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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=RKO+General" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=RKO+General" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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RKO General, Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weirum_v._RKO_General,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Licensing dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Troubles_begin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troubles_begin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Troubles begin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troubles_begin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_loss_of_WNAC-TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_loss_of_WNAC-TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>The loss of WNAC-TV</span> 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<span>Former holdings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_holdings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Former holdings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Former_holdings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Television stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Radio stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former broadcasting mass media corporation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RKO Television" redirects here. For RKO Television Corporation, the television production arm of the RKO film studio, see <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures#Rebound_under_Koerner" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures § Rebound under Koerner</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">RKO General Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wor86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Wor86.jpg/225px-Wor86.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Wor86.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1986 "endcap" of <a href="/wiki/WWOR-TV" title="WWOR-TV">WOR-TV</a>, RKO General's station in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> market.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>General Teleradio Inc. (1952–55)</li> <li>RKO Teleradio Pictures Inc. (1955–59)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1952<span class="noprint">; 72 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1952</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1991</span>)</span> (ceased operations; still nominally extant)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Radio and television stations sold to other companies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Raven Capital Management</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Canada</li> <li>United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire and Rubber Company</a> (1955–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Holdings#Name_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings">GenCorp, Inc.</a> (1984–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings">Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings</a> (2015–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>RKO General Inc.</b> (previously <b>General Teleradio Inc.</b> and <b>RKO Teleradio Pictures Inc.</b>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> company that, from 1952 through 1991, served as the main <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a> for the noncore businesses of the <a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire and Rubber Company</a> and later on <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings">GenCorp, Inc.</a>. The concern was based around the consolidation of its parent company's broadcasting interests, which dated to 1943 and were brought together under the General Teleradio umbrella in 1952. The company was renamed RKO Teleradio Pictures following its 1955 purchase of the <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a>, and then RKO General in 1959 after dissolving the motion picture division. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the company operated six <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> stations and more than a dozen major <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> stations around North America between 1959 and 1991. </p><p>RKO General still exists, at least nominally, registered as a <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware corporation</a> and a subsidiary of GenCorp successor <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings">Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to broadcasting, its operations included soft-drink bottling and hotel enterprises. The original <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines_(1950%E2%80%931986)" title="Frontier Airlines (1950–1986)">Frontier Airlines</a> was a subsidiary from 1965 to 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, the company revived RKO Pictures on a small scale, with the first of its few coproductions reaching theaters in 1981; the business was sold off six years later. It is as a broadcaster, though, that RKO General left its mark. It owned some of the most influential radio stations in the world and was a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Subscription_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription television">subscription television</a> service. However, RKO General also became known for the longest licensing dispute in television history, one that ultimately forced the company out of broadcasting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_days">Early days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire and Rubber Company</a> entered broadcasting in 1943, when it bought a <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling interest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Network" title="Yankee Network">Yankee Network</a>, a regional radio network in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. The Yankee Network owned and operated four stations: flagship <a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WNAC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/WVEI_(AM)" title="WVEI (AM)">WAAB</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/WPRV" title="WPRV">WEAN</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>; and <a href="/wiki/WICC_(AM)" title="WICC (AM)">WICC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Yankee Network purchase, General Tire also picked up its contracts with seventeen independently owned affiliates and acquired a stake in the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a>, a cooperatively owned national radio network.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 21, 1948, the Yankee Network launched New England's third television station: Boston's <a href="/wiki/WNAC-TV_(Boston)" title="WNAC-TV (Boston)">WNAC-TV</a> went on the air just days after <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a>, also in Boston, and <a href="/wiki/WTNH" title="WTNH">WNHC-TV</a>, licensed to <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>. The television station's transmitter site also served a new <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> outlet, the first and only station to be established under General Tire ownership. While the Yankee Network had been operating experimental FM stations since 1939, <a href="/wiki/WBZ-FM" title="WBZ-FM">WNAC-FM</a> was the first that would survive past the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1950, General Tire purchased the <a href="/wiki/Don_Lee_Network" title="Don Lee Network">Don Lee Network</a>, a long-standing <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> regional network, for $12.3 million. This brought three more leading stations into the General Tire stable—<a href="/wiki/KHJ_(AM)" title="KHJ (AM)">KHJ</a> (with its <a href="/wiki/Simulcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulcasting">simulcasting</a> sister, <a href="/wiki/KRTH-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KRTH-FM">KHJ-FM</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFRC_(defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="KFRC (defunct)">KFRC</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KLSD" title="KLSD">KGB</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>. The acquisition also expanded the company's holdings in the Mutual Broadcasting System.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the deal, the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (CBS) acquired Don Lee's Los Angeles television station, <a href="/wiki/KCBS-TV" title="KCBS-TV">KTSL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, General Tire acquired its own station in the city when it bought <a href="/wiki/KFI-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KFI-TV">KFI-TV</a> from <a href="/wiki/Earle_C._Anthony" title="Earle C. Anthony">Earle C. Anthony</a>, changing the call letters to <a href="/wiki/KHJ-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KHJ-TV">KHJ-TV</a>. </p><p>In 1952, General Tire purchased the Bamberger Broadcasting Service, owner of <a href="/wiki/WOR_(AM)" title="WOR (AM)">WOR-AM</a>-<a href="/wiki/WRKS" title="WRKS">FM</a>-<a href="/wiki/WWOR-TV" title="WWOR-TV">TV</a> in New York, from <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">R.H. Macy and Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamberger itself was a division of Macy's subsidiary General Teleradio Inc. In the deal, General Tire acquired the rights to the name General Teleradio, under which the company merged its broadcasting interests as its own new subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal also gave General Tire majority control of the Mutual Broadcasting System.