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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_basic_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_basic_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and basic philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_basic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</a> <ul id="toc-Religious_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_dissemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_dissemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>International dissemination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_dissemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proliferation_of_independent_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proliferation_of_independent_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Proliferation of independent organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proliferation_of_independent_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span><i>Ki</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fitness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fitness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_of_uke_and_tori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_of_uke_and_tori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Roles of <span><i>uke</i></span> and <span><i>tori</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_of_uke_and_tori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Initial attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Basic techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_attackers_and_randori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_attackers_and_randori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Multiple attackers and <span><i>randori</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_attackers_and_randori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Mental training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms_and_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms_and_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uniforms and ranking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms_and_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aikido_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aikido_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aikido styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aikido_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aikido</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88" title="آيكيدو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيكيدو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aykido" title="Aykido – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aykido" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B" title="আইকিদো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইকিদো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкідо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Айкідо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨའི་ཁི་དོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨའི་ཁི་དོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicido" title="Aicido – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aicido" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88" title="آيكيدو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="آيكيدو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" title="Aikidō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aikidō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" title="Aikidō – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aikidō" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αϊκίντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊκίντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" title="Aikidō – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aikidō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="آیکیدو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیکیدو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFkido" title="Aïkido – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aïkido" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%A4%EB%8F%84" title="아이키도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이키도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Այկիդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այկիդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" title="Aikidō – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aikidō" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95" title="אייקידו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייקידו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="აიკიდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აიკიდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFkido" title="Aïkido – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aïkido" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicido" title="Aicido – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aicido" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C3%B3" title="Aikidó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aikidó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Аикидо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аикидо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="အိုက်ကီဒို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုက်ကီဒို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%97%E9%81%93" title="合気道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="合気道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aykido" title="Aykido – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aykido" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" title="Aikidō – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aikidō" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikid%C5%8D" title="Aikidō – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aikidō" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%86" title="ئایکیدۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایکیدۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Аикидо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аикидо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="அய்கிடோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அய்கிடோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкидо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Айкидо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="ไอกิโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอกิโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Айкідо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айкідо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aikido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%94%E9%81%93" title="合气道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合气道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90" title="אייקידא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייקידא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93" title="合氣道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="合氣道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93" title="合氣道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合氣道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Modern Japanese martial art</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Aikido</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shihonage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shihonage.jpg/300px-Shihonage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shihonage.jpg/450px-Shihonage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shihonage.jpg/600px-Shihonage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A version of the "four-direction throw" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shihōnage</i></span>) with standing attacker (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>) and seated defender (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tori</i></span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques#Soft_technique" title="Hard and soft techniques">softness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">Full contact</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba" title="Morihei Ueshiba">Morihei Ueshiba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous practitioners</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kisshomaru_Ueshiba" title="Kisshomaru Ueshiba">Kisshomaru Ueshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba" title="Moriteru Ueshiba">Moriteru Ueshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tohei" title="Koichi Tohei">Koichi Tohei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Tissier" title="Christian Tissier">Christian Tissier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Saito" title="Morihiro Saito">Morihiro Saito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshimitsu_Yamada" title="Yoshimitsu Yamada">Yoshimitsu Yamada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsunari_Kanai" title="Mitsunari Kanai">Mitsunari Kanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gozo_Shioda" title="Gozo Shioda">Gozo Shioda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsugi_Saotome" title="Mitsugi Saotome">Mitsugi Saotome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Kushida" title="Takashi Kushida">Takashi Kushida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoichi_Inoue" title="Kyoichi Inoue">Kyoichi Inoue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mustard" title="Robert Mustard">Robert Mustard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendant arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakutojutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jieitaikakutojutsu">Jieitaikakutojutsu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aikido</b> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a>:</span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合気道</span></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a>:</span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合氣道</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">aikidō</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Japanese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[aikiꜜdoː]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gendai_bud%C5%8D" title="Gendai budō">modern Japanese martial art</a> which is split into many different styles including <a href="/wiki/Iwama_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwama Ryu">Iwama Ryu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwama_Shin_Shin_Aiki_Shuren_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwama Shin Shin Aiki Shuren Kai">Iwama Shin Shin Aiki Shuren Kai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shodokan_Aikido" title="Shodokan Aikido">Shodokan Aikido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshinkan" title="Yoshinkan">Yoshinkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renshinkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Renshinkai">Renshinkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aikikai" title="Aikikai">Aikikai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ki_Aikido" title="Ki Aikido">Ki Aikido</a>. Aikido is now practiced in around 140 countries. It was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba" title="Morihei Ueshiba">Morihei Ueshiba</a>, as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy and religious beliefs. Ueshiba's goal was to create an art which practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting their attackers from injury.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aikido is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">life energy</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as "the way of harmonious spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the founder's philosophy, the primary goal in the practice of aikido is to overcome oneself instead of cultivating violence or aggressiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morihei Ueshiba used the phrase <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">masakatsu agatsu katsuhayabi"</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">正勝吾勝勝速日</span></span>, "true victory, final victory over oneself, here and now")</span> to refer to this principle.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm/220px--Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="274" data-mwtitle="Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_(Nippon_Budokan,_2017).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_(Nippon_Budokan,_2017).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm/Ueshiba_Mitsuteru_%28Nippon_Budokan%2C_2017%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsuteru_Ueshiba" title="Mitsuteru Ueshiba">Mitsuteru Ueshiba</a> at the 55th All Japan Aikido Demonstration held at the Nippon Budokan (May 2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aikido's fundamental principles include: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Irimi" title="Irimi">irimi</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (entering), <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Atemi" title="Atemi">atemi</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokyu-ho</i></span> (breathing control), <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sankaku-ho</i></span> (triangular principle), and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tenkan" title="Tenkan">tenkan</a></i></span> (turning) movements which redirect the opponent's attack <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>. Its curriculum comprises various techniques, primarily <a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">throws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikido_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikido-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes a weapons system encompassing the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bokken" title="Bokken">bokken</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">jō</a></i></span>. Aikido derives mainly from the martial art of <a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a>, but began to diverge from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmoto-ky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōmoto-kyō">Ōmoto-kyō</a> religion. Ueshiba's early students' documents bear the term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">aiki-jūjutsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pranin-Aikijujutsu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pranin-Aikijujutsu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending partly on when they studied with him. Today, aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with broad ranges of interpretation and emphasis. However they all share techniques formulated by Ueshiba and most have concern for the well-being of the attacker. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_basic_philosophy">Etymology and basic philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and basic philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg/80px-%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg/120px-%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg/160px-%E5%90%88%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%93.