souers">Souers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Hillenkoetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raborn" title="William Raborn">Raborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">Woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">Petraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_ambassadors_to_the_United_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USUNambassadors" title="Template:USUNambassadors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USUNambassadors" title="Template talk:USUNambassadors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USUNambassadors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USUNambassadors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_ambassadors_to_the_United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">United States ambassadors to the United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/94px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/141px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/188px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Johnson" title="Herschel Johnson">Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremiah_Wadsworth" title="James Jeremiah Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Wiggins" title="James Russell Wiggins">Wiggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Yost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">Scali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McHenry" title="Donald McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering" title="Thomas R. Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Perkins" title="Edward J. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burleigh" title="Peter Burleigh">Burleigh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Holbrooke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_B._Cunningham" title="James B. Cunningham">Cunningham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">Negroponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anne_W._Patterson" title="Anne W. Patterson">Patterson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Daniel_Wolff" title="Alejandro Daniel Wolff">Wolff</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Khalilzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_DiCarlo" title="Rosemary DiCarlo">DiCarlo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Power</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michele_J._Sison" title="Michele J. Sison">Sison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Haley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Cohen" title="Jonathan R. Cohen">Cohen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Craft" title="Kelly Craft">Craft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Mills_Jr." title="Richard M. Mills Jr.">Mills</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Thomas-Greenfield" title="Linda Thomas-Greenfield">Thomas-Greenfield</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/80px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/120px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/160px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_China_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_China" title="Template:US Ambassadors to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_China" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_China_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to China">United States Ambassadors to China</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Great Qing Empire</a></b></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Commissioner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Envoy)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_(physician)" title="Peter Parker (physician)">Parker</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>chargé d’affaires</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)" title="Humphrey Marshall (general)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_(physician)" title="Peter Parker (physician)">Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Reed" title="William Bradford Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_Ward" title="John Elliott Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Burlingame" title="Anson Burlingame">Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_Browne" title="John Ross Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Low" title="Frederick Low">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Avery" title="Benjamin Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Seward_(diplomat)" title="George Seward (diplomat)">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Young" title="John Russell Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harvey_Denby" title="Charles Harvey Denby">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Conger" title="Edwin H. Conger">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Calhoun" title="William J. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Calhoun" title="William J. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Reinsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Crane" title="Charles Richard Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman" title="Jacob Gould Schurman">Schurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_MacMurray" title="John Van Antwerp MacMurray">MacMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_T._Johnson" title="Nelson T. Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_T._Johnson" title="Nelson T. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Gauss" title="Clarence E. Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leighton_Stuart" title="John Leighton Stuart">Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L._Rankin" title="Karl L. Rankin">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_F._Drumright" title="Everett F. Drumright">Drumright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Goodrich_Kirk" title="Alan Goodrich Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerauld_Wright" title="Jerauld Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_P._McConaughy" title="Walter P. McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_S._Unger" title="Leonard S. Unger">Unger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Chiefs of the U.S. Liaison<br />Office in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock" title="Leonard Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock" title="Leonard Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Jr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Jr.">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Lord" title="Winston Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lilley" title="James R. Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Stapleton_Roy" title="J. Stapleton Roy">Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prueher" title="Joseph Prueher">Prueher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_T._Randt_Jr." title="Clark T. Randt Jr.">Randt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Branstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Nicholas_Burns" title="R. Nicholas Burns">Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_in_Taiwan" title="American Institute in Taiwan">American Institute in Taiwan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a></i> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11"><i>Fahrenheit 9/11</i> (2004 documentary)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)"><i>W.</i> (2008 film)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/200px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reagan_cabinet" title="Template:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reagan_cabinet" title="Template talk:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reagan_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/100px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/200px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> (1981–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1982–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Donald Regan</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">William French Smith</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Watt" title="James G. Watt">James G. Watt</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">William P. Clark Jr.</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Donald P. Hodel</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Block" title="John R. Block">John R. Block</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyng" title="Richard Lyng">Richard Lyng</a> (1986–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_Jr." title="Malcolm Baldrige Jr.">Malcolm Baldrige Jr.</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Verity_Jr." title="William Verity Jr.">William Verity Jr.</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._Donovan" title="Raymond J. Donovan">Raymond J. Donovan</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> (1985–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos" title="Ann McLaughlin Korologos">Ann Dore McLaughlin</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Margaret Heckler</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Otis Bowen</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierce" title="Samuel Pierce">Samuel Pierce</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Lewis" title="Drew Lewis">Drew Lewis</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Burnley_IV" title="James H. Burnley IV">James H. Burnley IV</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">James B. Edwards</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Donald P. Hodel</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Herrington" title="John S. Herrington">John S. Herrington</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrel_Bell" title="Terrel Bell">Terrel Bell</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">William Bennett</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">James C. Miller III</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright_(businessman)" title="Joe Wright (businessman)">Joe Wright</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GHW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template:GHW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GHW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template talk:GHW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GHW_Bush_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GHW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a> (1992–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lujan_Jr." title="Manuel Lujan Jr.">Manuel Lujan Jr.