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<li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_in_front_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_in_front_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Weapons in front of the Guru Granth Sahib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_in_front_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Contributors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Manuscript versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_recurring_composition_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_recurring_composition_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Other recurring composition styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_recurring_composition_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaning_and_role_in_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_and_role_in_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Meaning and role in Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Meaning_and_role_in_Sikhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Meaning and role in Sikhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Meaning_and_role_in_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Recitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guru Granth Sahib</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Granth" title="Adi Granth – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adi Granth" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="جورو جرانث صاحب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورو جرانث صاحب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC" title="গুৰু গ্ৰন্থ চাহিব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুৰু গ্ৰন্থ চাহিব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Gur%C3%BA_Granth_Sahib_Ji" title="Sri Gurú Granth Sahib Ji – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sri Gurú Granth Sahib Ji" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quru_Qrant_Sahib" title="Quru Qrant Sahib – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quru Qrant Sahib" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC" title="গুরু গ্রন্থ সাহিব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরু গ্রন্থ সাহিব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Гуру Грантх Сахиб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гуру Грантх Сахиб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib_Ji" title="Guru Granth Sahib Ji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib Ji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Granth" title="Adi Granth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adi Granth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Γκουρού Γκραντ Σαχίμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρού Γκραντ Σαχίμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Gur%C3%BA_Granth_Sahib_Ji" title="Sri Gurú Granth Sahib Ji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sri Gurú Granth Sahib Ji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="گورو گرانت صاحب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورو گرانت صاحب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A5_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC" title="ગુરુ ગ્રંથ સાહેબ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુરુ ગ્રંથ સાહેબ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A3%A8_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8_%EC%82%AC%ED%9E%88%EB%B8%8C" title="구루 그란트 사히브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구루 그란트 사히브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="गुरु ग्रन्थ साहिब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरु ग्रन्थ साहिब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AC" title="ಗುರು ಗ್ರಂಥ ಸಾಹೀಬ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರು ಗ್ರಂಥ ಸಾಹೀಬ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Гуру Грантх Сахиб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гуру Грантх Сахиб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahibas" title="Guru Granth Sahibas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guru Granth Sahibas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗുരു ഗ്രന്ഥ് സാഹിബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരു ഗ്രന്ഥ് സാഹിബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeroe_Granth_Sahib" title="Goeroe Granth Sahib – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goeroe Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="गुरु ग्रन्थ साहिब – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुरु ग्रन्थ साहिब" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%96" title="グル・グラント・サーヒブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グル・グラント・サーヒブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Granth" title="Adi Granth – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adi Granth" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_S%C3%A1hib" title="Guru Granth Sáhib – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guru Granth Sáhib" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Granth" title="Adi Granth – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adi Granth" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC" title="ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="گرنتھ صاحب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرنتھ صاحب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="ګرو ګرنت صاحب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرو ګرنت صاحب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guuru_Grant_Sahib" title="Guuru Grant Sahib – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Guuru Grant Sahib" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Sri Guru Granth Sahib – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sri Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Гуру Грантх Сахиб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуру Грантх Сахиб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="गुरुग्रन्थसाहिब – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरुग्रन्थसाहिब" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="گرنتھ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="گرنتھ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%BF_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="گرو گرنٿ صاحب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرو گرنٿ صاحب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Grant_Sahib" title="Guru Grant Sahib – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Guru Grant Sahib" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="குரு கிரந்த் சாகிப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரு கிரந்த் சாகிப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="గురుగ్రంథ సాహిబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురుగ్రంథ సాహిబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E" title="คุรุครันถสาหิพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุรุครันถสาหิพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B1" title="Гуру Грантх Сахіб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуру Грантх Сахіб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="گرو گرنتھ صاحب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرو گرنتھ صاحب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guru Granth Sahib" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%9C" title="古鲁·格兰特·萨希卜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古鲁·格兰特·萨希卜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="錫克聖經 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錫克聖經" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%9C" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Guru Granth Sahib<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg/220px-Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg/330px-Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg/440px-Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1510" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illuminated Guru Granth Sahib folio with <i>nisan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a>) in the penmanship of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">its dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a>, regional <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsa">Apabhramsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Hindustani languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brajbhasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Brajbhasha">Brajbhasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Bangru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Selected revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#D4AF37; color:#f7f1e3;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#D4AF37;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gur%C5%AB_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurū Granth Sahib (page does not exist)"><span style="color:#f7f1e3;">Gurū Granth Sahib<br />ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="background-color:#D4AF37;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_housed_at_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib,_Anandpur_and_dated_to_1803_B.S._(1746_C.E.)_beautifully_decorated_with_gold_and_floral_arabesques_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_housed_at_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib%2C_Anandpur_and_dated_to_1803_B.S._%281746_C.E.%29_beautifully_decorated_with_gold_and_floral_arabesques_01.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_housed_at_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib%2C_Anandpur_and_dated_to_1803_B.S._%281746_C.E.%29_beautifully_decorated_with_gold_and_floral_arabesques_01.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_housed_at_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib%2C_Anandpur_and_dated_to_1803_B.S._%281746_C.E.%29_beautifully_decorated_with_gold_and_floral_arabesques_01.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1338" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#D4AF37; color:#f7f1e3;"> Popular compositions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sahib" title="Anand Sahib">Anand Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_di_Var" title="Asa di Var">Asa di Var</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#D4AF37; color:#f7f1e3;"> Other compositions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salok_Mardana" title="Salok Mardana">Salok Mardana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattan_De_Savaiye" title="Bhattan De Savaiye">Bhattan De Savaiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragmala" title="Ragmala">Ragamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidh_Gosti" title="Sidh Gosti">Sidh Gosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhni_Oankar" title="Dakhni Oankar">Dakhni Oankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramkali_Sadu" title="Ramkali Sadu">Ramkali Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salok_Sahaskriti_Mahalla_Pehla" title="Salok Sahaskriti Mahalla Pehla">Salok Sahaskriti Mahalla Pehla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Sikhism)" title="Gatha (Sikhism)">Gatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagan_mein_thaal" title="Gagan mein thaal">Gagan mein thaal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#D4AF37; color:#f7f1e3;"> Various aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Women in the Guru Granth Sahib">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Message of the Guru Granth Sahib">Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music#Raag" title="Sikh music">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Names of God in Sikhism">Appellations for God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guruship proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Granthi" title="Panj Granthi">Panj Granthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#D4AF37; color:#f7f1e3;"> Poetical metres, modes, measures, and rhythms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">Salok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiya" title="Savaiya">Savaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaar" title="Vaar">Vaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pada_(foot)" title="Pada (foot)">Pādi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_(poetry)" title="Pauri (poetry)">Pauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda#Sikhism" title="Shabda">Shabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhand" title="Chhand">Chhant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(poetry)" title="Chaupai (poetry)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalacharana" title="Mangalacharana">Mangalacharan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guru_Granth_Sahib_sidebar" title="Template:Guru Granth Sahib sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guru_Granth_Sahib_sidebar" title="Template talk:Guru Granth Sahib sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guru_Granth_Sahib_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guru Granth Sahib sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Guru Granth Sahib</b> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ɡʊɾuː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɾənt̪ʰᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>säː(ɦ)(ɪ)bᵊ(˦)]</a></span>) is the central holy religious scripture of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, regarded by <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> as the final, sovereign and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">eternal Guru</a> following the lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">ten human gurus</a> of the religion. The <b>Adi Granth</b> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਆਦਿ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ</span>), its first rendition, was compiled by the fifth <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> (1564–1606). Its compilation was completed on 29 August 1604 and first installed inside the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> on 1 September 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> was appointed the first <a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">Granthi</a> of the Golden Temple. Shortly afterwards <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> added Ramkali Ki Vaar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, the tenth Sikh guru, added hymns of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> to the Adi Granth and affirmed the text as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-hugh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hugh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second rendition became known as the Guru Granth Sahib and is also sometimes referred to as the Adi Granth.<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britggs1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britggs1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text consists of 1,430 <i>angs</i> (pages) and 5,894 <i>shabads</i> (line compositions), which are poetically rendered and set to a rhythmic ancient north Indian classical form of music.<sup id="cite_ref-king359_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king359-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the scripture is divided into 31 main <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">rāgas</a></i>, with each Granth rāga subdivided according to length and author. The hymns in the scripture are arranged primarily by the <i>rāgas</i> in which they are read.