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>"Aikidō" written with "<a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">ki</a>" in its <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">old character form</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word "aikido" is formed of three <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>: </p> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%E5%90%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:合">合</a></span></span> – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ai</i></span> – harmony, unifying</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%E6%B0%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:気">気</a></span></span> – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> – energy, spirit</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:道">道</a></span></span> – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dō</i></span> – way, path</li></ul> <p>The term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)">aiki</a></i></span> does not readily appear in the Japanese language outside the scope of <a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">budō</a>. This has led to many possible interpretations of the word. <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ai</i></span>) is mainly used in compounds to mean 'combine, unite, join, meet', examples being <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合同</span></span> (combined/united), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合成</span></span> (composition), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">結合</span></span> (unite/combine/join), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">連合</span></span> (union/alliance/association), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">統合</span></span> (combine/unify), and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">合意</span></span> (mutual agreement). There is an idea of <a href="/wiki/Norm_of_reciprocity" title="Norm of reciprocity">reciprocity</a>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">知り合う</span></span> (to get to know one another), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">話し合い</span></span> (talk/discussion/negotiation), and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">待ち合わせる</span></span> (meet by appointment). </p><p><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">気</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span>) is often used to describe a feeling or emotive action, as in <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">X気がする</span></span> ('I feel X', as in terms of thinking but with less cognitive reasoning), and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">気持ち</span></span> (feeling/sensation); it is used to mean energy or force, as in <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">電気</span></span> (electricity) and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">磁気</span></span> (magnetism); it can also refer to qualities or aspects of people or things, as in <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">気質</span></span> (spirit/trait/temperament). </p><p>The term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dō</i></span> in Aikido is found in many other Japanese martial arts such as, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a>, and in various non-martial arts, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese calligraphy</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shodō</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">flower arranging</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kadō</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadō</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sadō</i></span>). Therefore, from a purely literal interpretation, aikido is the "Way of combining forces" or "Way of unifying energy", in which the term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">aiki</i></span> refers to the martial arts principle or tactic of blending with an attacker's movements for the purpose of controlling their actions with minimal effort.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One applies <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">aiki</i></span> by understanding the rhythm and intent of the attacker to find the optimal position and timing to apply a counter-technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle-aged, mustachioed man in a kimono" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg/110px-Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg/165px-Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg/220px-Morihei_Ueshiba_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Ueshiba in Tokyo in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Aikido was created by <a href="/wiki/Ueshiba_Morihei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ueshiba Morihei">Morihei Ueshiba</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">植芝盛平</span></span>)</span> (1883–1969), referred to by some aikido practitioners as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōsensei</i></span> (<i>Great Teacher</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>aikido</i> was coined in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ueshiba envisioned aikido not only as the synthesis of his martial training, but as an expression of his personal philosophy of universal peace and reconciliation. During Ueshiba's lifetime and continuing today, aikido has evolved from the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">aiki</i></span> that Ueshiba studied into a variety of expressions by martial artists throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikido_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikido-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_development">Initial development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takeda_Sokaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Takeda_Sokaku.jpg/150px-Takeda_Sokaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Takeda_Sokaku.jpg/225px-Takeda_Sokaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Takeda_Sokaku.jpg/300px-Takeda_Sokaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Takeda Sōkaku</figcaption></figure> <p>Ueshiba developed aikido primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s through the synthesis of the older martial arts that he had studied.<sup id="cite_ref-AWH_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core martial art from which aikido derives is <a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a>, which Ueshiba studied directly with <a href="/wiki/Takeda_S%C5%8Dkaku" title="Takeda Sōkaku">Takeda Sōkaku</a>, the reviver of that art. Additionally, Ueshiba is known to have studied <a href="/wiki/Tenjin_Shin%27y%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū">Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū</a> with Tozawa Tokusaburō in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> in 1901, <a href="/wiki/Yagy%C5%AB_Shingan-ry%C5%AB" title="Yagyū Shingan-ryū">Gotōha Yagyū Shingan-ryū</a> under Nakai Masakatsu in <a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai, Osaka">Sakai</a> from 1903 to 1908, and <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> with Kiyoichi Takagi<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">高木喜代市</span></span>)</span> (1894–1972) in <a href="/wiki/Tanabe,_Wakayama" title="Tanabe, Wakayama">Tanabe</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Daitō-ryū</i></span> is the primary technical influence on aikido. Along with empty-handed throwing and joint-locking techniques, Ueshiba incorporated training movements with weapons, such as those for the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">yari</a></i></span>), short <a href="/wiki/Stick_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick fighting">staff</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">jō</a></i></span>), and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">銃剣</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūken</i></span>)</span>. Aikido also derives much of its technical structure from the art of swordsmanship (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSoA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSoA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ueshiba moved to <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> in 1912, and began studying under Takeda Sokaku in 1915; His official association with Daitō-ryū continued until 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-AWH_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the latter part of that period, Ueshiba had already begun to distance himself from Takeda and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Daitō-ryū</i></span>. At that time Ueshiba referred to his martial art as "<b>Aiki Budō</b>". It is unclear exactly when Ueshiba began using the name "aikido", but it became the official name of the art in 1942 when the Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Butoku_Kai" title="Dai Nippon Butoku Kai">Dai Nippon Butoku Kai</a></i></span>) was engaged in a government sponsored reorganization and centralization of Japanese martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikido_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikido-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_influences">Religious influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg/150px-Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg/225px-Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg/300px-Onisaburo_Deguchi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Onisaburo Deguchi</figcaption></figure> <p>After Ueshiba left Hokkaidō in 1919, he met and was profoundly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Onisaburo_Deguchi" title="Onisaburo Deguchi">Onisaburo Deguchi</a>, the spiritual leader of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmoto-ky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōmoto-kyō">Ōmoto-kyō</a> religion (a neo-<a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> movement) in <a href="/wiki/Ayabe,_Kyoto" title="Ayabe, Kyoto">Ayabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the primary features of Ōmoto-kyō is its emphasis on the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> during one's life. The idea was a great influence on Ueshiba's martial arts philosophy of extending love and compassion especially to those who seek to harm others. Aikido demonstrates this philosophy in its emphasis on mastering martial arts so that one may receive an attack and harmlessly redirect it. In an ideal resolution, not only is the receiver unharmed, but so is the attacker.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the effect on his spiritual growth, the connection with Deguchi gave Ueshiba entry to elite political and military circles as a martial artist. As a result of the exposure, he was able to attract not only financial backing but also gifted students. Several of the students went on to begin their own styles of aikido.<sup id="cite_ref-Styles_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_dissemination">International dissemination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International dissemination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aikido was first introduced to the rest of the world in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Mochizuki" title="Minoru Mochizuki">Minoru Mochizuki</a> with a visit to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where he demonstrated aikido techniques to judo students.<sup id="cite_ref-Mochizuki_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mochizuki-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Abe" title="Tadashi Abe">Tadashi Abe</a> in 1952, who came as the official <a href="/wiki/Aikikai" title="Aikikai">Aikikai</a> Hombu representative, remaining in France for seven years. <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Tomiki" title="Kenji Tomiki">Kenji Tomiki</a> toured with a delegation of various martial arts through 15 continental states of the United States in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Styles_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the same year, <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tohei" title="Koichi Tohei">Koichi Tohei</a> was sent by Aikikai Hombu to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> for a full year, where he set up several <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjō">dōjō</a>. The trip was followed by several visits and is considered the formal introduction of aikido to the United States. The United Kingdom followed in 1955; Italy in 1964 by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Tada" title="Hiroshi Tada">Hiroshi Tada</a>; and Germany in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Katsuaki_Asai" title="Katsuaki Asai">Katsuaki Asai</a>. Designated the "Official Delegate for Europe and Africa" by Morihei Ueshiba, <a href="/wiki/Masamichi_Noro" title="Masamichi Noro">Masamichi Noro</a> arrived in France in September 1961. <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Sugano" title="Seiichi Sugano">Seiichi Sugano</a> was appointed to introduce aikido to Australia in 1965. Today there are aikido dōjō throughout the world. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a>'s film debut <i><a href="/wiki/Above_the_Law_(1988_film)" title="Above the Law (1988 film)">Above the Law</a></i> (1988) is regarded as the first American film to feature aikido in fight sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proliferation_of_independent_organizations">Proliferation of independent organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proliferation of independent organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aikido_styles" title="Aikido styles">Aikido styles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aikidoka" title="List of aikidoka">List of aikidōka</a></div> <p>The largest aikido organization is the <a href="/wiki/Aikikai_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikikai Foundation">Aikikai Foundation</a>, which remains under the control of the Ueshiba family. However, aikido has developed into many styles, most of which were formed by Morihei Ueshiba's major students.<sup id="cite_ref-Styles_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest independent styles to emerge were <a href="/wiki/Yoseikan_Aikido" title="Yoseikan Aikido">Yoseikan Aikido</a>, begun by <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Mochizuki" title="Minoru Mochizuki">Minoru Mochizuki</a> in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-Mochizuki_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mochizuki-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yoshinkan" title="Yoshinkan">Yoshinkan</a> Aikido, founded by <a href="/wiki/Gozo_Shioda" title="Gozo Shioda">Gozo Shioda</a> in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shodokan_Aikido" title="Shodokan Aikido">Shodokan Aikido</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Tomiki" title="Kenji Tomiki">Kenji Tomiki</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of these styles pre-dated Ueshiba's death and did not cause any major upheavals when they were formalized. Shodokan Aikido, however, was controversial, since it introduced a unique rule-based competition that some felt was contrary to the spirit of aikido.<sup id="cite_ref-Styles_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ueshiba's death in 1969, two more major styles emerged. Significant controversy arose with the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Aikikai_Hombu_Dojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikikai Hombu Dojo">Aikikai Hombu Dojo</a>'s chief instructor <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tohei" title="Koichi Tohei">Koichi Tohei</a>, in 1974. Tohei left as a result of a disagreement with the son of the founder, <a href="/wiki/Kisshomaru_Ueshiba" title="Kisshomaru Ueshiba">Kisshomaru Ueshiba</a>, who at that time headed the Aikikai Foundation. The disagreement was over the proper role of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> development in regular aikido training. After Tohei left, he formed his own style, called <a href="/wiki/Shin_Shin_Toitsu_Aikido" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido">Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido</a>, and the organization that governs it, the <a href="/wiki/Ki_Society" title="Ki Society">Ki Society</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ki no Kenkyūkai</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final major style evolved from Ueshiba's retirement in <a href="/wiki/Iwama,_Ibaraki" title="Iwama, Ibaraki">Iwama, Ibaraki</a> and the teaching methodology of long term student <a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Saito" title="Morihiro Saito">Morihiro Saito</a>. It is unofficially referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Iwama_style" title="Iwama style">Iwama style</a>", and at one point a number of its followers formed a loose network of schools they called <a href="/wiki/Iwama_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwama Ryu">Iwama Ryu</a>. Although Iwama style practitioners remained part of the Aikikai until Saito's death in 2002, followers of Saito subsequently split into two groups. One remained with the Aikikai and the other formed the independent <a href="/wiki/Shinshin_Aikishuren_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinshin Aikishuren Kai">Shinshin Aikishuren Kai</a> in 2004 around Saito's son <a href="/wiki/Hitohiro_Saito" title="Hitohiro Saito">Hitohiro Saito</a>. </p><p>Today, the major styles of aikido are each run by a separate governing organization, have their own headquarters<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">本部道場</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">honbu dōjō</i></span>)</span> in Japan, and are taught throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Styles_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ki"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ki</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki_obsolete.