</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Madigan" title="Ed Madigan">Ed Madigan</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mosbacher" title="Robert Mosbacher">Robert Mosbacher</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Franklin" title="Barbara Franklin">Barbara Franklin</a> (1992–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_M._Martin" title="Lynn M. Martin">Lynn M. Martin</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_W._Sullivan" title="Louis W. Sullivan">Louis W. Sullivan</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Skinner" title="Samuel K. Skinner">Samuel K. Skinner</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (1992–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">James D. Watkins</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">Ed Derwinski</a> (1989–1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darman" title="Richard Darman">Richard Darman</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Anderson Hills</a> (1989–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a> (1992–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">← 1976</a>) <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">Phil Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Candidate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></b></dd> <dt>Running mate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey">Patrick Lucey</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_independent_and_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1980">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Harris" title="LaDonna Harris">LaDonna Harris</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (United States)">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Smith" title="Maureen Smith">Maureen Smith</a></b></li> <li><b>VP Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cervantes_Barron" title="Elizabeth Cervantes Barron">Elizabeth Cervantes Barron</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bubar_Jr." title="Benjamin Bubar Jr.">Ben Bubar</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Diane_Drufenbrock" title="Diane Drufenbrock">Diane Drufenbrock</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominees</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Congress" title="Richard Congress">Richard Congress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Griswold" title="Deirdre Griswold">Deirdre Griswold </a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Spannaus" title="Warren Spannaus">Warren Spannaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1980 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1980 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">← 1980</a>) <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Alan Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Burns" title="Gene Burns">Gene Burns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Ravenal" title="Earl Ravenal">Earl Ravenal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Helen_Halyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Halyard">Helen Halyard</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason" title="Melvin T. Mason">Melvin T. Mason</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Matilde Zimmermann</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b>Larry Holmes</b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles Doty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Harmon" title="Larry Harmon">Larry "Bozo" Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li>running mate: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Davis_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Billy Davis (Mississippi politician)">Billy Davis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1984 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1984 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">← 1984</a>) <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_du_Pont" title="Pete du Pont">Pete du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Applegate" title="Douglas Applegate">Douglas Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Schroeder">Patricia Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Traficant" title="James Traficant">James Traficant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election#Other_nominations" title="1988 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Ormsby_(politician)" title="George Ormsby (politician)">George Ormsby</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Willa_Kenoyer" title="Willa Kenoyer">Willa Kenoyer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Ehrenreich" title="Ron Ehrenreich">Ron Ehrenreich</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James Warren</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Kathleen Mickells</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: Larry Holmes</b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and others</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jack_Herer" title="Jack Herer">Jack Herer</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_G._Lewin" title="Herbert G. Lewin">Herbert G. Lewin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_A._Marra" title="William A. Marra">William A. Marra</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1988 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1988 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1988 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1988)_1992_United_States_presidential_election_(1996_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1992 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1992 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1992 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1988)_1992_United_States_presidential_election_(1996_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">← 1988</a>) <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clintonism" title="Clintonism">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Agran" title="Larry Agran">Larry Agran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Harkin 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kerrey" title="Bob Kerrey">Bob Kerrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Laughlin" title="Tom Laughlin">Tom Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Paul Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Woods_(politician)" title="Charles Woods (politician)">Charles Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennie_Rogers" title="Tennie Rogers">Tennie Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidate: <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP candidate: <a href="/wiki/James_Stockdale" title="James Stockdale">James Stockdale</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_independent_and_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1991 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lord" title="Nancy Lord">Nancy Lord</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 NavajoWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tompkins" title="Mike Tompkins">Mike Tompkins</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b>Maria Elizabeth Muñoz</b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/George_Ormsby_(politician)" title="George Ormsby (politician)">George Ormsby</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/J._Quinn_Brisben" title="J. Quinn Brisben">J. Quinn Brisben</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Garson" title="Barbara Garson">Barbara Garson</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James Warren</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Willie Mae Reid</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE; : ''[[Constitution Party National Convention#1992 Convention|Convention]]''"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">U.S. Taxpayers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Albion_W._Knight_Jr." title="Albion W. Knight Jr.">Albion W. Knight Jr.