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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Electronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Smart television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>3D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Broadcast systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Broadcast_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Broadcast systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Terrestrial television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cable television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Satellite television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internet television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Display_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Display technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Disk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CRT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CRT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>CRT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CRT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DLP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DLP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>DLP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DLP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Plasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>LCD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OLED" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OLED"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>OLED</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OLED-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Display resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>LD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>SD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>HD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UHD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UHD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>UHD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UHD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Market share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Subscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation_or_license" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_or_license"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Taxation or license</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_or_license-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Broadcast programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religious opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Negative impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Television</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Televisie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehen" title="Fernsehen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fernsehen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%88%8C%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%A5%E1%8A%95" title="ቴሌቪዥን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቴሌቪዥን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलिविज़न – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टेलिविज़न" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feorrs%C4%ABen" title="Feorrsīen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Feorrsīen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="تلفاز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Televisión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Televisión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A3_%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%98%DC%90" title="ܦܪܣ ܚܙܘܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܣ ܚܙܘܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8l%C3%A8vision" title="Tèlèvision – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tèlèvision" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দূৰদৰ্শন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দূৰদৰ্শন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Televisión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Televisión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27%C3%A3ngambyry" title="Ta'ãngambyry – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ta'ãngambyry" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziya" title="Televiziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Televiziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="تلویزیون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تلویزیون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-s%C4%AB" title="Tiān-sī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-sī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Televisi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телевидение – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Телевидение" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тэлебачанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлебачанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тэлебачаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэлебачаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलीविजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेलीविजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebisyon" title="Telebisyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Telebisyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телевизия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телевизия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizija" title="Televizija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Televizija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinwel" title="Skinwel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skinwel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Телевиз – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Телевиз" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3" title="Televisió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Televisió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Телекурав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Телекурав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebisyon" title="Telebisyon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Telebisyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televize" title="Televize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Televize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione" title="Televisione – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Televisione" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledu" title="Teledu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teledu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarivisa" title="Tarivisa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tarivisa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernsyn" title="Fjernsyn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fjernsyn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9" title="تلفازة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تلفازة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guckbax" title="Guckbax – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Guckbax" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehen" title="Fernsehen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernsehen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisioon" title="Televisioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Televisioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Τηλεόραση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεόραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televi%E1%B9%A1i%C3%A5n" title="Televiṡiån – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Televiṡiån" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Televisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Televisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televido" title="Televido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Televido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Televisión – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Televisión" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebista" title="Telebista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telebista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="تلویزیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلویزیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarp" title="Sjónvarp – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjónvarp" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" title="Télévision – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télévision" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefyzje" title="Telefyzje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Telefyzje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilif%C3%ADs" title="Teilifís – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilifís" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hellveeish" title="Çhellveeish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhellveeish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebhisean" title="Telebhisean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Telebhisean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Televisión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Televisión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電視" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebiceni" title="Terebiceni – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Terebiceni" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%88%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="दूरचित्रवाणी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="दूरचित्रवाणी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thien-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Thien-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thien-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Телеүзгүдлә – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Телеүзгүдлә" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="텔레비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talabijin" title="Talabijin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Talabijin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelewikiona" title="Kelewikiona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelewikiona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հեռուստատեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռուստատեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दूरदर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरदर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizija" title="Televizija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Televizija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Televisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziono" title="Televiziono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Televiziono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebision" title="Telebision – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Telebision" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%A1%C4%A1iraun" title="Taġġiraun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Taġġiraun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMabonakude" title="UMabonakude – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMabonakude" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarp" title="Sjónvarp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione" title="Televisione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Televisione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="טלוויזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלוויזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visi" title="Télévisi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Télévisi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziy%C9%94%C9%94" title="Televiziyɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Televiziyɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೂರದರ್ಶನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೂರದರ್ಶನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტელევიზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელევიზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%AE%DB%AA%D9%84%D9%90%D9%88%D9%90%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86" title="ٹٮ۪لِوِجَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹٮ۪لِوِجَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizj%C3%B4" title="Telewizjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Telewizjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телевидение – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телевидение" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisheni" title="Televisheni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Televisheni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizyon" title="Televizyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Televizyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C3%AEzyon" title="Televîzyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Televîzyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A9%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Телекөрсөтүү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телекөрсөтүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizy%C3%B3n" title="Televizyón – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Televizyón" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A" title="ໂທລະພາບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂທລະພາບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisio" title="Televisio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Televisio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C4%ABzija" title="Televīzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Televīzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisioun" title="Televisioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Televisioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizija" title="Televizija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Televizija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televixon" title="Televixon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Televixon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillevies" title="Tillevies – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tillevies" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Televisa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Televízió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Televízió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलिभिजन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टेलिभिजन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Телевизија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телевизија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahitalavitra" title="Fahitalavitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahitalavitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ടെലിവിഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെലിവിഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="दूरचित्रवाणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दूरचित्रवाणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტელევიზია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტელევიზია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تيليڤيزيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيليڤيزيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیلوزیون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تیلوزیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisyen" title="Televisyen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Televisyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Televisi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-s%C3%AA" title="Diêng-sê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-sê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telbison" title="Telbison – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Telbison" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Телевиз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Телевиз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retioyaloyalo" title="Retioyaloyalo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Retioyaloyalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Televisie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisy" title="Televisy – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Televisy" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलिभिजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेलिभिजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलेभिजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टेलेभिजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93" title="テレビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernsyn" title="Fjernsyn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjernsyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernsyn" title="Fjernsyn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjernsyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9v%C3%AEsion" title="Télévîsion – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Télévîsion" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione" title="Televisione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Televisione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagilaala" title="Sagilaala – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sagilaala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televideniye" title="Televideniye – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Televideniye" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੈਲੀਵਿਜ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਲੀਵਿਜ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दूरदर्शन यन्त्र – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="दूरदर्शन यन्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebisyon" title="Telebisyon – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Telebisyon" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilifi" title="Tilifi – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tilifi" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86" title="ٹیلی ویژن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیلی ویژن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE" title="တီဗီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တီဗီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televishon" title="Televishon – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Televishon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="تلويزون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تلويزون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telivijan" title="Telivijan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Telivijan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D" title="ទូរទស្សន៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទូរទស្សន៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" title="Télévision – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Télévision" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feernseher" title="Feernseher – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Feernseher" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizja" title="Telewizja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telewizja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o" title="Televisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Televisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televideniye" title="Televideniye – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Televideniye" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizion" title="Televizion – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Televizion" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziune" title="Televiziune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Televiziune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karurikuna" title="Karurikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karurikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Телевізія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Телевізія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телевидение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телевидение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телевидение – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Телевидение" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tilibi" title="tilibi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tilibi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televise" title="Televise – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Televise" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="दूरदर्शनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दूरदर्शनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione" title="Televisione – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Televisione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly" title="Telly – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Telly" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebi" title="Terebi – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Terebi" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiersjoon" title="Fiersjoon – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fiersjoon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizioni" title="Televizioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Televizioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisioni" title="Televisioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Televisioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="රූපවාහිනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රූපවාහිනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86" title="ٽيليويزن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽيليويزن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C3%ADzia_(prenos)" title="Televízia (prenos) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Televízia (prenos)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizija" title="Televizija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Televizija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizyjo" title="Telewizyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Telewizyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefishin" title="Telefishin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Telefishin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="تەلەڤیزیۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلەڤیزیۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Телевизија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizija" title="Televizija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Televizija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Televisi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisio" title="Televisio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Televisio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Television" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebisyon" title="Telebisyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Telebisyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tili%E1%BA%93ri" title="Tiliẓri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiliẓri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телевидение – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Телевидение" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="టెలివిజన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెలివిజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โทรทัศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรทัศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoock%C3%AF%C3%AFt" title="Atoockïït – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Atoockïït" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B2%E1%89%AA" title="ቲቪ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቲቪ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телевизион – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телевизион" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizyon" title="Televizyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Televizyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizor" title="Telewizor – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Telewizor" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Телебачення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телебачення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86" title="ٹیلی ویژن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیلی ویژن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تېلېۋىزور – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تېلېۋىزور" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaeuz_gyae" title="Ngaeuz gyae – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngaeuz gyae" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%82evizion" title="Tełevizion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tełevizion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizii" title="Televizii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Televizii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh" title="Truyền hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televid%C3%B6m" title="Televidöm – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Televidöm" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisiuun" title="Televisiuun – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Televisiuun" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televuzion" title="Televuzion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Televuzion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電視" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebisyon" title="Telebisyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Telebisyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E6%9C%BA" title="电视机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电视机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טעלעוויזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלעוויזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9lif%C3%ADs%C3%A0n" title="Tẹlifísàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tẹlifísàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAlevizyon" title="Têlevizyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Têlevizyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillevisie" title="Tillevisie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tillevisie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C4%97z%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Televėzėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Televėzėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="电视 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电视" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tipi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizij%C9%99" title="Televizijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Televizijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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style="display:none">Telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the telecommunication medium. For the appliance itself, see <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Television_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Television (disambiguation)">Television (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"TV" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/TV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="TV (disambiguation)">TV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cptvdisplay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cptvdisplay.jpg/300px-Cptvdisplay.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cptvdisplay.jpg/450px-Cptvdisplay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cptvdisplay.jpg/600px-Cptvdisplay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">Flat-screen</a> television receivers on display for sale at a consumer electronics store in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Television</b> (<b>TV</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunication</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">medium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transmitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmitting">transmitting</a> moving images and sound. Additionally, the term can refer to a physical <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a> rather than the medium of <a href="/wiki/Signal_transmission" title="Signal transmission">transmission</a>. Television is a <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass medium</a> for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports. The medium is capable of more than "<a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>," which refers to an audio signal sent to <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a>. </p><p>Television became available in crude experimental forms in the 1920s, but only after several years of further development was the new technology marketed to consumers. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an improved form of black-and-white television broadcasting became popular in the United Kingdom and the United States, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. During the 1950s, television was the primary medium for influencing <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p53_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p53-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the U.S. and most other developed countries. </p><p>The availability of various types of archival storage media such as <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> and <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> tapes, <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDiscs</a>, high-capacity <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk drives">hard disk drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash drives">flash drives</a>, high-definition <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a>, and cloud <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital video recorders">digital video recorders</a> has enabled viewers to watch pre-recorded material—such as movies—at home on their own time schedule. For many reasons, especially the convenience of remote retrieval, the storage of television and video programming now also occurs on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">the cloud</a> (such as the video-on-demand service by <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>). At the beginning of the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> transmissions greatly increased in popularity. Another development was the move from <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV) (<a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a>, with 576 <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> lines of resolution and <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a>) to <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV), which provides a <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in different formats: <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>, <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a> and <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a>. Since 2010, with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Smart_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart television">smart television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through <a href="/wiki/Streaming_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming video">streaming video</a> services such as Netflix, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPlayer" class="mw-redirect" title="IPlayer">iPlayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>. </p><p>In 2013, 79% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Households" class="mw-redirect" title="Households">households</a> owned a television set.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The replacement of earlier <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) screen displays with compact, energy-efficient, flat-panel alternative technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCDs</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode#Lamps" title="Cold cathode">fluorescent-backlit</a> and <a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD_display" class="mw-redirect" title="LED-backlit LCD display">LED</a>), <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> displays, and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma displays</a> was a hardware revolution that began with computer monitors in the late 1990s. Most television sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs. Major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Light_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Light Processing">Digital Light Processing</a> (DLP), plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-cepro.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepro.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tomsguide.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomsguide.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LEDs are being gradually replaced by OLEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-oled-info.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oled-info.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, major manufacturers have started increasingly producing smart TVs in the mid-2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-theverge.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theverge.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-techtimes.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techtimes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnet.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart TVs with integrated Internet and <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-Techcrunch.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Techcrunch.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio-frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">television transmitters</a> to <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively, television signals are distributed by <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">coaxial cable or optical fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> systems, and, since the 2000s, via the Internet. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog</a> signals, but a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">transition</a> to digital television was expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s. A standard television set consists of multiple internal <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuits</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">tuner</a> for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display device</a> that lacks a tuner is correctly called a <a href="/wiki/Video_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video monitor">video monitor</a> rather than a television. </p><p>The television broadcasts are mainly a simplex broadcast meaning that the <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> cannot receive and the receiver cannot transmit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>television</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i>τῆλε<i> (tele)</i> 'far' and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> visio</i> 'sight'. The first documented usage of the term dates back to 1900, when the Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Perskyi" title="Constantin Perskyi">Constantin Perskyi</a> used it in a paper that he presented in French at the first International Congress of Electricity, which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">International World Fair</a> in Paris. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicized">anglicized</a> version of the term is first attested in 1907, when it was still "...a theoretical system to transmit moving images over <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telephone_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone wire">telephone wires</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "...formed in English or borrowed from French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">télévision</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century and early 20th century, other "...proposals for the name of a then-hypothetical technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote (1880) and televista (1904)."<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbreviation <i>TV</i> is from 1948. The use of the term to mean "a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>" dates from 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the term to mean "television as a medium" dates from 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>telly</i> is more common in the UK. The slang term "the tube" or the "boob tube" derives from the bulky <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> used on most TVs until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Flat-screen_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-screen TV">flat-screen TVs</a>. Another slang term for the TV is "idiot box."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nipkow_disk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nipkow_disk.svg/200px-Nipkow_disk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nipkow_disk.svg/300px-Nipkow_disk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nipkow_disk.svg/400px-Nipkow_disk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a>. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes that may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black displays the region scanned.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Facsimile_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Facsimile transmission">Facsimile transmission</a> systems for still photographs pioneered methods of mechanical scanning of images in the early 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a> introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bakewell" title="Frederick Bakewell">Frederick Bakewell</a> demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Smith" title="Willoughby Smith">Willoughby Smith</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Photoconductivity" title="Photoconductivity">photoconductivity</a> of the element <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> in 1873. As a 23-year-old German university student, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottlieb_Nipkow" title="Paul Gottlieb Nipkow">Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow</a> proposed and patented the <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a> in 1884 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk "<a href="/wiki/Rasterizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasterizer">image rasterizer</a>" became exceedingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Perskyi" title="Constantin Perskyi">Constantin Perskyi</a> had coined the word <i>television</i> in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">International World Fair</a> in Paris on 24 August 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology by <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a>, among others, made the design practical.<sup id="cite_ref-Sending_Photographs_by_Telegraph_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sending_Photographs_by_Telegraph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first demonstration of the live transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> cells, individually wired to a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>, served as an electronic <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>. In the receiver, a type of <a href="/wiki/Kerr_effect" title="Kerr effect">Kerr cell</a> modulated the light, and a series of differently angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated synchronization. The 8x8 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted "several times" each second.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rosing" title="Boris Rosing">Boris Rosing</a> and his student <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a> created a system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, "very crude images" over wires to the "<a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> tube" (<a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> or "CRT") in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner: "the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Belin" title="Édouard Belin">Édouard Belin</a> sent the first image via radio waves with his <a href="/wiki/Belinograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Belinograph">belinograph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corporation1921_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporation1921-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png/220px-John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png/330px-John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png/440px-John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">Baird</a> in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies "James" and "Stooky Bill" <i>(right)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. On 25 March 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> images in motion at <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>'s department store in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system, he televised a ventriloquist's dummy named "Stooky Bill," whose painted face had higher contrast, talking and moving. By 26 January 1926, he had demonstrated before members of the Royal Institution the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio. This is widely regarded as the world's first true public television demonstration, exhibiting light, shade, and detail.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baird's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it. A brightly illuminated subject was placed in front of a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses that swept images across a static photocell. The thallium sulfide (Thalofide) cell, developed by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Case" title="Theodore Case">Theodore Case</a> in the U.S., detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image. As each hole in the disk passed by, one <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan line</a> of the image was reproduced. Baird's disk had 30 holes, producing an image with only 30 scan lines, just enough to recognize a human face.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baird's original 'televisor' now resides in the Science Museum, South Kensington. </p><p>In 1928, Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal between London and New York and the first shore-to-ship transmission. In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Natan" title="Bernard Natan">Bernard Natan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> established France's first television company, Télévision-<a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">Baird</a>-Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast of <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, he demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-short wave">ultra-short wave</a> television. Baird's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> telecasts in 1936, though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead, a <a href="/wiki/17.5_mm_film" title="17.5 mm film">17.5 mm film</a> was shot, rapidly developed, and then scanned while the film was still wet. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A U.S. inventor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Jenkins" title="Charles Francis Jenkins">Charles Francis Jenkins</a>, also pioneered the television. He published an article on "Motion Pictures by Wireless" in 1913, transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses in December 1923, and on 13 June 1925, publicly demonstrated synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. In 1925, Jenkins used the Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion over a distance of 5 miles (8 km), from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C., using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glinsky_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glinsky-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was granted <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent</a> No. 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) on 30 June 1925 (filed 13 March 1922).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Ives" title="Herbert E. Ives">Herbert E. Ives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gray_(researcher)" title="Frank Gray (researcher)">Frank Gray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on 7 April 1927. Their reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a 2-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen (5 by 6 cm). The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high (60 by 75 cm). Both sets could reproduce reasonably accurate, monochromatic, moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire">copper wire</a> link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from <a href="/wiki/Whippany,_New_Jersey" title="Whippany, New Jersey">Whippany, New Jersey</a>. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Flying-spot_scanner" title="Flying-spot scanner">flying-spot scanner</a> beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>. (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds, respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: "It was, in fact, the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/WRGB" title="WRGB">WRGB</a>, then W2XB, was started as the world's first television station. It broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Schenectady, NY">Schenectady, NY</a>. It was popularly known as "<a href="/wiki/WGY_(AM)" title="WGY (AM)">WGY</a> Television." Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a> had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16 lines resolution in 1925, then 32 lines, and eventually 64 using <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlacing</a> in 1926. As part of his thesis, on 7 May 1926, he electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a 5-square-foot (0.46 m<sup>2</sup>) screen.<sup id="cite_ref-glinsky_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glinsky-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1927 Theremin had achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until May 1932 by RCA, with 120 lines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 December 1926, <a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Takayanagi" title="Kenjiro Takayanagi">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_University" title="Shizuoka University">Shizuoka University</a>, Hamamatsu Campus. His research in creating a production model was halted by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">SCAP</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhk.or.jp_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhk.or.jp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution on mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to 120 or so. Nevertheless, the image quality of 30-line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances, and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few systems ranging into the 200-line region also went on the air. Two of these were the 180-line system that Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) installed in Paris in 1935 and the 180-line system that <a href="/wiki/Peck_Television_Corp." title="Peck Television Corp.">Peck Television Corp.</a> started in 1935 at station VE9AK in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advancement of all-electronic television (including <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Image_dissector" title="Video camera tube">image dissectors</a> and other camera tubes and <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a> for the reproducer) marked the start of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television. Mechanical television, despite its inferior image quality and generally smaller picture, would remain the primary television technology until the 1930s. The last mechanical telecasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a lot of public universities in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic">Electronic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/180px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/270px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/360px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Braun">Ferdinand Braun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1897, English <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> was able, in his three well-known experiments, to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental function of the modern <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT). The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Braun">Ferdinand Braun</a> in 1897 and is also known as the "Braun" tube.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold-cathode</a> <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a>, a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Crookes_tube" title="Crookes tube">Crookes tube</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a>-coated screen. Braun was the first to conceive the use of a CRT as a display device.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Braun tube</i> became the foundation of 20th century television.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906 the Germans Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage produced <a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">raster images</a> for the first time in a CRT.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rosing" title="Boris Rosing">Boris Rosing</a> used a CRT in the receiving end of an experimental <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signal</a> to form a picture. He managed to display simple geometric shapes onto the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-crthistory_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crthistory-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Archibald_Campbell-Swinton" title="Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton">Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton</a>, a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube, or Braun tube, as both a transmitting and receiving device,<sup id="cite_ref-Swinton_DEV1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swinton_DEV1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swinton_DEV2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swinton_DEV2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Journal of the Röntgen Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Swinton_Braid_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swinton_Braid-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swinton-Rontgen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swinton-Rontgen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray" title="Cathode ray">cathode ray</a> beam.<sup id="cite_ref-Swinton_ET1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swinton_ET1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns-Swinton_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-Swinton-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died,<sup id="cite_ref-Minchin_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minchin-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Miller and J. W. Strange from <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-Strange_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-Strange-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by H. Iams and A. Rose from <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iams-Rose-1937_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iams-Rose-1937-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both teams successfully transmitted "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate. Although others had experimented with using a cathode-ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cathode-ray tube to use a <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Bertrand_Johnson" title="John Bertrand Johnson">John B. Johnson</a> (who gave his name to the term <a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist_noise" title="Johnson–Nyquist noise">Johnson noise</a>) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, and became a commercial product in 1922.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1926, Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Tihanyi" title="Kálmán Tihanyi">Kálmán Tihanyi</a> designed a television system using fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US2133123_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2133123-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US2158259_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2158259-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-IEC_Tihanyi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC_Tihanyi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ("photoelectrons") within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> in March 1926 for a television system he called "Radioskop".<sup id="cite_ref-Radioskop_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radioskop-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application,<sup id="cite_ref-IEC_Tihanyi_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC_Tihanyi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-abstract1928_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abstract1928-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he applied for patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">iconoscope</a>" in 1931, the U.S. patent for Tihanyi's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Radioskop_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radioskop-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 December 1926, at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan, Japanese inventor <a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Takayanagi" title="Kenjiro Takayanagi">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display.<sup id="cite_ref-nhk.or.jp_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhk.or.jp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver and Takayanagi's team later made improvements to this system parallel to other television developments.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takayanagi did not apply for a patent.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Allen_B._DuMont" title="Allen B. DuMont">Allen B. DuMont</a> made the first CRTs to last 1,000 hours of use, one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of television.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1927, U.S. inventor <a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Image_dissector" title="Image dissector">image dissector</a> camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Postman_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postman-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sfmuseum_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfmuseum-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 3 September 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-sfmuseum_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfmuseum-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, the system was improved further by eliminating a motor generator so that his television system had no mechanical parts.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma ("Pem") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg/220px-Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg/330px-Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg/440px-Zworykin_kinescope_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4733" data-file-height="6133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a> demonstrates electronic television (1929).</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Vladimir Zworykin also experimented with the cathode-ray tube to create and show images. While working for <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric</a> in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. However, in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast and poor definition, and was stationary.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. However, RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus, based on Zworykin's 1923 patent application, RCA filed a <a href="/wiki/Patent_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent interference">patent interference</a> suit against Farnsworth. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent Office</a> examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system could not produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application.<sup id="cite_ref-US1691324_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US1691324-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also divided his original application in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022450_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022450-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In September 1939, after losing an appeal in the courts and being determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment, RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US$1 million over ten years, in addition to license payments, to use his patents.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Everson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkTimes_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called the "Iconoscope" by Zworykin, the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a>, and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth's image dissector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Farnsworth had overcome his power issues with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique "<a href="/wiki/Multipactor_effect" title="Multipactor effect">Multipactor</a>" device that he began work on in 1930, and demonstrated in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Everson1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better<sup id="cite_ref-Everson2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. Unfortunately, an issue with the multipactor was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Everson3_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501,_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501%2C_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501%2C_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501%2C_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501%2C_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501%2C_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0917-501%2C_Prof._Manfred_v._Ardenne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a> in 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Radio_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Radio Show">Berlin Radio Show</a> in August 1931 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a> gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception, the first completely electronic television transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a <a href="/wiki/Flying-spot_scanner" title="Flying-spot scanner">flying-spot scanner</a> to scan slides and film.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardenne achieved his first transmission of television pictures on 24 December 1933, followed by test runs for a public television service in 1934. The world's first electronically scanned television service then started in Berlin in 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Fernsehsender_Paul_Nipkow" title="Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow">Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow</a>, culminating in the live broadcast of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Summer Olympic Games">1936 Summer Olympic Games</a> from Berlin to public places all over Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computer_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on 25 August 1934 and for ten days afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns370_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns370-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican inventor <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Camarena" title="Guillermo González Camarena">Guillermo González Camarena</a> also played an important role in early television. His experiments with television (known as telectroescopía at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the "trichromatic field sequential system" <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color television</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> engineering team led by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shoenberg" title="Isaac Shoenberg">Isaac Shoenberg</a> applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they called "the Emitron",<sup id="cite_ref-GB406353_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB406353-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US2077442_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2077442-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC. On 2 November 1936, a <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line broadcasting</a> service employing the Emitron began at studios in <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a> and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building's towers. It alternated briefly with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios but was more reliable and visibly superior. This was the world's first regular "high-definition" television service.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns576_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns576-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original U.S. iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially compared to the high-definition mechanical scanning systems that became available.<sup id="cite_ref-Winstor-media_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winstor-media-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winstor-history_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winstor-history-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> team, under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shoenberg" title="Isaac Shoenberg">Isaac Shoenberg</a>, analyzed how the iconoscope (or Emitron) produced an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns-Blumlein_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-Blumlein-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Super-Emitron_and_image_iconoscope" title="Video camera tube">super-Emitron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Orthicon_and_CPS_Emitron" title="Video camera tube">CPS Emitron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GB442666_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB442666-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GB446661_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB446661-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GB446664_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB446664-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes, and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used for <a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">outside broadcasting</a> by the BBC, for the first time, on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a> 1937, when the general public could watch on a television set as the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time that anyone had broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings because neither Farnsworth nor RCA would do the same until the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg/220px-1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg/330px-1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg/440px-1939_RCA_Television_Advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption>Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG/220px-RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG/330px-RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG/440px-RCA_Indian_Head_test_pattern.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian-head_test_pattern" title="Indian-head test pattern">Indian-head test pattern</a> used during the black-and-white era before 1970. It was displayed when a television station first signed on every day.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken.<sup id="cite_ref-Inglis_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inglis-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "image iconoscope" ("Superikonoskop" in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the <a href="/wiki/Patent_war" title="Patent war">patent war</a> between Zworykin and Farnsworth because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their <i>Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher</i> (<i>Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television</i>) in Germany in 1925,<sup id="cite_ref-DE450187_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE450187-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-US1773980_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US1773980-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">vidicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">plumbicon</a> tubes. Indeed, it represented the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon.<sup id="cite_ref-Vries_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vries-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Multicon_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multicon-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games,<sup id="cite_ref-Heimann1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heimann1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ETM_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETM-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955;<sup id="cite_ref-Heimann2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heimann2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finally the Dutch company <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Multicon_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multicon-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philips_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philips-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. television broadcasting, at the time, consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Everson4_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everson4-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents.<sup id="cite_ref-Schatzkin187-8_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin187-8-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV2_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Adler" title="Benjamin Adler">Benjamin Adler</a> played a prominent role in the development of television.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 and became a national standard in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in Moscow in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_consultatif_international_pour_la_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité consultatif international pour la radio">CCIR</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Tihanyi" title="Kálmán Tihanyi">Kálmán Tihanyi</a> described the principle of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma display</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel display</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early electronic <a href="/wiki/Television_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Television sets">television sets</a> were large and bulky, with <a href="/wiki/Analog_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog circuits">analog circuits</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum tubes">vacuum tubes</a>. Following the invention of the first working <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> predicted in 1952 that the transition to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic circuits">electronic circuits</a> made of transistors would lead to smaller and more portable television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fully transistorized, portable <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state</a> television set was the 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Sony_TV8-301" title="Sony TV8-301">Sony TV8-301</a>, developed in 1959 and released in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began the transformation of television viewership from a communal viewing experience to a solitary viewing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1960, Sony had sold over 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>million portable television sets worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color television</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_LED_TV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Samsung_LED_TV.jpg/220px-Samsung_LED_TV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Samsung_LED_TV.jpg/330px-Samsung_LED_TV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Samsung_LED_TV.jpg/440px-Samsung_LED_TV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3817" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption>Samsung LED TV</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Although he gave no practical details, among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish inventor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Szczepanik" title="Jan Szczepanik">Jan Szczepanik</a> patented a color television system in 1897, using a <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end and could not have worked as he described it.