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title="Aviazione Legionaria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aviazione Legionaria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aviazione Legionaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aviazione Legionaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aviazione+Legionaria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Legionary Air Force</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Aviazione Legionaria</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg/300px-Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg/450px-Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg/600px-Fiat_C.R.32-Baleari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A pair of <a href="/wiki/Fiat_C.R.32" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat C.R.32">Fiat C.R.32s</a> of the X Gruppo "Baleari"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">28 December 1936 – 10 March 1939<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1936-12-28</span> – <span class="dtend">1939-03-10</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Air base</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Son_Bonet_Aerodrome" title="Son Bonet Aerodrome">Son Bonet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Conflict</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Flying hours</th><td class="infobox-data">135,265</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Bonomi" title="Ruggero Bonomi">Ruggero Bonomi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Velardi" title="Vincenzo Velardi">Vincenzo Velardi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bernasconi_(general)" title="Mario Bernasconi (general)">Mario Bernasconi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Maceratini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Maceratini (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Maceratini</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriano_Monti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriano Monti (page does not exist)">Adriano Monti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">Roundels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fin_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin flash">flash</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg/20px-Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg/30px-Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg/40px-Spanish_Civil_War_nationalist_roundel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg/20px-Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg/30px-Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg/40px-Nationalist_air_force_black_roundel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg/20px-Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg/30px-Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg/40px-Fin_Flash_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Legionary Air Force</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Aviazione Legionaria</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Aviación Legionaria</i>) was an expeditionary corps from the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Italian Royal Air Force</a> that was set up in 1936. It was sent to provide logistical and tactical support to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">Spanish coup of July 1936</a>, which marked the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. </p><p>The corps and its <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> allies, the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, fought against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a> and provided support for the Italian ground troops of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a></i>. They served from August 1936 to the end of the conflict, in March 1939. Their main base of operations was on <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in July 1936, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, the leader of the rebel armies in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_North_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spanish North Africa (disambiguation)">Spanish North Africa</a>, had about 30,000 troops and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> nationals under his command, along with some artillery units. To transfer his troops and equipment to Mainland Spain, Franco on 24 July 1936 turned to the Italian consul in <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a> and then directly to Major Luccardi, the military attaché at the Italian consulate. </p><p>Through them, Franco tried to convince <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> to send twelve transport aircraft, twelve reconnaissance planes, ten fighter aircraft, 3000 aerial bombs, anti-aircraft machine guns and at least forty-five transport ships. Mussolini was initially reluctant to send them, despite his sympathy for Franco, but under pressure from his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, he changed his mind on 25 July. Ciano had in the meantime met with representatives of the Spanish monarchy to arrange the transfer of about thirty fighter planes and other equipment, which would arrive on 2 August, that would be sent by the French government. </p><p>On 27 July, Mussolini ordered the undersecretary for the <i>Regia Aeronautica</i>, General Giuseppe Valle, to send 12 three-engined <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81</a> bombers with crews and relevant specialists to Franco. They would form the first unit, initially known as <i>Aviación del Tercio</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set out at dawn on 30 July from <a href="/wiki/Cagliari_Elmas_Airport" title="Cagliari Elmas Airport">Cagliari–Elmas</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, where they had picked up three officials from the <i>Scuola di Navigazione di Altura</i> at <a href="/wiki/Orbetello" title="Orbetello">Orbetello</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gerarca" title="Gerarca">gerarca</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Muti" title="Ettore Muti">Ettore Muti</a>, and Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Bonomi" title="Ruggero Bonomi">Ruggero Bonomi</a>. </p><p>The aircraft crews and the specialists were all volunteers from 7th, 10th and 13th <i>Stormo</i> and were provided with civilian clothes and fake documents. All Italian insignia on the planes had been blotted out to avoid an international incident with European governments that supported the Republicans. Fake documents stated that the planes were being sold to the Spanish journalist <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bol%C3%ADn" title="Luis Bolín">Luis