</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b>Larry Holmes</b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Daniels_(politician)" title="Ronald Daniels (politician)">Ronald Daniels</a></b> (running mate: <b><a href="/wiki/Asiba_Tupahache" title="Asiba Tupahache">Asiba Tupahache</a></b>)</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1992 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1992 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1992 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theodore_Roosevelt_Award_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NCAA_Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Template:NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NCAA_Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Template talk:NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA_Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theodore_Roosevelt_Award_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Theodore Roosevelt Award">Theodore Roosevelt Award</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr." title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr.">Kraft Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Holland" title="Jerome H. Holland">Holland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Owens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Otis_Chandler" title="Otis Chandler">Chandler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Denton_Cooley" title="Denton Cooley">Cooley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Linkletter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <s><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Cosby</a></s></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer" title="Arnold Palmer">Palmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Robben_Wright_Fleming" title="Robben Wright Fleming">Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <i>Not presented</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ebert" title="Paul Ebert">Ebert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Gibson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Rafer_Johnson" title="Rafer Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Mathias" title="Bob Mathias">Mathias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/John_Wooden" title="John Wooden">Wooden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Payne" title="Billy Payne">Payne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Shriver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">de Varona</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Page" title="Alan Page">Page</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Ride</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kraft" title="Robert Kraft">Kraft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue" title="Paul Tagliabue">Tagliabue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Ann_E._Dunwoody" title="Ann E. Dunwoody">Dunwoody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Will_Allen_(urban_farmer)" title="Will Allen (urban farmer)">Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Dungy" title="Tony Dungy">Dungy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mills" title="Billy Mills">Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Mannie_Jackson" title="Mannie Jackson">Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Ueberroth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Beth_Brooke-Marciniak" title="Beth Brooke-Marciniak">Brooke-Marciniak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Barry_E._Wilmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry E. Wilmore">Wilmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Caslen" title="Robert L. Caslen">Caslen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Delaney_(basketball)" title="Bob Delaney (basketball)">Delaney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/John_McLendon" title="John McLendon">McLendon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Gail_Koziara_Boudreaux" title="Gail Koziara Boudreaux">Boudreaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields_(ophthalmologist)" title="Carol Shields (ophthalmologist)">Shields</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template talk:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" title="National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners">National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron "Whizzer" White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Donold_Lourie" title="Donold Lourie">Donold B. Lourie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Juan_T._Trippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan T. Trippe">Juan T. Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Earl H. "Red" Blaik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Frederick L. Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: Chester J. LaRoche</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Thomas J. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Gerald B. Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: Edgar B. Speer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Wilson_Jr." title="Louis H. Wilson Jr.">Louis H. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_dePaul_Draddy" title="Vincent dePaul Draddy">Vincent dePaul Draddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Walter J. Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Sr." title="Justin Whitlock Dart Sr.">Justin W. Dart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Anniversary_Awards_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)">Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)</a> - All Honored <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Davis_(defensive_end)" title="Willie Davis (defensive end)">Willie Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kramer" title="Ron Kramer">Ron Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Swink" title="Jim Swink">Jim Swink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/John_McGillicuddy" title="John McGillicuddy">John F. McGillicuddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: William I. Spencer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)" title="Bill Morton (American football)">William H. Morton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Meyer">Charles R. Meyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton E. Frank">Clinton E. Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Moorer">Thomas H. Moorer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Keough" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Keough">Donald R. Keough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)" title="Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)">Thomas S. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alfond" title="Harold Alfond">Harold Alfond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corrigan" title="Gene Corrigan">Gene Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_H._McConnell" title="John H. McConnell">John H. McConnell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jackson" title="Keith Jackson">Keith Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: Fred M. Kirby II</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Red_McCombs" title="Red McCombs">Billy Joe "Red" McCombs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell (business executive)">William V. Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: Jon F. Hanson</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dawkins" title="Pete Dawkins">Pete Dawkins</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Roger Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Phil Knight</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bowerman" title="Bill Bowerman">Bill Bowerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Tom Catena</a> & George Weiss</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Manning" title="Archie Manning">Archie Manning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>None awarded</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template talk:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970 – 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Pro-government</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dragunsky" title="David Dragunsky">David Dragunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Moiseevich_Fishman" title="Yakov Moiseevich Fishman">Yakov Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Shayevich" title="Adolf Shayevich">Adolf Shayevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Nudel" title="Ida Nudel">Ida Nudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Yuli Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Begun" title="Iosif Begun">Iosif Begun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vanik" title="Charles Vanik">Charles Vanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Dinitz" title="Simcha Dinitz">Simcha Dinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Levanon" title="Nehemiah Levanon">Nehemiah Levanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Lapidot" title="Yehuda Lapidot">Yehuda Lapidot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Israel)" title="Channel 9 (Israel)">Channel 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/16px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/32px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/21px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/32px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/42px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Connecticut" title="Portal:Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23505#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121458975">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102345968">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50051/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWy7FypYkjVD7RHYfwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118844911">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80015879">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173385t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173385t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00464069">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bush, George H. W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/USMV898229">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35129403">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525101&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1703965">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073807516">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7015459">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034004&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000663966&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000054444">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201635122">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68bmfd3jkfrjj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567450405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/386379">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259258205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510873706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14367231">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02860575?