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another inventor, <a href="/wiki/Hovannes_Adamian" title="Hovannes Adamian">Hovannes Adamian</a>, also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was patented in Germany on 31 March 1908, patent No. 197183, then in Britain, on 1 April 1908, patent No. 7219,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in France (patent No. 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent No. 17912).<sup id="cite_ref-tvmuseum.ru_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvmuseum.ru-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> demonstrated the world's first color transmission on 3 July 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color, and three light sources at the receiving end, with a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a> to alternate their illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baird also made the world's first color broadcast on 4 February 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> studios to a projection screen at London's <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> in June 1929 using three complete systems of <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">photoelectric cells</a>, amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full-color image. </p><p>The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disk. This device was very "deep" but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Baird was unhappy with the design, and, as early as 1944, had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better. </p><p>In 1939, Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark">Peter Carl Goldmark</a> introduced an electro-mechanical system while at <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, which contained an <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a> sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode-ray tube inside the receiver set.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was first demonstrated to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) on 29 August 1940 and shown to the press on 4 September.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ColorTVSuccess_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColorTVSuccess-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940 and live cameras by 12 November.<sup id="cite_ref-ColorTVSuccess_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColorTVSuccess-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on 20 February 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white <a href="/wiki/Television_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Television sets">television sets</a>, and, as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942 to 20 August 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called <a href="/wiki/Telechrome" title="Telechrome">Telechrome</a>. Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image (called "<a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a>" at the time). A demonstration on 16 August 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued, and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended the development of the Telechrome system.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The <a href="/wiki/Geer_tube" title="Geer tube">Geer tube</a> was similar to Baird's concept but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The <a href="/wiki/Penetron" title="Penetron">Penetron</a> used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The <a href="/wiki/Chromatron" title="Chromatron">Chromatron</a> used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. </p><p>One of the great technical challenges of introducing color <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> was the desire to conserve <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, potentially three times that of the existing <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> standards, and not use an excessive amount of <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>. In the United States, after considerable research, the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">National Television Systems Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-name_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approved an all-electronic system developed by <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and significantly reduced the resolution of the color information to conserve bandwidth. As black-and-white televisions could receive the same transmission and display it in black-and-white, the color system adopted is [backwards] "compatible." ("Compatible Color," featured in RCA advertisements of the period, is mentioned in the song "<a href="/wiki/America_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="America (West Side Story song)">America</a>," of <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a>, 1957.) The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution. In contrast, color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher-resolution black-and-white and lower-resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a significant technical achievement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg/220px-SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg/330px-SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg/440px-SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Color bars used in a <a href="/wiki/Test_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Test pattern">test pattern</a>, sometimes used when no program material is available</figcaption></figure> <p>The first color broadcast (the first episode of the live program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_(American_TV_series)" title="The Marriage (American TV series)">The Marriage</a></i>) occurred on 8 July 1954. However, during the following ten years, most network broadcasts and nearly all local programming continued to be black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965, in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. </p><p>Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place. <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE</a>'s relatively compact and lightweight <a href="/wiki/Porta-Color" title="Porta-Color">Porta-Color</a> set was introduced in the spring of 1966. It used a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>-based <a href="/wiki/UHF_television_broadcasting" title="UHF television broadcasting">UHF tuner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fully transistorized color television in the United States was the <a href="/wiki/Quasar_(brand)" title="Quasar (brand)">Quasar</a> television introduced in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. </p><p>In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets. Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> format until the 1960s, and broadcasts did not start until 1967. By this point, many of the technical issues in the early sets had been worked out, and the spread of color sets in Europe was fairly rapid. By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color. By the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or for use as <a href="/wiki/Video_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video monitor">video monitor</a> screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these last holdout niche B&W environments had inevitably shifted to color sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></div> <p>Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signals, in contrast to the analog and channel-separated signals used by <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a>, digital television can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an innovative service that represents the most significant evolution in television broadcast technology since color television emerged in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital television's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a>. It was not until the 1990s that digital television became possible.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital television was previously not practically possible due to the impractically high <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> requirements of <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requiring around 200<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV) signal,<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> for <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV).<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A digital television service was proposed in 1986 by <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a> (NTT) and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Telecommunications_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (Japan)">Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication</a> (MPT) in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network System" service. However, it was not possible to implement such a digital television service practically until the adoption of DCT video compression technology made it possible in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1980s, as Japanese <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> firms forged ahead with the development of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> technology, the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a> analog format proposed by <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies' technologies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard, based on an analog system, was the front-runner among the more than 23 other technical concepts under consideration. Then, a U.S. company, General Instrument, demonstrated the possibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally-based standard could be developed. </p><p>In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was possible, the FCC made several critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. (7) Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being "<a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a>" on different channels. (8) The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements. </p><p>The last standards adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratios" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect ratios">aspect ratios</a>, or lines of resolution. This compromise resulted from a dispute between the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> industry (joined by some broadcasters) and the <a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">computer industry</a> (joined by the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> and some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—would be best suited for the newer digital HDTV compatible display devices.<sup id="cite_ref-bambooav.com_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bambooav.com-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interlaced scanning, which had been specifically designed for older analog CRT display technologies, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Interlaced scanning can be regarded as the first video compression model. It was partly developed in the 1940s to double the image resolution to exceed the limitations of television broadcast bandwidth. Another reason for its adoption was to limit the flickering on early CRT screens, whose phosphor-coated screens could only retain the image from the electron scanning gun for a relatively short duration.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, interlaced scanning does not work as efficiently on newer display devices such as <a href="/wiki/Lcd" class="mw-redirect" title="Lcd">Liquid-crystal (LCD)</a>, for example, which are better suited to a more frequent progressive refresh rate.<sup id="cite_ref-bambooav.com_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bambooav.com-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive scanning">Progressive scanning</a>, the format that the computer industry had long adopted for computer display monitors, scans every line in sequence, from top to bottom. Progressive scanning, in effect, doubles the amount of data generated for every full screen displayed in comparison to interlaced scanning by painting the screen in one pass in 1/60-second instead of two passes in 1/30-second. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not "flicker" on the new standard of display devices in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offered a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a> and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then (and currently) feasible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format. <a href="/wiki/William_F._Schreiber" title="William F. Schreiber">William F. Schreiber</a>, who was director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a> started in late 2000s. All governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially, the adoption rate was low, as the first digital tuner-equipped television sets were costly. However, as the price of digital-capable television sets dropped, more and more households started converting to digital television sets. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by the mid to late 2010s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smart_television">Smart television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smart_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart television">Smart television</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LG_smart_TV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LG_smart_TV.jpg/200px-LG_smart_TV.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LG_smart_TV.jpg/300px-LG_smart_TV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LG_smart_TV.jpg/400px-LG_smart_TV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>A smart TV</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart television sets. A smart television sometimes referred to as a "connected TV" or "hybrid TV," is a television set or <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> with integrated Internet and <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> features and is an example of <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a> between computers, television sets, and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional Broadcasting media, these devices can also provide Internet TV, online <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-top content">over-the-top content</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">on-demand</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">home networking</a> access. These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-Techcrunch.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Techcrunch.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider1_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider1-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smart TV is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Internet_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet TV">Internet TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a> (IPTV), or with <a href="/wiki/Web_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Web TV">Web TV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> refers to receiving television content over the Internet instead of through traditional systems—terrestrial, cable, and satellite. IPTV is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for television networks. <a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a> (WebTV) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. A first patent was filed in 1994<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and extended the following year)<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for an "intelligent" television system, linked with data processing systems, using a digital or analog network. Apart from being linked to data networks, one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines according to a user's demand and process their needs. Major TV manufacturers announced the production of smart TVs only for middle-end and high-end TVs in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-theverge.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theverge.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-techtimes.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techtimes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnet.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart TVs have gotten more affordable compared to when they were first introduced, with 46 million U.S. households having at least one as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D">3D</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></div> <p>3D television conveys <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> to the viewer by employing techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> display, <a href="/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">multi-view</a> display, <a href="/wiki/2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a>, or any other form of <a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a>. Most modern 3D <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television sets</a> use an <a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">active shutter 3D system</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">polarized 3D system</a>, and some are <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> without the need for glasses. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electromechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D television was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D television sets. Although 3D television sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media, such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads with the public. As a result, many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s. According to DisplaySearch 3D television shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcast_systems">Broadcast systems</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_television">Terrestrial television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_introduction_of_television_in_countries" title="Timeline of the introduction of television in countries">Timeline of the introduction of television in countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/300px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/450px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/600px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A modern high gain UHF Yagi <a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antenna</a>. It has 17 directors and one reflector (made of 4 rods) shaped as a <a href="/wiki/Corner_reflector_antenna" title="Corner reflector antenna">corner reflector</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Programming is <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> by television stations, sometimes called "channels," as stations are <a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">licensed</a> by their governments to broadcast only over assigned <a href="/wiki/Channel_(broadcasting)" title="Channel (broadcasting)">channels</a> in the television <a href="/wiki/Band_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (radio)">band</a>. At first, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial broadcasting</a> was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">channels</a> available, government regulation was the norm. In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a <a href="/wiki/Television_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Television license">television license</a> fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC), which had public service as part of its <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/WRGB" title="WRGB">WRGB</a> claims to be the world's oldest television station, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on 13 January 1928, broadcasting from the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Schenectady, NY">Schenectady, NY</a>, under the call letters <b>W2XB</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later, in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters <a href="/wiki/W2XBS" class="mw-redirect" title="W2XBS">W2XBS</a> and which today is known as <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBC</a>. The two stations were experimental and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a <a href="/wiki/Felix_the_Cat" title="Felix the Cat">Felix the Cat</a> doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as engineers tested new technology. On 2 November 1936, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a> in north London.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we now know it. </p><p>With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to switchover to <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital terrestrial television</a> broadcasts, which offered pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternative to cable television (CATV) for <a href="/wiki/Cord_cutters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord cutters">cord cutters</a>. All other countries around the world are also in the process of either shutting down analog terrestrial television or switching over to digital terrestrial television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_television">Cable television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_by_region" title="Cable television by region">Cable television by region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg/220px-F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg/330px-F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg/440px-F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a> is used to carry cable television signals into cathode-ray tube and flat-panel television sets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic">fiber-optic</a> cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. In the 2000s, FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. The abbreviation CATV is sometimes used for cable television in the United States. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_television">Satellite television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/250px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/375px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/500px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex</figcaption></figure> <p>Satellite television is a system of supplying <a href="/wiki/Television_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programming">television programming</a> using broadcast signals relayed from <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a>. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna, usually referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">low-noise block downconverter</a> (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>. Receivers can be external <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, or a built-in <a href="/wiki/Television_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Television tuner">television tuner</a>. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television. </p><p>The most common method of reception is <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">direct-broadcast satellite television</a> (DBSTV), also known as "direct to home" (DTH).<sup id="cite_ref-tr101198_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr101198-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a> wavelength and are completely digital.<sup id="cite_ref-m101_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m101-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as <a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">television receive-only</a>. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> spectrum from <a href="/wiki/Fixed_Service_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed Service Satellite">FSS</a> type satellites and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems and were more expensive and less popular.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(broadcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (broadcasting)">Digital signals</a> may include <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a>, while many other channels are <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> requiring a subscription.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, British science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in Earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was published in the October 1945 issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wireless_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless World">Wireless World</a></i> magazine and won him the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the <a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Telstar</a> satellite over the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> on 23 July 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-histchannel_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchannel-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-histchannel_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchannel-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launched in 1962, the <i><a href="/wiki/Relay_program" title="Relay program">Relay 1</a></i> satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-relay1_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relay1-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous">geosynchronous</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncom_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncom 2">Syncom 2</a>, was launched on 26 July 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first commercial communications satellite, called <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_I" title="Intelsat I">Intelsat I</a> and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first national network of television satellites, called <a href="/wiki/Orbita_(TV_system)" title="Orbita (TV system)">Orbita</a>, was created by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a> satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground <a href="/wiki/Downlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Downlink">downlink</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary <a href="/wiki/Anik_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik 1">Anik 1</a>, which was launched on 9 November 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ATS-6" title="ATS-6">ATS-6</a>, the world's first experimental educational and <a href="/wiki/Direct_Broadcast_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Broadcast Satellite">Direct Broadcast Satellite</a> (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-ats_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ats-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent, but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home-constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.<sup id="cite_ref-tvdx_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvdx-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry <a href="/wiki/Direct-To-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-To-Home">Direct-To-Home</a> television, <a href="/wiki/Ekran" title="Ekran">Ekran</a> 1, was launched on 26 October 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing <a href="/wiki/UHF_television_broadcasting" title="UHF television broadcasting">UHF television technology</a> rather than microwave technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekran_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekran-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_television">Internet television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Smart_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart television">Smart television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a>.</div> <p>Internet television (Internet TV) (or online television) is the <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable, and satellite, although the Internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable, or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television series and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a>, or with <a href="/wiki/Web_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Web TV">Web TV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smart_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart television">Smart television</a> refers to the television set which has a built-in operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television networks. <a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a> is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet television. </p><p>Traditional cable and satellite television providers began to offer services such as <a href="/wiki/Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a>, owned by Dish Network, which was unveiled in January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>, another satellite television provider, launched their own streaming service, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV_Stream" title="DirecTV Stream">DirecTV Stream</a>, in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a> launched a similar streaming service in the UK called <a href="/wiki/Now_(Sky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Now (Sky)">Now</a>. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a> website <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> earned the first <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime Emmy Award</a> nominations for original streaming television at the <a href="/wiki/65th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="65th Primetime Emmy Awards">65th Primetime Emmy Awards</a>. Three of its series, <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(American_TV_series)" title="House of Cards (American TV series)">House of Cards</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development" title="Arrested Development">Arrested Development</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Grove_(TV_series)" title="Hemlock Grove (TV series)">Hemlock Grove</a></i>, earned nominations that year.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 13, 2015, cable company <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> announced an <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast TV</a> package at a price discounted from basic <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">basic cable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, YouTube launched <a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a>, a streaming service that allows users to watch live television programs from popular cable or network channels and record shows to stream anywhere, anytime.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, 28% of US adults cite streaming services as their main means for watching television, and 61% of those ages 18 to 29 cite it as their main method.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, Netflix is the world's largest streaming TV network and also the world's largest Internet media and entertainment company with 117 million paid subscribers, and by revenue and market cap.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had a strong impact in the television streaming business with the lifestyle changes such as staying at home and lockdowns.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sets">Sets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg/220px-RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg/330px-RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg/440px-RCA_630-TS_Television.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced television set, which sold in 1946–1947</figcaption></figure> <p>A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or "telly," is a device that combines a tuner, display, amplifier, and speakers for the purpose of viewing television and hearing its audio components. Introduced in the late 1920s in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical</a> form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a>. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for recorded media in the 1970s, such as <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> and <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>, which enabled viewers to record TV shows and watch prerecorded movies. In the subsequent decades, Television sets were used to watch DVDs and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a> of movies and other content. Major TV manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. Televisions since 2010s mostly use <a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD_display" class="mw-redirect" title="LED-backlit LCD display">LEDs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cepro.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepro.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tomsguide.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomsguide.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Displaysearch.com_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Displaysearch.com-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-oled-info.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oled-info.