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company moved into <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, in 1954 with its purchase of <a href="/wiki/WHBQ_(AM)" title="WHBQ (AM)">WHBQ radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/WHBQ-TV" title="WHBQ-TV">WHBQ-TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exiting two mid-sized urban markets that same year, General sold off WEAN to the <i><a href="/wiki/Providence_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Journal">Providence Journal</a></i> and KGB to the San Diego station's general manager, Marion Harris.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of July 8, 1954, WHBQ disc jockey <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Phillips" title="Dewey Phillips">Dewey Phillips</a> introduced a song called "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_All_Right_(Mama)" class="mw-redirect" title="That's All Right (Mama)">That's All Right (Mama)</a>", the first ever recording to air on the radio by a singer from Memphis named <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_RKO_purchase">The RKO purchase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The RKO purchase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Teleradio's chairman, Thomas O'Neil (son of General Tire founder William O'Neil) recognized that his television stations needed access to better programming. In 1953, he tried to buy the film library of <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a>—including many of the most famous movies made by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>—but was rebuffed by the studio's then owner, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>. However, after Hughes failed in a bid to acquire total control of the RKO Pictures Corp. holding company, he sold the studio to General Teleradio for $25 million in July 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Teleradio was rechristened RKO Teleradio Pictures, with a reorganized RKO Radio Pictures as its motion pictures division, and quickly recouped much of the purchase price by selling the primary rights to RKO's film library to C&C Television Corp, a subsidiary of beverage maker <a href="/wiki/Cantrell_and_Cochrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantrell and Cochrane">Cantrell & Cochrane</a>, for $15.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian William Boddy describes the sale of the RKO library as "the trigger for the flood of feature films to television in the mid-1950s."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the broadcasting front, RKO Teleradio briefly owned <a href="/wiki/WFTL" title="WFTL">WEAT-AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/WPEC" title="WPEC">WEAT-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="West Palm Beach">West Palm Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>; they were sold off before the company's next reorganization in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, WOR-AM became the New York market's number one station with the success of its new "<a href="/wiki/Music_from_Studio_X" title="Music from Studio X">Music from Studio X</a>." Hosted by <a href="/wiki/John_A._Gambling" title="John A. Gambling">John A. Gambling</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a>" show was broadcast out of an innovative high-fidelity studio where, according to reports, "each clean new record was touched by a needle only one time."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1956, a new General Tire subsidiary, RKO Distributing (which would later become part of RKO General), acquired a controlling interest in the Western Ontario Broadcasting Company, which operated <a href="/wiki/CKLW_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="CKLW (AM)">CKLW-AM</a>-<a href="/wiki/CIDR-FM" title="CIDR-FM">FM</a>-<a href="/wiki/CBET-DT" title="CBET-DT">TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>. Another Mutual affiliate, the AM station served a large swath of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a>, centered on the major market of <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RKO Teleradio retained the broadcast rights to the RKO film library in the cities where it owned television stations, but it had little interest in the studio itself. After a brief, half-hearted dip into the movie industry, RKO Teleradio shut down both production and distribution early in 1957. That summer, it sold its entire majority stake in the Mutual network to a syndicate led by famed entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the year, the company had sold off the RKO Pictures studio facilities and <a href="/wiki/Backlot" title="Backlot">backlot</a>. The movie operation hung on through 1958 and early 1959 as a financial backer, coproducing a few independently made pictures. The final such coproduction was released in March 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, RKO Teleradio was renamed RKO General.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_leading_broadcaster">A leading broadcaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A leading broadcaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BossRadio1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/BossRadio1.jpg/300px-BossRadio1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/BossRadio1.jpg/450px-BossRadio1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/BossRadio1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Promotional material from 1968 for <a href="/wiki/KHJ_(AM)" title="KHJ (AM)">KHJ (AM)</a> in Los Angeles, where the nationally successful <a href="/wiki/Boss_Radio" title="Boss Radio">Boss Radio</a> format was launched.</figcaption></figure> <p>The classic RKO General station lineup featured the WOR stations in New York City, the KHJ stations in Los Angeles, KFRC-AM-FM in San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/WWRC" title="WWRC">WGMS-AM</a><a href="/wiki/WGMS_(defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="WGMS (defunct)">-FM</a> in and near <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the WNAC stations in Boston, the WHBQ stations in Memphis, and the CKLW stations in Windsor/Detroit, which RKO purchased outright in 1963. The company later acquired radio outlets in the major markets of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>–<a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lauderdale">Fort Lauderdale</a>. Between 1960 and 1972, RKO owned a sixth television station, <a href="/wiki/WUVN" title="WUVN">WHCT</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> outlet in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>. After the Canadian government tightened rules on foreign ownership of radio and television stations, RKO General was forced to sell off the Windsor group in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1970s, RKO sought to dispense with the FM outlets it had established in some of its oldest markets, while maintaining its presence on the AM dial: San Francisco's KFRC-FM was sold in 1977; around the same time, WHBQ-FM in Memphis was divested as well. An attempted sale of the company's Boston FM station was aborted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, RKO and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> reached an agreement on what would have been the highest-priced license transfer in broadcasting history to that time. The deal would have seen RKO acquire NBC's <a href="/wiki/WTEM" title="WTEM">WRC-AM</a><a href="/wiki/WKYS" title="WKYS">-FM</a><a href="/wiki/WRC-TV" title="WRC-TV">-TV</a> in Washington, swap WNAC-AM-TV and WRKO-FM (the former WNAC-FM) in Boston to NBC for that company's <a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">WRCV-AM</a><a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and sell the WGMS stations in Washington to <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s#Crowell-Collier_Broadcasting" title="Collier's">Crowell-Collier Broadcasting</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> {FCC} regulations at that time would not permit ownership of both the WRC stations and the WGMS stations). The deal was an attempt to resolve a controversy surrounding a 1956 swap of NBC and <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting" title="Westinghouse Broadcasting">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a> stations in Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>. In 1965, the FCC declared the 1956 trade null and void, effectively reversing the swap, and denied the proposed license transfers on what would prove to be the ironic ground that NBC would enter the Boston market as the product of its dishonesty in the Philadelphia/Cleveland transaction. Coincidentally, RKO's former Boston television station became an NBC affiliate in 1995 after its longtime affiliate, Westinghouse-owned WBZ-TV, switched to CBS in a precursor to that network's merger with Westinghouse, which includes the aforementioned Philadelphia stations. </p><p>RKO's lineup included some of the leading <a href="/wiki/Top_40" title="Top 40">top 40</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a> radio stations in North America. In May 1965, KHJ-AM introduced the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Boss_Radio" title="Boss Radio">Boss Radio</a> variation of the top 40 format. Consultants <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drake" title="Bill Drake">Bill Drake</a> and Gene Chenault, who had devised the restrictive programming style, soon brought it to RKO's AM stations in San Francisco, Boston, and Memphis, also with great success. The format helped Windsor's CKLW to become the dominant station not only in Detroit, but also in more distant cities such as Cleveland and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before long, many non-RKO broadcasters around the country were hiring the Boss Radio consulting team to convert them to the format, or simply imitating it on their own. In October 1972, KHJ-FM debuted Drake-Chenault's new automated rock oldies format, Classic Gold, another major hit.