<sup id="cite_ref-shacklexvii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guru Granth Sahib is written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script in various languages including <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a>, regional <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsa">Apabhramsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Hindi languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Bangru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. Copies in these languages often have the generic title of <a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guru Granth Sahib was composed predominantly by six Sikh gurus: <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>. It also contains the traditions and teachings of fourteen <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Bhakti movement <i><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sants</a></i> (saints), such as <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a> among others, and one <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Sufi saint: <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Farid">Sheikh Farid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro924_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro924-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parrinderp256_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrinderp256-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vision in the Guru Granth Sahib is of a society based on divine freedom, mercy, love, belief in one god and justice without oppression of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-brekke673_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brekke673-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Granth acknowledges and respects the scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, it does not imply a moral reconciliation with either of these religions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is installed in a Sikh <i><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a></i> (temple). A Sikh typically prostrates before it on entering such a temple.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Granth is revered as eternal <i><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">gurbānī</a></i> and the spiritual authority in Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;border:1px solid lightgray;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#ffe138;"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From a 17th-century copy of the Guru Granth Sahib"><img alt="From a 17th-century copy of the Guru Granth Sahib" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/150px-Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/225px-Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/300px-Manuscript_copy_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ffe138;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a><br /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh beliefs">beliefs</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.5em;font-size:110%;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Granth Sahib</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sahib" title="Anand Sahib">Anand Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Sohila" title="Kirtan Sohila">Kirtan Sohila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhmani">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_di_Var" title="Asa di Var">Asa di Var</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.5em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Benti Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Savaiye">Amrit Savaiye</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;;padding:0.5em 0.15em;font-size:110%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;;padding-bottom:0.8em;font-size:110%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Varan_Bhai_Gurdas" title="Varan Bhai Gurdas">Varan Bhai Gurdas</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ffe138;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline of Sikhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_scriptures" title="Template:Sikh scriptures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_scriptures" title="Template talk:Sikh scriptures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_scriptures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh scriptures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_the_Jalandhar_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Folio_from_the_Jalandhar_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg/220px-Folio_from_the_Jalandhar_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Folio_from_the_Jalandhar_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg/330px-Folio_from_the_Jalandhar_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Folio_from_the_Jalandhar_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Folio from the Jalandhar recension of the Goindwal Pothi, dated to the late 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> composed hymns, which were sung by his followers in <i>rāga</i> set to music.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a>, opened centers and distributed these hymns. The community would sing the hymns and his agents collected donations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition was continued by the third and fourth gurus as well. The fifth guru, Guru Arjan, discovered that <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a> – his eldest brother and a competing claimant to the Sikh guruship – had a copy of an earlier <i>pothi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscript</a>) with hymns and was distributing hymns of the earlier gurus along with his own of hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannMann2001p33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru Arjan considered these as spurious and became concerned about establishing an authentic anthology of approved hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_57–58_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_57–58-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Guru Arjan began compiling an officially approved version of the sacred scripture for the Sikh community. He sent his associates across the Indian subcontinent to collect the circulating hymns of Sikh gurus and convinced Mohan, the son of Guru Amar Das, to give him the collection of the religious writings of the first three gurus in a humble manner by singing the hymns registered in <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i>, 248.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O Mohan, your temple is so lofty, and your mansion is unsurpassed. O Mohan, your gates are so beautiful. They are the worship-houses of the Saints.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Guru Granth Sahib">Sri Guru Granth Sahib</a> page 248 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=248&english=t&id=10826#l10826">Full Shabad</a></span></cite></div></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_57–58_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_57–58-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his associates returned with their collections, Guru Arjan selected and edited the hymns for inclusion in the Adi Granth with <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> as his scribe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort yielded several drafts and manuscripts, some of which have survived into the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannMann2001p33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest surviving manuscript version of the Adi Granth is the Guru Nanak Dev University Manuscript 1245, which has been dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1599</span>. Other early editions of the Adi Granth with some variations include the Bahoval <a href="/wiki/Pothi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothi">pothi</a> (c. 1600), Vanjara pothi (c. 1601) and Bhai Rupa pothi (c. 1603).<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early variant manuscript is called the Guru Harsahai pothi, preserved by <a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhis</a> and is believed to be the one that existed before Guru Arjan's compilation and one he gave to his eldest brother <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a>. It was initially installed in Amritsar, then was moved in the 18th-century and preserved in Guru Harsahai (35 kilometers west of <a href="/wiki/Faridkot,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Faridkot, Punjab">Faridkot, Punjab</a>) till 1969, when the state government requested it be displayed for the 500 years celebrations. It was moved for the first time in over 200 years and briefly displayed in Patiala for the event. Thereafter, the Sodhis consented to transfers. In 1970, however, during another such transfer, this early version of the Adi Granth manuscript was stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannMann2001p33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, photos of some pages have survived. </p><p>This manuscript is claimed by the Sodhis to be the oldest and one written in part by Guru Nanak. However, this claim is first observed only much later, in texts attributed to the 17th-century Hariji, the grandson of Prithi Chand. Based on the evidence in the surviving photos, it is unlikely that Guru Nanak wrote or maintained a pothi. The features in its Gurmukhi script and the language suggest that the hymns are significantly older, and that the pre-canonical hymns were being written down in early Sikhism and preserved by the Sikh Gurus prior to the editing by Guru Arjan. The existence of Guru Harsahai manuscript attests to the early tradition of Sikh scripture, its existence in variant forms and a competition of ideas on its contents including the <a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many minor variations, and three significant Adi Granth recensions, are known; these provide insights into how the Sikh scripture was compiled, edited and revised over time.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a fourth significant version called the Lahori bir, but it primarily differs in how the hymns are arranged and the final pages of the Adi Granth.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartarpur_Bir_(manuscript_or_codex)_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kartarpur_Bir_%28manuscript_or_codex%29_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/220px-Kartarpur_Bir_%28manuscript_or_codex%29_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kartarpur_Bir_%28manuscript_or_codex%29_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/330px-Kartarpur_Bir_%28manuscript_or_codex%29_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kartarpur_Bir_%28manuscript_or_codex%29_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/440px-Kartarpur_Bir_%28manuscript_or_codex%29_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the <i>Kartarpur Bir</i> kept at <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_India" title="Kartarpur, India">Kartarpur</a>. This is the manuscript that was said to have been completed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> and his scribe, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>, in 1604 and installed in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_manuscript_copy,_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib,_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/19th_century_manuscript_copy%2C_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg/310px-19th_century_manuscript_copy%2C_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/19th_century_manuscript_copy%2C_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg/465px-19th_century_manuscript_copy%2C_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/19th_century_manuscript_copy%2C_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg/620px-19th_century_manuscript_copy%2C_1704_CE_Guru_Granth_Sahib%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>A folio from an early 19th-century manuscript copy of the Guru Granth Sahib (Schoyen Collection Norway)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1604, the first edition of the Sikh scripture, Adi Granth, was complete and officially approved by Guru Arjan. It was installed at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> as the first <i><a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">granthi</a></i> or reader.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No hymns were added by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a>. In the Sikh tradition, Guru Hargobind is credited for adding the <i>rāga</i> tunes for nine out of 22 Vars. The hymns of IX Guru Tegh Bahadur, after his beheading in Delhi, were added to the scripture by his son and successor Guru Gobind Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_57_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_57-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1704 at <a href="/wiki/Damdama_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a>, during a one-year respite from the heavy fighting with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, Guru Gobind Singh and <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a> added the religious compositions of Guru Tegh Bahadur to the Adi Granth to create the final edition, called the Guru Granth Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_93_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_93-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Guru Gobind Singh, three versions of the Adi Granth pothi with minor variations were in circulation at Sikh shrines across the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-pslf129_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pslf129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, several unauthorized versions were in circulation, issued by sects founded by one of the sons or relatives of earlier Sikh Gurus such as <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a>, Guru Arjan's elder brother.<sup id="cite_ref-pslf129_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pslf129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru Gobind Singh issued the definitive final edition that included the hymns of his father, and closed the canon. This manuscript is called the Damdama bir, and a 1707 rare copy of this manuscript is now preserved at the Toshakhana in Nanded, Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-pslf129_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pslf129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compositions of Guru Gobind Singh were not included in the Guru Granth Sahib and set into the <i>Dasven Padsah ka Granth</i>, which is more popularly known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_93_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_93-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compilation and release of this definitive edition of the latter was completed by Bhai Mani Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib">Extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akali Nihang</a> sect of Sikhs consider the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a> as extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib. As such, they refer to these scriptures as Sri Dasam Guru Granth Sahib, and Sri Sarbloh Guru Granth Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They call the Guru Granth Sahib, Aad Guru Granth Sahib. They also sometimes refer to the granths as "Durbar", such as Aad Guru Durbar. The Sarbloh Granth has another name, as Sri Manglacharan Purana. They believe that all three of these scriptures are authentic, written by the Gurus and are one of the same.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, they will often place the Dasam and Aad Granths on the same level and on the same throne (also known as the palki). They also sometimes do this for the Sarbloh Granth as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_in_front_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib">Weapons in front of the Guru Granth Sahib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weapons in front of the Guru Granth Sahib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In virtually all Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a>, one will find an assortment of weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">swords</a>, daggers, <a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">war quoits</a>, etc. in front of the Guru Granth Sahib. This was brought about due to the emphasis of a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Sipahi" title="Sant Sipahi">martial spirit</a> within the Sikh religion, as well as an influential composition from the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> known as the <i>Shastar Naam Mala</i><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_39–59_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_39–59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>,</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>. Within this composition, it praises various types of weapons from all over the world, including swords, saifs, curved swords (tulwars), arrows, guns, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a famous line within the composition which states, </p><p>ਅਸ ਕ੍ਰਿਪਾਨ ਖੰਡੋ ਖੜਗ ਤੁਪਕ ਤਬਰ ਅਰੁ ਤੀਰ ॥ ਸੈਫ ਸਰੋਹੀ ਸੈਹਥੀ ਯਹੈ ਹਮਾਰੈ ਪੀਰ ॥੩॥ </p><p>“ As Kripan Khando Kharag, Tupak Tabar Ar Teer || Saif Sarohee Saithhee, Yehai Hamare Peer||3||” </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kirpan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">khanda</a>, the scimitar, the axe, the rifle, and the arrow. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_sword" title="Arab sword">saif</a>, the dagger, the spear: these indeed are our <a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pirs</a> (saints)! </p><p>(Shastar Naam Mala, Dasam Guru Granth Sahib) </p><p>For this reason, weapons are meant to be kept in front of the Guru Granth Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_39–59_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_39–59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributors">Contributors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contributors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of Guru Granth Sahib">Writers of Guru Granth Sahib</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_3_Sikh_Granths_(Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh)_placed_together_being_recited,_Nanded,_Maharashtra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_3_Sikh_Granths_%28Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh%29_placed_together_being_recited%2C_Nanded%2C_Maharashtra.png/220px-The_3_Sikh_Granths_%28Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh%29_placed_together_being_recited%2C_Nanded%2C_Maharashtra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_3_Sikh_Granths_%28Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh%29_placed_together_being_recited%2C_Nanded%2C_Maharashtra.png/330px-The_3_Sikh_Granths_%28Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh%29_placed_together_being_recited%2C_Nanded%2C_Maharashtra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_3_Sikh_Granths_%28Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh%29_placed_together_being_recited%2C_Nanded%2C_Maharashtra.png/440px-The_3_Sikh_Granths_%28Ad_-_Dasam_-_Sarbloh%29_placed_together_being_recited%2C_Nanded%2C_Maharashtra.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>3 principal Sikh Granths (Adi - Dasam - Sarbloh) placed together being recited, Nanded, Maharashtra</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 55.631856880837px; border-left-color:#F4C430"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#F4C430"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#F4C430"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 13.655624609317px; border-left-color:#00DAFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00DAFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#00DAFF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 279.41209117274px 100px 0; border-right-color:#000080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#000080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 55.057315037882px 100px 0; border-right-color:#DAFF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#DAFF00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:10.531498183319px; border-width:0 0 89.468501816681px 44.669756913135px; border-bottom-color:#00FF00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:13.829998223355px; border-width:0 0 86.170001776645px 50.741805188749px; border-bottom-color:#808000"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Number of hymns contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xvii_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xvii-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Guru Nanak (16.53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Guru Angad (1.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DAFF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Guru Amar Das (15.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Guru Ram Das (11.52%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00DAFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Guru Arjan (32.63%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F4C430; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Guru Tegh Bahadur (5.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other (16.92%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The Guru Granth Sahib contains predominantly hymns of the following Sikh Gurus: Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan and Guru Teg Bahadur.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xvii_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xvii-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst these six gurus are widely accepted as having their writings included in the Guru Granth Sahib, there are some who argue compositions of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> are also included.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Salok Mahalla Satvan</i> (7) and <i>Dohra Mahalla Dasvan</i> (10) have been attributed by some to the seventh and tenth gurus, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contains hymns and verses of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Bhakti movement <i>sant poets</i> (saints) and two <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> saint poets. There are also idolatry verses for the Gurus such as Guru Nanak fused into some pages, those composed by bards (Bhatts).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="see talk page (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The hymns and verses are different lengths, some very long, others being just a few line verses.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro924_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro924-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xvii_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xvii-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-two of the thirty-one ragas contain the contributions of <i>bhagats</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a list of contributors whose hymns are present in the Guru Granth Sahib<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the number of hymns they contributed:<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;">Sikh Gurus: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Dev">Guru Nanak Dev</a> (974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Angad Dev">Guru Angad Dev</a> (62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a> (907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a> (679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan Dev</a> (2218)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (116)</li></ul> <p>Bhagats: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a> (541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jayadeva</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Bhagat Ramanand</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Namdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a> (60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Surdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a> (41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramkali_Sadu" title="Ramkali Sadu">Baba Sundar</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a> (1)</li></ul> <p>Bhatts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a> (54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a> (16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a> (3)</li></ul> <p>Pirs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Bhagat Farid</a> (134)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a> (4)</li></ul> <p>Gursikhs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Bhai Satta</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Bhai Mardana</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sunder</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhai_Piara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhai Piara (page does not exist)">Bhai Piara</a> (53)</li></ul></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/220px-Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/330px-Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/440px-Map_birth_place_of_Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Map showing birthplace of various contributors of Guru Granth Sahib</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscript_versions">Manuscript versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manuscript versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th and 20th-century, several manuscript versions of the Adi Granth and the Guru Granth Sahib hymns were discovered. This triggered contesting theories about authenticity and how the canonical text of Sikhism evolved over time. There are five views:<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The first view held by scholars such as Balwant Singh Dhillon states that there was a consistent "mother tradition", where the hymns of Guru Nanak were carefully preserved as a single codex without any corruption or unauthorized changes, to which the later Gurus added additional hymns. The Sikh scripture developed in linear, pure form becoming first the Adi Granth and finally the closed version of the Guru Granth Sahib. According to this view, there was no pre-canonical diversity, the scripture developed in an organized and disciplined format, and it denies the existence of alternate hymns and texts that were cherished by Sikhs of an earlier era.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second view held by scholars such as Gurinder Singh Mann states that the scripture started from a single process, proceeded linearly, then diversified into separate textual traditions with some variations, over time. This school of scholars supports their theory by highlighting the similarities of the manuscripts and close match particularly between the three manuscripts called the Guru Har Sahai MS, the Govindval MS, and the Guru Nanak Dev University MS 1245.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is weakened by variations observed in 27 manuscript variants now dated between 1642 and 1692. The alternate formulation of this theory states that two branches developed over time, with the Peshawar pothi and Kartarpur pothi being the two branches.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhai_Banno_being_given_the_Adi_Granth_by_Guru_Arjan_to_get_it_bound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bhai_Banno_being_given_the_Adi_Granth_by_Guru_Arjan_to_get_it_bound.jpg/220px-Bhai_Banno_being_given_the_Adi_Granth_by_Guru_Arjan_to_get_it_bound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Bhai_Banno_being_given_the_Adi_Granth_by_Guru_Arjan_to_get_it_bound.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Bhai Banno (right) being given the Adi Granth by Guru Arjan (centre-left) to get it bound</figcaption></figure>The third view held by scholars such as Piar Singh states that independent versions of the Sikh scripture developed in geographically distant regions of the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These versions developed because of the forgetfulness or creativity of the local Sikh leaders, errors made by scribes, attempts to adopt popular hymns of bhagats or adapt the hymns to local regional languages where Gurmukhi was not understood. It is these manuscripts that Guru Arjan collected and considered, then edited to produce an approved version of the Adi Granth. The Sikh scripture, according to this school, was thus a collaborative effort and there was no authentic version of the pre-canonical text in Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The fourth view builds upon this third view and is supported by scholars such as Jeevan Deol. According to this view, there were independent textual traditions in Sikhism before Guru Arjan decided to edit and redact them into the Adi Granth.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These textual traditions developed in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, greatly influenced by the popularity of regional bhagats and their <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> ideas about <i>nirguna</i> and <i>saguna</i> forms of the divine, with Guru Arjan favoring the <i>nirgun</i> versions. The Adi Granth reflects the review, editing and compilation of complex and diverse textual traditions before him.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The fifth view held by scholars such as Pashaura Singh develops and refines the fourth view. It states that the Sikh scripture emerged from a collaborative effort of Guru Arjan and his trusted associates, particularly Bhai Gurdas and Jagana Brahmin of Agra. His collaborators were his devout admirers, well versed in the Sikh thought, Sanskrit traditions and philosophical schools of Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p127_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variant manuscripts support this theory, as does the handwriting analysis of the Kartarpur bir (manuscript) allegedly approved by Guru Arjan which shows at least four distinct scribal styles.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p127_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variations in the manuscripts also affirm that the Adi Granth did not develop in a linear way, i.e. it was not simply copied from a previous version.<sup id="cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannMann2001p33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p127_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg/220px-Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg/330px-Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg/440px-Large-sized_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_that_was_handwritten_by_Pratap_Singh_Giani_and_completed_in_1908_C.E._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>The end part of the handwritten Adi Granth by <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_Giani" title="Pratap Singh Giani">Pratap Singh Giani</a> on the first floor of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The entire Guru Granth Sahib is written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script, which was standardized by Guru Angad in the 16th century. According to Sikh tradition and the <i>Mahman Prakash</i>, an early Sikh manuscript, Guru Angad Dev had taught and spread Gurmukhi at the suggestion of Guru Nanak Dev who invented the Gurmukhi script.<sup id="cite_ref-indu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Gurmukhī</i> translates to "from the mouth of the guru". It descended from the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā scripts</a> and was used from the outset for compiling Sikh scriptures. The Sikhs assign a high degree of sanctity to the Gurmukhī script.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the official script for writing Punjabi in the Indian State of Punjab. </p><p>Gurus considered divine worship through <i>shabad kirtan</i> as the best means of attaining that state of bliss – <i>vismad</i> – which resulted in communion with God. The Guru Granth Sahib is divided by musical settings or rāgas<sup id="cite_ref-kerry_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerry-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into 1430 pages known as <i>ang</i>s "limbs" in Sikh tradition. It can be categorized into three sections: </p> <ol><li>Introductory section consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul <i>Mantar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">So Dhar</a> (Rehras) and <a href="/wiki/Sohila" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohila">Sohila</a>, composed by Guru Nanak;</li> <li>Compositions of Sikh gurus, followed by those of the <i>bhagat</i>s who know only God, collected according to the chronology of <i>ragas</i> or musical settings. (see below).</li> <li>The post <i>raga</i> section containing <a href="/wiki/Salok_Sahaskriti_Mahalla_Pehla" title="Salok Sahaskriti Mahalla Pehla">Sanskrit <i>Shaloka</i></a>, the <i>Gatha</i>, <i>Phunhe</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaubola" title="Chaubola"><i>Chaubole</i></a> compositions, <a href="/wiki/Doha_(poetry)" title="Doha (poetry)"><i>Shaloka</i></a> of Kabir, <i>Shaloka</i> of Farid, <a href="/wiki/Savaiya" title="Savaiya"><i>Savaiye</i></a> by Guru and <a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib#Bhatts" title="Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib">11 Bhatts</a>, <i>Saloka</i> of Guru Nanak, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ramdas, Guru Arjan, and Guru Tegh Bhaduar, <i>Mundawani</i> (closing), and <a href="/wiki/Ragmala" title="Ragmala">Ragmala</a> (the list of <i>ragas</i>).