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href="#Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre_and_historical_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_and_historical_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genre and historical reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre_and_historical_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_history_and_canonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history_and_canonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Textual history and canonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_history_and_canonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-canonical_(apocryphal)_gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-canonical_(apocryphal)_gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-canonical_(apocryphal)_gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gospel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(Buch)" title="Evangelium (Buch) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Evangelium (Buch)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8C%E1%88%8D" title="ወንጌል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወንጌል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Аевангелие – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аевангелие" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إنجيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanxeliu" title="Evanxeliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evanxeliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momarandupor%C3%A3" title="Momaranduporã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Momaranduporã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncil" title="İncil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İncil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اینجیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینجیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সুসমাচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুসমাচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hok-im-su" title="Hok-im-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hok-im-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Евангелле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Евангелле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Дабравесьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дабравесьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Евангелие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евангелие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje" title="Evanđelje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evanđelje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviel" title="Aviel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aviel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeli" title="Evangeli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evangeli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Евангели – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Евангели" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo" title="Ebanghelyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebanghelyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangeli" title="Vangeli – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vangeli" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efengyl" title="Efengyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Efengyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(Literaturgattung)" title="Evangelium (Literaturgattung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Evangelium (Literaturgattung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeelium" title="Evangeelium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evangeelium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ευαγγέλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευαγγέλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanjelio" title="Ebanjelio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ebanjelio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vangiles" title="Évangiles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évangiles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeelje" title="Evangeelje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evangeelje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanzeli" title="Vanzeli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vanzeli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soisc%C3%A9al" title="Soiscéal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Soiscéal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanxeo" title="Evanxeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evanxeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инжил – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Инжил" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌻𐌾𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌻𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubhvortoman" title="Xubhvortoman – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Xubhvortoman" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%9C" title="복음서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복음서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ավետարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավետարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2" title="गोस्पल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोस्पल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewangelij" title="Ewangelij – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ewangelij" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje" title="Evanđelje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evanđelje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B0spjall" title="Guðspjall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guðspjall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelo" title="Vangelo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vangelo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בשורות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשורות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სახარება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახარება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injili" title="Injili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsangu_ya_mbote" title="Nsangu ya mbote – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nsangu ya mbote" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanjil" title="Levanjil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Levanjil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инжил – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Инжил" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%C5%86%C4%A3%C4%93lijs" title="Evaņģēlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Evaņģēlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelija" title="Evangelija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Evangelija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turia_Somuso_D%C3%B6d%C3%B6" title="Turia Somuso Dödö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Turia Somuso Dödö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%AAio" title="Evangêio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Evangêio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsango_Mal%C3%A1mu" title="Nsango Malámu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nsango Malámu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanjelio" title="Evanjelio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Evanjelio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevangelii" title="Jevangelii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jevangelii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangeli" title="Vangeli – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vangeli" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%A9lium" title="Evangélium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evangélium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Евангелие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евангелие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filazantsara" title="Filazantsara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filazantsara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="സുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%A1elju" title="Evanġelju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Evanġelju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="गॉस्पेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॉस्पेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სახარება – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახარება" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انجيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil_Kristian" title="Injil Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Injil Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3k-%C4%ADng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Hók-ĭng-cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hók-ĭng-cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Евангелиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Евангелиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="福音書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="福音書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инжил – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Инжил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vaung%C3%B9ile" title="Évaungùile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Évaungùile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%A8lis" title="Evangèlis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evangèlis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangeela" title="Wangeela – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wangeela" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انجيل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انجيل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vangiles" title="Évangiles – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Évangiles" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(Book)" title="Evangelium (Book) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Evangelium (Book)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewangelia" title="Ewangelia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewangelia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelho" title="Evangelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evangelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanghelie" title="Evanghelie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evanghelie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeli" title="Evangeli – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Evangeli" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliwillay" title="Alliwillay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alliwillay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Евангелие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евангелие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelu" title="Vangelu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vangelu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungjilli" title="Ungjilli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ungjilli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanceli" title="Vanceli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vanceli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gospel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انجيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انجيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanjelium_(spisy)" title="Evanjelium (spisy) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Evanjelium (spisy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelij" title="Evangelij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evangelij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%A5" title="Єѵангєлїѥ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѵангєлїѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ئینجیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینجیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Јеванђеље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јеванђеље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje" title="Evanđelje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evanđelje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evankeliumit" title="Evankeliumit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evankeliumit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(bok)" title="Evangelium (bok) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Evangelium (bok)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo" title="Ebanghelyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebanghelyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நற்செய்திகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நற்செய்திகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aben%C7%A7il" title="Abenǧil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abenǧil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инҗил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инҗил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4" title="సువార్త – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సువార్త" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="พระวรสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระวรสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncil" title="İncil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İncil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1sham_Nkhang" title="A̱sham Nkhang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱sham Nkhang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%94" title="Євангеліє – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євангеліє" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanze%C5%82o" title="Vanzeło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vanzeło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelii" title="Evangelii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evangelii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%82m" title="Sách Phúc Âm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Phúc Âm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evandj%C3%AEle" title="Evandjîle – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Evandjîle" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="福音 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="福音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo" title="Ebanghelyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ebanghelyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%A6" title="福音书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="福音书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ch%C3%ACnrere" title="Ìhìnrere – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìhìnrere" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="福音書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="福音書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%A6" title="福音书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福音书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Etip" title="Ata Etip – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ata Etip" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Betawi" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/180px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/240px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template talk:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_(Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4)_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title,_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/220px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/330px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/440px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a flyleaf with the title of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ευαγγελιον κ̣ατ̣α μαθ᾽θαιον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Euangelion kata Maththaion</i></span>). From <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">Papyrus 4</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 200</span>), it is the earliest manuscript title for Matthew and one of the earliest manuscript titles for any gospel.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gospel</b> originally meant the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> message ("<a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a>"), but in the second century <a href="/wiki/Anno_domino" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno domino">AD</a> the Greek term <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">εὐαγγέλιον</span></span> (from which the English word originated as a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a>) came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Jesus">his trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a>, and concluding with various reports of his <a href="/wiki/Post-resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-resurrection appearances of Jesus">post-resurrection appearances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gospels are a kind of <i>bios</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man, providing examples for readers to emulate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201332_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201332-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they present the Christian message of the second half of the first century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholars</a> are therefore cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically as historical documents, and although they afford a good idea of Jesus' public career, critical study has largely failed to distinguish his original ideas from those of the later <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian writers">Christian authors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the focus of research has therefore shifted to Jesus as remembered by his followers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and understanding the Gospels themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> gospels are the four which appear in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. They were probably written between AD 66 and 110, which puts their composition likely within the lifetimes of various eyewitnesses, including Jesus's own family. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars hold that all four were anonymous (with the modern names of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>" added in the 2nd century), almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses, and all are the end-products of long <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral</a> and written transmission (which did involve claiming consulting eyewitnesses).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the majority of scholars, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> was the first to be written, using a variety of sources,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, which both independently used Mark for their narrative of Jesus's career, supplementing it with a collection of sayings called "the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>", and additional material unique to each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20096_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20096-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been different views on the transmission of material that lead to the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a>, with various scholars arguing memory and orality reliably preserved traditions that ultimately go back to the historical Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have been more skeptical and see more changes in the traditions prior to the written Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is near-consensus that <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> had its origins as the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Signs_Gospel" title="Signs Gospel">Signs Gospel</a> thought to have been circulated within a <a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2014309_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014309-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern scholarship, the synoptic gospels are the primary sources for reconstructing Christ's ministry while John is used less since it differs from the synoptics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the manuscript evidence and citation frequency by the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, Matthew and John were the most popular gospels while Luke and Mark were less popular in the early centuries of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">non-canonical gospels</a> were also written, all later than the four canonical gospels, and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important examples include the gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Judas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Mary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">infancy gospels</a> such as that of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">James</a> (the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">gospel