CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1a28e530-8d89-4fac-b18a-dab9807748fc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)","wgTitle":"Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)","wgCurRevisionId":1231862521,"wgRevisionId":1231862521,"wgArticleId":1857229,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Cultural lists","Traditional Chinese medicine","Taoist philosophy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)","wgRelevantArticleId":1857229,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7797875","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Three_Treasures_traditional_Chinese_medicine rootpage-Three_Treasures_traditional_Chinese_medicine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Three+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Three+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Three+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Three+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neidan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neidan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Neidan</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neidan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Neidan</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neidan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Four stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanyuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanyuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Sanyuan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanyuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Xing</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_tesoros_(medicina_china)" title="Tres tesoros (medicina china) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tres tesoros (medicina china)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_tesori_(medicina_tradizionale_cinese)" title="Tre tesori (medicina tradizionale cinese) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tre tesori (medicina tradizionale cinese)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_tesouros_(medicina_tradicional_chinesa)" title="Três tesouros (medicina tradicional chinesa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Três tesouros (medicina tradicional chinesa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7797875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&oldid=1231862521" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Three_Treasures_%28traditional_Chinese_medicine%29&id=1231862521&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThree_Treasures_%28traditional_Chinese_medicine%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThree_Treasures_%28traditional_Chinese_medicine%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Three_Treasures_%28traditional_Chinese_medicine%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7797875" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term in traditional Chinese medicine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the "Three Treasures" in Chinese medicinal theory. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Three Treasures (disambiguation)">Three Treasures (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Taoism" title="Category:Taoism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao"><img alt="Tao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/75px-Tao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/113px-Tao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/150px-Tao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taoism" title="Outline of Taoism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism" title="History of Taoism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuji_(philosophy)" title="Wuji (philosophy)">Wuji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing</a></i> (five phases)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bianhua" title="Bianhua">Bianhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fan_(Daoism)" title="Fan (Daoism)">Fan</a></i> (reversal)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i> (non-action)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a></i> (immortal)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_form_(Taoism)" title="True form (Taoism)">True form</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Treasures</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po"><i>Hun</i> and <i>po</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures (virtues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts (Taoism)">Five Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Precepts (Taoism)">Ten Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li>Alchemy <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waidan" title="Waidan">Waidan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugang" title="Bugang">Bugang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chu_(Taoism)" title="Chu (Taoism)">Chu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Diet</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bigu_(grain_avoidance)" title="Bigu (grain avoidance)">Bigu</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Sexual practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoshi" title="Daoshi">Priesthood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taipingjing" title="Taipingjing">Taipingjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27er" title="Xiang'er">Xiang'er</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liezi" title="Liezi">Liezi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanhuangjing" title="Sanhuangjing">Sanhuangjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huahujing" title="Huahujing">Huahujing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingjing_Jing" title="Qingjing Jing">Qingjing Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Baopuzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pure_Ones" title="Three Pure Ones">Three Pure Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuanshi_Tianzun" title="Yuanshi Tianzun">Yuanshi Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_Tianzun" title="Lingbao Tianzun">Lingbao Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daode_Tianzun" title="Daode Tianzun">Daode Tianzun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_heavenly_ministers" title="Four heavenly ministers">Four heavenly ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhuang_Emperor" title="Tianhuang Emperor">Tianhuang Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtu" title="Houtu">Houtu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Queen Mother of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Father_of_the_East" title="King Father of the East">King Father of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials" title="Three Great Emperor-Officials">Three Great Emperor-Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_god" title="Body god">Body god</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taoists" title="List of Taoists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heshang_Gong" title="Heshang Gong">Heshang Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ji" title="Gan Ji">Gan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jue" title="Zhang Jue">Zhang Jue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)">Zhang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Xuan" title="Ge Xuan">Ge Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove" title="Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove">Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hanhua" title="Sun Hanhua">Sun Hanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Huacun" title="Wei Huacun">Wei Huacun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi" title="Kou Qianzhi">Kou Qianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiujing" title="Lu Xiujing">Lu Xiujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Hongjing" title="Tao Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Tuan" title="Chen Tuan">Chen Tuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boduan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Boduan">Zhang Boduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Bu%27er" title="Sun Bu'er">Sun Bu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Chuji" title="Qiu Chuji">Qiu Chuji</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoxiang" title="Zhang Guoxiang">Zhang Guoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fangshi" title="Fangshi">Fangshi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist schools">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Taiping" title="Way of the Taiping">Way of the Taiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqing_School" title="Shangqing School">Shangqing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Li_Family" title="Way of the Li Family">Way of the Li Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_School" title="Lingbao School">Lingbao School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongxuan_School" title="Chongxuan School">Chongxuan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Taoism" title="Dragon Gate Taoism">Dragon Gate</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliupai" title="Wuliupai">Wuliupai</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters" title="Way of the Celestial Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters#The_Southern_Celestial_Masters" title="Way of the Celestial Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Celestial_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Northern Celestial Masters">The Northern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Dao</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Chinese ritual mastery traditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao Taoism">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto-heavens" title="Grotto-heavens">Grotto-heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Sacred Mountains of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Mount Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Cloud_Temple" title="White Cloud Temple">White Cloud Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguantai" title="Louguantai">Louguantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Taoist_Temple" title="Cebu Taoist Temple">Cebu Taoist Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_Temple_(Hanford,_California)" title="Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)">Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions and organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taoist_Association" title="Chinese Taoist Association">Chinese Taoist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celestial_Masters" title="List of Celestial Masters">Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">Taoist priests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taoism" title="Template:Taoism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taoism" title="Template talk:Taoism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Three Treasures</b> or <b>Three Jewels</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:寶">寶</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">sānbǎo</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">san-pao</span></i>) are theoretical cornerstones in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> and practices such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">neidan</a></i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a></i></span>, and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a></i></span>. They are also known as <b><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jing, qi,</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">精氣神</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jīng-qì-shén</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ching ch'i shen</span></i>; "essence, breath, and spirit"). </p><p>The French sinologist Despeux summarizes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jing</i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">qi</i></span>, and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span> are three of the main notions shared by Taoism and Chinese culture alike. They are often referred to as the Three Treasures (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">sanbao</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三寶</span></span>), an expression that immediately reveals their importance and the close connection among them. The ideas and practices associated with each term, and with the three terms as a whole, are complex and vary considerably in different contexts and historical periods.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDespeux2008">Despeux 2008</a>, p. 562</cite></div></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Chinese name <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">sanbao</i></span> originally referred to the Daoist "<a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a>" from the <i><a href="/wiki/Daodejing" class="mw-redirect" title="Daodejing">Daodejing</a></i>, chapter 67: "pity", "frugality", and "refusal to be 'foremost of all things under heaven'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley1958225_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley1958225-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has subsequently also been used to refer to the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jing, qi,</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span> and to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">Three Jewels</a> (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha). This latter use is misleading, however, as the Three Jewels in Buddhism is a completely different philosophy. The Buddha is the teacher, the Dharma is the teaching, and the Sangha is the community. The Three Jewels of Buddhism are the external supports for achieving realization, while the Three Treasures of Daoism are interior qualities or attitudes to be <a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">cultivated</a>. </p><p>In long-established Chinese traditions, the "Three Treasures" are the essential energies sustaining human life: </p> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Jing</a></i></span> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:精">精</a></span>) "nutritive essence, essence; spirit, sperm, seed; extract; refined, perfected yin in nature, lower abdominal cavity"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></i></span> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:氣">氣</a></span>) "vital energy, life force; breath, air, vapor; vitality, vigor; attitude, abdominal cavity"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></span> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:神">神</a></span>) "spirit; soul, mind; god, deity; supernatural being and yang in action, upper thoracic cavity"</li></ul> <p>This <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jing-qi-shen</i></span> ordering is more commonly used than the variants <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">qi-jing-shen</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen-qi-jing</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neidan"><i>Neidan</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neidan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_woodcut;_Daoist_internal_alchemy_(3)_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%283%29_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg/220px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%283%29_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%283%29_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg/330px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%283%29_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%283%29_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg/440px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%283%29_Wellcome_L0038973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut illustration of the 'Great and Small Cauldron and Furnace' from <i>Pointers on Spiritual Nature and Bodily Life</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Xingming_guizhi" title="Xingming guizhi">Xingming guizhi</a></i>, a Daoist text on internal alchemy published 1615. In the figurative language of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">neidan</a></i></span>, the 'cauldron' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">ding</i></span>) refers to the head and the 'furnace' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">lu</i></span>) to the abdomen; the 'great cauldron' is the place of the refinement of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jin, qi,</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_woodcut;_Daoist_internal_alchemy_(13)_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%2813%29_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg/220px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%2813%29_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%2813%29_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg/330px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%2813%29_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%2813%29_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg/440px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%2813%29_Wellcome_L0038983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut illustration of the practice known as 'Refining form in the True Void' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhenkong lianxing</i></span>) from 1615 <i><a href="/wiki/Xingming_guizhi" title="Xingming guizhi">Xingming guizhi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png/220px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png/330px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png/440px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%9C%96.