</li></ol> <p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a></i> refers to "color"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> here according to <i>raga</i> grammar the Gurus divided different scenarios one devotee is spiritually associated with the divine, for example the soul, referred to as female, may be separated, awaiting union, or united with the beloved. The emotion or mood produced by a combination or sequence of pitches.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rāga is composed of a series of melodic motifs, based upon a definite scale or <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">mode</a> of the seven <a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">svara</a> psalmizations,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that provide a basic structure around which the musician performs. Gurbani raags are not time dependent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ragmala" title="Ragmala">Ragmala</a> (the final composition of the <i>Granth</i>) delineates how different ragas are related to each other. </p><p>Following is the list of all sixty rāgas under which Gurbani is written, in order of appearance with page numbers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Asa_(raga)" title="Asa (raga)">Asa</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjari_(raga)" title="Gurjari (raga)">Gujari</a> (10)</li> <li>Gauri Deepaki (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanashree" title="Dhanashree">Dhanasri</a> (13)</li> <li>Gauri Poorabi (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_(Hindustani_raga)" title="Shree (Hindustani raga)">Sri</a> (14)</li> <li>Majh (94)</li> <li>Gauri Guarairee (151)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauri_(raga)" title="Gauri (raga)">Gauri</a> (151)</li> <li>Gauri Dakhani (152)</li> <li>Gauri Chaitee (154)</li> <li>Gauri Bairagan (155)</li> <li>Gauri Poorabi Deepaki (157)</li> <li>Gauri Majh (172)</li> <li>Gauri Malva (214)</li> <li>Gauri Mala (214)</li> <li>Gauri Sorath (330)</li> <li>Asa Kafi (365)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asavari" title="Asavari">Asavari</a> (369)</li> <li>Asa Asavari (409)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devagandhari" title="Devagandhari">Devgandhari</a> (527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihagara" title="Bihagara">Bihagra</a> (537)</li> <li>Vadhans (557)</li> <li>Vadhans Dakhani (580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorath_(raga)" title="Sorath (raga)">Sorath</a> (595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaitsri" title="Jaitsri">Jaitsri</a> (696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todi_(raga)" title="Todi (raga)">Todi</a> (711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairari" title="Bairari">Bairarri</a> (719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilang" title="Tilang">Tilang</a> (721)</li> <li>Tilang Kafi (726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhi_(raga)" title="Suhi (raga)">Suhee</a> (728)</li> <li>Suhee Kafi (751)</li> <li>Suhee Lalit (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaval" title="Bilaval">Bilaval</a> (795)</li> <li>Bilaval Dakhani (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gond_(raga)" title="Gond (raga)">Gound</a> (859)</li> <li>Bilaval Gound (874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramkali" title="Ramkali">Ramkali</a> (876)</li> <li>Ramkali Dakhani (907)</li> <li>Nut Narayan (975)</li> <li>Nut (975)</li> <li>Mali Gaura (984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marva_(raga)" title="Marva (raga)">Maru</a> (989)</li> <li>Maru Kafi (1014)</li> <li>Maru Dakhani (1033)</li> <li>Tukhari (1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedar_(raga)" title="Kedar (raga)">Kedara</a> (1118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairav_(raga)" title="Bhairav (raga)">Bhairo</a> (1125)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basant_(raga)" title="Basant (raga)">Basant</a> (1168)</li> <li>Basant Hindol (1170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarang_(family_of_ragas)" title="Sarang (family of ragas)">Sarang</a> (1197)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhar" title="Malhar">Malar</a> (1254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(family_of_ragas)" title="Kanada (family of ragas)">Kanra</a> (1294)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_(raga)#_Kalyan_in_Hindustani_music" title="Kalyani (raga)">Kaliyan</a> (1319)</li> <li>Kaliyan Bhopali (1321)</li> <li>Parbhati Bibhas (1327)</li> <li>Parbhati (1327)</li> <li>Parbhati Dakhani (1344)</li> <li>Bibhas Parbhati (1347)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaijaivanti" title="Jaijaivanti">Jaijavanti</a> (1352</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_recurring_composition_styles">Other recurring composition styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other recurring composition styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each <i>raga</i> section contains the typical compositions of the Gurus in chronological order by Guru (who wrote in that <i>raga</i>) followed by the typical compositions of the <i>bhagats</i> at the end however some form of certain types of special compositions such as the common recurring <a href="/wiki/Vaar" title="Vaar"><i>Vaar</i>s</a> (longer ballad type poems), <a href="/wiki/Chhand" title="Chhand"><i>Chhands</i></a> (poems based on an annunciation metre), <i>Ashtapadiyan</i> (contemplative measure), <i>Pehre</i> (poems on <a href="/wiki/Pahar" title="Pahar">the four parts</a> of the day), <i>Haftawaar</i> or <i>Var Sat</i> (poems about the seven days of the week), <i>Bara Maha</i> (poems based on the twelve months of the year), <i>Thhithi</i> (astrological poems based on <a href="/wiki/Tithi" title="Tithi">the fifteen lunar dates</a>) themes are found near the end of the most <i>raga</i> sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_and_role_in_Sikhism">Meaning and role in Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meaning and role in Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1708, Guru Gobind Singh conferred the title of "Guru of the Sikhs" <a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">upon the Adi Granth</a>. The event was recorded in a <i>Bhatt Vahi</i> (a bard's scroll) by an eyewitness, Narbud Singh, who was a bard at the Rajput rulers' court associated with gurus.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhs since then have accepted the Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture, as their eternal-living guru, as the embodiment of the ten Sikh Gurus, the highest religious and spiritual guide for Sikhs. It plays a central role in guiding the Sikh's way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-britggs1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britggs1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh2000p271_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2000p271-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/220px-Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/330px-Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/440px-Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">Granthi</a> reciting from Guru Granth Sahib</figcaption></figure> <p>No one can change or alter any of the writings of the Sikh gurus written in the Guru Granth Sahib. This includes sentences, words, structure, grammar, and meanings. This tradition was set by Guru Har Rai. He sent his eldest son Ram Rai as an emissary to the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in Delhi. Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim ruler, objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (<i>Asa ki Var</i>) that stated, "the clay from a Musalman's grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Ram Rai tried to please the emperor by explaining that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved.<sup id="cite_ref-eosramrai_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosramrai-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeod2014p260_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2014p260-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The willingness to change a word led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-McLeod2014p260_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2014p260-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recitation">Recitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Guru Granth Sahib is always the focal point in any gurdwara, seated on a raised platform known as a <i>Takht</i> (throne), while the congregation of devotees sits on the floor and prostrate before the guru as a sign of respect. The Guru Granth Sahib is given the greatest respect and honour. Sikhs cover their heads and remove their shoes while in the presence of this sacred scripture, their eternal living guru. The Guru Granth Sahib is normally carried on the head and as a sign of respect, never touched with unwashed hands or put on the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-wor_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is attended with all signs of royalty, with a canopy placed over it. A <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Chaur_sahib">Chaur Sahib</a></i> (fan whisk) is waved above the Guru Granth Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2000p104_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2000p104-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guru Granth Sahib is taken care of by a <a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">Granthi</a>, who is responsible for reciting from the sacred hymns and leading Sikh prayers. The Granthi also acts as caretaker for the Guru Granth Sahib, keeping the scripture covered in clean cloths, known as <i>rumala</i>, to protect from heat and dust. The Guru Granth Sahib rests on a <i>manji sahib</i> under a <i>rumala</i> until brought out again.<sup id="cite_ref-wor_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals">Rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:347px;max-width:347px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night,_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg/159px-2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg/239px-2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg/318px-2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3470" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palki_sahib,_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Palki_sahib%2C_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg/180px-Palki_sahib%2C_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Palki_sahib%2C_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg/270px-Palki_sahib%2C_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Palki_sahib%2C_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg/360px-Palki_sahib%2C_the_palanquin_carrying_the_Adi_Granth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A palanquin being prepared for the daily <i>sukhasan</i> ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom; Right: The palanquin carrying the Guru Granth Sahib to the sanctum at dawn (<i>prakash</i>).</div></div></div></div> <p>Several rituals are performed every day in major Sikh gurdwaras (temples) such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>. These rituals treat the scripture as a living person, a guru, out of respect. The rituals include:<sup id="cite_ref-ngks81_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngks81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myrvold2016p125_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Closing ritual called <i>sukhasan</i> (<i>sukh</i> means "comfort or rest", <i>asan</i> means "position"). At night, after a series of devotional <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtans</a> and three part <a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">ardās</a>, the Guru Granth Sahib is closed, carried on the head, placed into and then carried in a flower decorated, pillow-bed palki (palanquin), with chanting to its bedroom. Once it arrives there, the scripture is tucked into a bed.<sup id="cite_ref-ngks81_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngks81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myrvold2016p125_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Opening ritual called <i>prakash</i> which means "light". About dawn everyday, the Guru Granth Sahib is taken out its bedroom, carried on the head, placed and carried in a flower-decorated palki with chanting, sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">bugles</a> sounding its passage. It is brought to the sanctum. Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and <i>ardas</i>, a random page is opened. The first complete verse on the left page is the <i>mukhwak</i> (or <i>vak</i>) of the day. It is read out loud, and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day.<sup id="cite_ref-ngks81_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngks81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myrvold2016p125_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ColeSambhi2005p38_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi2005p38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> According to Kristina Myrvold, every Sikh scripture copy is treated like a person and venerated with elaborate ceremonies which are a daily means of "merit bestowing ministrations".<sup id="cite_ref-MyrvoldBrill_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyrvoldBrill-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These daily ritual ministrations and paying of homage for the scripture by Sikhs, states Myrvold, is not unique to Sikhism. It moulds "meanings, values and ideologies" and creates a framework for congregational worship, states Myrvold, that is found in all major faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-myrvold144_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myrvold144-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Trumpp" title="Ernest Trumpp">Ernest Trumpp</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a>, published the first philological study and a major but incomplete English translation of the Guru Granth Sahib in 1877, after an eight-year study of the text and field interviews with Sikh intelligentsia of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh1994xv_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh1994xv-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trumpp included his criticism of the Sikh scripture in the preface and introductory sections, and stated "Sikhism is a waning religion, that will soon belong to history". Many in the Sikh community regarded these introductory remarks to his translation as extremely offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, according to Indologist Mark Juergensmeyer, Ernest Trumpp's years of scholarship, translations, and field notes and discussions with Sikhs at the Golden Temple remain valuable reference works for contemporary scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akshaya Kumar holds Trumpp's translation to be "literal and mechanical" emphasizing preciseness and fastidiously retaining the words as well as the syntax of the original verses, avoiding any creative and inventive restatement to empathize with a believer.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2014p167_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2014p167-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair noted the clear influence from the Brahmanical leanings of his <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a> collaborators,<sup id="cite_ref-perplexed8687_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perplexed8687-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the British-supported Sikh class which had been long enjoying British patronage as they helped to keep "hostile" elements under control.