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_technologies">Display technologies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Display device</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disk">Disk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a></div> <p>The earliest systems employed a spinning disk to create and reproduce images.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These usually had a low resolution and screen size and never became popular with the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CRT">CRT</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crt14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crt14.jpg/200px-Crt14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crt14.jpg/300px-Crt14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crt14.jpg/400px-Crt14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>A 14-inch cathode-ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns</figcaption></figure> <p>The cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> containing one or more <a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">electron guns</a> (a source of <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> or electron emitter) and a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> screen used to view images.<sup id="cite_ref-crthistory_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crthistory-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a>), pictures (television, <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> targets or others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope that is large, deep (i.e., long from front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick <a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">lead glass</a> so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product. </p><p>In television sets and <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a>, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a <a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">raster</a>. An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three <a href="/wiki/Electron_beams" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beams">electron beams</a>, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signal</a> as a reference.<sup id="cite_ref-workings_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workings-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by <i>magnetic deflection</i>, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_deflection" title="Electrostatic deflection">electrostatic deflection</a> is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscopes</a>, a type of diagnostic instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-workings_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workings-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DLP">DLP</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Light_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Light Processing">Digital Light Processing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg/200px-Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg/300px-Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg/400px-Christie_Mirage_5000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>The Christie Mirage 5000, a 2001 DLP projector</figcaption></figure> <p>Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projector</a> technology that uses a <a href="/wiki/Digital_micromirror_device" title="Digital micromirror device">digital micromirror device</a>. Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display. It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hornbeck" title="Larry Hornbeck">Larry Hornbeck</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP-based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997. Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a> in 1998 for the invention of the DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a variety of display applications, from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications, including medical, security, and industrial uses. DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for classrooms and businesses primarily) but also in private homes; in these cases, the image is projected onto a projection screen. DLP is also used in DLP rear projection television sets and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> projection.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plasma">Plasma</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Plasma_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma TV">plasma</a> display panel (PDP) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel display</a> common to large television displays 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are called "<a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>" displays because the technology uses small cells containing <a href="/wiki/Electrically" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically">electrically</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charged</a> <a href="/wiki/Ionized" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionized">ionized</a> <a href="/wiki/Gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases">gases</a>, or what are in essence chambers more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LCD">LCD</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LCD_generic_tv02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/LCD_generic_tv02.jpg/200px-LCD_generic_tv02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/LCD_generic_tv02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>A generic LCD TV, with speakers on either side of the screen</figcaption></figure> <p>Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TVs) are television sets that use <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> technology to produce images. <a href="/wiki/LCD_television" title="LCD television">LCD televisions</a> are much thinner and lighter than <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRTs) of similar display size and are available in much larger sizes (e.g., 90-inch diagonal). When manufacturing costs fell, this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers. LCDs come in two types: those using <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> fluorescent lamps, simply called LCDs, and those using <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> as backlight called <a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD_television" class="mw-redirect" title="LED-backlit LCD television">LEDs</a>. </p><p>In 2007, LCD television sets surpassed sales of CRT-based television sets worldwide for the first time, and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD television sets have quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display</a> panel and <a href="/wiki/Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">rear-projection television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid 2010s LCDs especially LEDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold television display type.<sup id="cite_ref-Displaysearch.com_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Displaysearch.com-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">OLEDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">FED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">SED</a>, but as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> none of these have entered widespread production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OLED">OLED</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90,_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg/220px-LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg/330px-LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg/440px-LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>OLED TV</figcaption></figure> <p>An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) in which the <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emissive</a> <a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">electroluminescent</a> layer is a film of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of <a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">organic semiconductor</a> is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create <a href="/wiki/Digital_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital display">digital displays</a> in devices such as <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television</a> screens. It is also used for computer monitors and portable systems such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phones">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game console</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>. </p><p>There are two main groups of OLED: those based on small <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> and those employing <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>. Adding mobile <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> to an OLED creates a <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell" title="Light-emitting electrochemical cell">light-emitting electrochemical cell</a> or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either <a href="/wiki/Passive_matrix_addressing" title="Passive matrix addressing">passive-matrix</a> (PMOLED) or <a href="/wiki/Active_matrix_addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Active matrix addressing">active-matrix</a> (AMOLED) addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs require a <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">thin-film transistor</a> backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes. </p><p>An OLED display works without a <a href="/wiki/Backlight" title="Backlight">backlight</a>. Thus, it can display deep <a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">black levels</a> and can be thinner and lighter than a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a> (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room, an OLED screen can achieve a higher <a href="/wiki/Contrast_ratio" title="Contrast ratio">contrast ratio</a> than an LCD, whether the LCD uses <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> fluorescent lamps or <a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD_television" class="mw-redirect" title="LED-backlit LCD television">LED backlight</a>. OLEDs are expected to replace other forms of display in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-oled-info.com_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oled-info.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_resolution">Display resolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resolution_of_SD,_Full_HD,_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Resolution_of_SD%2C_Full_HD%2C_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg/290px-Resolution_of_SD%2C_Full_HD%2C_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Resolution_of_SD%2C_Full_HD%2C_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg/435px-Resolution_of_SD%2C_Full_HD%2C_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Resolution_of_SD%2C_Full_HD%2C_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg/580px-Resolution_of_SD%2C_Full_HD%2C_4K_Ultra_HD_%26_8K_Ultra_HD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of 8K <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a>, 4K <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> resolution</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LD">LD</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">Low-definition television</a></div> <p>Low-definition television or LDTV refers to television systems that have a lower screen resolution than standard-definition television systems such <a href="/wiki/240p" class="mw-redirect" title="240p">240p</a> (320*240). It is used in <a href="/wiki/Handheld_television" title="Handheld television">handheld television</a>. The most common source of LDTV programming is the Internet, where mass distribution of higher-resolution <a href="/wiki/Video_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Video file">video files</a> could overwhelm <a href="/wiki/Computer_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer server">computer servers</a> and take too long to download. Many mobile phones and portable devices such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">iPod Nano</a>, or Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> use LDTV video, as higher-resolution files would be excessive to the needs of their small screens (<a href="/wiki/QVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="QVGA">320×240</a> and 480×272 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> respectively). The current generation of iPod Nanos has LDTV screens, as do the first three generations of <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> (480×320). For the first years of its existence, YouTube offered only one low-definition resolution of 320x240p at 30fps or less. A standard, consumer-grade <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> can be considered SDTV due to its resolution (approximately 360 × 480i/576i). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SD">SD</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">Standard-definition television</a></div> <p>Standard-definition television or SDTV refers to two different resolutions: <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a>, with 576 <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> lines of resolution, derived from the European-developed <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> systems, and <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a> based on the American National Television System Committee <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> system. SDTV is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (<a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a>, <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a>, <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>, <a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p</a>, <a href="/wiki/4K_UHDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="4K UHDTV">4K UHDTV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/8K_UHD" class="mw-redirect" title="8K UHD">8K UHD</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">enhanced-definition television</a> (EDTV <a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a>). In North America, digital SDTV is broadcast in the same <a href="/wiki/4:3" class="mw-redirect" title="4:3">4:3</a> aspect ratio as NTSC signals, with widescreen content being <a href="/wiki/Center_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Center cut">center cut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in other parts of the world that used the PAL or SECAM color systems, standard-definition television is now usually shown with a <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a>, with the transition occurring between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s. Older programs with a 4:3 aspect ratio are shown in the United States as 4:3, with non-ATSC countries preferring to reduce the horizontal resolution by anamorphically scaling a <a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">pillarboxed</a> image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HD">HD</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></div> <p>High-definition television (HDTV) provides a <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> that is substantially higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a>. </p><p>HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>: 1920×1080p: 2,073,600 pixels (~2.07 <a href="/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixels</a>) per <a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a>: 1920×1080i: 1,036,800 pixels (~1.04 MP) per <a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">field</a> or 2,073,600 pixels (~2.07 MP) per frame <ul><li>A non-standard CEA resolution exists in some countries such as 1440×1080i: 777,600 pixels (~0.78 MP) per field or 1,555,200 pixels (~1.56 MP) per frame</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a>: 1280×720p: 921,600 pixels (~0.92 MP) per frame</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UHD">UHD</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></div> <p>Ultra-high-definition television (also known as Super Hi-Vision, Ultra HD television, UltraHD, UHDTV, or <a href="/wiki/XVGA#UHD_(4K)_(3840×2160)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVGA">UHD</a>) includes <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution#Resolutions" title="4K resolution">4K UHD</a> (2160p) and <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution#Resolutions" title="8K resolution">8K UHD</a> (4320p), which are two <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> formats proposed by <a href="/wiki/NHK_Science_%26_Technology_Research_Laboratories" title="NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories">NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories</a> and defined and approved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU). The <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Association">Consumer Electronics Association</a> announced on 17 October 2012 that "Ultra High Definition," or "Ultra HD," would be used for displays that have an <a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of at least 16:9 and at least one digital input capable of carrying and presenting natural video at a minimum resolution of 3840×2160 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_share">Market share</h3></div> <p>North American consumers purchase a new television set on average every seven years, and the average household owns 2.8 televisions. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 48 million are sold each year at an average price of $460 and size of 38 in (97 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-martin20111227_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin20111227-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:35%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Worldwide TV manufacturers market share, H1 2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Manufacturer </th> <th>Market share<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></td> <td>31.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a></td> <td>16.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL</a></td> <td>10.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hisense" title="Hisense">Hisense</a></td> <td>9.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></td> <td>5.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td>39% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming">Programming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">Video production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></div> <p>Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many other ways. After production, the next step is to market and deliver the product to whichever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels: </p> <ol><li>Original run or First run: a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network that has either paid for the production itself or granted a license by the television producers to do the same.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Broadcast syndication</a>: this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond the original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of the first issue, but also international usage, which may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases, other companies, television stations, or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words, to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders; in most cases, the producers.</li></ol> <p>First-run programming is increasing on subscription services outside of the United States, but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> (FTA) elsewhere. This practice is increasing, however, generally on digital-only FTA channels or with subscriber-only, first-run material appearing on FTA. Unlike the United States, repeat FTA screenings of an FTA network program usually only occur on that network. Also, <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">affiliates</a> rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not focused on <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">local programming</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Television" title="Talk:Television">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Television_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Television genre">Television genres</a> include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually dramas and dramatic <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a>. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may also have high production costs. </p><p>Pop culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_drama" title="Medical drama">medical dramas</a> and daytime soap operas. Sci-fi series can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure. Comedy is a popular genre that includes situation comedy (sitcom) and animated series for the adult demographic, such as Comedy Central's <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i>. </p><p>The least expensive forms of entertainment programming genres are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a>. Game shows feature contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows contain interviews with film, television, music, and sports <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a> and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers, such as comedians and magicians, introduced by a host or <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">Master of Ceremonies</a>. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments. Reality television series "regular" people (i.e., not actors) facing unusual challenges or experiences ranging from arrest by police officers (<i><a href="/wiki/Cops_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cops (TV series)">COPS</a></i>) to significant weight loss (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Biggest_Loser" title="The Biggest Loser">The Biggest Loser</a></i>). A derived version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Osbournes" title="The Osbournes">The Osbournes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg%27s_Father_Hood" title="Snoop Dogg's Father Hood">Snoop Dogg's Father Hood</a></i>) or doing regular jobs (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Simple_Life" title="The Simple Life">The Simple Life</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fictional television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are "<a href="/wiki/Quality_television" title="Quality television">quality television</a>", include series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>. Kristin Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a>, such as psychological realism, narrative complexity, and ambiguous plotlines. Nonfiction television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are "quality television" include a range of serious, noncommercial programming aimed at a niche audience, such as documentaries and public affairs shows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV_users.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/TV_users.svg/350px-TV_users.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/TV_users.svg/525px-TV_users.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/TV_users.svg/700px-TV_users.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Television sets per 1000 people of the world <table style="width: 250px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#10547C; color:white;"> </span> 1000+</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#70BEED; color:black;"> </span> 100–200</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1674AB; color:white;"> </span> 500–1000</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9DD2F2; color:black;"> </span> 50–100</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1B8BCF; color:black;"> </span> 300–500</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCE8F9; color:black;"> </span> 0–50</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3CA6E6; color:black;"> </span> 200–300</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>Around the world, broadcast television is financed by government, advertising, licensing (a form of tax), subscription, or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription television channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscribers receive the decryption codes to see the signal. Unencrypted channels are known as free-to-air or FTA. In 2009, the global TV market represented 1,217.2 million TV households with at least one TV and total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR (declining 1.2% compared to 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North America had the biggest TV revenue market share with 39% followed by Europe (31%), Asia-Pacific (21%), Latin America (8%), and Africa and the Middle East (2%).<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, the different TV revenue sources are divided into 45–50% TV advertising revenues, 40–45% subscription fees, and 10% public funding.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advertising">Advertising</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">Television advertisement</a></div> <p>Television's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers. Many television networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ("sponsors") to fund their programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornick_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornick-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television advertisements (variously called a television commercial, commercial, or ad in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, and known in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> as an advert) is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes (as well as program-length <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercials</a>). Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide variety of goods, services, and ideas since the beginning of television. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg/220px-Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg/330px-Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg/440px-Radio_News_Sep_1928_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>Television was still in its experimental phase in 1928, but the medium's potential to sell goods was already predicted.</figcaption></figure> <p>The effects of television advertising upon the viewing public (and the effects of mass media in general) have been the subject of discourse by philosophers, including <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>. The viewership of television programming, as measured by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>, is often used as a metric for television advertisement placement and, consequently, for the rates charged to advertisers to air within a given network, television program, or time of day (called a "daypart"). In many countries, including the United States, television <a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">campaign advertisements</a> is considered indispensable for a <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaign</a>. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, completely ban political advertisements. </p><p>The first official, paid television advertisement was broadcast in the United States on 1 July 1941, over New York station WNBT (now <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBC</a>) before a baseball game between the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a>. The announcement for <a href="/wiki/Bulova" title="Bulova">Bulova</a> watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase "Bulova Watch Time," was shown in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first TV ad broadcast in the U.K. was on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> on 22 September 1955, advertising <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_SR" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbs SR">Gibbs SR</a> toothpaste. The first TV ad broadcast in Asia was on <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Television" title="Nippon Television">Nippon Television</a> in Tokyo on 28 August 1953, advertising <a href="/wiki/Seikosha" title="Seikosha">Seikosha</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a>), which also displayed a clock with the current time.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <p>Since inception in the US in 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> television commercials have become one of the most effective, persuasive, and popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. During the 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted by single advertisers. This, in turn, gave great creative control to the <a href="/wiki/Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertiser">advertisers</a> over the content of the show. Perhaps due to the <a href="/wiki/Quiz_show_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz show scandals">quiz show scandals</a> in the 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> networks shifted to the magazine concept, introducing advertising breaks with other advertisers. </p><p>U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a>. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a TV commercial can cost. For example, it can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time during the highly popular singing competition <i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i>, while the same amount of time for the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> can cost several million dollars. Conversely, lesser-viewed <a href="/wiki/Time_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Time slot">time slots</a>, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers of <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercials</a> at far lower rates. In recent years, paid programs or infomercials have become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour. Some <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">drug companies</a> and other businesses have even created "news" items for broadcast, known in the industry as <a href="/wiki/Video_news_release" title="Video news release">video news releases</a>, paying <a href="/wiki/Program_director" title="Program director">program directors</a> to use them.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some television programs also deliberately place products into their shows as advertisements, a practice started in feature films<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and known as <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a>. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurant chain">chain restaurant</a>, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very subtle, with shows having vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost in exchange as a <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a>). Sometimes, a specific brand or <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trade mark</a>, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances by artists who perform on the show.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <p>The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV. Despite this, an early TV mogul, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet" title="Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet">Roy Thomson</a>, likened the broadcasting license as being a "license to print money".<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels: <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV (TV channel)">ITV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a> can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes (twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TV shows from the U.S. have unnatural pauses where the British company does not use the narrative breaks intended for more frequent U.S. advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs that last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current affairs programs, documentaries, and programs for children; additionally, advertisements may not be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any <a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">religious broadcasting</a> service or other devotional program or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, being strictly non-commercial, is not allowed to show adverts on television in the U.K., though it has advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes from <a href="/wiki/Television_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Television license">television license</a> fees (see below) and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a>, the sale of content to other broadcasters.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4></div> <p>Broadcast advertising is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Authority_of_Ireland" title="Broadcasting Authority of Ireland">Broadcasting Authority of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subscription">Subscription</h4></div> <p>Some TV channels are partly funded from <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscriptions</a>; therefore, the signals are encrypted during the broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watch <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> or <a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">specialty channels</a>. Most subscription services are also funded by advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxation_or_license">Taxation or license</h4></div> <p>Television services in some countries may be funded by a <a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">television licence</a> or a form of taxation, which means that advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little, including: </p> <ul><li>Australia (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC Television</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)" title="VRT (broadcaster)">VRT</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Danmarks Radio">DR</a>)</li> <li>Ireland (<a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>)</li> <li>Japan (<a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a>)</li> <li>Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Swiss Broadcasting Corporation">SRG SSR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Service" title="Public Television Service">PTS</a>)</li> <li>United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a>)</li> <li>United States (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>'s TV service carries no <a href="/wiki/Television_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Television advertising">television advertising</a> on its UK channels and is funded by an annual television license paid by the occupiers of premises receiving live telecasts. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it was estimated that approximately 26.8 million UK private domestic households owned televisions, with approximately 25 million TV licences in all premises in force as of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This television license fee is set by the government, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> two main BBC TV channels were watched by almost 90% of the population each week and overall had 27% share of total viewing,<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the fact that 85% of homes were multi-channel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free-to-air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the licence that funds the advertising-free BBC TV channels cost £159 for a colour TV Licence and £53.50 for a black and white TV Licence (free or reduced for some groups).<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>'s television services in Australia carry no advertising by external sources; it is banned under the <i>Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983</i>, which also ensures its editorial independence. The ABC receives most of its funding from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> (some revenue is received from its <a href="/wiki/ABC_Commercial" title="ABC Commercial">Commercial division</a>), but it has suffered progressive funding cuts under <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> governments since the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with particularly deep cuts in 2014 under the <a href="/wiki/Turnbull_government" title="Turnbull government">Turnbull government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Indexation" title="Indexation">indexation</a> freeze as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funds provide for the <a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC's television</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio (Australia)">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Online">online</a>, and international outputs, although <a href="/wiki/ABC_Australia_(Southeast_Asian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Australia (Southeast Asian TV channel)">ABC Australia</a>, which broadcasts throughout the Asia-Pacific region, receives additional funds through <a href="/wiki/DFAT" class="mw-redirect" title="DFAT">DFAT</a> and some advertising on the channel.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, government-funded channels carry advertisements, yet those who own television sets have to pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> is paid for by license fees (known in Japanese as reception fee<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">受信料</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jushinryō</i></span>)</span>). The broadcast law that governs NHK's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well as a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_programming">Broadcast programming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">Broadcast programming</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/TV_listings_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV listings (UK)">TV listings (UK)</a></div> <p>Broadcast programming, or TV listings in the United Kingdom, is the practice of organizing television programs in a schedule, with broadcast automation used to regularly change the scheduling of TV programs to build an audience for a new show, retain that audience, or compete with other broadcasters' programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_aspects">Social aspects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_watching_television_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/200px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/300px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/400px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>American family watching television, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1958</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many aspects of television that can be addressed, including negative issues such as <a href="/wiki/Media_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media violence">media violence</a>. Current research is discovering that individuals suffering from social isolation can employ television to create what is termed a <a href="/wiki/Parasocial_interaction" title="Parasocial interaction">parasocial</a> or faux relationship with characters from their favorite television shows and movies as a way of deflecting feelings of loneliness and social deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several studies have found that <a href="/wiki/Educational_television" title="Educational television">educational television</a> has many advantages. The article "The Good Things about Television"<sup id="cite_ref-good-things-about-tv_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-good-things-about-tv-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that television can be a very powerful and effective learning tool for children if used wisely. With respect to faith, many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> use television for <a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">religious broadcasting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_opposition">Religious opposition</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a>, eschew the use of the television.<sup id="cite_ref-Marty1980_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marty1980-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, such as those affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Christian_College" title="Pensacola Christian College">Pensacola Christian College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also eschew television. Many <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Catholic">Traditional Catholic</a> congregations such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Pius_X" title="Society of Saint Pius X">Society of Saint Pius X</a> (SSPX), as with <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadian Lutherans</a>, and Conservative Anabaptists such as the <a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren_Church" title="Dunkard Brethren Church">Dunkard Brethren Church</a>, oppose the presence of television in the household, teaching that it is an <a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">occasion of sin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2017_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2017-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DBC2021_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBC2021-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negative_impacts">Negative impacts</h2></div> <p>Children, especially those aged five or younger, are at risk of injury from falling televisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2012_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2012-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT-style</a> television that falls on a child will, because of its weight, hit with the equivalent force of falling multiple stories from a building.<sup id="cite_ref-19980901_Pediatrics_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19980901_Pediatrics-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-screen</a> televisions are "top-heavy and have narrow bases", which means that a small child can easily pull one over.<sup id="cite_ref-SafeKids_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafeKids-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, TV tip-overs were responsible for more than 10,000 injuries per year to children in the United States, at a cost of more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$8</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>million per year (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$10.28</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>million per year in 2023) in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2012_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2012-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SafeKids_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafeKids-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Human_Resources" title="The Journal of Human Resources">The Journal of Human Resources</a></i> found that exposure to cable television reduced cognitive ability and high school graduation rates for boys. This effect was stronger for boys from more educated families. The article suggests a mechanism where light television entertainment crowds out more cognitively stimulating activities.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With high lead content in <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRTs</a> and the rapid diffusion of new flat-panel display technologies, some of which (<a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCDs</a>) use lamps which contain <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, there is growing concern about <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">electronic waste</a> from discarded televisions. Related <a href="/wiki/Occupational_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational health">occupational health</a> concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/48px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/64px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-television" title="B-television">B-television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_discovery_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Content discovery platform">Content discovery platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-action_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Information-action ratio">Information-action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_television_broadcast_stations" title="List of countries by number of television broadcast stations">List of countries by number of television broadcast stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_manufacturers" title="List of television manufacturers">List of television manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_television" title="List of years in television">List of years in television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_channels" title="Lists of television channels">Lists of television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">MicroLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_on_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language on television">Sign language on television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephilia">Telephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studies" title="Television studies">Television studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_accessory" title="TV accessory">TV accessory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Ogden (December 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21">"How the World's First Wireless News-Picture Was Flashed Across the Atlantic Ocean, Paris get President Harding's portrait in twenty minutes"</a>. <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=How+the+World%27s+First+Wireless+News-Picture+Was+Flashed+Across+the+Atlantic+Ocean%2C+Paris+get+President+Harding%27s+portrait+in+twenty+minutes&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1921-12&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.au=Wilfred+S.+Ogden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSoDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F115504a0">"Current Topics and Events"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>115</b> (2892): 504–508. 1925. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925Natur.115..504.">1925Natur.115..504.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F115504a0">10.1038/115504a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Current+Topics+and+Events&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2892&rft.pages=504-508&rft.date=1925&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F115504a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1925Natur.115..504.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F115504a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Television 1873–1927,<i>Television: The Official Organ Of The Television Society</i>, Vo1, No1, March 1928, Television Press Ltd, London, p11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The 'Televisor' – Successful test of a new apparatus," The Times (London), 28 January 1926, p. 9. "First on a receiver in the same room and then on a portable receiver in another room, the visitors were shown recognizable reception of the movements of the dummy head and of a person speaking."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml#:~:text=On%2026%20January%201926%20he,the%20Baird%20Television%20Development%20Company.">"John Logie Baird (1888–1946)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Logie+Baird+%281888%E2%80%931946%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbaird_logie.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%252026%2520January%25201926%2520he%2Cthe%2520Baird%2520Television%2520Development%2520Company.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baird, J.L., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com/1932.html">Television in 1932</a>", <i>BBC Annual Report</i>, 1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio Shows Far Away Objects in Motion", <i>The New York Times</i>, 14 June 1925, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glinsky-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glinsky_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glinsky_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Glinsky, Albert (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin"><i>Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage</i></a></span>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin/page/41">41</a>–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02582-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02582-2"><bdi>978-0-252-02582-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theremin%3A+Ether+Music+and+Espionage&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pages=41-45&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02582-2&rft.aulast=Glinsky&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthereminethermus00glin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328180825/https://www.fi.edu/case-files/francis-jenkins-phantoscope">"Case Files: Francis Jenkins (Phantoscope)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a></i>. 27 May 2016. 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(18 June 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429503">"Distant Electric Vision (first paragraph)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>78</b> (2016): 151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908Natur..78..151S">1908Natur..78..151S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F078151a0">10.1038/078151a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3956737">3956737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Distant+Electric+Vision+%28first+paragraph%29&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2016&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1908-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3956737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F078151a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1908Natur..78..151S&rft.au=Campbell-Swinton%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swinton_DEV2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swinton_DEV2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Swinton,_A._A.1908" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Swinton, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Alan+Archivald+Campbell-Swinton+%281863%E2%80%931930%29&rft.au=Bairdtelevision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bairdtelevision.com%2Fswinton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swinton-Rontgen-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swinton-Rontgen_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiers1997" class="citation book cs1">Shiers, May (29 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC&q=swinton+rontgen"><i>Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940</i></a>. 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(23 October 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F118590a0">"Electric Television (abstract)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>118</b> (2973): 590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926Natur.118..590S">1926Natur.118..590S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F118590a0">10.1038/118590a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4081053">4081053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Electric+Television+%28abstract%29&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2973&rft.pages=590&rft.date=1926-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4081053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F118590a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1926Natur.118..590S&rft.au=Campbell-Swinton%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F118590a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-Swinton-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns-Swinton_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns,_R_W.1998" class="citation book cs1">Burns, R W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZcwhVyiMqsC&q=swinton+minchin+stanton+1903"><i>Television: An International History of the Formative Years</i></a>. 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Minchin, F.R.S"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>93</b> (2318): 115–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1914Natur..93..115R">1914Natur..93..115R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F093115a0">10.1038/093115a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Prof.+G.M.+Minchin%2C+F.R.S&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2318&rft.pages=115-16&rft.date=1914-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F093115a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1914Natur..93..115R&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F093115a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-Strange-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller-Strange_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_H.Strange._J._W.1938" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, H. & Strange. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones%3ADevelopment+of+Electronic+Television%2C+1924%E2%80%931941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3ADevelopment_of_Electronic_Television%2C_1924-1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart, Hugh (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/01/jan-29-1901-dumont-will-make-tv-work-2/">"Jan. 29, 1901: DuMont Will Make TV Work."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postman-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Postman_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000531100005/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html">Postman, Neil, "Philo Farnsworth"</a>, <i>The TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers</i>, <i>Time</i>, 29 March 1999. Retrieved 28 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfmuseum-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfmuseum_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfmuseum_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html">"Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622033654/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco</i>. Retrieved 15 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abramson, Albert, <i>Zworykin, Pioneer of Television</i>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422211543/http://db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu/lucene/Manuscripts/null/Ms0648.xml/complete">"The Philo T. and Elma G. Farnsworth Papers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu/lucene/Manuscripts/null/Ms0648.xml/complete">the original</a> on 22 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philo+T.+and+Elma+G.+Farnsworth+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu%2Flucene%2FManuscripts%2Fnull%2FMs0648.xml%2Fcomplete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abramson, Albert, <i>Zworykin, Pioneer of Television</i>, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02104-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02104-5">0-252-02104-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US1691324-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US1691324_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ">Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131053220/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ">Archived</a> 31 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Patent No. 1691324, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1925-07-13, issued 13 November 1928. Retrieved 28 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2022450-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2022450_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents?id=tQt-AAAAEBAJ">Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518183522/http://www.google.com/patents?id=tQt-AAAAEBAJ">Archived</a> 18 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Patent No. 2022450, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued 26 November 1935. Retrieved 10 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stashower, Daniel, <i>The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television</i>, Broadway Books, 2002, pp. 243–44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0759-0">978-0-7679-0759-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everson, George (1949), <i>The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth</i> New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7">978-0-405-06042-7</a>, 266 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkTimes-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimes_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence,_Williams_L.1933" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence, Williams L. (27 June 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC&q=3971+zworykin+N.Y.T">"Human-like eye made by engineers to televise images"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7782-2"><bdi>978-0-8240-7782-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Iconoscope' converts scenes into electrical energy for radio transmission. Fast as a movie camera. Three million tiny photocells 'memorize,' then pass out pictures. Step to home television. Developed in ten years of work by Dr. V.K. Zworykin, who describes it in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Human-like+eye+made+by+engineers+to+televise+images&rft.date=1933-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-7782-2&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Williams+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOlXsZdT8HUQC%26q%3D3971%2Bzworykin%2BN.Y.T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abramson, Albert (1987), <i>The History of Television, 1880 to 1941</i>. Jefferson, NC: Albert Abramson. p. 148. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9">0-89950-284-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson1_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everson, George (1949), <i>The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth</i> New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7">978-0-405-06042-7</a>, pp. 137–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everson, George (1949), <i>The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth</i> New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7">978-0-405-06042-7</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson3-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson3_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everson, George (1949), <i>The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth</i> New York: W.W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=22.3.1935%3A+Erstes+Fernsehprogramm+der+Welt&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalenderblatt.de%2Findex.php%3Fwhat%3Dthmanu%26lang%3Dde%26manu_id%3D1737%26sdt%3D20090322%26maca%3Dde-podcast_kalenderblatt-1086-xml-mrss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computer-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computer_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121012410/https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html">"Es begann in der Fernsehstube: TV wird 80 Jahre alt"</a>. Computer Bild. 22 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Es+begann+in+der+Fernsehstube%3A+TV+wird+80+Jahre+alt&rft.pub=Computer+Bild&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerbild.de%2Fartikel%2Favf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA838">New Television System Uses 'Magnetic Lens'</a>", <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, Dec. 1934, pp. 838–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns370-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns370_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, R.W. <i>Television: An international history of the formative years</i>. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE, p. 370. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852969144" title="Special:BookSources/9780852969144">9780852969144</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2296019">"Patent US2296019 – Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patent+US2296019+%E2%80%93+Chromoscopic+adapter+for+television+equipment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2296019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GB406353-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GB406353_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEMI_LTDTedham,_William_F.McGee,_James_D." class="citation web cs1">EMI LTD; Tedham, William F. & McGee, James D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19340226&CC=GB&NR=406353A&KC=A">"Improvements in or relating to cathode ray tubes and the like"</a>. <i>Patent No. GB 406,353 (filed May 1932, patented 1934)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patent+No.+GB+406%2C353+%28filed+May+1932%2C+patented+1934%29&rft.atitle=Improvements+in+or+relating+to+cathode+ray+tubes+and+the+like&rft.au=EMI+LTD&rft.au=Tedham%2C+William+F.&rft.au=McGee%2C+James+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2Fbiblio%3FDB%3DEPODOC%26adjacent%3Dtrue%26locale%3Den_V3%26FT%3DD%26date%3D19340226%26CC%3DGB%26NR%3D406353A%26KC%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2077442-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2077442_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedham,_William_F.McGee,_James_D." class="citation web cs1">Tedham, William F. & McGee, James D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523212804/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=BYNaAAAAEBAJ">"Cathode Ray Tube"</a>. <i>Patent No. 2,077,422 (filed in Great Britain 1932, filed in USA 1933, patented 1937)</i>. United States Patent Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=BYNaAAAAEBAJ">the original</a> on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patent+No.+2%2C077%2C422+%28filed+in+Great+Britain+1932%2C+filed+in+USA+1933%2C+patented+1937%29&rft.atitle=Cathode+Ray+Tube&rft.au=Tedham%2C+William+F.&rft.au=McGee%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%2Fabout%3Fid%3DBYNaAAAAEBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns576-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns576_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, R.W., <i>Television: An international history of the formative years</i>. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE, p. 576. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-914-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85296-914-7">0-85296-914-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winstor-media-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winstor-media_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston,_Brian1986" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Brian (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_RpAAAAIAAJ&q=%22american+iconoscope%22+noisy"><i>Misunderstanding media</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57663-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57663-6"><bdi>978-0-674-57663-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misunderstanding+media&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-674-57663-6&rft.au=Winston%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_RpAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522american%2Biconoscope%2522%2Bnoisy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winstor-history-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winstor-history_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston,_Brian1998" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Brian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZOF_1GZRmYC&q=american+iconoscope+noisy"><i>Media technology and society. A history: from the telegraph to the Internet</i></a>. Routledge. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14230-4"><bdi>978-0-415-14230-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+technology+and+society.+A+history%3A+from+the+telegraph+to+the+Internet&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14230-4&rft.au=Winston%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZOF_1GZRmYC%26q%3Damerican%2Biconoscope%2Bnoisy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_Robert_Charles2000" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Robert Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRhx3UmYBz0C&q=super+emitron"><i>The inventor of stereo: the life and works of Alan Dower Blumlein</i></a>. Focal Press. pp. 217–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51628-8"><bdi>978-0-240-51628-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+inventor+of+stereo%3A+the+life+and+works+of+Alan+Dower+Blumlein&rft.pages=217-19&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-240-51628-8&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Robert+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRhx3UmYBz0C%26q%3Dsuper%2Bemitron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-Blumlein-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns-Blumlein_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns,_R.W.2000" class="citation book cs1">Burns, R.W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2z2ONO7nBQC&q=blumlein+mcgee+cps+emitron+decelerating+zero"><i>The life and times of A.D. Blumlein</i></a>. IET. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-773-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-773-7"><bdi>978-0-85296-773-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+times+of+A.D.+Blumlein&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=IET&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-773-7&rft.au=Burns%2C+R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2z2ONO7nBQC%26q%3Dblumlein%2Bmcgee%2Bcps%2Bemitron%2Bdecelerating%2Bzero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GB442666-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GB442666_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubszynski,_Hans_GerhardRodda,_Sydney" class="citation web cs1">Lubszynski, Hans Gerhard & Rodda, Sydney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_V3&FT=D&date=19360212&CC=GB&NR=442666A&KC=A">"Improvements in or relating to television"</a>. <i>Patent No. GB 442,666 (filed May 1934, patented 1936)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patent+No.+DE+450%2C187+%28filed+1925%2C+patented+1927%29&rft.atitle=Lichtelektrische+Bildzerlegerr%C3%B6ehre+f%C3%BCr+Fernseher&rft.au=Dieckmann%2C+Max&rft.au=Rudolf+Hell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2ForiginalDocument%3FCC%3DDE%26NR%3D450187C%26KC%3DC%26FT%3DD%26date%3D19271003%26DB%3DEPODOC%26locale%3Den_V3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US1773980-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US1773980_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnsworth,_Philo_T." class="citation web cs1">Farnsworth, Philo T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523192021/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=HRd5AAAAEBAJ">"Television System"</a>. <i>Patent No. 1,773,980 (filed 1927, patented 1930)</i>. United States Patent Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=HRd5AAAAEBAJ">the original</a> on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patent+No.+1%2C773%2C980+%28filed+1927%2C+patented+1930%29&rft.atitle=Television+System&rft.au=Farnsworth%2C+Philo+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%2Fabout%3Fid%3DHRd5AAAAEBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vries-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vries_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries,_M.J.de_Vries,_MarcCross,_NigelGrant,_Donald_P.1993" class="citation book cs1">de Vries, M.J.; de Vries, Marc; Cross, Nigel & Grant, Donald P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4T8U_J1h7noC&q=image-iconoscope+image-orthicon+telefunken"><i>Design methodology and relationships with science, Número 71 de NATO ASI series</i></a>. Springer. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2191-0"><bdi>978-0-7923-2191-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+methodology+and+relationships+with+science%2C+N%C3%BAmero+71+de+NATO+ASI+series&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2191-0&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+M.J.