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ki_obsolete.svg/100px-Ki_obsolete.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ki_obsolete.svg/150px-Ki_obsolete.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ki_obsolete.svg/200px-Ki_obsolete.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> until 1946 is shown; in 1946 <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">it was changed</a> to <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:気">気</a></span></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The study of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">ki</a></i></span> is an important component of aikido. The term does not specifically refer to either physical or mental training, as it encompasses both. The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> was written in its older form as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">氣</span></span> up until the Japanese governmental <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">writing reforms after World War II</a>, and now is more prevalently seen in its modern form of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">気</span></span>. This form has the removal of the eight directions denoting the pre and post natal energies of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">genki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元氣</span></span>)</span> (Chinese – <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuanqi" title="Yuanqi">yuán qì</a></i></span>) also known in the Art of Aikido as "Source energy". </p><p>The character for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> is used in everyday Japanese terms, such as "health"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元気</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">genki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, or "shyness"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">内気</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">uchiki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ki</i></span> has many meanings, including "ambience", "mind", "mood", or "intention and action", however, in traditional martial arts and medicine it is often referred to in its more general terminology as "life energy". <a href="/wiki/Gozo_Shioda" title="Gozo Shioda">Gozo Shioda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yoshinkan" title="Yoshinkan">Yoshinkan</a> Aikido, considered one of the "hard styles", largely follows Ueshiba's teachings from before World War II, and surmises that the secret to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> lies in timing and the application of the whole body's strength to a single point.<sup id="cite_ref-Shugyo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugyo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Ueshiba's application of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> in aikido took on a softer, more gentle feel. The concept was known as <a href="/wiki/Takemusu" class="mw-redirect" title="Takemusu">Takemusu</a> Aiki, and many of his later students teach about <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> from this perspective. <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tohei" title="Koichi Tohei">Koichi Tohei</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ki_Society" title="Ki Society">Ki Society</a> centers almost exclusively around the study of the <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> (albeit subjective) experience of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span>, with students' proficiency in aikido techniques and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ki</i></span> development ranked separately.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg/200px-A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg/300px-A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg/400px-A%C3%AFkido-shihoo_nage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Training (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%BD%E5%8F%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:稽古">稽古</a> Keiko). <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uke_(martial_arts)" title="Uke (martial arts)">Ukemi</a></i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">受け身</span></span>) is very important for safe practice.</figcaption></figure> <p>In aikido, as in virtually all Japanese <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, there are both physical and mental aspects of training. The physical training in aikido is diverse, covering both general physical fitness and <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">conditioning</a>, as well as specific techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-AFL_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFL-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because a substantial portion of any aikido curriculum consists of <a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">throws</a>, beginners learn how to safely fall or roll.<sup id="cite_ref-AFL_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFL-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific techniques for attack include both strikes and grabs; the techniques for defense consist of throws and <a href="/wiki/Pinning_hold" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinning hold">pins</a>. After basic techniques are learned, students study freestyle defense against multiple opponents, and techniques with weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fitness">Fitness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fitness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical training goals pursued in conjunction with aikido include controlled <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">relaxation</a>, correct movement of joints such as hips and shoulders, <a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(anatomy)" title="Flexibility (anatomy)">flexibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>, with less emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">strength training</a>. In aikido, pushing or extending movements are much more common than pulling or contracting movements. This distinction can be applied to general fitness goals for the aikido practitioner.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In aikido, specific muscles or muscle groups are not isolated and worked to improve tone, mass, or power. Aikido-related training emphasizes the use of coordinated whole-body movement and balance similar to <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pilates" title="Pilates">pilates</a>. For example, many dōjōs begin each class with warm-up exercises<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">準備体操</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">junbi taisō</i></span>)</span>, which may include <a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">stretching</a> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uke_(martial_arts)" title="Uke (martial arts)">ukemi</a></i></span> (break falls).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles_of_uke_and_tori">Roles of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roles of uke and tori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG/220px-G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG/330px-G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG/440px-G_Blaize_Kokiu_Nague_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>"Shite" (Nage), in this case, is the person on the right. He is doing Kokyu-Nage (呼吸投げ).<br /> "Uke", in this case on the left, is doing rolling <a href="/wiki/Ukemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukemi">Ukemi</a> (France, 2002)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aikido training is based primarily on two partners practicing pre-arranged forms (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a></i></span>) rather than freestyle practice. The basic pattern is for the receiver of the technique (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uke_(martial_arts)" title="Uke (martial arts)">uke</a></i></span>) to initiate an attack against the person who applies the technique—the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tori_(martial_arts)" title="Tori (martial arts)">tori</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">取り</span></span>)</span>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shite</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仕手</span></span>)</span> (depending on aikido style), also referred to as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nage</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">投げ</span></span>)</span> (when applying a throwing technique), who neutralises this attack with an aikido technique.<sup id="cite_ref-afl2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afl2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both halves of the technique, that of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> and that of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span>, are considered essential to aikido training.<sup id="cite_ref-afl2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afl2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are studying aikido principles of blending and adaptation. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tori</i></span> learns to blend with and control attacking energy, while <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> learns to become calm and flexible in the disadvantageous, off-balance positions in which <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> places them. This "receiving" of the technique is called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ukemi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-afl2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afl2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Uke</i></span> continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities (e.g., an exposed side), while <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> uses position and timing to keep <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> off-balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> will sometimes apply reversal techniques<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">返し技</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaeshi-waza</i></span>)</span> to regain balance and pin or throw <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span>. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ukemi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">受身</span></span>)</span> refers to the act of receiving a technique. Good <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ukemi</i></span> involves attention to the technique, the partner, and the immediate environment—it is considered an active part of the process of learning aikido. The method of falling itself is also important, and is a way for the practitioner to receive an aikido technique safely and minimize risk of injury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_attacks">Initial attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aikido techniques are usually a defense against an attack, so students must learn to deliver various types of attacks to be able to practice aikido with a partner. Although attacks are not studied as thoroughly as in striking-based arts, attacks with intent (such as a strong strike or an immobilizing grab) are needed to study correct and effective application of technique.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the strikes<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">打ち</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">uchi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> of aikido resemble cuts from a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> or other grasped object, which indicate its origins in techniques intended for <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">armed</a> combat.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other techniques which explicitly appear to be punches (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsuki" title="Tsuki">tsuki</a></i></span>), are practiced as thrusts with a <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a> or sword. <a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kicks</a> are generally reserved for upper-level variations; reasons cited include that falls from kicks are especially dangerous, and that kicks (high kicks in particular) were uncommon during the types of combat prevalent in feudal Japan. </p><p>Some basic strikes include: </p> <ul><li><b>Front-of-the-head strike</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">正面打ち</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōmen'uchi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a vertical <a href="/wiki/Knifehand_strike" title="Knifehand strike">knifehand strike</a> to the head. In training, this is usually directed at the forehead or the <a href="/wiki/Crown_(anatomy)" title="Crown (anatomy)">crown</a> for safety, but more dangerous versions of this attack target the bridge of the nose and the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_sinus" title="Maxillary sinus">maxillary sinus</a>.</li> <li><b>Side-of-the-head strike</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">横面打ち</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yokomen'uchi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a diagonal knifehand strike to the side of the head or neck.</li> <li><b>Chest thrust</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">胸突き</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mune-tsuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Punch_(strike)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch (strike)">punch</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>. Specific targets include the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar plexus">solar plexus</a>, sometimes referred to as "middle-level thrust"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中段突き</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chūdan-tsuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, or "direct thrust"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">直突き</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Choku-tsuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Choku-tsuki">choku-tsuki</a></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.</li> <li><b>Face thrust</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">顔面突き</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ganmen-tsuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a punch to the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>, sometimes referred to as "upper-level thrust"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">上段突き</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jōdan-tsuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.</li></ul> <p>Beginners in particular often practice techniques from grabs, both because they are safer and because it is easier to feel the energy and the direction of the movement of force of a hold than it is for a strike. Some grabs are historically derived from being held while trying to draw a <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">weapon</a>, whereupon a technique could then be used to free oneself and immobilize or strike the attacker while they are grabbing the defender.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are examples of some basic grabs: </p> <ul><li><b>Single-hand grab</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">片手取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">katate-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, when one hand grabs one wrist.