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As WOR-FM and its later incarnations, rock-formatted WXLO and urban <a href="/wiki/WEPN-FM" title="WEPN-FM">WRKS-FM</a>, RKO's New York FM station pioneered a number of styles, including a more oldies-heavy version of Boss Radio and, later, so-called <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythmic Contemporary">rhythmic</a> formats. In 1983, it became one of the first major stations to play <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap music</a> on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1979, the company launched the <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Network" title="RKO Radio Network">RKO Radio Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the network began transmitting what has been claimed as the first national talk show delivered by satellite—the six-hour-long <i>America Overnight</i> broadcast out of Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a television broadcaster, RKO was known as an operator of <a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">independent stations</a>. New York's WOR-TV ran without network affiliation during its entire tenure with RKO, as did Hartford's WHCT. Los Angeles's KHJ-TV was a <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a> affiliate until 1955 and independent for its next thirty-four years under RKO control. Windsor's CKLW-TV was nominally an affiliate of <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>, but was programmed largely as an independent (it is now owned by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> outright).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the company's stations were run as network affiliates: Boston's WNAC-TV, originally a CBS affiliate, also aired DuMont and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> programming during its early years. It became a full-time ABC affiliate in 1961, returning to CBS exclusively in 1972. Memphis's WHBQ-TV was a dual CBS/ABC station at its 1953 launch; it joined ABC full-time in 1956. </p><p>The company's independent television stations (including CKLW) were known for showing classic films under the banner of <i>Million Dollar Movie</i>. The trend-setting movie package was launched by WOR in 1954, nearly a year before General Tire's acquisition of RKO Pictures and its library. Into the 1980s, <i>Million Dollar Movie</i>—introduced by music from 1952's <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(1952_film)" title="Ivanhoe (1952 film)">Ivanhoe</a></i> and, later, <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i>—aired RKO productions and those of many other studios as well.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 1962, RKO General initiated on <a href="/wiki/WUVN#History" title="WUVN">WHCT</a> what became the first extended venture into <a href="/wiki/Subscription_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription television">subscription television</a> service. Until January 31, 1969, the station aired movies, sports events, concerts, and other live performances at night without commercial interruption through the <a href="/wiki/Phonevision" title="Phonevision">Phonevision</a> subscription service operated by RKO's partner, <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith Electronics</a>. The operation generated income from installation and weekly rental fees for descrambling devices—provided by Zenith—as well as individual program charges.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its final decade as a significant business entity, the company would reenter the movie industry that had given it its name, reviving the <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures#Later_incarnations" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> brand in 1981 for a series of co-productions and then its own independent projects. This new RKO Pictures was involved in the production of about a dozen feature films, the best known including a <a href="/wiki/Cat_People_(1982_film)" title="Cat People (1982 film)">1982 remake</a> of the RKO classic <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_People_(1942_film)" title="Cat People (1942 film)">Cat People</a></i> and the war movie <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hill" title="Hamburger Hill">Hamburger Hill</a></i> (1987). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weirum_v._RKO_General,_Inc."><span id="Weirum_v._RKO_General.2C_Inc."></span><i>Weirum v. RKO General, Inc.</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weirum v. RKO General, Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1970, KHJ in Los Angeles held a promotion called the "Super Summer Spectacular".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promotion involved contests in which a disc jockey would drive "a conspicuous red automobile" to a particular area, which an announcer would describe over the air.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person who found the disc jockey and fulfilled a specified condition, such as answering a question correctly or wearing a certain item of clothing, would receive a cash prize and be interviewed live.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 16, 1970, two teenagers, who were following a KHJ disc jockey in separate cars, drove at speeds up to eighty miles per hour so that they could be closest to him when the next contest was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the teenagers forced 32-year-old Ronald Weirum's car off the road; Weirum was killed when his car overturned.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weirum's wife and children filed a <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim" title="Wrongful death claim">wrongful death action</a> against both teenagers, the manufacturer of Weirum's car, and RKO. One of the teenagers <a href="/wiki/Legal_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal settlement">settled</a> with the plaintiffs before trial. A jury found the second teenager and RKO both <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liable</a> for the accident, awarding the plaintiffs $300,000 in damages.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RKO appealed. In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> affirmed the jury's verdict that RKO was legally liable for the accident, holding that there was sufficient evidence to permit the jury to find that the contest's risk of harm to the public, including Weirum, had been "foreseeable": </p> <blockquote><p>We need not belabor the grave danger inherent in the contest broadcast by defendant. The risk of a high speed automobile chase is the risk of death or serious injury. Obviously, neither the entertainment afforded by the contest nor its commercial rewards can justify the creation of such a grave risk. Defendant could have accomplished its objectives of entertaining its listeners and increasing advertising revenues by adopting a contest format which would have avoided danger to the motoring public.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The California Supreme Court's ruling in <i>Weirum v. RKO General, Inc.</i> became a touchstone decision on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing_dispute">Licensing dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Licensing dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Troubles_begin">Troubles begin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Troubles begin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, RKO applied for renewal of its license for KHJ-TV in Los Angeles. Fidelity Television, a local group, challenged the renewal, charging RKO with second-rate programming. Later, and more seriously, Fidelity claimed that General Tire conditioned its dealings with certain vendors on the basis that they would in turn buy advertising time on RKO stations. Arrangements of this type, known as "reciprocal trade practices," are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive</a>. RKO and General Tire executives testified before the FCC, rejecting the accusations. In 1969, the commission issued an initial finding that Fidelity's claims were correct. That same year, RKO faced a license challenge for WNAC-TV in Boston, again charged with reciprocal trade practices. In 1973, the FCC ruled in favor of RKO in the Los Angeles case, pending findings in the still ongoing investigation of the Boston charges. When RKO applied for renewal of its license for WOR-TV in New York in 1974, the FCC conditioned this renewal on the Boston case as well.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, the Canadian government decided that Canada's radio and television stations should be at least 80% Canadian owned. RKO was not interested in a minority stake. Therefore, in 1970, they sold CKLW-AM-FM-TV to a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Baton_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Broadcasting">Baton Broadcasting</a> and the CBC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, the partnership was split with Baton taking over the radio stations and the CBC taking over the television station, with the call letters changed to CBET.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 21, 1974, an administrative law judge renewed the WNAC-TV license despite finding that General Tire and RKO had engaged in reciprocal trade practices. In December 1975, Community Broadcasting, one of the companies competing for the Boston station, asked the FCC to revisit the case, alleging that General Tire <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribed</a> foreign officials, maintained a <a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">slush fund</a> for U.S. political campaign contributions, and misappropriated revenue from overseas operations. RKO expressly denied these and other allegations of wrongdoing on General Tire's part during a series of proceedings that followed over the next year and a half. On July 1, 1977, however, in settling an action brought by the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC), General Tire admitted to an eye-popping litany of corporate misconduct, including the bribery and slush fund charges.