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500216109">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f542595a-9b07-41ce-9d86-84bc191cf3b8">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001166">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/835261">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118844911.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118844911">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030874394">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10678016">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f58c6v">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rn35w2">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/39686">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_H._W._Bush&oldid=1258188337">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_H._W._Bush&oldid=1258188337</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Category:American people of the Gulf War">American people of the Gulf War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_writers" title="Category:American political writers">American political writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aviators_from_Texas" title="Category:Aviators from Texas">Aviators from Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bush_family" title="Category:Bush family">Bush family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a 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United States">Presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reagan_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Reagan administration cabinet members">Reagan administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana,_1st_Class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class">Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion">Recipients of the Order of the White Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Category:Recipients of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Recipients of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_National_Committee_chairs" title="Category:Republican National Committee chairs">Republican National Committee chairs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Texas" title="Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas">Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees">Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States">Republican Party presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Republican Party vice presidents of the United States">Republican Party vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a 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Template:Navbox"," 10.62% 483.487 99 Template:Cite_news"," 8.61% 392.107 68 Template:Cite_web"," 5.84% 265.902 48 Template:Cite_book"," 5.81% 264.502 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.798","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23585828,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjemian1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApple1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalzYang1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarilleauxStuckey,_Mary_E.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenito2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkower\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBumiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBumiller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBush2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBushBush2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBushScowcroft,_Brent1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush_Koch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButterfield1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellRockman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannonBroder1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChawkins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxHurst2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford_Greenburg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCull2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinges1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomonoske2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDucat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffyGoodgame,_Dan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEun_Kyung_Kim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzwater1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFix1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin,_Jane2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreidelSidey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield,_Mark_(with_the_Senate_Historical_Office)1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaven2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeathman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeclo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilbrunn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyams1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsRothmanBenedictCassidy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakutani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamath2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnott2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKornacki2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanger,_Gary2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazarus,_David2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinge2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozada2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazurak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBride2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcdonald,_Dian1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedina2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaftali2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagourney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeikirk1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamela_Falk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulsen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPear1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPergramShaw2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodhoretz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._W._Apple_Jr.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedburn1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbaum1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossinow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothkopf2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRottinghausVaughn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultzHaynieAokiMcCulloch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShabecoff1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShesol2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSununu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTantuco2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasCrawford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroy1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUchitelle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpdegrove2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhovek1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWSJ_Research2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashuk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinsor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarroli2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1980 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1984 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1988 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1992 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Biographical Directory of Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bush family\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 67,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DCIA\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bush, George H. W.\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Find a Grave\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 2,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"GHW Bush cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"George H. W. Bush\"] = 1,\n [\"George W. Bush\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"MilAward Desc\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 1,\n [\"NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award\"] = 1,\n [\"National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbnd\"] = 1,\n [\"New York Times topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Nixon cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reagan cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah\"] = 1,\n [\"Republican Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 11,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 10,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-gov\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 11,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 173,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to China\"] = 1,\n [\"US presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"US vice presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 4,\n [\"USUNambassadors\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party pres candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","700","21.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","11.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","10.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","3.7"],["(for generator)","120","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.0"],["[others]","800","24.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g7nzk","timestamp":"20241124053048","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"George H. 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