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>The Three Vitalities Meeting 三家相見圖, 1615 <i><a href="/wiki/Xingming_guizhi" title="Xingming guizhi">Xingming guizhi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Daoist "Mind-Seal Scripture of the Exalted Jade Sovereign" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gaoshang yuhuang xinyin jing</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高上玉皇心印經</span></span>), or the "Imprint of the Heart" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xinyin jing</i></span>), is a valuable early source about the Three Treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomjathy200429_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomjathy200429-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Probably dating from the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), this anonymous text presents a simple and concise discussion of internal alchemy (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">neidan</a></i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">內丹</span></span>). In particular, it emphasizes the so-called Three Treasures (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">sanbao</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三寶</span></span>), namely, vital essence (<i>jing</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">精</span></span>), subtle breath (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">qi</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">氣</span></span>), and spirit (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">神</span></span>).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKomjathy2004">Komjathy 2004</a>, p. 29</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederic_H._Balfour" title="Frederic H. Balfour">Frederic H. Balfour</a>'s brief 1884 essay about the "Imprint of the Heart" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xinyin jing</i></span>) contains the earliest known Western reference to the Three Treasures:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour1880380-381_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour1880380-381-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"There are three degrees of Supreme Elixir – the Spirit, the Breath, and the Essential Vigour."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_stages">Four stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Four stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">neidan</a></i></span> ("internal alchemy") practice, transmuting the Three Treasures is expressed through the sequence:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008563_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008563-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhuji</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">築基</span></span>) <dl><dd>"laying the foundations"</dd></dl></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">lianjing huaqi</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鍊精化氣</span></span>) <dl><dd>"refining essence into breath"</dd></dl></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">lianqi huashen</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鍊氣化神</span></span>) <dl><dd>"refining breath into spirit"</dd></dl></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">lianshen huanxu</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鍊神還虛</span></span>) <dl><dd>"refining spirit and <a href="/wiki/Fan_(Daoism)#Terminology" title="Fan (Daoism)">reverting</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zuowang" title="Zuowang">emptiness</a>"</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanyuan"><i>Sanyuan</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sanyuan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Neidan</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a> distinguish the between "pre heaven" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiantian</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先天</span></span>), referring to what is innate or natural, and "post heaven" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">houtian</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">後天</span></span>), referring to what is acquired in the course of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008564–565_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008564–565-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former are the "three origins" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Sanyuan</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三元</span></span>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201113_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"Original essence" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">yuanjing</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元精</span></span>)</li> <li>"Original breath" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuanqi" title="Yuanqi">yuanqi</a></i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元氣</span></span>)</li> <li>"Original spirit" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">yuanshen</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元神</span></span>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xing"><i>Xing</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Xing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd century BCE</span>) relates <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">qi</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span> to <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xing</i></span> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:形">形</a></span> ("form; shape; body"):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelhardt200099_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelhardt200099-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bodily form [<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xing</i></span>] is the residence of life; the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">qi</i></span> fills this life while <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span> controls it. If either of them loses their proper position, they will all come to harm.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i> 1, translated by <a href="#CITEREFEngelhardt2000">Engelhardt 2000</a>, p. 99</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_culture">Chinese culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chinese culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> (late 16th century CE) novel refers to the Three Treasures when an enlightened Daoist patriarch instructs <a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Wukong">Sun Wukong</a> ("Monkey") with a poem that begins: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Know well this secret formula wondrous and true:<br /> Spare and nurse the vital forces, this and nothing else.<br /> All power resides in the semen [<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jing</i></span>], the breath [<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">qi</i></span>], and the spirit [<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shen</i></span>];<br /> Guard these with care, securely, lest there be a leak.<br /> Lest there be a leak!