</li> <li><b>Both-hands grab</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">諸手取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">morote-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, when both hands grab one wrist; sometimes referred to as "single hand double-handed grab"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">片手両手取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">katateryōte-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span></li> <li><b>Both-hands grab</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">両手取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryōte-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, when both hands grab both wrists; sometimes referred to as "double single-handed grab"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">両片手取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryōkatate-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.</li> <li><b>Shoulder grab</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">肩取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kata-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> when one shoulder is grabbed.</li> <li><b>Both-shoulders-grab</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">両肩取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryōkata-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, when both shoulders are grabbed. It is sometimes combined with an overhead strike as <b>shoulder grab face strike</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">肩取り面打ち</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kata-dori men-uchi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.</li> <li><b>Chest grab</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">胸取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mune-dori or muna-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, when the lapel is grabbed; sometimes referred to as "collar grab"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">襟取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">eri-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_techniques">Basic techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basic techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aikido_techniques" title="Aikido techniques">Aikido techniques</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aikido_ikkyo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aikido_ikkyo.svg/220px-Aikido_ikkyo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aikido_ikkyo.svg/330px-Aikido_ikkyo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aikido_ikkyo.svg/440px-Aikido_ikkyo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span>, or "first technique"</figcaption></figure> <p>Here is a sample of the basic or widely practiced throws and pins. Many of the techniques derive from Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but some others were invented by Morihei Ueshiba. The precise terminology for some may vary between organisations and styles; the terms presented are the terms used by the Aikikai Foundation. Although the names of the first five techniques listed are in succession, they are not universally taught in numeric order.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>First technique</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一教 (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:教">教</a>)</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span>)</span>, a control technique using one hand on the elbow and one hand near the wrist which leverages <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grip applies pressure into the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerve</a> at the wrist.</li> <li><b>Second technique</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nikyō</i></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Kote_mawashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kote mawashi">pronating wristlock</a> that torques the arm and applies painful nerve pressure. (There is an <a href="/wiki/Wristlock#Adductive_wristlock" title="Wristlock">adductive wristlock</a> or Z-lock in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ura</i></span> version.)</li> <li><b>Third technique</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sankyō</i></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Wristlock#Rotational_wristlock" title="Wristlock">rotational wristlock</a> that directs upward-spiraling tension throughout the arm, elbow and shoulder.</li> <li><b>Fourth technique</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yonkyō</i></span>)</span> is a shoulder control technique similar to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span>, but with both hands gripping the forearm. The knuckles (from the palm side) are applied to the recipient's <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a> of the forearm bone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fifth technique</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gokyō</i></span>)</span>is a technique that is visually similar to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span>, but with an inverted grip of the wrist, <a href="/wiki/Medial_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial rotation">medial rotation</a> of the arm and shoulder, and downward pressure on the elbow. Common in <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a> and other weapon take-aways.</li> <li>'<b><i>Four-direction throw'</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四方投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shihōnage</i></span>)</span></b> is a throw during which <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>'s hand is folded back past the shoulder, locking the shoulder joint.</li> <li><b>Forearm return</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">小手返し</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kotegaeshi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Kote_gaeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kote gaeshi">supinating</a> wristlock-throw that stretches the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor digitorum">extensor digitorum</a>.</li> <li><b>Breath throw</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">呼吸投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokyūnage</i></span>)</span> is a loosely used umbrella term for various types of mechanically unrelated techniques; <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokyūnage</i></span> generally do not use joint locks like other techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Entering throw</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">入身投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">iriminage</i></span>)</span>, throws in which <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> moves through the space occupied by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>. The classic form superficially resembles a "clothesline" technique.</li> <li><b>Heaven-and-earth throw</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天地投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tenchinage</i></span>)</span>, a throw in which, beginning with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryōte-dori</i></span>, moving forward, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> sweeps one hand low ("earth") and the other high ("heaven"), which unbalances <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> so that they easily topple over.</li> <li><b>Hip throw</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">腰投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">koshinage</i></span>)</span>, aikido's version of the <a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)#Hip_throws" title="Throw (grappling)">hip throw</a>; <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> drops their hips lower than those of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>, then flips <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> over the resultant <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">fulcrum</a>.</li> <li><b>Figure-ten throw</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十字投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūjinage</i></span>)</span>, a throw that locks the arms against each other (the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for "10" is a cross-shape: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Rotary throw</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">回転投げ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaitennage</i></span>)</span> is a throw in which <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> sweeps <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>'s arm back until it locks the shoulder joint, then uses forward pressure to throw them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementations">Implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png/220px-Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png/330px-Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png/440px-Aikido_ikkyo_omote_ura.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing two versions of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span> technique: one moving forward (the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">omote</i></span> version) and one moving backward (the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ura</i></span> version)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aikido makes use of body movement (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tai sabaki or 体捌き</i></span>) to blend the movement of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> with the movement of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>. For example, an "entering" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Irimi" title="Irimi">irimi</a></i></span>) technique consists of movements inward towards <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>, while a "turning"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">転換</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tenkan</i></span>)</span> technique uses a pivoting motion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, an "inside"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">内</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">uchi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> technique takes place in front of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>, whereas an "outside"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">外</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">soto</i></span>)</span> technique takes place to their side; a "front"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">表</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">omote</i></span>)</span> technique is applied with motion to the front of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>, and a "rear"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">裏</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ura</i></span>)</span> version is applied with motion towards the rear of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>, usually by incorporating a turning or pivoting motion. Finally, most techniques can be performed while in a seated posture (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">seiza</a></i></span>). Techniques where both <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja">uke</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> are standing are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tachi-waza</i></span>, techniques where both start off in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">seiza</i></span> are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">suwari-waza</i></span>, and techniques performed with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> standing and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> sitting are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hanmi handachi</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">半身半立</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-dynamic_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dynamic-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these few basic techniques, there are numerous of possible implementations. For example, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span> can be applied to an opponent moving forward with a strike (perhaps with an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ura</i></span> type of movement to redirect the incoming force), or to an opponent who has already struck and is now moving back to reestablish distance (perhaps an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">omote-waza</i></span> version). Specific aikido <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kata</i></span> are typically referred to with the formula "attack-technique(-modifier)"; <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">katate-dori ikkyō</i></span>, for example, refers to any <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span> technique executed when <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> is holding one wrist. This could be further specified as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">katate-dori ikkyō omote</i></span> (referring to any forward-moving <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikkyō</i></span> technique from that grab). </p><p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Atemi" title="Atemi">Atemi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">当て身</span></span>)</span> are strikes (or <a href="/wiki/Feint" title="Feint">feints</a>) employed during an aikido technique. Some view <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">atemi</i></span> as attacks against "<a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">vital points</a>" meant to cause damage in and of themselves. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Gozo_Shioda" title="Gozo Shioda">Gozo Shioda</a> described using <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">atemi</i></span> in a brawl to quickly down a gang's leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Shugyo_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugyo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others consider <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">atemi</i></span>, especially to the face, to be methods of distraction meant to enable other techniques; a strike, even if it is blocked, can startle the target and break their concentration. Additionally, the target may also become unbalanced while attempting to avoid a strike (by jerking the head back, for example) which may allow for an easier throw.<sup id="cite_ref-dynamic_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dynamic-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sayings about <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">atemi</i></span> are attributed to Morihei Ueshiba, who considered them an essential element of technique.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRehse002-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PRehse002-cropped.jpg/220px-PRehse002-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/PRehse002-cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Disarming an attacker using a "sword taking"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">太刀取り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tachi-dori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> technique</figcaption></figure> <p>Weapons training in aikido traditionally includes the short staff (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">jō</a></i></span>) (these techniques closely resemble the use of the bayonet, or <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABkend%C5%8D" title="Jūkendō">Jūkendō</a>), the wooden sword (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bokken" title="Bokken">bokken</a></i></span>), and the knife (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools incorporate firearm-disarming techniques, where either weapon-taking and/or weapon-retention may be taught. Some schools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iwama_style" title="Iwama style">Iwama style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Saito" title="Morihiro Saito">Morihiro Saito</a>, usually spend substantial time practicing with both <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bokken</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jō</i></span>, under the names of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aiki-ken" title="Aiki-ken">aiki-ken</a></i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aiki-j%C5%8D" title="Aiki-jō">aiki-jō</a></i></span>, respectively. The founder developed many of the empty-handed techniques from traditional sword, spear and bayonet movements. Consequently, the practice of the weapons arts gives insight into the origin of techniques and movements, and reinforces the concepts of distance, timing, foot movement, presence and connectedness with one's training partner(s).