<sup id="cite_ref-madan_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madan-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, they induced Trumpp to omit the numeral "one" in the phrase Ik Oankar in his translation,<sup id="cite_ref-perplexed8687_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perplexed8687-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to bring the scripture closer to the Brahmanical-influenced interpretation of the sects that differed with the interpretation of the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>. Trumpp's translation was seen to be a challenge to the administration's already-established view that the Sikhs were a distinct community,<sup id="cite_ref-perplexed8687_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perplexed8687-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting the Khalsa to commission its own translation. Trumpp, as well as other translators, were commissioned by colonial administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2014p167_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2014p167-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe" title="Max Arthur Macauliffe">Max Arthur Macauliffe</a>, a British civil servant, was next to publish a major but incomplete translation of the Guru Granth Sahib, covering the same ground as Trumpp. However, he interspersed his translation between <i>Janamsakhis</i>-based mythical history of the Sikh Gurus.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major source of his historical information was <i><a href="/wiki/Suraj_Prakash" title="Suraj Prakash">Suraj Prakash</a></i> of Santokh Singh, and his primary translation advisor was the prominent Khalsa Sikh scholar <a href="/wiki/Kahn_Singh_Nabha" title="Kahn Singh Nabha">Kahn Singh Nabha</a>, the author of <i>Gurmat Prabhakar</i> and <i>Hum Hindu Nahin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandair2013p88_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p88-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macauliffe's translation appeared embedded in the six-volume <i>The Sikh Religion</i> and was published by Oxford University Press in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Trumpp, who was unconcerned with the sensibilities of the Sikhs, Macauliffe used his editorial abilities to incorporate such considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Indologist Giorgio Shan, while Trumpp criticized Sikhism and the Guru Granth Sahib, Macauliffe criticized Hinduism and wrote an introduction that presented the hymns of Sikh Gurus as Christian-like with affinities to "Protestant virtues and ethics", presumably for a British audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Shani2007p30_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shani2007p30-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macauliffe's translation was well received by the Sikh community, and they considered it closer to how they interpret their scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-colonial scholarship has questioned Macauliffe's accounting for and incorporation of Sikh traditions as "uncritical" and "dubious", though one that pleased the Sikh community.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macauliffe's version has been widely followed by later scholars and translators.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Christopher Shackle, a scholar of Languages and Religion, Macauliffe's approach to translation was to work with Khalsa Sikh reformists of the 1890s (<a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a>) and exegetically present the scripture in a "progressive monotheism" fold that deserved the support of the British administration as a distinct tradition, and of the native Sikh clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2014p167_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2014p167-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used considerable freedom in restating the archaic poetry into a "vaguely psalm-like translation".<sup id="cite_ref-Lynne_2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynne_2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>ਹੁਕਮੀ ਹੋਵਨਿ ਆਕਾਰ ਹੁਕਮੁ ਨ ਕਹਿਆ ਜਾਈ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਹੋਵਨਿ ਜੀਅ ਹੁਕਮਿ ਮਿਲੈ ਵਡਿਆਈ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਉਤਮੁ ਨੀਚੁ ਹੁਕਮਿ ਲਿਖਿ ਦੁਖ ਸੁਖ ਪਾਈਅਹਿ ॥ ਇਕਨਾ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਬਖਸੀਸ ਇਕਿ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਸਦਾ ਭਵਾਈਅਹਿ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੈ ਅੰਦਰਿ ਸਭੁ ਕੋ ਬਾਹਰਿ ਹੁਕਮ ਨ ਕੋਇ ॥ ਨਾਨਕ ਹੁਕਮੈ ਜੇ ਬੁਝੈ ਤ ਹਉਮੈ ਕਹੈ ਨ ਕੋਇ ॥੨॥<br /> <br />ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਤਾਣੁ ਹੋਵੈ ਕਿਸੈ ਤਾਣੁ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਦਾਤਿ ਜਾਣੈ ਨੀਸਾਣੁ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਗੁਣ ਵਡਿਆਈਆ ਚਾਰ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਵਿਦਿਆ ਵਿਖਮੁ ਵੀਚਾਰੁ ॥ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਸਾਜਿ ਕਰੇ ਤਨੁ ਖੇਹ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਜੀਅ ਲੈ ਫਿਰਿ ਦੇਹ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਜਾਪੈ ਦਿਸੈ ਦੂਰਿ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਵੇਖੈ ਹਾਦਰਾ ਹਦੂਰਿ ॥ ਕਥਨਾ ਕਥੀ ਨ ਆਵੈ ਤੋਟਿ ॥ ਕਥਿ ਕਥਿ ਕਥੀ ਕੋਟੀ ਕੋਟਿ ਕੋਟਿ ॥ ਦੇਦਾ ਦੇ ਲੈਦੇ ਥਕਿ ਪਾਹਿ ॥ ਜੁਗਾ ਜੁਗੰਤਰਿ ਖਾਹੀ ਖਾਹਿ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਹੁਕਮੁ ਚਲਾਏ ਰਾਹੁ ॥ ਨਾਨਕ ਵਿਗਸੈ ਵੇਪਰਵਾਹੁ ॥੩॥ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Hukmī hovan ākār hukam na kahiā jāī. Hukmī hovan jīa hukam milai vadiāī. Hukmī utam nīch hukam likh dukh sukh pāīah. Iknā hukmī bakhsīs ik hukmī sadā bhavāīah. Hukmai andar sabh ko bāhar hukam na koe. Nānak hukmai je bujhai ta haumai kahai na koe. ॥2॥<br /> <br />Gāvai ko tāṇ hovai kisai tāṇ. Gāvai ko dāt jāṇai nīsāṇ. Gāvai ko guṇ vadiāīā chār. Gāvai ko vidiā vikham vīchār. Gāvai ko sāj kare tan kheh. Gāvai ko jīa lai fir deh. Gāvai ko jāpai disai dūr. Gāvai ko vekhai hādrā hadūr. Kathnā kathī na āvai tot. Kath kath kathī kotī kot kot. Dedā de laide thak pāhi. Jugā jugantar khāhī khāhi. Hukmī hukam chalāe rāhu. Nānak vigsai veparvāhu. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<i>Guru Granth Sahib <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a> 2–3</i> <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Transliteration </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><b>Translation by Ernest Trumpp (1877)</b><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> By (his) order are made the forms (of all things), his order (however) cannot be told. By his order are made the living beings, by his order greatness is obtained. By his order are the high and the low, by his order pain and pleasure are set down. By his order some are pardoned, some are by his order always caused to wander about (in transmigration). Every one is under (within) his order, exempt from his order is no one. <a href="/wiki/Nanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak">Nanak</a>! if one understand his order, he will not speak in self-conceit. [2]<br /><br /> One sings his (i.e. God's) power, if one has power (so to do). Another sings (his) liberality, if he knows (his) sign. One sings his beautiful qualities and greatnesses. — Another sings a difficult thought of science. One sings: having made the body he reduces it to ashes. Another sings: having taken life he gives it again. One sings: he is known (manifest), (but) seen afar off. Another sings: being present he sees in the presence. There is no end of sayings and tellings. The story, story is told by <a href="/wiki/Crores" class="mw-redirect" title="Crores">crores</a>, crores, crores. He (i.e. God) goes on giving, they taking become tired. For ages and ages they go on eating. The Lord goes on executing his order. O Nanak! he expands unconcerned. [3] </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p><b>Translation by Max Arthur Macauliffe (1909)</b><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> By His order bodies are produced; His order cannot be described. By His order souls are infused into them; by His order greatness is obtained. By His order men are high or low; by His order they obtain preordained pain or pleasure. <br /> By His order some obtain their reward; by His order others must ever wander in transmigration. All are subject to His order; none is exempt from it. He who understandeth God's order, O <a href="/wiki/Nanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak">Nanak</a>, is never guilty of egoism. [2]<br /><br /> Some sing His power according to their abilities; Some sing His gifts according to their knowledge of His signs; Some sing His attributes, His greatness, and His deeds; Some sing His knowledge whose study is arduous; Some sing that He fashioneth the body and again destroyeth it; Some that He taketh away the soul and again restoreth it; Some that He appeareth far from mortal gaze; Some that He is all-seeing and omnipresent. Millions of men give millions upon millions of descriptions of Him, but they fail to describe Him. The Giver giveth; the receiver groweth weary of receiving. In every age man subsisteth by His bounty. The Commander by His order hath laid out the way of the world. Nanak, God the unconcerned is happy. [3] </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<i>Guru Granth Sahib Japji Sahib 2–3</i> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<i>Guru Granth Sahib Japji Sahib 2–3</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first complete English translation of the Guru Granth Sahib, by <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Singh_(politician)" title="Gopal Singh (politician)">Gopal Singh</a>, was published in 1960. A revised version published in 1978 removed archaic English words such as "thee" and "thou". In 1962, an eight-volume translation into English and Punjabi by Manmohan Singh was published by the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a>. In the 2000s, a translation by Sant Singh Khalsa appeared on major Sikhism-related websites such as <a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a>/Sikh Dharma Brotherhood's Sikhnet.com.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynne_2005_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynne_2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or,_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title-page of The Ādi Granth: Or, the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs by Ernest Trumpp, 1877"><img alt="Title-page of The Ādi Granth: Or, the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs by Ernest Trumpp, 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or%2C_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp%2C_1877.jpg/132px-Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or%2C_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or%2C_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp%2C_1877.jpg/198px-Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or%2C_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or%2C_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp%2C_1877.jpg/264px-Title-page_of_%27The_%C4%80di_Granth_-_Or%2C_the_Holy_Scriptures_of_the_Sikhs%27_by_Ernest_Trumpp%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title-page of <i>The Ādi Granth: Or, the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs</i> by Ernest Trumpp, 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_translation_of_the_opening_lines_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_Japji_Sahib_composition_by_Max_Arthur_MacAuliffe,_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion_-_Its_Gurus,_Sacred_Writings_and_Authors%27_(volume_1),_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English translation of the opening lines of Guru Nanak's Japji Sahib composition by Max Arthur MacAuliffe, published in The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors (volume 1), 1909"><img alt="English translation of the opening lines of Guru Nanak's Japji Sahib composition by Max Arthur MacAuliffe, published in The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors (volume 1), 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/English_translation_of_the_opening_lines_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_Japji_Sahib_composition_by_Max_Arthur_MacAuliffe%2C_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion_-_Its_Gurus%2C_Sacred_Writings_and_Authors%27_%28volume_1%29%2C_1909.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/English_translation_of_the_opening_lines_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_Japji_Sahib_composition_by_Max_Arthur_MacAuliffe%2C_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion_-_Its_Gurus%2C_Sacred_Writings_and_Authors%27_%28volume_1%29%2C_1909.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/English_translation_of_the_opening_lines_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_Japji_Sahib_composition_by_Max_Arthur_MacAuliffe%2C_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion_-_Its_Gurus%2C_Sacred_Writings_and_Authors%27_%28volume_1%29%2C_1909.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English translation of the opening lines of Guru Nanak's Japji Sahib composition by Max Arthur MacAuliffe, published in <i>The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors</i> (volume 1), 1909</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printing">Printing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir,_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons,_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir%2C_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons%2C_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press%2C_1899.jpg/220px-Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir%2C_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons%2C_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir%2C_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons%2C_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press%2C_1899.jpg/330px-Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir%2C_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons%2C_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir%2C_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons%2C_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press%2C_1899.jpg/440px-Metal-type_print_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib_based_upon_the_Kartarpur_Bir%2C_by_Rai_Sahib_Munshi_Gulab_Singh_and_Sons%2C_published_by_the_Mufidam_Press%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Title-page of a metal-type print of the Guru Granth Sahib based upon the Kartarpur Bir, by Rai Sahib Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons, published by the Mufidam Press, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Namdhari Sikh literature, <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a> was the first person to print an edition of the Guru Granth Sahib, which was likely printed in 1868 or even earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early printed editions of the Guru Granth Sahib from the late-19th century were not only printed in Gurmukhi script but also <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a>, as evidenced by eighteen different editions of the scripture being printed in Perso-Arabic script at Lahore, Gujranwala, and Sialkot between the years 1871 and 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official versions of the Guru Granth Sahib are produced in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> (SGPC). The SGPC printers are the only authorized worldwide publisher of the scripture, states the Sikh religious body <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2006, Jeewan Singh Chattar Singh & Sons used to print the official versions and were the oldest publisher in Amritsar. However, in 2006, the Akal Takht banned them from printing the Sikh scripture after a sting operation showed that they were printing and mishandling the scripture as well as selling an illegal copy of the Sikh scripture to a Muslim seer.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsidiary of the SGPC, the Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee, is the authorized printer and supplier of the Guru Granth Sahib to Sikhs outside of India. These facilities are a part of the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib">Gurudwara Rakabganj</a> in New Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Guru Granth Sahib is in the possession of the Sodhi family of Kartarpur village, and is placed at Gurdwara Thum Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sodhis are descendants of Guru Arjan Dev and Kartarpur was founded by him in 1598.