<br /> Keep within the body! </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a>, translated by <a href="#CITEREFYu1977">Yu 1977</a>, p. 88</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley1958225-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley1958225_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaley1958">Waley (1958)</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1993_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1993">Olson (1993)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomjathy200429-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomjathy200429_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKomjathy2004">Komjathy (2004)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour1880380-381-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour1880380-381_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalfour1880">Balfour (1880)</a>, p. 380-381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008563-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008563_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDespeux2008">Despeux (2008)</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201113_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201113_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2011">Wang (2011)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008564–565-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDespeux2008564–565_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDespeux2008">Despeux (2008)</a>, pp. 564–565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaciocia1996" class="citation book cs1">Maciocia, Giovanni (1996). <i>The Three Treasures</i>. Peony Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952574576" title="Special:BookSources/9780952574576"><bdi>9780952574576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Treasures&rft.pub=Peony+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780952574576&rft.aulast=Maciocia&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelhardt200099-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelhardt200099_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngelhardt2000">Engelhardt (2000)</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1880" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_H._Balfour" title="Frederic H. Balfour">Balfour, Frederic H.</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/26/2601119.pdf">"Three Brief Essays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The China Review</i>. <b>9</b>: 380–382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Review&rft.atitle=Three+Brief+Essays&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=380-382&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Frederic+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunzi1.lib.hku.hk%2Fhkjo%2Fview%2F26%2F2601119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDespeux2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Despeux, Catherine (2008). "<i>Jing</i>, <i>qi</i>, <i>shen</i>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">精氣神</span></span>; essence, pneuma (breath, energy, vital force), spirit". In Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Taoism</i>. Routledge. pp. 562–565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jing%2C+qi%2C+shen%3B+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E7%B2%BE+%E6%B0%A3+%E7%A5%9E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text%3B+essence%2C+pneuma+%28breath%2C+energy%2C+vital+force%29%2C+spirit&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Taoism&rft.pages=562-565&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Despeux&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelhardt2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Engelhardt, Ute (2000). "Longevity Techniques and Chinese Medicine". In Kohn, Livia (ed.). <i>Daoism Handbook</i>. Brill. pp. 74–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Longevity+Techniques+and+Chinese+Medicine&rft.btitle=Daoism+Handbook&rft.pages=74-108&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Engelhardt&rft.aufirst=Ute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomjathy2004" class="citation book cs1">Komjathy, Louis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526005650/http://www.daoistcenter.org/Articles/Articles_pdf/Texts.pdf"><i>Daoist Texts in Translation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daoistcenter.org/Articles/Articles_pdf/Texts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2005-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daoist+Texts+in+Translation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Komjathy&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daoistcenter.org%2FArticles%2FArticles_pdf%2FTexts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1993" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Stuart Alve (1993). <i>The Jade Emperor's Mind Seal Classic: A Taoist Guide to Health, Longevity, and Immortality</i>. St. Paul: Dragon Door Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jade+Emperor%27s+Mind+Seal+Classic%3A+A+Taoist+Guide+to+Health%2C+Longevity%2C+and+Immortality&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Dragon+Door+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Alve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaley1958" class="citation book cs1">Waley, Arthur (1958). <i>The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802150853" title="Special:BookSources/0802150853"><bdi>0802150853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+and+Its+Power%3A+A+Study+of+the+Tao+Te+Ching+and+Its+Place+in+Chinese+Thought&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0802150853&rft.aulast=Waley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2011" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Mu (2011). <i>Foundations of Internal Alchemy: The Taoist Practice of Neidan</i>. Translated by Pregadio, Fabrizio. Golden Elixir Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780984308255" title="Special:BookSources/9780984308255"><bdi>9780984308255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Internal+Alchemy%3A+The+Taoist+Practice+of+Neidan&rft.pub=Golden+Elixir+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780984308255&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Mu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu1977" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Journey to the West</i>. Translated by Yu, Anthony. University of Chicago Press. 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Treasures+%28traditional+Chinese+medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.taoism.org.hk/religious-activities-rituals/inner-alchemy/pg4-10-2.htm">Essential Matter, Vital Breath, and Spirit</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Taoist Culture & Information Centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nqa.org/articles/treasures.html">THE 3 TREASURES OF LIFE: Jing/Qi/Shen</a>, Frances Gander</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_Chinese_medicine_(TCM)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Template:Traditional Chinese medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Template talk:Traditional Chinese medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional Chinese medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_Chinese_medicine_(TCM)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_medical_doll" title="Chinese medical doll">Chinese medical doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Chinese massage (Tuina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_cupping" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire cupping">Fire cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waidan" title="Waidan">Waidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processing_(Chinese_materia_medica)" title="Processing (Chinese materia medica)">Paozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daojia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daojia">Daojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">Neijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waijia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waijia">Waijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijiquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taijiquan">Taijiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen-style_taijiquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen-style taijiquan">Chen-style