<sup id="cite_ref-SOS_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOS-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_attackers_and_randori">Multiple attackers and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">randori</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Multiple attackers and randori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One feature of aikido is training to defend against multiple attackers, often called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">taninzudori</i></span>, or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">taninzugake</i></span>. Freestyle practice with multiple attackers called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">randori</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">乱取</span></span>)</span> is a key part of most curricula and is required for the higher-level ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-best_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Randori</i></span> exercises a person's ability to intuitively perform techniques in an unstructured environment.<sup id="cite_ref-best_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategic choice of techniques, based on how they reposition the student relative to other attackers, is important in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">randori</i></span> training. For instance, an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ura</i></span> technique might be used to neutralise the current attacker while turning to face attackers approaching from behind.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shodokan_Aikido" title="Shodokan Aikido">Shodokan Aikido</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">randori</i></span> differs in that it is not performed with multiple persons with defined roles of defender and attacker, but between two people, where both participants attack, defend, and counter at will. In this respect it resembles judo <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">randori</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injuries">Injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In applying a technique during training, it is the responsibility of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> to prevent injury to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> by employing a speed and force of application that is appropriate with their partner's proficiency in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ukemi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-afl2_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afl2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When injuries (especially to the joints) occur, they are often the result of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span> misjudging the ability of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span> to receive the throw or pin.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikinjuries_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikinjuries-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aikinjuries2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikinjuries2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of injuries in the martial arts showed that the type of injuries varied considerably from one art to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-injurycomparison_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-injurycomparison-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soft tissue injuries are one of the most common types of injuries found within aikido,<sup id="cite_ref-injurycomparison_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-injurycomparison-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as joint strain and stubbed fingers and toes.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikinjuries2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikinjuries2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several deaths from head-and-neck injuries, caused by aggressive <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shihōnage</i></span> in a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Senpai_and_k%C5%8Dhai" title="Senpai and kōhai">senpai/kōhai</a></i></span> hazing context, have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikinjuries_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikinjuries-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_training">Mental training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mental training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aikido training is mental as well as physical, emphasizing the ability to relax the mind and body even under the stress of dangerous situations.<sup id="cite_ref-ZENMA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZENMA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is necessary to enable the practitioner to perform the 'enter-and-blend' movements that underlie aikido techniques, wherein an attack is met with confidence and directness.<sup id="cite_ref-AFL_1-9_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFL_1-9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morihei Ueshiba once remarked that one "must be willing to receive 99% of an opponent's attack and stare death in the face" in order to execute techniques without hesitation.<sup id="cite_ref-AOP_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOP-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a martial art concerned not only with fighting proficiency but with the betterment of daily life, this mental aspect is of key importance to aikido practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-NewWarrior_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewWarrior-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniforms_and_ranking">Uniforms and ranking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uniforms and ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folding_hakama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Folding_hakama.jpg/230px-Folding_hakama.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Folding_hakama.jpg/345px-Folding_hakama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Folding_hakama.jpg/460px-Folding_hakama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">Hakama</a> are folded after practice to preserve the pleats.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th>rank</th> <th>belt</th> <th>color</th> <th>type </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyū</i></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judo_white_belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Judo_white_belt.svg/65px-Judo_white_belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Judo_white_belt.svg/98px-Judo_white_belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Judo_white_belt.svg/130px-Judo_white_belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td> <td>white</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mudansha</i></span>/<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yūkyūsha</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dan</i></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judo_black_belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judo_black_belt.svg/65px-Judo_black_belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judo_black_belt.svg/98px-Judo_black_belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judo_black_belt.svg/130px-Judo_black_belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td> <td>black</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yūdansha</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aikido practitioners (commonly called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">aikidōka</i></span> outside Japan) generally progress by promotion through a series of "grades" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB" title="Kyū">kyū</a></i></span>), followed by a series of "degrees" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dan_(rank)" title="Dan (rank)">dan</a></i></span>), pursuant to formal testing procedures. Some aikido organizations use belts to distinguish practitioners' grades, often simply white and <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belts</a> to distinguish <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyu</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dan</i></span> grades, although some use various belt colors. Testing requirements vary, so a particular rank in one organization is not comparable or interchangeable with the rank of another.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dōjōs have an age requirement before students can take the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dan</i></span> rank exam.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uniform worn for practicing aikido (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aikidogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikidogi">aikidōgi</a></i></span>) is similar to the training uniform (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Keikogi" title="Keikogi">keikogi</a></i></span>) used in most other modern martial arts; simple trousers and a wraparound jacket, usually white. Both thick ("<a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>-style"), and thin ("<a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>-style") cotton tops are used.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aikido-specific tops are available with shorter sleeves which reach to just below the elbow.<sup id="cite_ref-seido_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seido-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most aikido systems add a pair of wide pleated black or <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> trousers known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">hakama</a></i></span> (used also in <a href="/wiki/Naginatajutsu" title="Naginatajutsu">Naginatajutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">iaido</a>). In many schools, the wearing of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hakama</i></span> is reserved for practitioners with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dan</i></span> ranks or for instructors, while others allow all practitioners to wear a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hakama</i></span> regardless of rank.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aikido_styles">Aikido styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aikido styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aikido_styles" title="Aikido styles">Aikido styles</a> vary in their intention, due to its holistic nature. The most common differences noted in aikido, when observed externally, relate to the intensity and realism of training. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Pranin" title="Stanley Pranin">Stanley Pranin</a> has observed that some criticism may stem from weak attacks from <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">uke</i></span>, allowing for a conditioned response from <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span>, resulting in underdevelopment of the skills needed for the safe and effective practice of both partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Pranin-aikido_today_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pranin-aikido_today-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counteract that some styles allow students to become less compliant over time, however in keeping with the core philosophies, that is after having demonstrated proficiency in being able to protect themselves and their training partners. <a href="/wiki/Shodokan_Aikido" title="Shodokan Aikido">Shodokan Aikido</a> addresses the issue by practicing in a competitive format.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such adaptations are debated between styles, with some maintaining that there is no need to adjust their methods because either the criticisms are unjustified, or that they are not training for self-defense or combat effectiveness, but spiritual, fitness or other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for the difference and diversity of teachings, intention, and forms of aikido can be traced to the shift in training focus after the end of Ueshiba's seclusion in Iwama from 1942 to the mid-1950s, as he increasingly emphasized the spiritual and philosophical aspects of aikido. As a result, strikes to vital points by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span>, entering (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">irimi</i></span>) and initiation of techniques by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori</i></span>, the distinction between <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">omote</i></span> (front side) and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ura</i></span> (back side) techniques, and the use of weapons, were all de-emphasized or eliminated from practice.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, some styles of aikido place less importance on the spiritual practices which were emphasized by Ueshiba. According to Minoru Shibata of <i>Aikido Journal</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>O-Sensei's aikido was not a continuation and extension of the old and has a distinct discontinuity with past martial and philosophical concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata-Dilemma_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-Dilemma-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In other words, aikido practitioners who focus on aikido's roots in traditional <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a></i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a></i></span> are said to be diverging from what Ueshiba taught, as some critics urge practitioners: </p> <blockquote><p>[Ueshiba's] transcendence to the spiritual and universal reality were the fundamentals of the paradigm that he demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata-Dilemma_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-Dilemma-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharif2009" class="citation book cs1">Sharif, Suliaman (2009). <i>50 Martial Arts Myths</i>. New Media Entertainment. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9677546-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9677546-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9677546-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Martial+Arts+Myths&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=New+Media+Entertainment&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9677546-2-8&rft.aulast=Sharif&rft.aufirst=Suliaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUeshiba2004" class="citation book cs1">Ueshiba, Kisshōmaru (2004). <i>The Art of Aikido: Principles and Essential Techniques</i>. Kodansha International. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-2945-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-2945-4"><bdi>4-7700-2945-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Aikido%3A+Principles+and+Essential+Techniques&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=4-7700-2945-4&rft.aulast=Ueshiba&rft.aufirst=Kissh%C5%8Dmaru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaotome1989" class="citation book cs1">Saotome, Mitsugi (1989). <i>The Principles of Aikido</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-409-3"><bdi>978-0-87773-409-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Aikido&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-409-3&rft.aulast=Saotome&rft.aufirst=Mitsugi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestbrookRatti1970" class="citation book cs1">Westbrook, Adele; Ratti, Oscar (1970). <i>Aikido and the Dynamic Sphere</i>. Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company. pp. 16–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-0004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-0004-4"><bdi>978-0-8048-0004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+and+the+Dynamic+Sphere&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=16-96&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-0004-4&rft.aulast=Westbrook&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft.au=Ratti%2C+Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Jones2015" class="citation book cs1">David Jones (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-ANCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1828-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1828-7"><bdi>978-1-4629-1828-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Training+in+Japan%3A+A+Guide+for+Westerners&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1828-7&rft.au=David+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-ANCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2019_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Gordon2019" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Gordon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQSjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Aikido as Transformative and Embodied Pedagogy: Teacher as Healer</i></a>. Springer. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23953-4"><bdi>978-3-030-23953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+as+Transformative+and+Embodied+Pedagogy%3A+Teacher+as+Healer&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-23953-4&rft.au=Michael+A.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQSjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUeshiba2013" class="citation book cs1">Ueshiba, Morihei (2013). <i>Budo: Teachings Of The Founder Of Aikido</i>. New York: Kodansha America. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568364872" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568364872"><bdi>978-1568364872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budo%3A+Teachings+Of+The+Founder+Of+Aikido&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Kodansha+America&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1568364872&rft.aulast=Ueshiba&rft.aufirst=Morihei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura1991" class="citation book cs1">Tamura, Nobuyoshi (1991). <i>Aikido – Etiquette et transmission. Manuel a l'usage des professeurs</i>. Aix en Provence: Editions du Soleil Levant. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84028-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-84028-000-0"><bdi>2-84028-000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+%E2%80%93+Etiquette+et+transmission.+Manuel+a+l%27usage+des+professeurs.&rft.place=Aix+en+Provence&rft.pub=Editions+du+Soleil+Levant&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=2-84028-000-0&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=Nobuyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe1958" class="citation book cs1">Abe, Tadashi (1958). <i>L'aiki-do – Methode unique creee par le maitre Morihei Ueshiba – L'arme et l'esprit du samourai japonais</i>. France: Editions Chiron.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27aiki-do+%E2%80%93+Methode+unique+creee+par+le+maitre+Morihei+Ueshiba+%E2%80%93+L%27arme+et+l%27esprit+du+samourai+japonais.&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Editions+Chiron&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Tadashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikido-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aikido_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikido_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikido_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206050153/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=18">"Aikido"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=18">the original</a> on 6 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aikido&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia.php%3FentryID%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pranin-Aikijujutsu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pranin-Aikijujutsu_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826192614/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=31">"Aikijujutsu"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=31">the original</a> on 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aikijujutsu&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225755/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=10">"Aiki"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=10">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aiki&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826175452/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=533">"O-Sensei"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=533">the original</a> on 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O-Sensei&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraeger1974" class="citation book cs1">Draeger, Donn F. (1974). <i>Modern Bujutsu & Budo – The Martial Arts and Ways of Japan</i>. New York: Weatherhill. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-0351-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-0351-8"><bdi>0-8348-0351-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Bujutsu+%26+Budo+%E2%80%93+The+Martial+Arts+and+Ways+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8348-0351-8&rft.aulast=Draeger&rft.aufirst=Donn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWH-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AWH_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWH_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensRinjiro1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_(scholar)" title="John Stevens (scholar)">Stevens, John</a>; Rinjiro, Shirata (1984). <i>Aikido: The Way of Harmony</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala. pp. 3–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71426-4"><bdi>978-0-394-71426-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido%3A+The+Way+of+Harmony&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=3-17&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-394-71426-4&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Rinjiro%2C+Shirata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330055654/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=723">"Ueshiba, Morihei"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=723">the original</a> on 30 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ueshiba%2C+Morihei&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia.php%3FentryID%3D723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSoA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSoA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomma1997" class="citation book cs1">Homma, Gaku (1997). <i>The Structure of Aikido: Volume 1: Kenjutsu and Taijutsu Sword and Open-Hand Movement Relationships (Structure of Aikido, Vol 1)</i>. Blue Snake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883319-55-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-883319-55-2"><bdi>1-883319-55-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Aikido%3A+Volume+1%3A+Kenjutsu+and+Taijutsu+Sword+and+Open-Hand+Movement+Relationships+%28Structure+of+Aikido%2C+Vol+1%29&rft.pub=Blue+Snake+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-883319-55-2&rft.aulast=Homma&rft.aufirst=Gaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017200533/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=73">"Morihei Ueshiba and Onisaburo Deguchi"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=73">the original</a> on 17 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morihei+Ueshiba+and+Onisaburo+Deguchi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Farticle.php%3FarticleID%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOomoto_Foundation2007" class="citation web cs1">Oomoto Foundation (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oomoto.or.jp/English/enDokt/dokt-en.html">"The Teachings"</a>. <i>Teachings and Scriptures</i>. 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Shodokan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9647083-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9647083-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9647083-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido%3A+Tradition+and+the+Competitive+Edge&rft.pub=Shodokan+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9647083-2-7&rft.aulast=Shishido&rft.aufirst=Fumiaki&rft.au=Nariyama%2C+Tetsuro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807104204/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=701">"Tohei, Koichi"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. 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Shindokan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9687791-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9687791-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9687791-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+Shugyo%3A+Harmony+in+Confrontation&rft.pub=Shindokan+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9687791-2-5&rft.aulast=Shioda&rft.aufirst=G%C5%8Dz%C5%8D&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1997" class="citation web cs1">Reed, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619083726/http://www.b-smart.net/archive/test_article_0497.html">"A Test Worth More than a Thousand Words"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b-smart.net/archive/test_article_0497.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Test+Worth+More+than+a+Thousand+Words&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-smart.net%2Farchive%2Ftest_article_0497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFL-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFL_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFL_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomma1990" class="citation book cs1">Homma, Gaku (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aikidoforlife0000homm/page/20"><i>Aikido for Life</i></a>. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aikidoforlife0000homm/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-078-7"><bdi>978-1-55643-078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+for+Life&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-078-7&rft.aulast=Homma&rft.aufirst=Gaku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faikidoforlife0000homm%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016190245/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=340">"Jumbi Taiso"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia.php?entryID=340">the original</a> on 16 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jumbi+Taiso&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia.php%3FentryID%3D340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afl2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afl2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afl2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afl2_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afl2_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomma1990" class="citation book cs1">Homma, Gaku (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmvuAkvibXkC"><i>Aikido for Life</i></a>. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. pp. 20–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-078-7"><bdi>978-1-55643-078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+for+Life&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=20-30&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-078-7&rft.aulast=Homma&rft.aufirst=Gaku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmvuAkvibXkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifflett1999" class="citation book cs1">Shifflett, C.M. (1999). <i>Aikido Exercises for Teaching and Training</i>. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-314-6"><bdi>978-1-55643-314-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+Exercises+for+Teaching+and+Training&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-314-6&rft.aulast=Shifflett&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826181246/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=289">"Ikkyo"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=289">the original</a> on 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ikkyo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122182812/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=780">"Yonkyo"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=780">the original</a> on 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yonkyo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122182746/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=419">"Kokyunage"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=419">the original</a> on 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kokyunage&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122182726/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=337">"Juji Garami"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=337">the original</a> on 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juji+Garami&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122182741/http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=342">"Kaitennage"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/encyclopedia?entryID=342">the original</a> on 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaitennage&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Fencyclopedia%3FentryID%3D342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmdur" class="citation journal cs1">Amdur, Ellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017193616/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=686">"Irimi"</a>. <i>Aikido Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=686">the original</a> on 17 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aikido+Journal&rft.atitle=Irimi&rft.aulast=Amdur&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Farticle.php%3FarticleID%3D686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dynamic-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dynamic_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dynamic_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShioda1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Shioda" title="Gozo Shioda">Shioda, Gōzō</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicaikido00shio_0/page/52"><i>Dynamic Aikido</i></a>. Kodansha International. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicaikido00shio_0/page/52">52–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-301-7"><bdi>978-0-87011-301-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Aikido&rft.pages=52-55&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-301-7&rft.aulast=Shioda&rft.aufirst=G%C5%8Dz%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdynamicaikido00shio_0%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2000" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Nathan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231203238/http://www.tsuki-kage.com/ueshiba.html">"Teachings of Ueshiba Morihei Sensei"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsuki-kage.com/ueshiba.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+Ueshiba+Morihei+Sensei&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsuki-kage.com%2Fueshiba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDang2006" class="citation book cs1">Dang, Phong (2006). <i>Aikido Weapons Techniques: The Wooden Sword, Stick, and Knife of Aikido</i>. Charles E Tuttle Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3641-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3641-8"><bdi>978-0-8048-3641-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+Weapons+Techniques%3A+The+Wooden+Sword%2C+Stick%2C+and+Knife+of+Aikido&rft.pub=Charles+E+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3641-8&rft.aulast=Dang&rft.aufirst=Phong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOS-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOS_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRattiWestbrook1973" class="citation book cs1">Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsofsamurai00osca_0/page/23"><i>Secrets of the Samurai: The Martial Arts of Feudal Japan</i></a>. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsofsamurai00osca_0/page/23">23, 356–359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-1073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-1073-5"><bdi>978-0-7858-1073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Samurai%3A+The+Martial+Arts+of+Feudal+Japan&rft.place=Edison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=23%2C+356-359&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-1073-5&rft.aulast=Ratti&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Westbrook%2C+Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretsofsamurai00osca_0%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-best-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-best_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-best_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUeshibaUeshiba2002" class="citation book cs1">Ueshiba, Kisshomaru; Ueshiba, Moriteru (2002). <i>Best Aikido: The Fundamentals (Illustrated Japanese Classics)</i>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2762-7"><bdi>978-4-7700-2762-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Best+Aikido%3A+The+Fundamentals+%28Illustrated+Japanese+Classics%29&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2762-7&rft.aulast=Ueshiba&rft.aufirst=Kisshomaru&rft.au=Ueshiba%2C+Moriteru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNariyama2010" class="citation book cs1">Nariyama, Tetsurō (2010). <i>Aikido Randori: Tetsuro Nariyama</i>. Shodokan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956620507" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956620507"><bdi>978-0956620507</bdi></a> – via amazon.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+Randori%3A+Tetsuro+Nariyama&rft.pub=Shodokan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0956620507&rft.aulast=Nariyama&rft.aufirst=Tetsur%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikinjuries-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aikinjuries_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikinjuries_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikido and injuries: special report by <a href="/wiki/Fumiaki_Shishida" title="Fumiaki Shishida">Fumiaki Shishida</a> Aiki News 1989;80 (April); partial English translation of article re-printed in Aikido Journal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012133627/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=8">"Aikido and Injuries: Special Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=8">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aikido+and+Injuries%3A+Special+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Farticle.php%3FarticleID%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikinjuries2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aikinjuries2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikinjuries2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pranin, Stanley (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122182653/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=7&highlight=injuries">"Aikido and Injuries"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Aikido</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=7&highlight=injuries">the original</a> on 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aikido+and+Injuries&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aikido&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Farticle%3FarticleID%3D7%26highlight%3Dinjuries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-injurycomparison-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-injurycomparison_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-injurycomparison_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetarukViolánZurakowskiMicheli2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zetaruk, M; Violán, MA; Zurakowski, D; Micheli, LJ (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1725005">"Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles"</a>. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. <b>39</b> (1). BMJ Publishing Group: 29–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2003.010322">10.1136/bjsm.2003.010322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1725005">1725005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15618336">15618336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Injuries+in+martial+arts%3A+a+comparison+of+five+styles&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-33&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1725005%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15618336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsm.2003.010322&rft.aulast=Zetaruk&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Viol%C3%A1n%2C+MA&rft.au=Zurakowski%2C+D&rft.au=Micheli%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1725005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZENMA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZENMA_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyams1979" class="citation book cs1">Hyams, Joe (1979). <i>Zen in the Martial Arts</i>. New York: Bantam Books. pp. 53–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-27559-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-27559-3"><bdi>0-553-27559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+in+the+Martial+Arts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53-57&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-553-27559-3&rft.aulast=Hyams&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFL_1-9-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFL_1-9_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomma1990" class="citation book cs1">Homma, Gaku (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aikidoforlife0000homm/page/1"><i>Aikido for Life</i></a>. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aikidoforlife0000homm/page/1">1–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-078-7"><bdi>978-1-55643-078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+for+Life&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-078-7&rft.aulast=Homma&rft.aufirst=Gaku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faikidoforlife0000homm%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOP-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AOP_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUeshiba1992" class="citation book cs1">Ueshiba, Morihei (1992). <i>The Art of Peace</i>. Translation by <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_(scholar)" title="John Stevens (scholar)">Stevens, John</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-851-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-851-0"><bdi>978-0-87773-851-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Peace&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-851-0&rft.aulast=Ueshiba&rft.aufirst=Morihei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewWarrior-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewWarrior_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckler1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strozzi-Heckler" title="Richard Strozzi-Heckler">Heckler, Richard</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aikidonewwarrior00stro/page/51"><i>Aikido and the New Warrior</i></a>. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aikidonewwarrior00stro/page/51">51–57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938190-51-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938190-51-6"><bdi>978-0-938190-51-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aikido+and+the+New+Warrior&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=51-57&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-938190-51-6&rft.aulast=Heckler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faikidonewwarrior00stro%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederação_Portuguesa_de_Aikido2007" class="citation web cs1">Federação Portuguesa de Aikido (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpaikido.pt/sites/default/files/docs/Aikikai%20-%201.Rules%20for%20Dan%20Ranks130313.pdf">"Rules for Dan Ranks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+for+Dan+Ranks&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft.au=Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Portuguesa+de+Aikido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpaikido.pt%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2FAikikai%2520-%25201.Rules%2520for%2520Dan%2520Ranks130313.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seido-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seido_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seidoshop.com/blogs/the-seido-blog/10-comparative-how-to-choose-your-aikidogi-kimono">"How to Choose your Aikidogi – Size & Model"</a>. <i>Seido Shop Blog</i>. Seido Shop. 9 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seido+Shop+Blog&rft.atitle=How+to+Choose+your+Aikidogi+%E2%80%93+Size+%26+Model&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seidoshop.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-seido-blog%2F10-comparative-how-to-choose-your-aikidogi-kimono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pranin-aikido_today-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pranin-aikido_today_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Pranin, Stanley (Fall 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121231252/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=123">"Aikido Practice Today"</a>. <i>Aiki News</i>. <b>86</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=123">the original</a> on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aiki+News&rft.atitle=Aikido+Practice+Today&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=86&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Pranin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2Farticle%3FarticleID%3D123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagstaffe2007" class="citation web cs1">Wagstaffe, Tony (30 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522164703/http://www.aikidojournal.com/?id=3104">"In response to the articles by Stanley Pranin – Martial arts in a state of decline? An end to the collusion?"</a>. <i>Aikido Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikidojournal.com/?id=3104">the original</a> on 22 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aikido+Journal&rft.atitle=In+response+to+the+articles+by+Stanley+Pranin+%E2%80%93+Martial+arts+in+a+state+of+decline%3F+An+end+to+the+collusion%3F&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=Wagstaffe&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidojournal.com%2F%3Fid%3D3104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aikidosangenkai.org/blog/ueshiba-legacy-mark-murray-part-2/">"The Ueshiba Legacy – Part 2, by Mark Murray"</a>. <i>Aikido Sangenkai Blog</i>. 6 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aikido+Sangenkai+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Ueshiba+Legacy+%E2%80%93+Part+2%2C+by+Mark+Murray&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikidosangenkai.org%2Fblog%2Fueshiba-legacy-mark-murray-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shibata-Dilemma-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata-Dilemma_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata-Dilemma_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibata2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shibata, Minoru J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aikidojournal.com/public/a-dilemma-deferred-an-identity-denied-and-dismissed/">"A Dilemma Deferred: An Identity Denied and Dismissed"</a>. <i>Aikido Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121231751/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=263">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aikido+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Dilemma+Deferred%3A+An+Identity+Denied+and+Dismissed&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Shibata&rft.aufirst=Minoru+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aikidojournal.com%2Fpublic%2Fa-dilemma-deferred-an-identity-denied-and-dismissed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAikido" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikido&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aikido" class="extiw" title="wikt:aikido">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aikido" class="extiw" title="c:Aikido">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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title="d:Q43114">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikiweb.com">AikiWeb Aikido Information</a> site on aikido, with essays, forums, gallery, reviews, columns, wiki and other information.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aikido" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Aikido founded by <a href="/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba" title="Morihei Ueshiba">Morihei Ueshiba</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aikido_styles" title="Aikido styles">Aikido styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li>Aiki Budō</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseikan_Aikido" title="Yoseikan Aikido">Yoseikan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-war (first 40 years)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikikai_(from_Template:Aikido)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikikai (from Template:Aikido)">Aikikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwama_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwama Ryu">Iwama Ryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Society" title="Ki Society">Ki Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodokan_Aikido" title="Shodokan Aikido">Shodokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinkan" title="Yoshinkan">Yoshinkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern period (1980–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido_Yuishinkai" title="Aikido Yuishinkai">Yuishinkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido_Schools_of_Ueshiba" title="Aikido Schools of Ueshiba">ASU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugakukai_International_Association" title="Fugakukai International Association">Fugakukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_aikido" title="Kobayashi aikido">Kobayashi-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokikai" title="Kokikai">Kokikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korindo_Aikido" class="mw-redirect" title="Korindo Aikido">Korindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijutsukai_Aikido" class="mw-redirect" title="Keijutsukai Aikido">Keijutsukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seidokan_Aikido" title="Seidokan Aikido">Seidokan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aikido_concepts" title="Aikido concepts">Aikido concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)">Aiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irimi" title="Irimi">Irimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzushi" title="Kuzushi">Kuzushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maai" title="Maai">Maai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_sabaki" title="Tai sabaki">Tai sabaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkan" title="Tenkan">Tenkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin">Zanshin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikidogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikidogi">Aikidogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokken" title="Bokken">Bokken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">Hakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">Jō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">Obi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">Tantō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uke_(martial_arts)" title="Uke (martial arts)">Uke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_(martial_arts)" title="Tori (martial arts)">Tori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido_techniques" title="Aikido techniques">Aikido techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic dojo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikikai_Hombu_Dojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikikai Hombu Dojo">Aikikai Hombu Dojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwama_dojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwama dojo">Iwama dojo</a> (Aiki Jinja)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamiza" title="Kamiza">Kamiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senshusei" class="mw-redirect" title="Senshusei">Senshusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchi-deshi" title="Uchi-deshi">Uchi-deshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Aikido_Federation" title="International Aikido Federation">IAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_aikidoka" title="List of aikidoka">List of aikidoka</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_aikido" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_aikido" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to