harmonies</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gospel</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> term <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">εὐαγγέλιον</span></span>, meaning "good news";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodhead20044_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhead20044-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this may be seen from analysis of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ευαγγέλιον</span></span> (<span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">εὖ</span></span> "good" + <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος</span></span> "messenger" + <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">-ιον</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix). The Greek term was <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinized</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">evangelium</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, and translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bona annuntiatio</i></span>. In Old English, it was translated as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gōdspel</i></span> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gōd</i></span> "good" + <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">spel</i></span> "news"). The Old English term was retained as <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">gospel</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Middle English Bible translations">Middle English Bible translations</a> and hence remains in use also in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Canonical_gospels"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John"><span id="Canonical_gospels:_Matthew.2C_Mark.2C_Luke_and_John"></span>Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Four Gospels" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Four_Gospels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Four Gospels (disambiguation)">Four Gospels (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Canonical Gospels</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/220px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/330px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/440px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2530" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The first page of the Gospel of Mark in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Sargis_Pitsak" title="Sargis Pitsak">Sargis Pitsak</a>, 14th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century#Apostolic_Age" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">89</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">3,779</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four canonical gospels share the same basic outline of the life of Jesus: he begins his public ministry in conjunction with that of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, calls disciples, teaches and heals and confronts the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, dies on the cross and is raised from the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2006183_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006183-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each has its own distinctive understanding of him and his divine role<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars recognize that the differences of detail among the gospels are irreconcilable, and any attempt to harmonize them would only disrupt their distinct theological messages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz2009192_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2009192-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthew, Mark, and Luke are termed the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> because they present very similar accounts of the life of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark begins with the baptism of the adult Jesus and the heavenly declaration that he is the son of God; he gathers followers and begins his ministry, and tells his disciples that he must die in Jerusalem but that he will rise; in Jerusalem, he is at first acclaimed but then rejected, betrayed, and crucified, and when the women who have followed him come to his tomb, they find it empty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring20061–3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring20061–3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark never calls Jesus "God" or claims that he existed prior to his earthly life, apparently believes that he had a normal human parentage and birth, and makes no attempt to trace his ancestry back to <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1997125_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1997125-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it originally ended at <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a>:8 and had no <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">post-resurrection appearances</a>, although Mark 16:7, in which the young man discovered in the tomb instructs the women to tell "the disciples and Peter" that Jesus will see them again in Galilee, hints that the author knew of the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelford1999148-149_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford1999148-149-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authors of Matthew and Luke added infancy and resurrection narratives to the story they found in Mark, although the two differ markedly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEve202129_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEve202129-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each also makes subtle theological changes to Mark: the Markan miracle stories, for example, confirm Jesus' status as an emissary of God (which was Mark's understanding of the Messiah), but in Matthew they demonstrate his divinity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune198759_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198759-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "young man" who appears at Jesus' tomb in Mark becomes a radiant angel in Matthew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaton2005117,_123_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaton2005117,_123-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1986114_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1986114-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke, while following Mark's plot more faithfully than Matthew, has expanded on the source, corrected Mark's grammar and syntax, and eliminated some passages entirely, notably most of chapters 6 and 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2010a48_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2010a48-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John, the most overtly theological, is the first to make Christological judgements outside the context of the narrative of Jesus's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presents a significantly different picture of Jesus's career,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omitting any mention of his ancestry, birth and childhood, his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">temptation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his chronology and arrangement of incidents is also distinctly different, clearly describing the passage of three years in Jesus's ministry in contrast to the single year of the synoptics, placing the <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">cleansing of the Temple</a> at the beginning rather than at the end, and the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> on the day before <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> instead of being a Passover meal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201152_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201152-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Delbert Burkett, the Gospel of John is the only gospel to call Jesus God, though other scholars like <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> and Michael Barber view a possible divine <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> in the synoptics.<sup id="cite_ref-web_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002216_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002216-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Mark, where Jesus hides his identity as messiah, in John he openly proclaims it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/350px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/525px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/700px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>The Synoptic sources: the Gospel of Mark (the triple tradition), <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q</a> (the double tradition), and material unique to Matthew (the <a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a>), Luke (the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a>), and Mark<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonoré198695–147_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonoré198695–147-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the four gospels were written in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2006185_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2006185-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of Mark probably dates from around AD 70,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew and Luke around AD 85–90,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John AD 90–110.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, which puts their composition likely within the lifetimes of various eyewitnesses, including Jesus's own family. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the traditional ascriptions, all four are anonymous, and none were written by eyewitnesses to the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, though most scholars view the author of <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a> as an eyewitness to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All are the end-products of long <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral</a> and written transmission (which did involve claiming consulting eyewitnesses).