&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+Marc&rft.au=Cross%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Grant%2C+Donald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4T8U_J1h7noC%26q%3Dimage-iconoscope%2Bimage-orthicon%2Btelefunken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multicon-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Multicon_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Multicon_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Harry1953" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Harry (July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318011743/http://www.earlytelevision.org/multicon.html">"Multicon – A new TV camera tube"</a>. <i>newspaper article</i>. Early Television Foundation and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/multicon.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newspaper+article&rft.atitle=Multicon+%E2%80%93+A+new+TV+camera+tube&rft.date=1953-07&rft.au=Smith%2C+Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fmulticon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heimann1-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heimann1_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittel,_Joachim2008" class="citation web cs1">Gittel, Joachim (11 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Spezialroehren.htm">"Spezialröhren"</a>. <i>photographic album</i>. Jogis Röhrenbude<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photographic+album&rft.atitle=Spezialr%C3%B6hren&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.au=Gittel%2C+Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jogis-roehrenbude.de%2FRoehren-Geschichtliches%2FSpezialroehren%2FSpezialroehren.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETM-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ETM_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly_Television_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Early Television Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617080126/http://www.earlytelevision.org/prewar_camera_tubes.html">"TV Camera Tubes, German "Super Iconoscope" (1936)"</a>. <i>photographic album</i>. Early Television Foundation and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/prewar_camera_tubes.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photographic+album&rft.atitle=TV+Camera+Tubes%2C+German+%22Super+Iconoscope%22+%281936%29&rft.au=Early+Television+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fprewar_camera_tubes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heimann2-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heimann2_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittel,_Joachim2008" class="citation web cs1">Gittel, Joachim (11 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Ikonoskop_Heimann/Heimann.htm">"FAR-Röhren der Firma Heimann"</a>. <i>photographic album</i>. Jogis Röhrenbude<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photographic+album&rft.atitle=FAR-R%C3%B6hren+der+Firma+Heimann&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.au=Gittel%2C+Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jogis-roehrenbude.de%2FRoehren-Geschichtliches%2FSpezialroehren%2FIkonoskop_Heimann%2FHeimann.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philips-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philips_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips1958" class="citation book cs1">Philips (1958). "5854, Image Iconoscope, Philips". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Ikonoskop_Heimann/5854_Philips_Iconoscop-1958.pdf"><i>electronic tube handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philips. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903223404/http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Spezialroehren/Ikonoskop_Heimann/5854_Philips_Iconoscop-1958.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5854%2C+Image+Iconoscope%2C+Philips&rft.btitle=electronic+tube+handbook&rft.pub=Philips&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Philips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jogis-roehrenbude.de%2FRoehren-Geschichtliches%2FSpezialroehren%2FIkonoskop_Heimann%2F5854_Philips_Iconoscop-1958.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson4-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everson4_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everson, George (1949), <i>The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth</i> New York: W.W. Norton & Co,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06042-7">978-0-405-06042-7</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV2_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV2_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abramson, Albert (1987), <i>The History of Television, 1880 to 1941</i>. Jefferson, NC: Albert Abramson. p. 254. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9">0-89950-284-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin187-8-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin187-8_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schatzkin, Paul (2002), <i>The Boy Who Invented Television</i>. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 187–88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928791-30-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-928791-30-1">1-928791-30-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Go-Ahead Signal Due for Television", <i>The New York Times</i>, 25 April 1941, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Auspicious Beginning", <i>The New York Times</i>, 3 August 1941, p. X10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/18/obituaries/benjamin-adler-86-an-early-advocate-of-uhf-television.html">"Benjamin Adler, 86, An Early Advocate of UHF Television"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 18 April 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Adler%2C+86%2C+An+Early+Advocate+of+UHF+Television&rft.date=1990-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F04%2F18%2Fobituaries%2Fbenjamin-adler-86-an-early-advocate-of-uhf-television.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225948/http://archive.poly.edu/poly_ebriefs/archives/Feb03.htm">"ePoly Briefs Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.poly.edu/poly_ebriefs/archives/Feb03.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ePoly+Briefs+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.poly.edu%2Fpoly_ebriefs%2Farchives%2FFeb03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://625.625-net.ru/files/587/511/h_665921be9883776271895912fb8bb262">"On the beginning of broadcast in 625 lines 60 years ago"</a>, <i>625</i> magazine (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131236/http://625.625-net.ru/files/587/511/h_665921be9883776271895912fb8bb262">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041230091501/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_255-portrait.pdf">"M.I. Krivocheev – an engineer's engineer"</a>, <i>EBU Technical Review</i>, Spring 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221210300/http://cra.ir/FTD/Static/RRC/RRCFile10.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"In the Vanguard of Television Broadcasting"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cra.ir/FTD/Static/RRC/RRCFile10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22In+the+Vanguard+of+Television+Broadcasting%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcra.ir%2FFTD%2FStatic%2FRRC%2FRRCFile10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ewh.ieee.org/r2/johnstown/downloads/20090217_IEEE_JST_Trivia_Answers.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314070853/http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildsMartinStitt-Gohdes2004" class="citation book cs1">Childs, William R.; Martin, Scott B.; Stitt-Gohdes, Wanda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCwYAAAAIAAJ"><i>Business and Industry: Savings and investment options to telecommuting</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. p. 1217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761474395" title="Special:BookSources/9780761474395"><bdi>9780761474395</bdi></a>. <q>In 1952 Ibuka toured AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States and saw the newly invented transistor. He realized that replacing the large, clumsy vacuum tube with the transistor would make possible smaller, more portable radios and TVs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+and+Industry%3A+Savings+and+investment+options+to+telecommuting&rft.pages=1217&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780761474395&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Scott+B.&rft.au=Stitt-Gohdes%2C+Wanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCwYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/21/index.html">"Sony Founder Masaru Ibuka's New Year's Dream Comes True: The Launch of Sony's TV Business"</a>. <i>Time Capsule</i>. <b>21</b>. <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. 17 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Capsule&rft.atitle=Sony+Founder+Masaru+Ibuka%27s+New+Year%27s+Dream+Comes+True%3A+The+Launch+of+Sony%27s+TV+Business&rft.volume=21&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.net%2FSonyInfo%2FCorporateInfo%2FHistory%2Fcapsule%2F21%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparke2009" class="citation book cs1">Sparke, Penny (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaIQf2gV8pEC&pg=PA18"><i>Japanese Design</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Modern Art">The Museum of Modern Art</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870707391" title="Special:BookSources/9780870707391"><bdi>9780870707391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Design&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780870707391&rft.aulast=Sparke&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaIQf2gV8pEC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucie-Smith1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lucie-Smith" title="Edward Lucie-Smith">Lucie-Smith, Edward</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMsfAQAAIAAJ"><i>A History of Industrial Design</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714822815" title="Special:BookSources/9780714822815"><bdi>9780714822815</bdi></a>. <q>The first all-transistor television set was introduced by Sony in 1959 (fig. 386), only four years after their all-transistor radio, and started the transformation of television from something used for communal viewing, as the radio in the 30s had been a focus for communal listening, into an object of solitary contemplation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Design&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780714822815&rft.aulast=Lucie-Smith&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMsfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangMakatsorisRichards2007" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Yoon Seok; Makatsoris, Harris C.; Richards, Howard D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y3wBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Evolution of Supply Chain Management: Symbiosis of Adaptive Value Networks and ICT</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306486968" title="Special:BookSources/9780306486968"><bdi>9780306486968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Supply+Chain+Management%3A+Symbiosis+of+Adaptive+Value+Networks+and+ICT&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780306486968&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Yoon+Seok&rft.au=Makatsoris%2C+Harris+C.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Howard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Y3wBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Le Blanc, "Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses", <i>La Lumière Electrique</i>, vol. 11, 1 December 1880, pp. 477–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.W. Burns, <i>Television: An International History of the Formative Years</i>, IET, 1998, p. 98. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-914-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85296-914-7">0-85296-914-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Western technology and Soviet economic development: 1945 to 1965, by Antony C. Sutton, Business & Economics – 1973, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of Television, 1880–1941, by Albert Abramson, 1987, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tvmuseum.ru-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tvmuseum.ru_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424162531/http://www.tvmuseum.ru/attach.asp?a_no=1018">"A. Rokhlin, Tak rozhdalos' dal'novidenie (in Russian)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvmuseum.ru/attach.asp?a_no=1018">the original</a> on 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+Rokhlin%2C+Tak+rozhdalos%27+dal%27novidenie+%28in+Russian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvmuseum.ru%2Fattach.asp%3Fa_no%3D1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Logie Baird, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ">Television Apparatus and the Like</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518084511/http://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ">Archived</a> 18 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baird Television: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com/crystalpalace.html">Crystal Palace Television Studios</a>. Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html">"The World's First High Definition Colour Television System"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+First+High+Definition+Colour+Television+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bairdtelevision.com%2Fcolour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2480571">U.S. Patent 2,480,571</a>, filed 7 September 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current Broadcasting 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColorTVSuccess-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColorTVSuccess_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColorTVSuccess_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Color Television Success in Test", <i>The New York Times</i>, 30 August 1940, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Color Television Achieves Realism", <i>The New York Times</i>, 5 September 1940, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120">New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color</a>", <i>Popular Science</i>, December 1940, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"CBS Demonstrates Full-Color Television," <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, 5 September 1940, p. 1. "Television Hearing Set," <i>The New York Times</i>, 13 November 1940, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed Reitan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colortelevision.info/rca-nbc_firsts.html">RCA-NBC Color Firsts in Television (commented)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204092411/http://colortelevision.info/rca-nbc_firsts.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22", <i>The New York Times</i>, 8 March 1942, p. 1. "Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations," <i>The Wall Street Journal,</i> 3 June 1942, p. 4. "WPB Cancels 210 Controls; Radios, Trucks in Full Output", <i>New York Times</i>, 21 August 1945, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Cooper, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/color_tv_cooper.html">Television: The Technology That Changed Our Lives</a>", Early Television Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Abramson, <i>The History of Television, 1942 to 2000</i>, McFarland & Company, 2003, pp. 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1220-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1220-8">0-7864-1220-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baird Television: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html">The World's First High Definition Colour Television System</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Television System Committee (1951–1953), [Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports, and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission, n.p., 1953], 17 v. illus., diagrams., tables. 28 cm. LC Control No.:54021386 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&PAGE=First">Library of Congress Online Catalog</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/ge_portacolor.html">"GE Portacolor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Television_Museum" title="Early Television Museum">Early Television Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Television+Museum&rft.atitle=GE+Portacolor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fge_portacolor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson1996" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, Kirk (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/competitionin21s00tyso"><i>Competition in the 21st Century</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/competitionin21s00tyso/page/253">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574440324" title="Special:BookSources/9781574440324"><bdi>9781574440324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781574440324&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompetitionin21s00tyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522191336/http://www.disabled%2Dworld.com/artman/publish/digital%2Dhdtv.shtml">"HDTV Set Top Boxes and Digital TV Broadcast Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/digital-hdtv.shtml">the original</a> on 22 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HDTV+Set+Top+Boxes+and+Digital+TV+Broadcast+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disabled-world.com%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Fdigital-hdtv.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugerGuerrero2002" class="citation book cs1">Kruger, Lennard G.; Guerrero, Peter F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1940%E2%80%931949+C.E.%3A+Media+History+Project%3A+U+of+M&rft.pub=Mediahistory.umn.edu&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediahistory.umn.edu%2Ftimeline%2F1940-1949.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/quizshow/peopleevents/pande07.html">"The American Experience | People & Events | The Aftermath of the Quiz Show Scandal"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SafeKids Worldwide. February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safekids.org/sites/default/files/documents/skw_home_fact_sheet_feb_2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Safety+Fact+Sheet+%282015%29&rft.pub=SafeKids+Worldwide&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safekids.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fskw_home_fact_sheet_feb_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernæsMarkussenRøed2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hernæs, Øystein; Markussen, Simen; Røed, Knut (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9645">"Television, Cognitive Ability, and High School Completion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Human_Resources" title="The Journal of Human Resources">The Journal of Human Resources</a></i>. <b>54</b> (2): 371–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3368%2Fjhr.54.2.0316.7819R1">10.3368/jhr.54.2.0316.7819R1</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-8004">1548-8004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F130339">10419/130339</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-166X">0022-166X</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66009974">66009974</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1604126">1604126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4846339">4846339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Human+Resources&rft.atitle=Television%2C+Cognitive+Ability%2C+and+High+School+Completion&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-400&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F130339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4846339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1548-8004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3368%2Fjhr.54.2.0316.7819R1&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1604126&rft.issn=0022-166X&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66009974&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A6s&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Markussen%2C+Simen&rft.au=R%C3%B8ed%2C+Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconpapers.repec.org%2FRePEc%3Aiza%3Aizadps%3Adp9645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072528/http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/content/download/28169/337639/version/3/file/Riseofthemachines.pdf">"The Rise of the Machines: A Review of Energy Using Products in the Home from the 1970s to Today"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Energy Saving Trust. 3 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/content/download/28169/337639/version/3/file/Riseofthemachines.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Machines%3A+A+Review+of+Energy+Using+Products+in+the+Home+from+the+1970s+to+Today&rft.pub=Energy+Saving+Trust&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energysavingtrust.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F28169%2F337639%2Fversion%2F3%2Ffile%2FRiseofthemachines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2003" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Albert (2003). <i>The History of Television, 1942 to 2000</i>. Jefferson, NC / London: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1220-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1220-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1220-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Television%2C+1942+to+2000&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC+%2F+London&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1220-4&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, <i>On Television</i>, The New Press, 2001.</li> <li>Tim Brooks and Earle March, <i>The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows</i>, 8th ed., Ballantine, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a>, <i>Echographies of Television</i>, Polity Press, 2002.</li> <li>David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, <i>Tube: the Invention of Television</i>, Counterpoint, Washington, D.C., 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887178-17-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-887178-17-1">1-887178-17-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Berlin_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Berlin Johnson">Steven Johnson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everything_Bad_is_Good_for_You:_How_Today%27s_Popular_Culture_Is_Actually_Making_Us_Smarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter">Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter</a></i>, New York, Riverhead (Penguin), 2005, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59448-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59448-194-6">1-59448-194-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggett1941" class="citation news cs1">Leggett, Julian (April 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA497">"Television in Color"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Television+in+Color&rft.date=1941-04&rft.aulast=Leggett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdoDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mander" title="Jerry Mander">Jerry Mander</a>, <i>Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television</i>, Perennial, 1978.</li> <li>Jerry Mander, <i>In the Absence of the Sacred</i>, Sierra Club Books, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87156-509-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87156-509-9">0-87156-509-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death" title="Amusing Ourselves to Death">Amusing Ourselves to Death</a>: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business</i>, New York, Penguin US, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-80454-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-80454-1">0-670-80454-1</a>.</li> <li>Evan I. Schwartz, <i>The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television</i>, New York, Harper Paperbacks, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093559-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093559-6">0-06-093559-6</a>.</li> <li>Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, <i>Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television</i>, Rutgers University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Alan Taylor, <i>We, the Media: Pedagogic Intrusions into US Mainstream Film and Television News Broadcasting Rhetoric</i>, Peter Lang, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-51852-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-631-51852-8">3-631-51852-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_D._Lotz" title="Amanda D. Lotz">Amanda D. Lotz</a>, <i>The Television Will Be Revolutionized</i>, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5220-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5220-3">978-0-8147-5220-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Television</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Television" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Television">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Television" class="extiw" title="c:Television">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Television" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Television">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Television" class="extiw" title="q:Television">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Television" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Television">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Television" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Television">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Television" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Television">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Television</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Television">Resources in your library</a></li> 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of television programs broadcast by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia-wide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia-wide</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animax" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animax">Animax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Armenia_TV_and_Armenia_Premium" title="List of programs broadcast by Armenia TV and Armenia Premium">Armenia TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXN_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="AXN (Asia)">AXN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_the_BBC" title="List of television programmes broadcast by the BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Boomerang_(Southeast_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Boomerang (Southeast Asia)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(Southeast_Asia)" title="List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network (Southeast Asia)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Discovery_Channel_original_programming" title="List of Discovery Channel original programming">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_HD_World#List_of_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery HD World">Discovery HD World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Science_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Science Channel">Discovery Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(TV_channel_in_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Disney Channel (TV channel in Asia)">Disney Channel Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBO_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="HBO (Asia)">HBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_MTV_in_Asia" title="List of programmes broadcast by MTV in Asia">MTV Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(Southeast_Asia)" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon (Southeast Asia)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syfy_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syfy (Asia)">Syfy Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_STAR_World" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by STAR World">STAR World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Vijay" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay">Star Vijay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="STAR Movies">STAR Movies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fox_Movies_Premium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Movies Premium">Fox Movies Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Channel_V" title="List of programmes broadcast by Channel V">Channel V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="East_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Hong Kong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_TVB" title="List of television programmes broadcast by TVB">TVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_ViuTVsix" title="List of television programmes broadcast by ViuTVsix">ViuTVsix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Vijay" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay">Star Vijay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animax" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animax">Animax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TBS_Television_(Japan)" title="List of programs broadcast by TBS Television (Japan)">TBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_broadcast_by_Tokyo_MX" title="List of anime broadcast by Tokyo MX">Tokyo MX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV_Tokyo" title="List of programs broadcast by TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Arirang_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Arirang TV">Arirang TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(South_Korean_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network (South Korean TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_A_(TV_channel)#Channel_A_TV_programmes_(2011–present)" title="Channel A (TV channel)">Channel A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(South_Korean_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (South Korean TV channel)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="List of programs broadcast by the Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTV#Original_programming" title="KakaoTV">kakao TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MBC_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by MBC TV">MBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="List of programs broadcast by Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_M#Shows" title="SBS M">SBS M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_JTBC" title="List of programs broadcast by JTBC">JTBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooniverse#Programming" title="Tooniverse">Tooniverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TVING_original_programming" title="List of TVING original programming">TVING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_tvN_(South_Korean_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by tvN (South Korean TV channel)">tvN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_OCN" title="List of programs broadcast by OCN">OCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)#Programming" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_ATN_Bangla" title="List of programmes broadcast by ATN Bangla">ATN Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Bangladesh_Television" title="List of programmes broadcast by Bangladesh Television">Bangladesh Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Ekushey_Television" title="List of programmes broadcast by Ekushey Television">Ekushey Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Duronto_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Duronto TV">Duronto TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_%26TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by &TV">&TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_9X" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by 9X">9X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Big_Magic" title="List of programmes broadcast by Big Magic">Big Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(India)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Cartoon Network (India)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Colors">Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Colors_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Colors Tamil">Colors Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_DD_National" title="List of programs broadcast by DD National">DD National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_HD_World#List_of_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery HD World">Discovery HD World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Kids_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Kids (India)">Discovery Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Disney Channel (India)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_ETV_(Telugu)" title="List of programmes broadcast by ETV (Telugu)">ETV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Gemini_TV" title="List of programmes broadcast by Gemini TV">Gemini TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Hungama_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Hungama TV">Hungama TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Imagine_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Imagine TV">Imagine TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Jaya_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Jaya TV">Jaya TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Kalaignar_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Kalaignar TV">Kalaignar TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Life_OK" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Life OK">Life OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon (India)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Puthuyugam_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Puthuyugam TV">Puthuyugam TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Raj_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Raj TV">Raj TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_SAB_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by SAB TV">SAB TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sahara_One" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Sahara One">Sahara One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sony_Entertainment_Television" title="List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television">Sony Entertainment Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Maa" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Maa">Star Maa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Bharat" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat">Star Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_StarPlus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by StarPlus">StarPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Vijay" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay">Star Vijay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sun_TV_(India)" title="List of programs broadcast by Sun TV (India)">Sun TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Zee_TV" title="List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV">Zee TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Zee_Tamil_(India)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Zee Tamil (India)">Zee Tamizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Zee_Telugu" title="List of programmes broadcast by Zee Telugu">Zee Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Zee_Zindagi" title="List of programmes broadcast by Zee Zindagi">Zee Zindagi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Nepal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nepal_Television" title="List of programs broadcast by Nepal Television">Nepal TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Kantipur_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Kantipur Television">Kantipur Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP1_TV" title="AP1 TV">AP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Nepal)" title="ABC Television (Nepal)">ABC Television (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Channel" title="Image Channel">Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantipur_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantipur Gold">Kantipur Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_TV" title="Himalaya TV">Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Television" title="Janata Television">Janta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_PLUS" class="mw-redirect" title="NTV PLUS">NTV PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Kohalpur" title="NTV Kohalpur">NTV Kohalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_News" title="NTV News">NTV News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagarmatha_Television_(Nepal)" title="Sagarmatha Television (Nepal)">Sagarmatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ARY_Digital" title="List of programs broadcast by ARY Digital">ARY Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ARY_Zindagi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by ARY Zindagi">ARY Zindagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programes_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programes broadcast by Cartoon Network (Pakistan)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Geo_Kahani" title="List of programs broadcast by Geo Kahani">Geo Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Geo_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Geo TV">Geo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Hum_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Hum TV">Hum TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Hum_Sitaray" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Hum Sitaray">Hum Sitaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(Pakistan)" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon (Pakistan)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_PTV" title="List of television programmes broadcast by PTV">PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spacetoon_(Pakistan)_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spacetoon (Pakistan) Programming">Spacetoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVOne_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TVOne (Pakistan)">TV One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Urdu_1" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Urdu 1">Urdu 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Shakthi_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Shakthi TV">Shakthi TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Southeast Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_TV2_(Malaysia)" title="List of programmes broadcast by TV2 (Malaysia)">TV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV3" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TV3">TV3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_ntv7" title="List of programmes broadcast by ntv7">ntv7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_8TV_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by 8TV (Malaysia)">8TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_TV9_(Malaysia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of programmes broadcast by TV9 (Malaysia) (page does not exist)">TV9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Astro_Ceria" title="List of programmes broadcast by Astro Ceria">Astro Ceria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Vijay" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay">Star Vijay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_A2Z_(TV_channel)_original_programming" title="List of A2Z (TV channel) original programming">A2Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ABS-CBN" title="List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_aired_by_AksyonTV/5_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs aired by AksyonTV/5 Plus">AksyonTV/5 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All_TV_original_programming" title="List of All TV original programming">ALLTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_ABS-CBN_News_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by the ABS-CBN News Channel">ANC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animax" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animax">Animax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_BEAM_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by BEAM TV">BEAM TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Boomerang_(Southeast_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Boomerang (Southeast Asia)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CNN_Philippines_original_programming" title="List of CNN Philippines original programming">CNN Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_DZBB" title="List of programs broadcast by DZBB">DZBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_DWPM/TeleRadyo_Serbisyo" title="List of programs broadcast by DWPM/TeleRadyo Serbisyo">DWPM/TeleRadyo Serbisyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_DZRH/DZRH_News_Television" title="List of programs broadcast by DZRH/DZRH News Television">DZRH/DZRH News TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fox_Filipino" title="List of programs broadcast by Fox Filipino">Fox Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Movies_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Movies (Asia)">Fox Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GMA_Network_original_programming" title="List of GMA Network original programming">GMA Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GTV_(Philippine_TV_network)_original_programming" title="List of GTV (Philippine TV network) original programming">GTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_aired_by_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs aired by Hero">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_INC_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by INC TV">INC TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Jack_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Jack TV">Jack TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Jeepney_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Jeepney TV">Jeepney TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapamilya_Channel_original_programming" title="List of Kapamilya Channel original programming">Kapamilya Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Knowledge_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Knowledge Channel">Knowledge Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Light_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Light TV">Light TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Metro_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Metro Channel">Metro Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Net_25_original_programming" title="List of Net 25 original programming">Net 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_One_Sports" title="List of programs broadcast by One Sports">One Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Philippine_Broadcasting_Service" title="List of programs broadcast by Philippine Broadcasting Service">PBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_PIE_(TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by PIE (TV channel)">PIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_People%27s_Television_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by People's Television Network">PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Radyo5/One_PH" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Radyo5/One PH">Radyo5/One PH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_RJTV" title="List of programs broadcast by RJTV">RJTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Radio_Philippines_Network_original_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Radio Philippines Network original programming">RPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ABS-CBN_Sports_and_Action" title="List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN Sports and Action">S+A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sonshine_Media_Network_International_original_programming" title="List of Sonshine Media Network International original programming">SMNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_SolarFlix" title="List of programs broadcast by SolarFlix">SolarFlix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)_original_programming" title="List of TV5 (Philippine TV network) original programming">TV5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_UNTV" title="List of programs broadcast by UNTV">UNTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Asian_Food_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Asian Food Channel">Asian Food Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_the_BBC" title="List of television programmes broadcast by the BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CNA%27s_programmes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of CNA's programmes">CNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Channel_5_(Singapore)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Channel 5 (Singapore)">Channel 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Mediacorp_Channel_8" title="List of programmes broadcast by Mediacorp Channel 8">Channel 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Mediacorp_Vasantham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Mediacorp Vasantham">Vasantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Vijay" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay">Star Vijay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXN_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="AXN (Asia)">AXN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramas_broadcast_by_Hanoi_Radio_Television_(HanoiTV)" title="List of dramas broadcast by Hanoi Radio Television (HanoiTV)">HanoiTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television" title="Ho Chi Minh City Television">HTV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television" title="Ho Chi Minh City Television">HTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV3" title="HTV3">HTV3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television" title="Ho Chi Minh City Television">HTV4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television" title="Ho Chi Minh City Television">HTV7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television" title="Ho Chi Minh City Television">HTV9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_MTV_in_Asia" title="List of programmes broadcast by MTV in Asia">MTV Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RED_by_HBO" class="mw-redirect" title="RED by HBO">RED by HBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Movies_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Movies (Asia)">Fox Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_the_THVN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of television programmes broadcast by the THVN (page does not exist)">THVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramas_broadcast_by_Vietnam_Television_(VTV)" title="List of dramas broadcast by Vietnam Television (VTV)">Vietnam Television (VTV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTV1" title="VTV1">VTV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTV2" title="VTV2">VTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTV4" title="VTV4">VTV4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTV5" title="VTV5">VTV5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTV6" title="VTV6">VTV6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTV7" title="VTV7">VTV7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">VTV8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">VTV9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ABC_(Australian_TV_network)" title="List of programs broadcast by ABC (Australian TV network)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)#Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon Network (Australia and New Zealand)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Channel_31" title="List of programs broadcast by Channel 31">Channel 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_HD_World#List_of_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery HD World">Discovery HD World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (Australia and New Zealand)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV_Australia" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV Australia">MTV Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Network_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Network Ten">Network Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nine_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Nine Network">Nine Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sky_News_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Sky News Live">Sky News Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="List of programs broadcast by Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_SF_Channel_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by SF Channel (Australia)">SF Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Seven_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Seven Network">Seven Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Prime_TV_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Prime TV (New Zealand)">Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_TVNZ" title="List of programmes broadcast by TVNZ">TVNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Warner_Bros._Discovery_free-to-air_programming_in_New_Zealand" title="List of Warner Bros. Discovery free-to-air programming in New Zealand">Warner Bros. Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Bang_Bang" title="List of programs broadcast by Bang Bang">Bang Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Top_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Top Channel">Top Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Armenia_TV_and_Armenia_Premium" title="List of programs broadcast by Armenia TV and Armenia Premium">Armenia TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Public_Television_company_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Public Television company of Armenia">Armenia 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CyBC" title="List of programs broadcast by CyBC">CyBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Middle_East_Television" title="List of programs broadcast by Middle East Television">METV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_France_2" title="List of programs broadcast by France 2">France 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(France)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (France)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabel_eins" title="Kabel eins">Kabel eins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProSieben" title="ProSieben">ProSieben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL (German TV channel)">RTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sat.1" title="Sat.1">Sat.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDFneo" title="ZDFneo">ZDFneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Alpha_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Alpha TV">Alpha TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Alter_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Alter Channel">Alter Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ANT1" title="List of programs broadcast by ANT1">ANT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation">ERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Mega_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Mega Channel">Mega Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Cartoonito_(UK_%26_Ireland)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Cartoonito (UK & Ireland)">Cartoonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Telef%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" title="List of programmes broadcast by Telefís Éireann">RTÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_TG4" title="List of programmes broadcast by TG4">TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Virgin_Media_Television_(Ireland)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Virgin Media Television (Ireland)">Virgin Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Fox_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Fox (Italy)">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_FX_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by FX (Italy)">FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Joi" title="List of programmes broadcast by Joi">Joi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Mya" title="List of programmes broadcast by Mya">Mya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Steel" title="List of programmes broadcast by Steel">Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">NRK 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">NRK 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">NRK 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">NRK super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_C_More" title="List of programs broadcast by C More">C More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Canal_9_Norway" title="List of programs broadcast by Canal 9 Norway">Canal 9 Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(Scandinavian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (Scandinavian TV channel)">Disney Channel Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_FEM" title="List of programs broadcast by FEM">FEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Max_(Norwegian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Max (Norwegian TV channel)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV_2_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TV 2 (Norway)">TV 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV_2_Bliss" title="List of programs broadcast by TV 2 Bliss">TV 2 Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_Livsstil" title="TV 2 Livsstil">TV 2 Livsstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_Sport_(Norway)" title="TV 2 Sport (Norway)"> TV2 Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_Nyhetskanalen" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 Nyhetskanalen">TV 2 Nyhetskanalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV3_in_Norway" title="List of programs broadcast by TV3 in Norway">TV3 Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVNorge" title="List of programs broadcast by TVNorge">TVNorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_VOX" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by VOX">Vox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Polsat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Polsat">Polsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVN" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TVN">TVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVN_7" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TVN 7">TVN 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (Portuguese TV channel)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_SIC" title="List of programs broadcast by SIC">SIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Televis%C3%A3o_Independente" title="List of programs broadcast by Televisão Independente">TVI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVE" title="List of programs broadcast by TVE">TVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_1_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="La 1 (Spanish TV channel)">La 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_2_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="La 2 (Spanish TV channel)">La 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Antena_3" title="List of programs broadcast by Antena 3">Antena 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cuatro" title="List of programs broadcast by Cuatro">Cuatro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Telecinco" title="List of programs broadcast by Telecinco">Telecinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sexta_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="La Sexta programming">La Sexta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_the_BBC" title="List of television programmes broadcast by the BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Boomerang_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Bravo">Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Cartoonito_(UK_%26_Ireland)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Cartoonito (UK & Ireland)">Cartoonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_children%27s_television_programmes" title="List of BBC children's television programmes">CBBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_CBeebies" title="List of programmes broadcast by CBeebies">CBeebies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Challenge" title="List of programmes broadcast by Challenge">Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Channel_4_television_programmes" title="List of Channel 4 television programmes">Channel 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)_programming" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel) programming">Channel 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Channel_One" title="List of programmes broadcast by Channel One">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Discovery_Channel_original_programming" title="List of Discovery Channel original programming">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Discovery_Home_%26_Health" title="List of programmes broadcast by Discovery Home & Health">Discovery Home & Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programmes broadcast by Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Disney_XD_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)">Disney XD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_E4" title="List of programmes broadcast by E4">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_ITV" title="List of television programmes broadcast by ITV">ITV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_ITV2" title="List of television programmes broadcast by ITV2">ITV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Nicktoons_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="List of programmes broadcast by Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Pop_and_sister_children%27s_television_channels" title="List of programmes broadcast by Pop and sister children's television channels">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Sky_One" title="List of programmes broadcast by Sky One">Sky One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Sky_Sci-Fi" title="List of programmes broadcast by Sky Sci-Fi">Sky Sci-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Sky_Witness" title="List of programmes broadcast by Sky Witness">Sky Witness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Israel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Channel_2_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Channel 2 (Israel)">Channel 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Channel_1_(Israel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Channel 1 (Israel)">Channel 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Israeli_Educational_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by the Israeli Educational Television">Israeli Educational Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Arutz_HaYeladim" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by the Arutz HaYeladim">Arutz HaYeladim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ABC_Spark" title="List of programs broadcast by ABC Spark">ABC Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="Adult Swim (Canadian TV channel)">Adult Swim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_BBC_Canada" title="List of programs broadcast by BBC Canada">BBC Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="Boomerang (Canadian TV channel)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Bravo_(Canadian_TV_network)" title="List of programs broadcast by Bravo (Canadian TV network)">Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network (Canadian TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CBC_Television" title="List of programs broadcast by CBC Television">CBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Citytv" title="List of programs broadcast by Citytv">Citytv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CTV_and_CTV_2" title="List of programs broadcast by CTV and CTV 2">CTV/CTV 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CTV_Comedy_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by CTV Comedy Channel">CTV Comedy Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Drama_Channel" title="CTV Drama Channel">CTV Drama Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Life_Channel" title="CTV Life Channel">CTV Life Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Sci-Fi_Channel" title="CTV Sci-Fi Channel">CTV Sci-Fi Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_DejaView" title="List of programs broadcast by DejaView">DejaView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(Canada)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (Canada)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_DTour" title="List of programs broadcast by DTour">DTour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_E!_(Canadian_TV_system)" title="List of programs broadcast by E! (Canadian TV system)">E! (TV system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_E!_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by E! (Canadian TV channel)">E! (specialty channel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Family_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Family Channel">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Food_Network_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Food Network (Canadian TV channel)">Food Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_FX_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by FX (Canadian TV channel)">FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FXX_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="FXX (Canadian TV channel)">FXX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Global_Television_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Global Television Network">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Global_Reality_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Global Reality Channel">Global Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_HGTV_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by HGTV (Canadian TV channel)">HGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_History_(Canadian_TV_network)" title="List of programs broadcast by History (Canadian TV network)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Ici_Radio-Canada_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="List of programs broadcast by Ici Radio-Canada Télé">Ici Radio-Canada Télé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Joytv" title="List of programs broadcast by Joytv">Joytv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Knowledge_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Knowledge Network">Knowledge Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makeful" title="Makeful">Makeful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV_(Canada)" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV (Canada)">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV2_(Canada)" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV2 (Canada)">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Much" title="List of programs broadcast by Much">Much</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(Canada)" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon (Canada)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Noovo" title="List of programs broadcast by Noovo">Noovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_OUTtv" title="List of programs broadcast by OUTtv">OUTtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_Pet_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by The Pet Network">The Pet Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Prise_2" title="List of programs broadcast by Prise 2">Prise 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Showcase" title="List of programs broadcast by Showcase">Showcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Slice" title="List of programs broadcast by Slice">Slice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sportsnet_360" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Sportsnet 360">Sportsnet 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Treehouse_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Treehouse TV">Treehouse TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TSN" title="List of programs broadcast by TSN">TSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVA" title="List of programs broadcast by TVA">TVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TVOntario">TVOntario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Yes_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Yes TV">Yes TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_YTV" title="List of programs broadcast by YTV">YTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Caribbean_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="List of programs broadcast by Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation">Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CaribVision" title="List of programs broadcast by CaribVision">CaribVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubavision_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubavision International">Cubavision International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_Networks" title="Tempo Networks">Tempo TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Once_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Once (Mexico)">Canal Once</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grupo_Imagen_telenovelas_and_series" title="List of Grupo Imagen telenovelas and series">Imagen Televisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Televisa_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Televisa networks">Televisa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ABC_(American_TV_network)" title="List of programs broadcast by ABC (American TV network)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Adult_Swim" title="List of programs broadcast by Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_A%26E" title="List of programs broadcast by A&E">A&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amazon_Freevee_original_programming" title="List of Amazon Freevee original programming">Amazon Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amazon_Prime_Video_original_programming" title="List of Amazon Prime Video original programming">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_AMC" title="List of programs broadcast by AMC">AMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Antenna_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Antenna TV">Antenna TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Audience" title="List of programs broadcast by Audience">Audience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Azteca" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Azteca">Azteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_BBC_America" title="List of programs broadcast by BBC America">BBC America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_BET" title="List of programs broadcast by BET">BET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_BET_Her" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by BET Her">BET Her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Boomerang" title="List of programs broadcast by Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Bravo" title="List of programs broadcast by Bravo">Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cartoonito" title="List of programs broadcast by Cartoonito">Cartoonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Catchy_Comedy" title="List of programs broadcast by Catchy Comedy">Catchy Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CBS" title="List of programs broadcast by CBS">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Chiller" title="List of programs broadcast by Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cinemax" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Cinemax">Cinemax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CMT" title="List of programs broadcast by CMT">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CNBC" title="List of programs broadcast by CNBC">CNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_CNN" title="List of programs broadcast by CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Comedy_Central" title="List of programs broadcast by Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cooking_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Cooking Channel">Cooking Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crackle_original_programming" title="List of Crackle original programming">Crackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Create" title="List of programs broadcast by Create">Create</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_CW" title="List of programs broadcast by The CW">The CW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_CW_Plus" title="List of programs broadcast by The CW Plus">The CW Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_(streaming_service)" title="DC Universe (streaming service)">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_America" title="Destination America">Destination America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Family" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Family">Discovery Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney%2B_original_programming" title="List of Disney+ original programming">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Jr._(American_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Jr. (American TV channel)">Disney Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_XD" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney XD">Disney XD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_DuMont_Television_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_E!" title="List of programs broadcast by E!">E!