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the RKO proceedings dragged on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_loss_of_WNAC-TV">The loss of WNAC-TV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The loss of WNAC-TV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a half-decade in the most recent round of hearings and investigations, the FCC stripped RKO of WNAC-TV's license on June 6, 1980, finding that RKO "lacked the requisite character" to be the station's licensee.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors in the decision were the reciprocal trade practices of the 1960s, false financial filings by RKO, and the gross misconduct admitted to by General Tire in non-broadcast fields. </p><p>The primary basis for revocation, however, was RKO's dishonesty before the FCC. In the course of the WNAC hearings, RKO had withheld evidence of General Tire's misconduct, including the fact that the SEC had begun an investigation of the company in 1976. RKO also denied that it had improperly reported exchanges of broadcast time for various services, despite indications to the contrary in General Tire's 1976 <a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">annual report</a>. The FCC consequently found that RKO had displayed a "persistent lack of candor" regarding its own and General Tire's misdeeds, thus threatening "the integrity of the Commission's processes."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC ruling meant that RKO lost the KHJ-TV and WOR-TV licenses as well. </p><p>RKO appealed the decision to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia</a>. The court upheld the revocation solely on the basis of RKO's "egregious lack of candor” during the FCC hearing, writing in its opinion that "[t]he record presented to this court shows irrefutably that the licensee was playing the dodger to serious charges involving it and its parent company."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the court interpreted the candor issue so narrowly that it only upheld the decision to strip WNAC-TV's license. It ordered rehearings for the WOR-TV and KHJ-TV licenses. RKO again appealed, this time to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. On April 19, 1982, the Supreme Court refused to review the license revocation; RKO had lost the case for good. As a result of the decision, RKO sold WNAC-TV's non-license assets (studios, intellectual property, etc.) to New England Television (NETV), a new company resulting from the merger of Community Broadcasting and another competitor for the license, the Dudley Station Corporation. As part of the settlement, the FCC granted a full license to NETV, which relaunched the station as WNEV-TV.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station has since changed its call letters to <a href="/wiki/WHDH-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WHDH-TV">WHDH-TV</a> (not to be confused with Boston's original Channel 5 that used the same call letters). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endgame">Endgame</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Endgame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1983, the FCC began a concerted effort to force RKO out of broadcasting once and for all, taking competing applications for all of the company's broadcasting licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, RKO got a partial, and temporary, reprieve when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> passed a law requiring the FCC to automatically renew the license of any commercial <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> television station relocating to a state without one, “notwithstanding any other provision of law.” The only states qualifying at the time were <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, where no commercial VHF outlet had been licensed since 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 20, 1983, RKO officially changed WOR-TV's city of license from New York to <a href="/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey" title="Secaucus, New Jersey">Secaucus, New Jersey</a>, where it remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC required the station to move its main studio to New Jersey and step up local news coverage of events in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, with featured programming such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> baseball games, WOR-TV maintained its identity as a New York station.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, WOR radio was first licensed to nearby <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, and didn't move to New York until 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year after the renewal of the WOR-TV license, General Tire reorganized its farflung corporate interests into a holding company, <a href="/wiki/GenCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="GenCorp">GenCorp</a>, with General Tire and RKO as its leading subsidiaries. The RKO Radio Networks operation was sold to United Stations.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WOR move did little to relieve the regulatory pressure on RKO General, and GenCorp put WOR-TV on the market in early 1986. A joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Corporation of America">MCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cox_Enterprises" title="Cox Enterprises">Cox Enterprises</a> (Cox later dropped out over disputes as to which company would run the station) outbid <a href="/wiki/Chris-Craft_Industries" title="Chris-Craft Industries">Chris-Craft Industries</a> and Westinghouse for control of the station, receiving FCC approval for the purchase in late November.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 29, 1987, MCA changed the station's call letters to <a href="/wiki/WWOR-TV" title="WWOR-TV">WWOR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The timing of the WOR-TV sale was fortunate for RKO. In August 1987, FCC administrative law judge Edward Kuhlmann found RKO unfit to be a broadcast licensee due to its long history of deceptive practices, ordering the company to surrender the licenses for its remaining two television stations and twelve radio stations. Among other things, he found that RKO misled advertisers about its ratings, engaged in <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraudulent</a> billing, lied repeatedly to the FCC about a destroyed audit report, and filed numerous false <a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">financial statements</a>. Kuhlmann described RKO's conduct as the worst case of dishonesty in FCC history.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After declaring that all of the employees responsible for the misconduct had been fired, GenCorp and RKO entered an appeal, claiming that the ruling was deeply flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC warned RKO that any appeal would almost certainly be denied outright, and advised them to sell off their remaining stations to avoid the indignity of having their licenses stripped.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GenCorp, then battling a <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> bid by an investor group, was hungry for cash as a result of paying a premium on its own shares to stave off the attack. Liquidation of assets on the verge of being lost was the obvious course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exiting_the_media_business">Exiting the media business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exiting the media business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the next four years, RKO dismantled its broadcast operations. Both its AM and FM stations in Boston were sold to Atlantic Ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, WOR-AM was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Buckley_Broadcasting" title="Buckley Broadcasting">Buckley Broadcasting</a> and WRKS-FM (the former WOR-FM) went to Summit Communications. The company's two radio stations in the Washington, D.C., market were sold to Classical Acquisition Partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Los Angeles, the KRTH (formerly KHJ) radio stations were purchased by <a href="/wiki/Beasley_Broadcast_Group" title="Beasley Broadcast Group">Beasley Broadcasting</a>, which in turn sold KRTH-AM to <a href="/wiki/Liberman_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberman Broadcasting">Liberman Broadcasting</a>. Liberman renamed the station KKHJ, then restored the original KHJ calls in 2000. </p><p>In 1988, the decades-long licensing saga of KHJ-TV officially came to an end. Under an FCC-supervised deal, RKO gave up its bid to renew the station's license, which was then granted to Fidelity Television, the company that had raised the original challenge to RKO General twenty-three years earlier. Fidelity then transferred the license to <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>, which then bought KHJ-TV's non-license assets, including its studios and intellectual property, from RKO. For the station and its assets, Disney paid $324 million, with RKO collecting approximately two-thirds and Fidelity the remainder. According to FCC general counsel Diane Killory, the settlement had the effect of finding that RKO was unfit to be a broadcast licensee, and the company now had no choice but to get out of broadcasting. Disney would rename the Los Angeles station <a href="/wiki/KCAL-TV" title="KCAL-TV">KCAL-TV</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the company also divested its radio stations in Chicago and Miami–Fort Lauderdale, as well as the remaining assets of its movie-related operations. </p><p>By the turn of the decade, RKO's last significant media holdings were the WHBQ TV and AM radio stations in Memphis and KFRC-AM in San Francisco. In 1990, the Memphis stations were sold to Adams Communications. The following year, KFRC was sold to Bedford Broadcasting. RKO General was out of the broadcasting business.