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 20th century, it has been printed in a standard edition of 1430 Angs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to the late nineteenth century, only handwritten copies were prepared. The first printed copy of the Guru Granth Sahib was made in 1864. Any copies of the Guru Granth Sahib deemed unfit to be read from are <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a>, with a ceremony similar to that for cremating a deceased person. Such a cremation is called Agan Bheta. The Guru Granth Sahib is currently printed in an authorized <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the basement of the Gurudwara Ramsar in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>; misprints and set-up sheets, and printer's waste with any of its sacred text on, are cremated at <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, it was announced by the SGPC that a location in <a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> under the purview of the Dharm Prachar Kendra of the Shiromani Committee will begin officially printing copies of the Guru Granth Sahib to cater to the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a> living in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1938, stated the following about the scripture:<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shri Guru Granth Sahib is a source book, an expression of man's loneliness, his aspiration, his longings, his cry to God and his hunger for communication with that being. I have studied the scriptures of other great religions, but I do not find elsewhere the same power of appeal to the heart and mind as I feel here in these volumes. They are compact in spite of their length, and are a revelation of the vast reach of the human heart varying from the most noble concept of God to the recognition and indeed the insistence upon the practical needs of the human body. There is something strangely modern about these scriptures and this puzzled me until I learnt that they are in fact comparatively modern, compiled as late as the sixteenth century, when explorers were beginning to discover the globe upon which we all live as a single entity divided only by arbitrary lines of our own making.<br /><br />Perhaps this sense of unity is a source of power I find in these volumes. They speak to persons of any religion or of none. They speak for the human heart and the searching mind...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pearl S. Buck, quoted in <i>Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India</i> by Veena R. Howard (2017), page 219</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/35px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/47px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sikhism" title="Portal:Sikhism">Sikhism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary of Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Khushwant Singh, while the manuscript was being put together, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a>, received a report that the Adi Granth contained passages vilifying <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Therefore, he asked to inspect it.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_57_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_57-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> and Bhai Gurdas brought him a copy of the manuscript and read a few hymns from it. Akbar decided that this report had been false and donated 51 gold mohurs to the manuscript effort. However, this support for the Sikh scripture and Sikhism was short-lived once Akbar died, with Jehangir calling Sikhism as a "false traffic". Under his orders, Guru Arjan, who compiled the first edition of the Sikh scripture, was tortured and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1991_57_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1991_57-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another controversy has been the discovery of two blank folios in the Kartarpur manuscript (near page 703) and why the Ramakali hymn on that page is just two opening lines. In contrast to the Kartarpur manuscript, the Banno manuscript of Adi Granth, discovered in Kanpur and dated to 1644, is identical in all respects but it has no blank pages and on the folio pages near 703 is a complete hymn. The Banno bir has been controversial because it includes many Hindu rites-of-passage (<i><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">sanskara</a></i>) in that version of the Adi Granth.<sup id="cite_ref-kanpur1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanpur1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to W.H. McLeod, the difference in the two versions can be because of three possibilities, from which he withholds judgment:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first, Guru Arjan deliberately left the blank folio pages to complete it later, but was unable to because he was arrested and executed by the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Jehangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehangir">Jehangir</a>; second, the hymn and pages existed in the original manuscript, the Banno bir is older, the pages were removed by Khalsa Sikhs from the Kartarpur manuscript and replaced with blank folios in their attempt to carve out a separate Sikh identity from the Hindus during the Singh Sabha Movement; third, the blank pages were intentionally left by Guru Arjan for unknown reasons, and the complete hymn in the Banno bir is an interpolation added by a Sikh follower who wanted to insert Brahminical rites-of-passage rituals in the text. According to G.B. Singh – a Sikh scholar who pioneered study of the early Sikh manuscripts, the evidence supports the second theory.<sup id="cite_ref-kanpur1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanpur1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pashaura Singh, his examination of the manuscripts and linguistic evidence yields support for the third theory, noting that the smaller hand and different writing implement in which the remaining 22 lines were written, the lines themselves do not match earlier manuscripts and differ in structure and lexicon from the rest of Guru Arjan's writings, the presence of other short verses in all manuscripts like <i>Vār Basant</i> with only three stanzas, and points to the fact that G.B. Singh had made the claim without actually examining the text, positing that he seemed to have been serving the interests of the Arya Samaj based on his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-kanpur1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanpur1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In moderate-size gurdwaras, the palanquin step may be skipped and the scripture is simply carried on the head to its bedroom.<sup id="cite_ref-ColeSambhi2005p38_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi2005p38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth By Nirmal Dass. Published by SUNY Press, 2000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4683-6">978-0-7914-4683-6</a>. p. 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahaskrit. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sindhi and Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhwomen.com/sikhism/scriptures/ggs/index.htm">Sikhism. The Guru Granth Sahib (GGS)</a> By Harjinder Singh. "The Guru Granth Sahib also contains hymns which are written in a language known as Sahiskriti as well as Sant Bhasha, it also contains many Persian and Sanskrit words throughout."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhutti-Johal2011" class="citation book cs1">Jhutti-Johal, Jagbir (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJb_i97CG70C&q=Guru+Granth+Sahib+september+1604&pg=PT17"><i>Sikhism Today</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7001-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-7001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Today.&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7001-9&rft.aulast=Jhutti-Johal&rft.aufirst=Jagbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJb_i97CG70C%26q%3DGuru%2BGranth%2BSahib%2Bseptember%2B1604%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hugh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hugh_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2005" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). <i>Introduction to World Religions</i>. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapoor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2002" class="citation book cs1">Kapoor, Sukhbir (2002). <i>Guru Granth Sahib: An Advance Study</i>. Hemkunt Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170103219" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170103219"><bdi>978-8170103219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+An+Advance+Study&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8170103219&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=Sukhbir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britggs1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britggs1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britggs1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adi-Granth-Sikh-sacred-scripture">Adi Granth</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king359-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king359_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), <i>The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions</i>, Orient Blackswan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125028017" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125028017">978-8125028017</a>, pp. 359–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shacklexvii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), <i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415266048" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415266048">978-0415266048</a>, pp. xvii–xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harnik Deol, <i>Religion and Nationalism in India</i>. Routledge, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415201087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415201087">978-0415201087</a>. p. 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of <i>Sant Bhasha</i>."<br /><i>The Making of Sikh Scripture</i> by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9">978-0-19-513024-9</a> p. 5. "The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called <i>Sant Bhasha,</i> a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects."<br />Surindar Singh Kohli, <i>History of Punjabi Literature</i>. p. 48. National Book, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-141-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-141-6">978-81-7116-141-6</a>. "When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in <i>Sant Bhasha</i> (saint-language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century...."<br />Nirmal Dass, <i>Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth</i>. SUNY Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4683-6">978-0-7914-4683-6</a>. p. 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shapiro924-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shapiro924_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shapiro924_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroDass2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Michael C.; Dass, Nirmal (2002). "Songs of the Saints, from the Adi Granth". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>122</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">924–</span>929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3217680">10.2307/3217680</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3217680">3217680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Songs+of+the+Saints%2C+from+the+Adi+Granth&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E924-%3C%2Fspan%3E929&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3217680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3217680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Dass%2C+Nirmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parrinderp256-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parrinderp256_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1971). <i>World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present</i>. United States: Hamlyn. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+From+Ancient+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-129-7&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brekke673-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brekke673_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torkel Brekke (2014), <i>Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions</i> (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521450386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521450386">978-0521450386</a>, pp. 673, 675, 672–686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), <i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415266048" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415266048">978-0415266048</a>, pp. xxxiv–xli</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), <i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723134">978-1898723134</a>, pp. 40, 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), <i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723134">978-1898723134</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torkel Brekke (2014), <i>Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions</i> (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521450386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521450386">978-0521450386</a>, p. 675</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Vol.+1.+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i_htgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Vol.+1.+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i_htgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MannMann2001p33-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MannMann2001p33_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurinder_Singh_Mann2001" class="citation book cs1">Gurinder Singh Mann (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mDCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of Sikh Scripture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Sikh+Scripture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513024-9&rft.au=Gurinder+Singh+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_1991_57–58-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_57–58_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_57–58_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58, <span class="nowrap">294–</span>295<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Vol.+1.+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E294-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i_htgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumpp2004" class="citation book cs1">Trumpp, Ernest (2004) [1877]. <i>The Ādi Granth or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs</i>. India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. lxxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0244-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0244-3"><bdi>978-81-215-0244-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%80di+Granth+or+the+Holy+Scriptures+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=India&rft.pages=lxxxi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0244-3&rft.aulast=Trumpp&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_1991_57-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_57_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_57_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_57_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Vol.+1.+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i_htgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p129-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p129_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurinder_Singh_Mann2001" class="citation book cs1">Gurinder Singh Mann (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mDnCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of Sikh Scripture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Sikh+Scripture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513024-9&rft.au=Gurinder+Singh+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mDnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanpur1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanpur1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanpur1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanpur1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjanSingh1996" class="citation journal cs1">Arjan, Guru; Singh, Pashaura (1996). "Guru Arjan's Rāmakalī Hymn: The Central Issue in the Kartarpur-Banno Debate". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>116</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">724–</span>729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605443">10.2307/605443</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605443">605443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Guru+Arjan%27s+R%C4%81makal%C4%AB+Hymn%3A+The+Central+Issue+in+the+Kartarpur-Banno+Debate&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E724-%3C%2Fspan%3E729&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605443&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605443%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arjan&rft.aufirst=Guru&rft.au=Singh%2C+Pashaura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.H. McLeod (1979), <i>The Sikh scriptures: Some Issues</i>, in Sikh Studies: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Tradition by Mark Jurgensmeyer and N Gerald Barrier (editors), University of California Press, Berkeley Religious Studies Series and Theological Union, pp. 101–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.B. Singh (1944), <i>Sri Guru Granth Sahib dian Prachin Biran</i>, Modern Publishers Lahore, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SriGuruGranthSahibDianPrachinBiran/page/n9">Original (Gurmukhi script)</a>; For discussion in English, see Chapter 22 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA374">G Kumar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), <i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723134">978-1898723134</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_1991_93-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_93_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1991_93_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Vol.+1.+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i_htgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pslf129-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pslf129_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslf129_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslf129_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1990" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA6"><i>Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226560854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226560854"><bdi>978-0226560854</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0226560854&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xIT7OMSJ44C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Jasjit (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12111">"The Guru's Way: Exploring Diversity Among British Khalsa Sikhs"</a>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12111">10.1111/rec3.12111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8171">1749-8171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Guru%27s+Way%3A+Exploring+Diversity+Among+British+Khalsa+Sikhs&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12111&rft.issn=1749-8171&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jasjit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_39–59-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_39–59_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_39–59_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation cs2">Singh, Pashaura (13 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075547.003.0003">"The Guru Granth Sahib"</a>, <i>Sikhism in Global Context</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>59, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198075547.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075547.003.0003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807554-7"><bdi>978-0-19-807554-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikhism+in+Global+Context&rft.atitle=The+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198075547.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-807554-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198075547.003.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Kamalroop. "Sikh Martial Art (Gatkā)." <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>. Oxford University Press, 2014. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xvii-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xvii_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xvii_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xvii_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C"><i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">xvii–</span>xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45108-9"><bdi>978-1-136-45108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exvii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exix&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45108-9&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dftdcvmviy_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sardar Harjeet (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fleka3YEE8sC&q=a+couplet+attributed+to+Guru+Har+Rai&pg=PA100"><i>Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-721-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-721-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sardar+Harjeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfleka3YEE8sC%26q%3Da%2Bcouplet%2Battributed%2Bto%2BGuru%2BHar%2BRai%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Kerry (1999). <i>Sikh Art and Literature</i>. London: Routledge. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20288-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20288-4"><bdi>0-415-20288-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39765536">39765536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Art+and+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39765536&rft.isbn=0-415-20288-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Anurag (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ggscw.ac.in/Downloads/Gyankosh%20Vol%201.pdf">"Punjab: Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gyankosh: An Interdisciplinary e-Journal</i>. <b>1</b>: 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gyankosh%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+e-Journal&rft.atitle=Punjab%3A+Cradle+of+Indian+Civilization+and+Khalsa+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Anurag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fggscw.ac.in%2FDownloads%2FGyankosh%2520Vol%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Pashaura. "Fearlessness and human justice: Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur's teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective." <i>Sikh Formations</i> 17.4 (2021): 409–434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C"><i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">xv–</span>xix, xli, <span class="nowrap">149–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45108-9"><bdi>978-1-136-45108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exix%2C+xli%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45108-9&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dftdcvmviy_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p125-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p125_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span>;<br />For a more comprehensive discussion of these theories and evidence, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2003" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiwpDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908773-0"><bdi>978-0-19-908773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+Canon%2C+Meaning+and+Authority&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908773-0&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiwpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p127-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p127_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p127_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p127_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indu-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indu_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoibergIndu_Ramchandani2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000). <i>Students' Britannica India</i>. Popular Prakashan. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-760-2"><bdi>0-85229-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85229-760-2&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Indu+Ramchandani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2000" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (2000). <i>History of the Sikhs Vol. 1; The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (P) Ltd. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0276-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0276-4"><bdi>81-215-0276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs+Vol.+1%3B+The+Sikh+Gurus%2C+1469%E2%80%931708&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-215-0276-4&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001). <i>The making of Sikh Scripture</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513024-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513024-3"><bdi>0-19-513024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+Sikh+Scripture&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513024-3&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Gurinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerry-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kerry_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)" title="Kerry Brown (historian)">Brown, Kerry</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGVU3YNtmJsC"><i>Sikh Art and Literature</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20289-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20289-3"><bdi>978-0-415-20289-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Art+and+Literature&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20289-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGVU3YNtmJsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiriraj2003" class="citation book cs1">Giriraj, Ruhel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gloryofindiancul0000shah/page/96"><i>Glory Of Indian Culture</i></a>. Diamond. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gloryofindiancul0000shah/page/96">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171825929" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171825929"><bdi>978-8171825929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glory+Of+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Diamond&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8171825929&rft.aulast=Giriraj&rft.aufirst=Ruhel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgloryofindiancul0000shah%2Fpage%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2</i>. Routledge. 2013. p. 935. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136096020" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136096020"><bdi>978-1136096020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=935&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136096020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmrita2007" class="citation book cs1">Amrita, Priyamvada (2007). <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian music</i>. Anmol. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126131143" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126131143"><bdi>978-8126131143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+music&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Anmol&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8126131143&rft.aulast=Amrita&rft.aufirst=Priyamvada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSondeep_Shankar1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurbachan; Sondeep Shankar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsfaithphilos0000gurb/page/55"><i>The Sikhs : Faith, Philosophy and Folks</i></a>. Roli & Janssen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsfaithphilos0000gurb/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7436-037-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7436-037-9"><bdi>81-7436-037-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+%3A+Faith%2C+Philosophy+and+Folks&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Roli+%26+Janssen&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-7436-037-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurbachan&rft.au=Sondeep+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsfaithphilos0000gurb%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2000p271-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2000p271_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2000" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMvXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564894-2"><bdi>978-0-19-564894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+Canon%2C+Meaning+and+Authority&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564894-2&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eosramrai-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eosramrai_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurucharan Singh Anand (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n477">Ram Rai</a>, Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor in Chief: Harbans Singh, Punjab University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2014p260-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2014p260_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2014p260_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wor-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wor_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wor_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligionsin0000unse/page/354"><i>World Religions:An Introduction for Students</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligionsin0000unse/page/354">354–357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898723-48-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-898723-48-6"><bdi>1-898723-48-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3AAn+Introduction+for+Students&rft.pages=354-357&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-898723-48-6&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldreligionsin0000unse%2Fpage%2F354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2000p104-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2000p104_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2000" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMvXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564894-2"><bdi>978-0-19-564894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+Canon%2C+Meaning+and+Authority&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564894-2&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngks81-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ngks81_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngks81_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngks81_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h40AAwAAQBAJ"><i>Sikhism: An Introduction</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-962-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-962-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh40AAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myrvold2016p125_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrvold2016p125_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrvold2016p125_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristina_Myrvold2016" class="citation book cs1">Kristina Myrvold (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yu1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03640-1"><bdi>978-1-317-03640-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Sacred+Texts%3A+Ritual+Disposal+and+Renovation+of+Texts+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-03640-1&rft.au=Kristina+Myrvold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Yu1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColeSambhi2005p38-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi2005p38_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi2005p38_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi2005" class="citation book cs1">W. Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ"><i>A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 38, 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Sikhism%3A+Sikh+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=38%2C+79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79760-7&rft.au=W.