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Esquire_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Esquire Network">Esquire Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ESPN" title="List of programs broadcast by ESPN">ESPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Facebook_Watch_original_programming" title="List of Facebook Watch original programming">Facebook Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Food_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Food Network">Food Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fox" title="List of programs broadcast by Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fox_Business" title="List of programs broadcast by Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fox_Kids" title="List of programs broadcast by Fox Kids">Fox Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Fox News Channel">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fox_Sports_1" title="List of programs broadcast by Fox Sports 1">Fox Sports 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Freeform" title="List of programs broadcast by Freeform">Freeform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Fuse" title="List of programs broadcast by Fuse">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_FX" title="List of programs broadcast by FX">FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_FXX" title="List of programs broadcast by FXX">FXX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_G4" title="List of programs broadcast by G4">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_GetTV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by GetTV">GetTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Game_Show_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Game Show Network">Game Show Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_and_films_broadcast_by_Great_American_Family" title="List of programs and films broadcast by Great American Family">Great American Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HBO_original_programming" title="List of HBO original programming">HBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Hallmark_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Hallmark Channel">Hallmark Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Heroes_%26_Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Heroes & Icons">H&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_HGTV" title="List of programs broadcast by HGTV">HGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_History_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by History (TV channel)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hulu_original_programming" title="List of Hulu original programming">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_IFC" title="List of programs broadcast by IFC">IFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Investigation_Discovery" title="List of programs broadcast by Investigation Discovery">Investigation Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Ion_Television" title="List of programs broadcast by Ion Television">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Justice_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Justice Network">Justice Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Kids%27_WB" title="List of programs broadcast by Kids' WB">Kids' WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Lifetime" title="List of programs broadcast by Lifetime">Lifetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Logo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Max_original_programming" title="List of Max original programming">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MeTV" title="List of programs broadcast by MeTV">MeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MGM%2B_original_programming" title="List of MGM+ original programming">MGM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MSNBC" title="List of programs broadcast by MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV2" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV_Classic" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV Classic">MTV Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MundoMax" title="List of programs broadcast by MundoMax">MundoMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MyNetworkTV" title="List of programs broadcast by MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_NBC" title="List of programs broadcast by NBC">NBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_NBCSN" title="List of programs broadcast by NBCSN">NBCSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Netflix_original_programming" title="List of Netflix original programming">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_NewsNation" title="List of programs broadcast by NewsNation">NewsNation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_NFL_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by NFL Network">NFL Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nick_at_Nite" title="List of programs broadcast by Nick at Nite">Nick at Nite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_Games_and_Sports_for_Kids" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids">Nick GaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nick_Jr._(block)" title="List of programs broadcast by Nick Jr. (block)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_Nick_Jr._Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by the Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr. Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nicktoons" title="List of programs broadcast by Nicktoons">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Noggin" title="List of programs broadcast by Noggin">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_NTA_Film_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by the NTA Film Network">NTA Film Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Oprah_Winfrey_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Oprah Winfrey Network">OWN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)" title="Oxygen (TV channel)">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Paramount_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_original_programming" title="List of Paramount+ original programming">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_with_Showtime_original_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Paramount+ with Showtime original programming">Paramount+ with Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_PBS" title="List of programs broadcast by PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_PBS_Kids" title="List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peacock_original_programming" title="List of Peacock original programming">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Playhouse_Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Playhouse Disney">Playhouse Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Pop_(American_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Pop (American TV channel)">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Qubo" title="List of programs broadcast by Qubo">Qubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quibi_original_programming" title="List of Quibi original programming">Quibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Retro_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Retro Television Network">Retro TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeso" title="Seeso">Seeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shudder_original_programming" title="List of Shudder original programming">Shudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smile_(TV_network)" title="Smile (TV network)">Smile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Speed" title="List of programs broadcast by Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Spike" title="List of programs broadcast by Spike">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Starz" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sundance_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Sundance TV">Sundance TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Syfy" title="List of programs broadcast by Syfy">Syfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-run_syndication_in_the_United_States,_2000s" title="First-run syndication in the United States, 2000s">Syndication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TBD" title="List of programs broadcast by TBD">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TBS" title="List of programs broadcast by TBS">TBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechTV" title="TechTV">TechTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TeenNick" title="List of programs broadcast by TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Telemundo" title="List of programs broadcast by Telemundo">Telemundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TheCoolTV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by TheCoolTV">TheCoolTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Roku_Channel_original_programming" title="List of The Roku Channel original programming">The Roku Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_WB" title="List of programs broadcast by The WB">The WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_WB" title="List of programs broadcast by The WB">The WB 100+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_This_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by This TV">This TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TLC" title="List of programs broadcast by TLC">TLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TNT_(American_TV_network)" title="List of programs broadcast by TNT (American TV network)">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Toon_Disney" title="List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney">Toon Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Toonami" title="List of programs broadcast by Toonami">Toonami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tr3s">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Travel_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Travel Channel">Travel Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_truTV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by truTV">truTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV_Land" title="List of programs broadcast by TV Land">TV Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TV_One" title="List of programs broadcast by TV One">TV One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_UniM%C3%A1s" title="List of programs broadcast by UniMás">UniMás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Universal_Kids" title="List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids">Universal Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Univision" title="List of programs broadcast by Univision">Univision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Up_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by Up TV">Up TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_UPN" title="List of programs broadcast by UPN">UPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPN_Kids" title="UPN Kids">UPN Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_USA_Network" title="List of programs broadcast by USA Network">USA Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_VH1" title="List of programs broadcast by VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Vice" title="List of programs broadcast by Vice">Vice TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_TV" title="We TV">We TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yahoo!_Screen_original_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yahoo! Screen original programming">Yahoo! Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_original_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="List of YouTube original programming">YouTube Premium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Latin America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Animal_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_the_BBC" title="List of television programmes broadcast by the BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sony_Entertainment_Television_(Latin_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (Latin America)">Canal Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cartoon_Network_(Latin_America)" title="List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network (Latin America)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Kids_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)">Discovery Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Discovery_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Science">Discovery Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney%2B_original_programming" title="List of Disney+ original programming">Disney+ Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star%2B_original_programming" title="List of Star+ original programming">Star+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(Latin_America)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (Latin America)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Junior_(Latin_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior (Latin America)">Disney Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Star_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Star Channel">Star Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel">Nat Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(Latin_America)" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon (Latin America)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Latin_America)#Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Latin America)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Warner_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by Warner Channel">Warner Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_TV" title="América TV">América TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Nueve" title="El Nueve">elnueve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trece" title="El Trece">eltrece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_TV_(Argentina)" title="Net TV (Argentina)">Net TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe" title="Telefe">Telefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_P%C3%BAblica" title="Televisión Pública">TVP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Rede_Bandeirantes" title="List of programs broadcast by Rede Bandeirantes">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Rede_CNT" title="List of programs broadcast by Rede CNT">CNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Disney_Channel_(Brazil)" title="List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (Brazil)">Disney Channel Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Rede Globo">Globo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_GloboNews" title="List of programs broadcast by GloboNews">GloboNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Mix_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by Mix TV">Mix TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_MTV_Brasil" title="List of programs broadcast by MTV Brasil">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nickelodeon_(Brazil)" title="List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon (Brazil)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Multishow" title="List of programs broadcast by Multishow">Multishow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Record_News" title="List of programs broadcast by Record News">Record News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Record" title="List of programs broadcast by Record">Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_RedeTV!" title="List of programs broadcast by RedeTV!">RedeTV!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_SBT" title="List of programs broadcast by SBT">SBT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Chile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canal_13_telenovelas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canal 13 telenovelas">Canal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilevisi%C3%B3n" title="Chilevisión">Chilevisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Red_(Chilean_TV_channel)" title="La Red (Chilean TV channel)">La Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mega_telenovelas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mega telenovelas">Mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile_telenovelas" title="List of Televisión Nacional de Chile telenovelas">TVN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_1" title="Canal 1">Canal 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caracol_Televisi%C3%B3n_telenovelas_and_series" title="List of Caracol Televisión telenovelas and series">Caracol Televisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RCN_Televisi%C3%B3n_telenovelas_and_series" title="List of RCN Televisión telenovelas and series">RCN Televisión</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Ecuador</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuavisa" title="Ecuavisa">Ecuavisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamavisi%C3%B3n" title="Gamavisión">Gamavisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTS_(Ecuadorian_TV_channel)" title="RTS (Ecuadorian TV channel)">RTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="TC Televisión">TC Televisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleamazonas" title="Teleamazonas">Teleamazonas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Peru</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="América Televisión">América Televisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATV_(Peruvian_TV_channel)" title="ATV (Peruvian TV channel)">ATV</a></li> <li>Latina Televisión</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamericana_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Panamericana Televisión">Panamericana Televisión</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_RCTV" title="List of programs broadcast by RCTV">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Televen" title="List of programs broadcast by Televen">Televen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_TVes" title="List of programs broadcast by TVes">TVes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Venevisi%C3%B3n" title="List of programs broadcast by Venevisión">Venevisión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">Venezolana de Televisión</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multiple_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multiple regions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Jetix" title="List of programs broadcast by Jetix">Jetix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_Filipino_Channel" title="List of programs broadcast by The Filipino Channel">The Filipino Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_GMA_Pinoy_TV" title="List of programs broadcast by GMA Pinoy TV">GMA Pinoy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_GMA_Life_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of programs broadcast by GMA Life TV">GMA Life TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_GMA_News_TV_International" title="List of programs broadcast by GMA News TV International">GMA News TV International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Max_original_programming" title="List of Max original programming">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programs_broadcast_by_Xbox_Live" title="List of television programs broadcast by Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Netflix_original_programming" title="List of Netflix original programming">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amazon_original_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Amazon original programming">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_original_programming" title="List of Paramount+ original programming">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney%2B_original_programming" title="List of Disney+ original programming">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_(Disney%2B)_original_programming" title="List of Star (Disney+) original programming">Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Home_appliances" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_appliances" title="Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_appliances" title="Template talk:Home appliances"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_appliances" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_appliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ioniser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_grill" title="Barbecue grill">Barbecue grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_blender" title="Immersion blender">Immersion blender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">Bug zapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Coffee percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washer-dryer" title="Washer-dryer">combo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_iron" title="Clothes iron">Clothes iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dish_drying_cabinet" title="Dish drying cabinet">drying cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_domestic_robots" title="Comparison of domestic robots">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fryer" title="Deep fryer">Deep fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blanket" title="Electric blanket">Electric blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drill">Electric drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kettle">Electric kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_knife" title="Electric knife">Electric knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_shaver" title="Electric shaver">Electric shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_toothbrush" title="Electric toothbrush">Electric toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilator" title="Epilator">Epilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processor" title="Food processor">Food processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladeless_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladeless fan">bladeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_fan" title="Window fan">window</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">Hair dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_iron" title="Hair iron">Hair iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">Ice cream maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_cooking" title="Induction cooking">Induction cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_hood" title="Kitchen hood">Kitchen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry-folding_machine" title="Laundry-folding machine">Laundry-folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">Lawn mower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_mower" title="Riding mower">Riding mower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Robotic lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_blower" title="Leaf blower">Leaf blower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convection_oven" title="Convection oven">Convection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_iron" title="Pie iron">Pie iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisper_drawer" title="Crisper drawer">Crisper drawer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_refrigerator" title="Smart refrigerator">smart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">Toaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_cleaner" title="Central vacuum cleaner">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_cleaner" title="Manual vacuum cleaner">manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">robotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_iron" title="Waffle iron">Waffle iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_plug" title="Appliance plug">Appliance plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_video_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_255-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_254-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_254-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_255-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_255-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standard_test_items" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standard_test_item" title="Template:Standard test item"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standard_test_item" title="Template talk:Standard test item"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standard_test_item" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standard test item"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standard_test_items" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standard test items</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">Reference implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanity_check" title="Sanity check">Sanity check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television (<a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">test card</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_color_bars" title="SMPTE color bars">SMPTE color bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBU_colour_bars" title="EBU colour bars">EBU colour bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-head_test_pattern" title="Indian-head test pattern">Indian-head test pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIA_1956_resolution_chart" title="EIA 1956 resolution chart">EIA 1956 resolution chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards" title="List of BBC test cards">BBC Test Card</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_A" title="List of BBC test cards">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_B" title="List of BBC test cards">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_C" title="List of BBC test cards">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_D" title="List of BBC test cards">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_E_(later_Test_Card_C)" title="List of BBC test cards">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_Card_F" title="Test Card F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_G" title="List of BBC test cards">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_test_cards#Test_Card_H" title="List of BBC test cards">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_Card_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Card J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_Card_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Card W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_Card_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Card X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETP-1" title="ETP-1">ETP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_circle_pattern" title="Philips circle pattern">Philips circle pattern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philips_circle_pattern#PM5534" title="Philips circle pattern">PM 5538</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips_PM5540" title="Philips PM5540">PM 5540</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips_circle_pattern#PM5544" title="Philips circle pattern">PM 5544</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips_circle_pattern#PM5644" title="Philips circle pattern">PM 5644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snell_%26_Wilcox_Zone_Plate" title="Snell & Wilcox Zone Plate">Snell & Wilcox SW2/SW4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefunken_FuBK" title="Telefunken FuBK">Telefunken FuBK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVE_test_card" title="TVE test card">TVE test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Electronic_Test_Chart" title="Universal Electronic Test Chart">UEIT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_language" title="Computer language">Computer languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quine_(computing)" title="Quine (computing)">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPK_algorithm" title="TPK algorithm">Trabb Pardo–Knuth algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_or_boy_test" title="Man or boy test">Man or boy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_another_Perl_hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="Just another Perl hacker">Just another Perl hacker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_corpus" title="Calgary corpus">Calgary corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_corpus" title="Canterbury corpus">Canterbury corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesia_corpus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesia corpus (page does not exist)">Silesia corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">enwik8, enwik9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_box" title="Cornell box">Cornell box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_bunny" title="Stanford bunny">Stanford bunny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_dragon" title="Stanford dragon">Stanford dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_teapot" title="Utah teapot">Utah teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_3D_test_models" title="List of common 3D test models">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNIST_database" title="MNIST database">MNIST database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filler_text" title="Filler text">filler text</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburgevons" title="Hamburgevons">Hamburgevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" title="The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3DBenchy" title="3DBenchy">3DBenchy</a></li> <li>Acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid1" title="Acid1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid2" title="Acid2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid3" title="Acid3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Apple!!#Use_as_a_graphical_and_audio_test" title="Bad Apple!!">"Bad Apple!!"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EICAR_test_file" title="EICAR test file">EICAR test file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_functions_for_optimization" title="Test functions for optimization">functions for optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTUBE" title="GTUBE">GTUBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_sentences" title="Harvard sentences">Harvard sentences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna" title="Lenna">Lenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun#Use_in_phonetic_demonstrations" title="The North Wind and the Sun">"The North Wind and the Sun"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Diner#The_"Mother_of_the_MP3"" title="Tom's Diner">"Tom's Diner"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_leader" title="Film leader">SMPTE universal leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURion_constellation" title="EURion constellation">EURion constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakedown_(testing)" title="Shakedown (testing)">Shakedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webdriver_Torso" title="Webdriver Torso">Webdriver Torso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_USAF_resolution_test_chart" title="1951 USAF resolution test chart">1951 USAF resolution test chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_systems" title="Template talk:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMirC-laugh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/19px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/29px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/19px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/29px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/38px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/42px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/21px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/42px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016825-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Television"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85133456">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Télévision"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119336465">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Télévision"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119336465">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="televize"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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