Bolín</a>. </p><p>Not all of the Italian planes sent to aid the rebel faction reached Morocco since the plane commanded by Angelini crashed in the Mediterranean, that of Mattalia crashed near <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria" title="Saïda, Algeria">Saïda</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>, and Lo Forte had to make an emergency landing near <a href="/wiki/Berkane" title="Berkane">Berkane</a> (also in French Morocco) and was seized by the local authorities. The nine survivors of the Moroccan crashes were provided with Nationalist papers and transportation to the airport at <a href="/wiki/Tetuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuan">Tetuan</a> from which, over the following days, they helped escort the transport ships <i>Araujo</i>, <i>Ciudad de Alicante</i> and <i>Ciudad de Ceuta</i>. They together carried 4,000 men, four artillery batteries, two million cartridges and 12 tons of other munitions to mainland Spain. </p><p>Encouraged by the success of this first operation, Mussolini began sending a steady stream of munitions, personnel and supplies under the name of <i>Aviación Legionaria</i> or <i>Aviazione Legionaria</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing_operations">Bombing operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bombing operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg/220px-Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg/330px-Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg/440px-Savoia_Marchetti_SM-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81s</a> on a bombing raid</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides military targets, the <i>Aviazione Legionaria</i> carried out a great number of strategic bombings of cities in the Spanish Republican rear area. They were intended to terrify the civilian population into surrender. The most significant one was the 1936 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid#Aerial_bombardment" title="Siege of Madrid">bombing of Madrid</a>, ordered by General Franco, in which the city's residential areas were subject to heavy bombardment with the exception of the upper-class <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(Madrid)" title="Salamanca (Madrid)">Salamanca</a> district, which was assumed to contain many Nationalist supporters. Three Italian bombers attacked the Renteria bridge on the outskirts of Guernica,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedriali1992210_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedriali1992210-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to the Condor Legion's <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> itself on 26 April 1937, followed by an <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa_air_raid_shelters" title="Almería air raid shelters">attack on Almeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Italian planes carried out most of their large-scale bombing operations by striking the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante" title="Bombing of Alicante">Alicante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">Granollers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, as well as the railway stations of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders" title="Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders">Sant Vicenç de Calders</a> in 1938 and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva" title="Bombing of Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a> in 1939. With a total of 728 raids on <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> cities, the <i>Aviazione Legionaria</i> had dropped 16,558 bombs and inflicted numerous casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004133_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004133-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 May 1939, the last Italian aircrew embarked for Italy on the ship <i>Duilio</i> at <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>. By the end of the conflict, the <i>Aviazione Legionaria</i> had logged a total of 135,265 hours of flying time on 5,318 operations, dropped 11,524 tons of bombs and destroyed 943 enemy air units and 224 ships. There were 171 Italian personnel had been killed and 192 wounded, with 74 fighters, eight bombers, two ground-attack planes, and two reconnaissance aircraft shot down or destroyed. </p><p>The ratio of results to men and machines lost was positive but also confirmed the commanders of the <i>Regia Aeronautica</i> of their mistaken belief that biplanes and triplanes were still valid in modern combat. In fact, the age of air warfare dominated by those aircraft was waning, and it was becoming evident that radio needed to be mounted on all aircraft and that targeting had to be done with special instruments, rather than by sight.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those errors of judgement would prove decisive when Italy entered the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in 1940. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_and_units">Aircraft and units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aircraft and units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twelve <a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.32" title="Fiat CR.32">Fiat CR.32</a> biplanes arrived in <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> aboard transport ships on 14 August 1936 (405 would be sent to Franco by the end of the operation), and by the end of August, the <i>Cucaracha</i> squadron was formed at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a> with aircraft of that type. Initial dispatches of aircraft were followed by more numerous ones. In March 1939, eleven new <a href="/wiki/Fiat_G.50_Freccia" title="Fiat G.50 Freccia">Fiat G.50 Freccia</a> monoplane fighters were sent, to be based at Ascalona, but they ultimately never saw action. In addition to the aircraft, Italy provided a number of well-trained men, sending more than 6,000 in total: 5,699 airmen and 312 civilians. </p><p>Various types of bombers were sent to Franco's forces, including 55 three-engined <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81s</a>, 99 three-engined <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s</a>, and 16 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_BR.20" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat BR.20">Fiat BR.20s</a>. The units were made part of the 21st <i>Stormo da Bombardamento Pesante</i> and the 251st and 252nd <i>Squadriglia Pipistrelli delle Baleari</i>. The <i>Cicognas</i> went to 230th <i>Squadriglia da bombardamento veloce</i> in summer 1937, before being transferred to the 231st in 1938. </p><p>The unit's recognition symbols were <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft_insignia" title="Military aircraft insignia">roundels</a> placed on both sides of the wings and on the tail-rudder. The wing symbol was a completely-black circle, later personalised with white symbols ranging from a simple cross to designs referring to the commanders of the Condor Legion and the <i>Aviación Nacional</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Fin_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin flash">tail symbol</a> was a simple black cross on a white field, which was subsequently adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Air Force">Spanish Air Force</a>. </p><p>Altogether, a total of 764 aircraft were sent: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>376 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.32" title="Fiat CR.32">Fiat CR.32</a></li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_G.50_Freccia" title="Fiat G.50 Freccia">Fiat G.50 Freccia</a></li> <li>13 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_BR.20" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat BR.20">Fiat BR.20</a></li> <li>100 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006938_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006938-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>84 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_S.55" title="Savoia-Marchetti S.55">Savoia-Marchetti S.55</a></li> <li>23 <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.65" title="Breda Ba.65">Breda Ba.65</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.28" class="mw-redirect" title="Breda Ba.28">Breda Ba.28</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Macchi_M.41" title="Macchi M.41">Macchi M.41</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/CANT_Z.501" class="mw-redirect" title="CANT Z.501">CANT Z.501</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/CANT_Z.506" class="mw-redirect" title="CANT Z.506">CANT Z.506</a></li> <li>25 <a href="/wiki/IMAM_Ro.41" title="IMAM Ro.41">IMAM Ro.41</a></li> <li>36 <a href="/wiki/IMAM_Ro.37" title="IMAM Ro.37">IMAM Ro.37</a></li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.310" title="Caproni Ca.310">Caproni Ca.310</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Caproni_A.P.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Caproni A.P.1">Caproni A.P.1</a></li> <li>53 transport aircraft</li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a></li> <li>10 troop carriers</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force" title="Spanish Republican Air Force">Spanish Republican Air Force</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGustavsson" class="citation web cs1">Gustavsson, Håkan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/scw-1937.htm">"Air War in the Spanish Civil War 1936-39"</a>. <i>Håkans Aviation Page</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%A5kans+Aviation+Page&rft.atitle=Air+War+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War+1936-39&rft.aulast=Gustavsson&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurfcity.kund.dalnet.se%2Fscw-1937.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviazione+Legionaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas_Godayol1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mas Godayol, José (1982). <i>Enciclopedia Ilustrada de la Aviación</i> (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Barcelona: Delta. p. 682. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85822-38-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-85822-38-2"><bdi>84-85822-38-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Ilustrada+de+la+Aviaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=682&rft.pub=Delta&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=84-85822-38-2&rft.aulast=Mas+Godayol&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviazione+Legionaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedriali1992210-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedriali1992210_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedriali1992">Pedriali 1992</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeiberg2004">Heiberg 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004133-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiberg2004133_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeiberg2004">Heiberg 2004</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rocca, Gianni (1998). <i>I Disperati: La tragedia dell'Aeronautica Italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale</i> (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-44940-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-44940-3"><bdi>88-04-44940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Disperati%3A+La+tragedia+dell%27Aeronautica+Italiana+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=88-04-44940-3&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviazione+Legionaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006938-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006938_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2006">Thomas 2006</a>, p. 938.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiberg2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heiberg, M. (2004). <i>Emperadores del Mediterráneo: Franco, Mussolini y la Guerra Civil Española</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8484324702" title="Special:BookSources/8484324702"><bdi>8484324702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperadores+del+Mediterr%C3%A1neo%3A+Franco%2C+Mussolini+y+la+Guerra+Civil+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=8484324702&rft.aulast=Heiberg&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviazione+Legionaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedriali1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pedriali, F. (1992). <i>Guerra di Spagna e Aviazione Italiana</i> (in Italian). Rome: Ufficio Storico dello Stato maggiore Aeronautica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+di+Spagna+e+Aviazione+Italiana&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Ufficio+Storico+dello+Stato+maggiore+Aeronautica&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Pedriali&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviazione+Legionaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, H.</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Civil_War_(book)" title="The Spanish Civil War (book)">The Spanish Civil War</a></i>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviazione+Legionaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&oldid=1253540446">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviazione_Legionaria&oldid=1253540446</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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