+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcSRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MyrvoldBrill-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MyrvoldBrill_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristina_Myrvold2017" class="citation book cs1">Kristina Myrvold (2017). "Guru Granth: Ceremonial Treatment". <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i>. Brill Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29745-6"><bdi>978-90-04-29745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guru+Granth%3A+Ceremonial+Treatment&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29745-6&rft.au=Kristina+Myrvold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myrvold144-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myrvold144_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristina_Myrvold2008" class="citation book cs1">Kristina Myrvold (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA144"><i>South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>145, context: 140–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4"><bdi>978-1-134-07459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions+on+Display%3A+Religious+Processions+in+South+Asia+and+in+the+Diaspora&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E145%2C+context%3A+140-154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07459-4&rft.au=Kristina+Myrvold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWT2odZ7_d7MC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digranthorholysc00trumuoft/page/n8">The Adi Granth</a>, Ernest Trumpp (1877), WH Allen & Co., London; Notes: In this 876 pages publication, Trumpp's translation starts at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digranthorholysc00trumuoft/page/n155">page 156</a>, while philological notes on the language of the Sikh scripture start at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digranthorholysc00trumuoft/page/n139">page 140</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh1994xv-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh1994xv_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrilochan_Singh1994" class="citation book cs1">Trilochan Singh (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pEEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ernest Trumpp and W.H. McLeod as scholars of Sikh history religion and culture</i></a>. International Centre of Sikh Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">xv–</span>xvii, <span class="nowrap">45–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Trumpp+and+W.H.+McLeod+as+scholars+of+Sikh+history+religion+and+culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exvii%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=International+Centre+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Trilochan+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5pEEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.H._McLeod1993" class="citation book cs1">W.H. McLeod (1993). John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC"><i>Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17, 67 note 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1426-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Sikhs%3A+Issues+for+North+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17%2C+67+note+25&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2&rft.au=W.H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWJGAECpClsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (22 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128"><i>Sikhism: An Introduction</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 128–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-549-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-549-2"><bdi>978-0-85773-549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=128-&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-549-2&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8yWAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Juergensmeyer1993" class="citation book cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer (1993). John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC"><i>Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1426-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Sikhs%3A+Issues+for+North+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2&rft.au=Mark+Juergensmeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWJGAECpClsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2014p167-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2014p167_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2014p167_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2014p167_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkshaya_Kumar2014" class="citation book cs1">Akshaya Kumar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68ITAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167"><i>Poetry, Politics and Culture: Essays on Indian Texts and Contexts</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80963-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80963-0"><bdi>978-1-317-80963-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry%2C+Politics+and+Culture%3A+Essays+on+Indian+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-80963-0&rft.au=Akshaya+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68ITAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perplexed8687-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perplexed8687_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perplexed8687_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perplexed8687_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madan-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madan_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTN_Madan1994" class="citation book cs1">TN Madan (1994). Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC"><i>Fundamentalisms Observed</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">604–</span>610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8"><bdi>978-0-226-50878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E604-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50878-8&rft.au=TN+Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Dawe (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n17">Macauliffe, Max Arthur</a>, Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume III, Harbans Singh (Editor), Punjabi University, Patiala;<br />The translation of Guru Nanak's <i>Janamsakhi</i> and his hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib are in Macauliffe's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45269/page/n39">Volume I</a>, The Sikh Religion (1909)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley1993jsg-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawley1993jsg_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJS_Grewal1993" class="citation book cs1">JS Grewal (1993). John Stratton Hawley; Gurinder Singh Mann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTCFDfh7Qv4C&pg=PA164"><i>Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1425-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-1425-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Sikhs%3A+Issues+for+North+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1425-5&rft.au=JS+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTCFDfh7Qv4C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p88-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p88_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1973" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Kenneth W. (1973). "Ham Hindū Nahīn: Arya Sikh Relations, 1877–1905". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">457–</span>475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052684">10.2307/2052684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052684">2052684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163885354">163885354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ham+Hind%C5%AB+Nah%C4%ABn%3A+Arya+Sikh+Relations%2C+1877%E2%80%931905&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163885354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2052684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2052684&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shani2007p30-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shani2007p30_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_Shani2007" class="citation book cs1">Giorgio Shani (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA30"><i>Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4"><bdi>978-1-134-10189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10189-4&rft.au=Giorgio+Shani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKu66SixH6AC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynne_2005-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynne_2005_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynne_2005_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Shackle2005" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle (2005). Lynne Long (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Yck4QW_DecC&pg=PT50"><i>Translation and Religion</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-550-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-550-5"><bdi>978-1-84769-550-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+and+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-550-5&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Yck4QW_DecC%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1&g=1&h=1&r=1&t=1&p=0&k=0">Guru Granth Sahib ॥ ੫ ॥</a>, Pages 1–2 of 1430, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1">srigranth.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023913217/page/n157">The Adi Granth</a>, Ernest Trumpp (1877), WH Allen & Co, pp. 2–5 (see footnotes for alternates)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45269/page/n289">The Sikh Religion Vol. 1</a>, Max Authur Macauliffe (1909), Clarendon Press, pp. 196–197 (see footnotes for alternates)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). <i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i> (Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">274–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226615929" title="Special:BookSources/9780226615929"><bdi>9780226615929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994-12-15&rft.isbn=9780226615929&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Singh, Nahar (1955). <i>Namdhari Itihas</i> (in Punjabi). Delhi. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Namdhari+Itihas&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nahar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2010" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Farina (4 July 2010). "Punjabi Print Culture". <i>The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab</i>. University of California Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520262690" title="Special:BookSources/9780520262690"><bdi>9780520262690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punjabi+Print+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Social+Space+of+Language%3A+Vernacular+Culture+in+British+Colonial+Punjab&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-07-04&rft.isbn=9780520262690&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Farina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly2004" class="citation news cs1">Jolly, Asit (3 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3597073.stm">"Sikh holy book flown to Canada"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikh+holy+book+flown+to+Canada&rft.date=2004-04-03&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Asit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F3597073.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060423/punjab1.htm">Publishers barred from bringing out Guru Granth Sahib</a>, Varinder Walia, Tribune India, April 23, 2006, Chandigarh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniindia.com/modern-eco-friendly-printing-press-to-print-guru-granth-sahib-at-gurudwara-rakabganj-dsgmc/india/news/1680454.html">Modern eco-friendly printing press to print Guru Granth Sahib at Gurudwara Rakabganj: DSGMC</a>, United News of India (July 28, 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204141925/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/orginal-copy-of-holy-guru-granth-sahib-at-kartarpur-villages/245915">"Original copy of holy Guru Granth Sahib at Kartarpur villages"</a>. <i>Outlook India</i>. 29 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/orginal-copy-of-holy-guru-granth-sahib-at-kartarpur-villages/245915">the original</a> on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Original+copy+of+holy+Guru+Granth+Sahib+at+Kartarpur+villages&rft.date=2004-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Forginal-copy-of-holy-guru-granth-sahib-at-kartarpur-villages%2F245915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/descendants-of-arjan-dev-have-original-text/articleshow/831765.cms">"Descendants of Arjan Dev have original text"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 30 August 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Descendants+of+Arjan+Dev+have+original+text&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fdescendants-of-arjan-dev-have-original-text%2Farticleshow%2F831765.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhmuseum.com/words/granth/granth4.html">"Kartarpur Bir"</a>. <i>www.sikhmuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sikhmuseum.com&rft.atitle=Kartarpur+Bir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhmuseum.com%2Fwords%2Fgranth%2Fgranth4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041001112706/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040827/punjab1.htm">"Sodhi Family Asked to Hand over Kartarpuri Bir to SGPC"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. Chandigarh, India. Tribune News Service. 26 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040827/punjab1.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sodhi+Family+Asked+to+Hand+over+Kartarpuri+Bir+to+SGPC&rft.date=2004-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2004%2F20040827%2Fpunjab1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Varinder (26 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041001112706/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040827/punjab1.htm#2">"Sodhis refuse to oblige"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. Chandigarh, India. Tribune News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040827/punjab1.htm#2">the original</a> on 1 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sodhis+refuse+to+oblige&rft.date=2004-08-26&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Varinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2004%2F20040827%2Fpunjab1.htm%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Nesbitt, <i>Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280601-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280601-7">0-19-280601-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Amrik (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/sgpc-decided-to-establish-a-press-in-america-and-print-the-holy-images-of-sri-guru-granth-sahib-221221">"SGPC decided to establish a press in America and print the holy images of Sri Guru Granth Sahib"</a>. <i>Punjab News Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punjab+News+Express&rft.atitle=SGPC+decided+to+establish+a+press+in+America+and+print+the+holy+images+of+Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.punjabnewsexpress.com%2Fpunjab%2Fnews%2Fsgpc-decided-to-establish-a-press-in-america-and-print-the-holy-images-of-sri-guru-granth-sahib-221221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2017" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Veena R. (2017). <i>Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786732125" title="Special:BookSources/9781786732125"><bdi>9781786732125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharma%3A+The+Hindu%2C+Jain%2C+Buddhist+and+Sikh+Traditions+of+India&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781786732125&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Veena+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Granth+Sahib" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Granth_Sahib&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh 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(Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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