aikido</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grappling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grappling" title="Template:Grappling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grappling" title="Template talk:Grappling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grappling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grappling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grappling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Fighting_World_Championship" title="ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship">ADCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Jones_Invitational" title="Craig Jones Invitational">Craig Jones Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapplers_Quest" title="Grapplers Quest">Grapplers Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamoris" title="Metamoris">Metamoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Pro_Grappling" title="Polaris Pro Grappling">Polaris Pro Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintet_(grappling)" title="Quintet (grappling)">Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COPA_de_Bangkok" title="COPA de Bangkok">COPA de Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(grappling)" title="Bridge (grappling)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_tie" title="Collar tie">Collar tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging" title="Eye-gouging">Eye-gouging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish-hooking" title="Fish-hooking">Fish-hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Grappling hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooks_(grappling)" title="Hooks (grappling)">Hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippon_seoi_nage" title="Ippon seoi nage">Ippon seoi nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_hold" title="Nelson hold">Nelson hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhook" title="Overhook">Overhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprawl_(grappling)" title="Sprawl (grappling)">Sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_(grappling)" title="Transition (grappling)">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underhook" title="Underhook">Underhook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Grappling hold</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armlock" title="Armlock">Armlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_lock" title="Compression lock">Compression lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leglock" title="Leglock">Leglock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_joint_manipulation" title="Small joint manipulation">Small joint manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_lock" title="Spinal lock">Spinal lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wristlock" title="Wristlock">Wristlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling_position" title="Grappling position">Grappling position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_mount" title="Back mount">Back mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hug" title="Bear hug">Bear hug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow_position" title="Collar-and-elbow position">Collar-and-elbow position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_(wrestling)" title="Cradle (wrestling)">Cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_position" title="Crucifix position">Crucifix position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_guard" title="Half guard">Half guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee-on-stomach" title="Knee-on-stomach">Knee-on-stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_(grappling)" title="Mount (grappling)">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93south_position" title="North–south position">North–south position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under_position" title="Over–under position">Over–under position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_grip_tie" title="Pinch grip tie">Pinch grip tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_control" title="Side control">Side control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grappling-based martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrestling" title="Beach wrestling">Beach wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Na" title="Chin Na">Chin Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog Kung Fu">Dishuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_wrestling" title="Belt wrestling">Belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket_wrestling" title="Jacket wrestling">Jacket wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_wrestling" title="Styles of wrestling">Styles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongmudo" title="Yongmudo">Yongmudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">Dohyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbai" title="Gunbai">Gunbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judogi" title="Judogi">Judogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_headgear" title="Wrestling headgear">Wrestling headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_shoe" title="Wrestling shoe">Wrestling shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_singlet" title="Wrestling singlet">Wrestling singlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Template:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Template talk:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_martial_arts" title="List of Japanese martial arts">List of Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kory%C5%AB_schools_of_martial_arts" title="List of koryū schools of martial arts">List of koryū schools of martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan" title="Professional wrestling in Japan">Professional wrestling in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_promotions_in_Japan" title="List of professional wrestling promotions in Japan">promotions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobud%C5%8D" title="Kobudō">Kobudō</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bajutsu" title="Bajutsu">Bajutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batt%C5%8Djutsu" title="Battōjutsu">Battōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Djutsu" title="Bōjutsu">Bōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boryaku" title="Boryaku">Boryaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hens%C5%8Djutsu" title="Hensōjutsu">Hensōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoj%C5%8Djutsu" title="Hojōjutsu">Hojōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iaijutsu" title="Iaijutsu">Iaijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intonjutsu" title="Intonjutsu">Intonjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Jōdō">Jōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jittejutsu" title="Jittejutsu">Jittejutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayakujutsu" title="Kayakujutsu">Kayakujutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">Kenjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigamajutsu" title="Kusarigamajutsu">Kusarigamajutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">Kyūjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naginatajutsu" title="Naginatajutsu">Naginatajutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjutsu" title="Ninjutsu">Ninjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_kobud%C5%8D" title="Okinawan kobudō">Okinawan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shugijutsu" title="Shugijutsu">Shugijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurikenjutsu" title="Shurikenjutsu">Shurikenjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Djutsu" title="Sōjutsu">Sōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suijutsu" title="Suijutsu">Suijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taijutsu" title="Taijutsu">Taijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantojutsu" title="Tantojutsu">Tantojutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenmon" title="Tenmon">Tenmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tessenjutsu" title="Tessenjutsu">Tessenjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gendai_bud%C5%8D" title="Gendai budō">Gendai budō</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">Iaido</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABkend%C5%8D" title="Jūkendō">Jūkendō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">Kendo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kūdō">Kūdō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kempo" title="Nippon Kempo">Nippon Kempo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taid%C5%8D" title="Taidō">Taidō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiho-jutsu" title="Taiho-jutsu">Taiho-jutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Range_Combat" title="Zero Range Combat">Zero Range Combat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)">Aiki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atemi" title="Atemi">Atemi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">Budō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugei_j%C5%ABhappan" title="Bugei jūhappan">Bugei jūhappan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dojo" title="Dojo">Dojo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">Heya</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D" title="Kenpō">Kenpō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuzushi" title="Kuzushi">Kuzushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maai" title="Maai">Maai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushin (mental state)">Mushin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_(school)" title="Ryū (school)">Ryū</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ko-ry%C5%AB" title="Ko-ryū">Ko-ryū</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchi-deshi" title="Uchi-deshi">Uchi-deshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin">Zanshin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Category:Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hapkido" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hapkido" title="Template:Hapkido"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hapkido" title="Template talk:Hapkido"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hapkido" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hapkido"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hapkido" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusul" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusul">Yusul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hapkidowon" title="Hapkidowon">Hapkidowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Hapkido" title="Combat Hapkido">Combat Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GongKwon_Yusul" title="GongKwon Yusul">GongKwon Yusul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankido" title="Hankido">Hankido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapki_yusul" title="Hapki yusul">Hapki yusul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Moo_Hapkido" title="Sin Moo Hapkido">Sin Moo Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapki_Kochido_Musool" title="Hapki Kochido Musool">Hapki Kochido Musool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Innovators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Yong-sool" title="Choi Yong-sool">Choi Yong-sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seo_Bok-seob" title="Seo Bok-seob">Seo Bok-seob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Han-jae" title="Ji Han-jae">Ji Han-jae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Moo-hong" title="Kim Moo-hong">Kim Moo-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myung_Kwang-sik" title="Myung Kwang-sik">Myung Kwang-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Bong-soo" title="Han Bong-soo">Han Bong-soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myung_Jae-nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Myung Jae-nam">Myung Jae-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yoon-sang" title="Kim Yoon-sang">Kim Yoon-sang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-lim" title="Oh Se-lim">Oh Se-lim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hapkidowon" title="Hapkidowon">Hapkidowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Hapkido_Federation" title="Korea Hapkido Federation">Korea Hapkido Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_H.K.D_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International H.K.D Federation">International H.K.D Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_H.K.D._Federation" title="International H.K.D. Federation">Jaenam Musul Won Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)">Aiki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Soo_Do" title="Kong Soo Do">Kong Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankumdo" title="Hankumdo">Hankumdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuk_Sool_Won" title="Kuk Sool Won">Kuk Sool Won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Hapkido_practitioners" title="Category:Hapkido practitioners">Practitioners</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Events_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games_(Saint_Petersburg,_Russia)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Template:Events at the 2013 World Combat Games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Template talk:Events at the 2013 World Combat Games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events at the 2013 World Combat Games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Events_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games_(Saint_Petersburg,_Russia)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events at the <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Combat_Games" title="2013 World Combat Games">2013 World Combat Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aikido</a> (demonstration sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Boxing at the 2013 World Combat Games">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Fencing at the 2013 World Combat Games">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Judo at the 2013 World Combat Games">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Jujutsu at the 2013 World Combat Games">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Karate at the 2013 World Combat Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendo_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Kendo at the 2013 World Combat Games">Kendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Kickboxing at the 2013 World Combat Games">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Muay Thai at the 2013 World Combat Games">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Sambo at the 2013 World Combat Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Savate at the 2013 World Combat Games">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Sumo at the 2013 World Combat Games">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Taekwondo at the 2013 World Combat Games">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Wrestling at the 2013 World Combat Games">Wrestling </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_at_the_2013_World_Combat_Games" title="Wushu at the 2013 World Combat Games">Wushu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43114#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000844-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aikido"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002549">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aïkido"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935682h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aïkido"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935682h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560104">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="aikido"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114011&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528067">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl021bm65jk4jsd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294773805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42823">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aikido&oldid=1252460645">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aikido&oldid=1252460645</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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