taijiquan</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Treasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Five Phases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (Wu Xing)">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire (Wu Xing)">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (Wu Xing)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (Wu Xing)">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood (Wu Xing)">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zangfu Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yin organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Heart (Chinese medicine)">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Kidney (Chinese medicine)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericardium_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Pericardium (Chinese medicine)">Pericardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Liver (Chinese medicine)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Lung (Chinese medicine)">Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spleen_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Spleen (Chinese medicine)">Spleen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yang organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_(Chinese_medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallbladder (Chinese medicine)">Gallbladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Large intestine (Chinese medicine)">Large Intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine_(TCM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Small intestine (TCM)">Small Intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Stomach (Chinese medicine)">Stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao / Triple Warmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Urinary bladder (Chinese medicine)">Urinary Bladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noted physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bian_Que" title="Bian Que">Bian Que</a> (d. 310 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a> (141–208)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a> (b. 283)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (581–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Jiegu">Zhang Jiegu</a> (c. 1140–1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a> (c. 150–219)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_China" title="Medicine in China">Medicine in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Category:Traditional Chinese medicine">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taoism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #cce0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taoism_footer" title="Template:Taoism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taoism_footer" title="Template talk:Taoism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taoism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metaphysics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ddeef3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist cosmology">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></b> (way)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a></b></i> (ultimate) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuji_(philosophy)" title="Wuji (philosophy)">Wuji</a></i> (non-polarity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a> (duality)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></i> (eight trigrams)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing</a></i> (five phases)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bianhua" title="Bianhua">Bianhua</a></i> (transformation)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fan_(Daoism)" title="Fan (Daoism)">Fan</a></i> (reversion)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ddeef3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></b></i> (integrity)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></b></i> (nonaction)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></b></i> (spontenaity) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(Daoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (Daoism)">Pu</a></i> (plainness)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts (Taoism)">Five Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Precepts (Taoism)">Ten Precepts</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BatQuaiDo_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taoism"><img alt="Taoism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BatQuaiDo_2.svg/80px-BatQuaiDo_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BatQuaiDo_2.svg/120px-BatQuaiDo_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BatQuaiDo_2.svg/160px-BatQuaiDo_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></i> (internal alchemy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waidan" title="Waidan">Waidan</a></i> (external alchemy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangsheng_(Daoism)" title="Yangsheng (Daoism)">Yangsheng</a></i> (self-cultivation) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daoyin" title="Daoyin">Daoyin</a></i> (calisthenics)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Treasures</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Jing</a></i> (essence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a> (breath)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i> (spirit)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Diet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a></i> (immortality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Art</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></i> (talismancy)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liezi" title="Liezi">Liezi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taipingjing" title="Taipingjing">Taipingjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27er" title="Xiang'er">Xiang'er</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanhuangjing" title="Sanhuangjing">Sanhuangjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huahujing" title="Huahujing">Huahujing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingjing_Jing" title="Qingjing Jing">Qingjing Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Baopuzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology#Taoism" title="Chinese theology">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pure_Ones" title="Three Pure Ones">Three Pure Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuanshi_Tianzun" title="Yuanshi Tianzun">Yuanshi Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_Tianzun" title="Lingbao Tianzun">Lingbao Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daode_Tianzun" title="Daode Tianzun">Daode Tianzun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_heavenly_ministers" title="Four heavenly ministers">Four Sovereigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhuang_Emperor" title="Tianhuang Emperor">Tianhuang Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtu" title="Houtu">Houtu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials" title="Three Great Emperor-Officials">Three Great Emperor-Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Queen Mother of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Father_of_the_East" title="King Father of the East">King Father of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu#Worship_of_Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Shengdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taoist_deities" title="Category:Taoist deities"><i>Other deities</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshang_Gong" title="Heshang Gong">Heshang Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ji" title="Gan Ji">Gan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jue" title="Zhang Jue">Zhang Jue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)">Zhang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Xuan" title="Ge Xuan">Ge Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove" title="Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove">Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Huacun" title="Wei Huacun">Wei Huacun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi" title="Kou Qianzhi">Kou Qianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiujing" title="Lu Xiujing">Lu Xiujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Hongjing" title="Tao Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Tuan" title="Chen