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_holdings">Former holdings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Former holdings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and <a href="/wiki/Community_of_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of license">community of license</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_stations">Television stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Television stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">City of license</a> / <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">Market</a> </th> <th scope="col">Station </th> <th scope="col">Channel </th> <th scope="col">Years owned </th> <th scope="col">Current status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, CA</a> </td> <th scope="row">KHJ-TV </th> <td>9</td> <td>1951–1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent</a> <a href="/wiki/KCAL-TV" title="KCAL-TV">KCAL-TV</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/CBS_News_and_Stations" title="CBS News and Stations">CBS News and Stations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a> </td> <th scope="row">WGTH-TV/<br />WHCT </th> <td>18</td> <td>1954–1956<br />1959–1972</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WUVN" title="WUVN">WUVN</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Entravision_Communications" title="Entravision Communications">Entravision Communications</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="West Palm Beach, Florida">West Palm Beach, FL</a> </td> <th scope="row">WEAT-TV </th> <td>12</td> <td>1955–1957</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WPEC" title="WPEC">WPEC</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, MA</a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/WNAC-TV_(Boston)" title="WNAC-TV (Boston)">WNAC-TV</a> </th> <td>7</td> <td>1948–1982</td> <td>Defunct, license revoked in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, NY</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey" title="Secaucus, New Jersey">Secaucus, NJ</a>) </td> <th scope="row">WOR-TV </th> <td>9</td> <td>1952–1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> flagship station <a href="/wiki/WWOR-TV" title="WWOR-TV">WWOR-TV</a>, owned-and-operated (<a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">O&O</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Television_Stations" title="Fox Television Stations">Fox Television Stations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, ON</a>–<a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, MI</a> </td> <th>CKLW-TV </th> <td>9</td> <td>1956–1970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> owned-and-operated (<a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">O&O</a>) <a href="/wiki/CBET-DT" title="CBET-DT">CBET-DT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, TN</a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/WHBQ-TV" title="WHBQ-TV">WHBQ-TV</a> </th> <td>13</td> <td>1954–1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> affiliate owned by <a href="/wiki/INSP_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="INSP (TV channel)">Imagicomm Communications</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_stations">Radio stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <th style="border: 1px solid #a3b0bf; padding: 2px; margin: auto;" bgcolor="#cedff2">AM Station </th> <th style="border: 1px solid #a3b0bf; padding: 2px; margin: auto;" bgcolor="#ddcef2">FM Station </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">City of license / Market </th> <th scope="col">Station </th> <th scope="col">Years owned </th> <th scope="col">Current status </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, CA</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">KHJ/KRTH/KKHJ 930 </th> <td>1951–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KHJ_(AM)" title="KHJ (AM)">KHJ</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Relevant_Radio" title="Relevant Radio">Relevant Radio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;"><a href="/wiki/KRTH" title="KRTH">KHJ-FM/KRTH-FM</a> 101.1 </th> <td>1951–1989 </td> <td>Owned by <a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, CA</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">KGB 1360 </th> <td>1951–1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KLSD" title="KLSD">KLSD</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, CA</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">KFRC 610 </th> <td>1951–1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KEAR_(AM)" title="KEAR (AM)">KEAR</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio" title="Family Radio">Family Radio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">KFRC-FM 106.1 </th> <td>1960–1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KMEL" title="KMEL">KMEL</a>, owned by iHeartMedia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, CT</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;"><a href="/wiki/WICC_(AM)" title="WICC (AM)">WICC</a> 600 </th> <td>1943–1952 </td> <td>Owned by <a href="/wiki/Connoisseur_Media" title="Connoisseur Media">Connoisseur Media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, CT</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">WONS/WGTH 1410 </th> <td>1946–1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WPOP" title="WPOP">WPOP</a>, owned by iHeartMedia </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">WGMS 570 </th> <td>1957–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WWRC" title="WWRC">WWRC</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Salem_Media_Group" title="Salem Media Group">Salem Media Group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;"><a href="/wiki/WGMS_(FM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WGMS (FM)">WGMS-FM</a> 103.5 </th> <td>1957–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTOP-FM" title="WTOP-FM">WTOP-FM</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Broadcasting" title="Hubbard Broadcasting">Hubbard Broadcasting</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a>–<a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood, FL</a> </td> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">WAXY-FM 105.9 </th> <td>1973–1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBGG-FM" title="WBGG-FM">WBGG-FM</a>, owned by iHeartMedia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="West Palm Beach, Florida">West Palm Beach, FL</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">WEAT 850 </th> <td>1955–1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WFTL" title="WFTL">WFTL</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Media" title="Alpha Media">Alpha Media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, IL</a> </td> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">WFYR-FM 103.5 </th> <td>1973–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WKSC-FM" title="WKSC-FM">WKSC-FM</a>, owned by iHeartMedia </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, MA</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">WNAC 1260 </th> <td>1943–1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBIX" title="WBIX">WBIX</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/International_Grace_of_God_Church" title="International Grace of God Church">International Grace of God Church</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #cedff2;"><a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WNAC/WRKO</a> 680 </th> <td>1953–1989 </td> <td>Owned by iHeartMedia </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">WNAC-FM/WRKO/WROR 98.5 </th> <td>1948–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBZ-FM" title="WBZ-FM">WBZ-FM</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Beasley_Broadcast_Group" title="Beasley Broadcast Group">Beasley Broadcast Group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">WAAB 1440 </th> <td>1943–1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WVEI_(AM)" title="WVEI (AM)">WVEI</a>, owned by Audacy, Inc. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;"><a href="/wiki/WGTR_(Massachusetts)" title="WGTR (Massachusetts)">W43B/WGTR</a> 99.1 </th> <td>1943–1953 </td> <td>Defunct, went silent in 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, NY</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;"><a href="/wiki/WOR_(AM)" title="WOR (AM)">WOR</a> 710 </th> <td>1952–1989 </td> <td>Owned by iHeartMedia </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">WOR-FM/WXLO/WRKS 98.7 </th> <td>1952–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WEPN-FM" title="WEPN-FM">WEPN-FM</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Emmis_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmis Communications">Emmis Communications</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, ON</a>–<a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, MI</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;"><a href="/wiki/CKLW_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="CKLW (AM)">CKLW</a> 800 </th> <td>1956–1970 </td> <td>Owned by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">CKLW-FM 93.9 </th> <td>1956–1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CIDR-FM" title="CIDR-FM">CIDR-FM</a>, owned by Bell Media </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>–<a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick, RI</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;">WEAN 790 </th> <td>1943–1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WPRV" title="WPRV">WPRV</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, TN</a> </td> <th style="background: #cedff2;"><a href="/wiki/WHBQ_(AM)" title="WHBQ (AM)">WHBQ</a> 560 </th> <td>1954–1990 </td> <td>Owned by Flinn Broadcasting </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddcef2;">WHBQ-FM 105.9 </th> <td>1954–1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WGKX-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="WGKX-FM">WGKX-FM</a>, owned by Cumulus Media </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frequency currently occupied by independent station <a href="/wiki/WHDH_(TV)" title="WHDH (TV)">WHDH</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Television" title="Sunbeam Television">Sunbeam Television</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Operated under <a href="/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement" title="Local marketing agreement">LMA</a> by <a href="/wiki/Good_Karma_Brands" title="Good Karma Brands">Good Karma Brands</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brilmayer, Lea, and Jack Goldsmith, <i>Conflict of Laws</i>, 5th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2002), 464; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40888/000004088818000003/0000040888-18-000003-index-headers.html">SEC EDGAR Submission 0000040888-18-000003</a> form 10-K, filed February 21, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40888/000004088818000003/exhibit2112017.htm">EX-21.1: Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries</a> form 10-K, filed February 21, 2018. Retrieved 02/21/18. The many unsourced online claims that RKO General (a) was sold, (b) folded, and/or (c) had its name changed to RKO Pictures are all mistaken. In sum: its primary assets were sold; its broadcast operations folded; and its RKO Pictures subsidiary was spun off. But the company still exists as an Aeroject Rocketdyne Holdings subsidiary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fal-1.tripod.com/FL_Timeline.html">Frontier Airlines Timeline</a> part of <i>Old Frontier Airlines/FLamily</i> web circle. Retrieved 6/3/24. See also Dial, Scott, "Tailspin of Frontier," <i>Stapleton Innerline</i>, August 29, 1986 (this article and much other information on the relationship between General Tire/RKO General and Frontier available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fal-1.tripod.com/FL_Death.html">The Death of Frontier Airlines</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rubber Yankee," <i>Time</i>, January 18, 1943 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320080829/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802569,00.html?promoid=googlep">online</a>). For the procedure by which General changed WNAC's frequency from 1260 to 680 AM, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/stations/1902.html">The Boston Radio Dial: WRKO (AM)</a> part of <i>BostonRadio.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/jeff1070/mutual.html">Some History of the Mutual Broadcasting System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070327205115/http://members.aol.com/jeff1070/mutual.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for an extensive discussion of the network's history and organization by historian Elizabeth McLeod. Retrieved 11/21/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html">"John Shepard's FM Stations—America's First FM Network"</a> essay by Donna Halper; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/stations/1901.html">The Boston Radio Dial: WBMX (FM)</a> both part of <i>BostonRadio.org</i>. Retrieved 11/29/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Don Lee Sale Approval Asked," <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, November 21, 1950; "Sale of Don Lee System Approved: Cash Payment of $12,320,000 Involved in FCC Decision," <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, December 28, 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grace, Roger M., "Channel 2, Du Mont Split Up," <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_News-Enterprise" title="Metropolitan News-Enterprise">Metropolitan News-Enterprise</a></i>, October 10, 2002 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metnews.com/articles/reminiscing101002.htm">online</a>); Howard, Herbert H., <i>Multiple Ownership in Television Broadcasting: Historical Development and Selected Case Studies</i> (New York: Arno Press, 1979), 151. See also "Static," <i>Time</i>, October 30, 1950 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093059/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805616,00.html">online</a>). It is not clear from available sources whether General Tire ever briefly owned KTSL or not. Grace gives 1951 as the year of KTSL's purchase by CBS; Howard gives 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio-TV Merger Approved By F.C.C.; Deal Covers Macy's Transfer of WOR Interests to General Tire's Don Lee System," <i>New York Times,</i> January 18, 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Earnings Fall 5% for Macy System; Television's High Cost for Subsidiary, General Teleradio, Cuts Consolidated Net," <i>New York Times</i>, October 11, 1950; Howard, <i>Multiple Ownership</i>, 150–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"General Tire Gets Control of M. B. S.; Shareholders at Meeting Vote 2-for-1 Stock Split—Company Buys More TV Stations," <i>New York Times</i>, April 2, 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Six stations being sold for nearly $15 million." <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_and_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting and Cable">Broadcasting - Telecasting</a></i>, Mar. 8, 1954, pp. 27-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/54-OCR/BC-1954-03-08-Page-0027.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/54-OCR/BC-1954-03-08-Page-0028.pdf">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio Stations 40 or More Years Old in 1962," <i>Broadcasting</i>, May 14, 1962 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/jeff99500/62.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105201511/http://members.aol.com/jeff99500/62.html">Archived</a> 2007-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); Crane, Marie Brenne, "Radio Station KGB and the Development of Commercial Radio In San Diego," <i>Journal of San Diego History</i>, vol. 26, no. 1 [winter 1980] (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/80winter/kgb.htm">online</a>); FCC report, 258. Note that the first two cited sources are not entirely reliable and that the third is based on a Google Book Search snippet view, resulting from a search on the string <"Providence Journal" WEAN 1954>. Thus the dating of the WEAN and KGB sales are each based on two apparently independent sources—<i>Broadcasting</i> and the FCC snippet in the former case; <i>Broadcasting</i> and the Crane article in the latter. As of the 1950 census, San Diego ranked 31st in population among U.S. cities; Providence ranked 43rd. In comparison, Memphis, where the WHBQ cluster became one of RKO's mainstays, ranked 26th (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab18.txt">Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1950—U.S. Bureau of the Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418144226/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab18.txt">Archived</a> 2008-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Dates have not been established for RKO's sale of the two other stations in mid-sized markets acquired via the Yankee Network, WAAB and WICC, nor for <a href="/wiki/KSPE" title="KSPE">KDB</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>, acquired via Don Lee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guralnick, Peter, <i>Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley</i> (Boston et al.: Back Bay/Little, Brown, 1994), 98–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"R. K. O. Studio Sold to General Tire; Hughes Stock Acquired for $25,000,000 in Cash—Use as TV Film Center Hinted," <i>New York Times</i>, July 19, 1955; "Hollywood Sale; General Tire and Rubber Enters Film Field in Big Way Via R. K. O. Deal," <i>New York Times</i>, July 24, 1955; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_fortune_1955-09_52_3/page/n45/">"New O's at RKO"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. September 1955. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=New+O%27s+at+RKO&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1955-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_fortune_1955-09_52_3%2Fpage%2Fn45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/televisiondigest1119code/page/n769">"General Teleradio Merges / Biggest Film-to-TV Deal"</a>. <i>Television Digest</i>. November 26, 1955. pp. 1, 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Television+Digest&rft.atitle=General+Teleradio+Merges+%2F+Biggest+Film-to-TV+Deal&rft.pages=1%2C+5&rft.date=1955-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelevisiondigest1119code%2Fpage%2Fn769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/208/271/1866611/">"King Bros. Productions, Inc. v. RKO Teleradio Pictures, Inc., 208 F. Supp. 271 (S.D.N.Y. 1962)"</a>. <i>Justia</i>. July 30, 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia&rft.atitle=King+Bros.+Productions%2C+Inc.+v.+RKO+Teleradio+Pictures%2C+Inc.%2C+208+F.+Supp.+271+%28S.D.N.Y.+1962%29&rft.date=1962-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2FFSupp%2F208%2F271%2F1866611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span> Segrave, Kerry, <i>Movies at Home: How Hollywood Came to Television</i> (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1999), 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boddy, William, <i>Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics</i> (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1994</i> (New Providence, N.J.: R.R. Bowker, 1994), 353; "Investigation of Regulatory Commissions and Agencies: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce," U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio: Easy Listening; New WOR Program of Recorded 'Music From Studio X' Is Soft and Sweet," <i>New York Times</i>, July 10, 1956; Jaker, Bill, Frank Sulek, and Peter Kanze, <i>The Airwaves of New York: Illustrated Histories of 156 AM Stations in the Metropolitan Area</i> (Jeffferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1998), 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php?id=365&historyID=150">CKLW-AM Radio Station History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235221/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php?id=365&historyID=150">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—part of the Canadian Communications Foundation/Fondation Des Communications Candiennes website, retrieved November 21, 2006; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwoch1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schwoch, James (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A90190413/LitRC?u=nypl&sid=googleScholar&xid=5d1dc5fd">"A Failed Vision: The Mutual Television Network"</a>. <i>Velvet Light Trap</i>. <b>33</b> (spring). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-4251">1542-4251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Velvet+Light+Trap&rft.atitle=A+Failed+Vision%3A+The+Mutual+Television+Network&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=spring&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1542-4251&rft.aulast=Schwoch&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA90190413%2FLitRC%3Fu%3Dnypl%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26xid%3D5d1dc5fd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sale of Mutual Expected Today; Radio Network Is Going to Group From West Coast," <i>New York Times</i>, July 17, 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dombrowski, Lisa, <i>The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You!</i> (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008), 116, 120; Jewell, Richard B., with Vernon Harbin, <i>The RKO Story</i> (New York: Arlington House/Crown, 1982), 294–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, Dennis J., <i>A Whale of a Territory: The Story of Bill O'Neil</i> (New York: McGraw Hill, 1966), 180. Many online information sites give RKO General's year of inception incorrectly as 1958. As further support for the 1959 dating, note that there is no mention of RKO General in either the <i>New York Times</i> or the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> before February 1960. Concerning the statement by Brilmayer and Goldsmith, op. cit., "The record reflects that GenCorp has owned and operated RKO General as a Delaware subsidiary since 1955" (559)—to be more precise, just as GenCorp is the direct corporate descendant of General Tire, RKO General is the direct descendant of General Tire's subsidiary RKO Teleradio Pictures, indeed founded in 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php?id=365&historyID=150">CKLW-AM Radio Station History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235221/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php?id=365&historyID=150">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11/21/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfcall.com/issues%202002/8.23.02/stangl_8_23_02.htm">"KMEL Is a Dry Hump"</a> part of the <i>San Francisco Call</i> website; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tangentsunset.com/sfradiohistory2.htm">San Francisco Bay Area Radio History—Part 2</a> part of the <i>Tangent Sunset</i> website; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oidar.com/CHAPTER6.htm"><i>Puttin' on the Hits</i>: Chapter 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811225952/http://www.oidar.com/CHAPTER6.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ebook by former radio program director John Long. Retrieved 11/28/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebig8.net/impact.html">"The Long-Lasting Impact of CKLW on the Whole Radio Industry"</a> essay by Steve Hunter; part of the <i>Classic CKLW Page</i> website. Retrieved 12/9/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bossradioforever.com/html/rko.html">RKO</a> historical essay by Woody Goulart; part of <i>Boss Radio Forever</i> website. Retrieved 11/28/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daveyd.com/interviewgredalertchronicle.html">Interview w/Kool DJ Red Alert</a> interview by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Davey_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davey D (page does not exist)">Davey D</a>, September 1996; part of <i>Davey D's Hip Hop Corner</i> website. Retrieved 9/23/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"RKO Radio Set to Start a Network," <i>New York Times</i>, August 23, 1979; "October 1, 1979/A New Lifesound/The RKO Radio Network" (advertisement), <i>Billboard</i>, September 1, 1979, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Jim, <i>Say Goodnight, Gracie: The Last Years of Network Radio</i> (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002), 174–175; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in-flightmedia.com/our_team/index.html">Our Team—Marty Miller, Radio Host</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106072719/http://www.in-flightmedia.com/our_team/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> professional biographies of In-Flight Media Associates management team. Retrieved 10/23/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the unique programming history of CKLW, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkervilletimes.com/27/CBC1.html">"The Dawn of Local TV"</a> article by Chris Edwards; part of the Walkerville <i>Times</i> website. For ownership details and affiliation with CBC, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/television/histories.php?id=15&historyID=34">CBET-TV, Windsor, Canadian Broadcasting Corp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201825/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/television/histories.php?id=15&historyID=34">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> part of the Canadian Communications Foundation—Fondation Des Communications Candiennes website. Both retrieved 12/05/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the early history of <i>Million Dollar Movie</i> and WOR-TV's film programming, see Segrave, Kerry, <i>Movies at Home: How Hollywood Came to Television</i> (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1999), 40, 48; "News of TV and Radio; 'Studio One' Returns for the Winter Season," <i>New York Times</i>, September 19, 1954 (excerpted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/million_dollar_movie/">online</a>); "WOR-TV Acquires 10 Selznick Films; It Pays Record $198,000 for 'Package'—Will Be Shown on 'Million Dollar Movie' Discord Theme of Show," <i>New York Times</i>, February 25, 1956; "2 Feature Films Bought By WOR-TV; Station Adds 'Champion' and 'Home of the Brave' to its 'Million Dollar Movie,'" <i>New York Times</i>, June 16, 1956. For a broader discussion, with a description of the <i>Million Dollar</i> music, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.film-center.com/ccrko16m.html">C&C RKO 16mm Prints</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101012119/http://film-center.com/ccrko16m.html">Archived</a> 2006-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> part of the <i>eFilmCenter</i> website. Retrieved 12/9/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Show Business: Fee-Vee," <i>Time</i>, July 6, 1962 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,940031,00.html">online</a>); "Payday, Some Day," <i>Time</i>, December 27, 1968 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/time-1968-12-13/Time%201968-12-27/page/58/">online</a>); Mullen, Megan, "The Prehistory of Pay Cable Television: An Overview and Analysis," <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>, vol. 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1999). See also U.S. Congress, House, Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, <i>Subscription Television–1969, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Communications and Power/91-1. on H.R. 420. Nov. 18–21, 24; Dec. 9–12, 1969</i>. For a "Pay-As-You-Go" cable TV plan launched in Canada a year earlier, see Haines, Richard W., <i>The Moviegoing Experience, 1968–2001</i> (Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland, 2003), 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=Weirum+v.+RKO&hl=en&as_sdt=2,21&case=836093554391354911&scilh=0"><i>Weirum v. RKO General, Inc.</i></a>, 15 Cal.3d 40, 43-44, 539 P.2d 36, 123 Cal. Rptr. 468 (1975). From <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>. Retrieved on August 3, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i> at 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i> at 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1948&dat=19750821&id=tkkhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uIAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1165,1746213">Court Upholds Judgment in Fatal Contest</a>, reprinted in the <a href="/wiki/Modesto_Bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesto Bee">Modesto Bee</a> (August 21, 1975, page A-3). Retrieved on August 3, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Weirum</i>, 15 Cal.3d at 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i> at 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Richard A. Epstein, <i>Cases and Materials on Torts</i> 623 (9th Ed. 2008); Marc A. Franklin and Robert L. Rabin, <i>Cases and Materials on Tort Law and Alternatives</i> 164 (5th ed. 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">RKO General, Inc. v. FCC (1981)—I. Procedural History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831093020/http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> December 4, 1981, decision by U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit. Retrieved 11/27/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/television/cbet-dt">"CBET-DT | History of Canadian Broadcasting"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBET-DT+%26%23124%3B+History+of+Canadian+Broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Flisting_and_histories%2Ftelevision%2Fcbet-dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/radio/cklw-am">"CKLW-AM | History of Canadian Broadcasting"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CKLW-AM+%26%23124%3B+History+of+Canadian+Broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Flisting_and_histories%2Fradio%2Fcklw-am&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">RKO General, Inc. v. FCC (1981)—I. Procedural History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831093020/http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11/27/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">RKO General, Inc. v. FCC (1981)—(Intro) Opinion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831093020/http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 12/09/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">RKO General, Inc. v. FCC (1981)—II. Invalid Bases of the FCC Decision; III. RKO's Lack of Candor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831093020/http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11/27/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">RKO General, Inc. v. FCC (1981)—Conclusion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831093020/http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11/27/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"RKO Loses WNAC," <i>The Tech</i>, May 4, 1982 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_102/TECH_V102_S0328_P002.pdf">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"License Bids Against RKO," <i>New York Times</i>, February 10, 1983 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EFDF143BF933A25751C0A965948260">online</a>). The article does not mention WOR-TV, for which Multi-State Communications had previously registered a challenge. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">RKO General, Inc. v. FCC (1981)—I. Procedural History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831093020/http://www.nyls.edu/cmc/uscases/rko.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "Court Backs RKO On WOR License," <i>New York Times</i>, March 8, 1984 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E5D71539F93BA35750C0A962948260">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollin, Andrew L., "The Battle for Portland, Maine," <i>Federal Communications Law Journal</i> vol. 52, no. 1 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no1/10tollin2.mac.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061217110230/http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no1/10tollin2.mac.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Court Backs RKO On WOR License"; "Rulings Stand on WOR License," <i>New York Times</i>, November 14, 1984 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EEDC1E39F937A25752C1A962948260">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lautenberg.senate.gov/newsroom/record.cfm?id=254269&">"Lawmakers Call on FCC to Investigate Fox News' Attempts to Move WWOR T.V. Out of New Jersey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061227231453/http://lautenberg.senate.gov/newsroom/record.cfm?id=254269&">Archived</a> 2006-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> press release issued by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Senator Frank R. Lautenberg</a>, September 10, 2004. Retrieved 12/15/06. See also "Fresh Fare Puts a New Face on Independent Stations," <i>New York Times</i>, February 2, 1986 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE2DA1431F931A35751C0A960948260&sec=&pagewanted=print">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Overbeck, Wayne G., <i>Major Principles of Media Law</i> (London et al.:Thomson Learning, 2002), 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wor710.com/pages/58403.php">WOR Radio 710 HD—WOR History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702055043/http://wor710.com/pages/58403.php">Archived</a> 2007-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> official history of the radio station. Retrieved 8/17/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, F. Leslie, John W. Wright II, and David H. Ostroff, <i>Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States</i> (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1998), 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"MCA Is Termed a Serious Bidder for WOR-TV," <i>New York Times</i>, February 18, 1986; "MCA to Buy WOR-TV for a Hefty $387 Million," <i>New York Times</i>, February 19, 1986; "F.C.C. Approves Sale of WOR-TV to MCA," <i>New York Times</i>, November 27, 1986. See also "Editor's Note," <i>New York Times</i>, December 20, 1986 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717004336/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50717F634540C748EDDA80994DE484D81">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=WWOR-TV">Call Sign History: WWOR-TV</a> part of the Federal Communications Commission website. Retrieved 12/15/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Turning Off RKO's Licenses," <i>Time</i>, August 24, 1987 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965303,00.html">online</a>); "KHJ Enveloped in Scandal," <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_News-Enterprise" title="Metropolitan News-Enterprise">Metropolitan News-Enterprise</a></i>, December 5, 2002 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metnews.com/articles/reminiscing120502.htm">online</a>). Note that the <i>Time</i> article says that in addition to denying the still-pending KHJ-TV license renewal, Kuhlmann also "stripped the company of its licenses for twelve radio stations and one other TV outlet." In contrast, the <i>Metropolitan News-Enterprise</i> article says he "recommended that the FCC strip" the licenses and that the other TV outlet in question was WOR-TV. On the first point, Kuhlmann ruled that the licenses be stripped, but they were not actually removed, pending appeals. On the second point, the <i>Metropolitan News-Enterprise</i> is clearly incorrect: WOR-TV had already been sold; at the time of the ruling, RKO's only remaining TV outlet beside KHJ-TV was WHBQ-TV in Memphis (see "License Bids Against RKO," op. cit.). See also "Mediation Set for RKO Case," <i>New York Times</i>, September 12, 1986 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE4DC173CF931A2575AC0A960948260">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Turning Off RKO's Licenses"; "RKO Appeals F.C.C. Ruling," <i>New York Times</i>, October 20, 1987 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5D8173EF933A15753C1A961948260">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"KHJ Enveloped in Scandal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/stations/1902.html">The Boston Radio Dial: WRKO (AM)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/stations/1901.html">The Boston Radio Dial: WBMX (FM)</a>. Retrieved 11/28/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~kondrak/cmput650/w8_015">Marketing Brief</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> wire service report, October 12, 1988. Retrieved 12/21/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-07-25.pdf">"FCC gives RKO green light to sell stations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting</a></i>. July 25, 1988. p. 33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=FCC+gives+RKO+green+light+to+sell+stations&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1988-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1988%2FBC-1988-07-25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARKO+General" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"KHJ Enveloped in Scandal." Note that this source says that KHJ-TV was charged with "requir[ing] its vendors—if they wanted to continue to sell to KHJ-TV—to be advertisers," a different (though not necessarily contradictory) description of the illegal practice in question than that which appears in the 1981 court decision cited above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayarearadio.org/schneider/kfrc1.shtml">The History of KFRC Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917034941/http://bayarearadio.org/schneider/kfrc1.shtml">Archived</a> 2010-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> part of the <i>Bay Area Radio Museum</i> website; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tangentsunset.com/sfradiohistory2.htm">San Francisco Bay Area Radio History—Part 2</a>. Retrieved 11/24/06. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/GenCorp-Inc-Company-History.html">GenCorp—Company History</a>, part of the <i>Funding Universe</i> website, for the sales prices of some of these assets. Retrieved 11/21/06. Note that not only the media holdings were divested. With its subsidiary RKO Bottling sold as well, there was very little left to RKO General.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RKO_General&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/GenCorp-Inc-Company-History.html">GenCorp—Company History</a> corporate history with particular emphasis on RKO General; part of <i>Funding Universe</i> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bossradioforever.com/html/timeline.html">Boss Radio Timeline</a> part of the <i>Boss Radio Forever</i> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227035555/http://www.uiowa.edu/~cyberlaw/lem97/dayinlif.html">"A Day in the Life: The Federal Communications Commission"</a> article by Nicholas Johnson and John Jay Dystel, <i>Yale Law Journal</i> vol. 82 (1973)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0DB1339F937A15750C0A967948260">"General Tire Profit Due to RKO Unit"</a> brief business article, <i>New York Times</i>, March 24, 1981</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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O'Neil">Thomas F. O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" title="Dan A. Kimball">Dan A. Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Truax" title="Robert Truax">Robert Truax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Rocketdyne" title="Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne">Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aerojet" title="Bristol Aerojet">Bristol Aerojet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_General_X-8" title="Aerojet General X-8">Aerojet General X-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerozine_50" title="Aerozine 50">Aerozine 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(rocket)" title="Aquarius (rocket)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_LR87" title="Aerojet LR87">LR-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(rocket)" title="Sea Dragon (rocket)">Sea Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet" title="Aerojet">Aerojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMNOVA_Solutions" title="OMNOVA Solutions">OMNOVA Solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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