Tuan">Chen Tuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boduan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Boduan">Zhang Boduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Bu%27er" title="Sun Bu'er">Sun Bu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Chuji" title="Qiu Chuji">Qiu Chuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoxiang" title="Zhang Guoxiang">Zhang Guoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangshi" title="Fangshi"><i>Fangshi</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist schools">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Taiping" title="Way of the Taiping">Taiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters" title="Way of the Celestial Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Celestial_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Northern Celestial Masters">Northern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqing_School" title="Shangqing School">Shangqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_School" title="Lingbao School">Lingbao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingming_Dao" title="Jingming Dao">Jingming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongxuan_School" title="Chongxuan School">Chongxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Taoism" title="Dragon Gate Taoism">Dragon Gate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliupai" title="Wuliupai">Wuliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao Taoism">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cce0f0;;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto-heavens" title="Grotto-heavens">Grotto-heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Sacred Mountains of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Mount Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Taoist_Temple" title="Cebu Taoist Temple">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_Temple_(Hanford,_California)" title="Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguantai" title="Louguantai">Louguantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Jee_Teung" title="Tong Jee Teung">Tong Jee Teung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cloud_Temple" title="White Cloud Temple">White Cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qigong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qigong" title="Template:Qigong"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qigong" title="Template talk:Qigong"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qigong" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qigong"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qigong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_qigong" title="History of qigong">History of <i>qigong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong_fever" title="Qigong fever"><i>Qigong</i> fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg/100px-Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg/150px-Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg/200px-Baduanjin_qigong_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TCM and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantian" title="Dantian">Dantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Essence (Jing 精)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian (jīngluò 经络)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Spirit (Shen 神)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Internal alchemy (Neidan 內丹术)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_reeling" title="Silk reeling">Silk reeling (Chán sī jìng 纏絲勁)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang">Standing meditation (Zhan zhuang 站桩)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoyin" title="Daoyin">'Guiding and pulling' exercises (Dǎo yǐn 導引)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Qigong</i> forms and styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduanjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baduanjin">Eight Pieces of Brocade (Bāduànjǐn qìgōng 段锦气功)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Animals">Five Animals (Wu Qin Xi qìgōng 五禽戲)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijin_Jing" title="Yijin Jing">Muscle/Tendon Change Classic (Yijin Jing qìgōng 易筋经)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_qigong" title="Primordial qigong">Primordial <i>qigong</i> (Wujigong 無極氣功)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zi_Jue" title="Liu Zi Jue">Six Healing Sounds (Liu Zi Jue qìgōng 六字訣)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Healing_Qigong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Healing Qigong"> Wisdom Healing Qigong (Zhineng qìgōng 智能气功)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Qigong</i> masters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a> (141–208)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> (1518–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a> (c. 12th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual movements and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Gong" title="Zhong Gong">Zhong Gong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-body_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body intervention">Mind-body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tai_Chi_and_Qigong_Day" title="World Tai Chi and Qigong Day">World Tai Chi and Qigong Day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qigong_Fever:_Body,_Science,_and_Utopia_in_China" title="Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China">Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qigong" title="Category:Qigong">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&oldid=1231862521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&oldid=1231862521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_lists" title="Category:Cultural lists">Cultural lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Category:Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taoist_philosophy" title="Category:Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2018">Articles with dead external links from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 June 2024, at 17:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-qlkrm","wgBackendResponseTime":1209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.851","walltime":"1.014","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3779,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":122606,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8283,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63360,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 878.663 1 -total"," 23.45% 206.042 70 Template:Lang"," 15.62% 137.274 6 Template:Cite_book"," 13.38% 117.562 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.86% 104.226 1 Template:Taoism"," 11.55% 101.528 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.93% 96.080 5 Template:Blockquote"," 10.24% 89.981 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.42% 56.372 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.42% 56.371 7 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.557","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15303437,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBalfour1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDespeux2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelhardt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomjathy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaciocia1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaley1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu1977\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 70,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 5,\n [\"Poem quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Qigong\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taoism\"] = 1,\n [\"Taoism footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Traditional Chinese medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-qlkrm","timestamp":"20241128021746","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7797875","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7797875","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-08T06:41:51Z","dateModified":"2024-06-30T17:37:50Z","headline":"term in traditional Chinese medicine: essense (\u7cbe), qi (\u6c23), and spirit (\u795e)"}</script> </body> </html>