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few scholars defend the traditional ascriptions or attributions, but for a variety of reasons, the majority of scholars have abandoned this view or hold it only tenuously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gathercole_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gathercole-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the immediate aftermath of Jesus' death, his followers expected him to return at any moment, certainly within their own lifetimes, and in consequence there was little motivation to write anything down for future generations, but as eyewitnesses began to die, and as the missionary needs of the church grew, there was an increasing demand and need for written versions of the founder's life and teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201117_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201117-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stages of this process can be summarized as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002124–125_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002124–125-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Oral traditions – stories and sayings passed on largely as separate self-contained units, not in any order;</li> <li>Written collections of miracle stories, parables, sayings, etc., with oral tradition continuing alongside these;</li> <li>Written proto-gospels preceding and serving as sources for the gospels – the dedicatory preface of Luke, for example, testifies to the existence of previous accounts of the life of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gospels formed by combining proto-gospels, written collections, and still-current oral tradition.</li></ul> <p>Mark is generally agreed to be the first gospel;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it uses a variety of sources, including conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic</a> discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings, although not the sayings gospel known as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, and probably not the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a> used by Matthew and Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of Matthew and Luke, acting independently, used Mark for their narrative of Jesus' career, supplementing it with the hypothesized collection of sayings called the Q source and additional material unique to each called the <a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a> (Matthew) and the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a> (Luke).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20096_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20096-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markan_priority_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markan_priority-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospels represent a Jesus tradition and were enveloped by oral storytelling and performances during the early years of Christianity, rather than being redactions or literary responses to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark, Matthew, and Luke are called the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> because of their close similarities of content, arrangement, and language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodacre20011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre20011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan Kirk praises Matthew in particular for his "scribal memory competence" and "his high esteem for and careful handling of both Mark and Q", which makes claims the latter two works are significantly theologically or historically different dubious. <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors and editors of John may have known the synoptics, but did not use them in the way that Matthew and Luke used Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a near-consensus that this gospel had its origins as a "signs" source (or gospel) that circulated within the <a href="/wiki/Johannine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannine">Johannine</a> community (which produced John and the three epistles associated with the name) and later expanded with a Passion narrative as well as a series of discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2014309_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014309-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All four also use the Jewish scriptures, by quoting or referencing passages, interpreting texts, or alluding to or echoing biblical themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201343–44_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201343–44-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such use can be extensive: Mark's description of the <a href="/wiki/Parousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parousia">Parousia</a> (second coming) is made up almost entirely of quotations from scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002403_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002403-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew is full of quotations and <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaton2005122_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaton2005122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although John uses scripture in a far less explicit manner, its influence is still pervasive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu2005175_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu2005175-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wesley Allen, their source was the Greek version of the scriptures, called the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and they do not seem familiar with the original Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201345_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201345-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, though other scholars point out that Matthew in particular has quotations closer to the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic">Masoretic</a> and could understand <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre_and_historical_reliability">Genre and historical reliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genre and historical reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div> <p>The consensus among modern scholars is that the gospels are a subset of the ancient genre of <i>bios</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient biographies were concerned with providing examples for readers to emulate while preserving and promoting the subject's reputation and memory; the gospels were never simply biographical, they were <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kerygma" title="Kerygma">kerygma</a></i> (preaching),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201332_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201332-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they present the Christian message of the second half of the first century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholars</a> are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically as historical documents,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261–262_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261–262-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2010_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a-historical_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-historical-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nativity_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nativity-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_public_career_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_public_career-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority view among critical scholars is that the authors of Matthew and Luke based their narratives on Mark's gospel, editing him to suit their own ends, and the contradictions and discrepancies among these three versions and John make it impossible to accept both traditions as equally reliable with regard to the historical Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2000523_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2000523-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the gospels read today have been edited and corrupted over time, leading <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> to complain in the 3rd century that "the differences among manuscripts have become great [...] [because copyists] either neglect to check over what they have transcribed, or, in the process of checking, they make additions or deletions as they please."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a7,_52_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a7,_52-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these are insignificant, but some are significant,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a69_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a69-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example being Matthew 1:18, altered to imply the pre-existence of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199675–76_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199675–76-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of later authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201121–22_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201121–22-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars usually agree that John is not without historical value: certain of its sayings are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts, and its representation of the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> around <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is often superior to that of the synoptics. Its testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and its presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199836–37_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199836–37-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it is highly unlikely that the author had direct knowledge of events, or that his mentions of the <a href="/wiki/Beloved_Disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved Disciple">Beloved Disciple</a> as his source should be taken as a guarantee of his reliability,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200526_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200526-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for Christ's ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2010_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assessments of the reliability of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> involve not just the texts but studying the long oral and written transmission behind them using methods like memory studies and <a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">form criticism</a>, with different scholars coming to different conclusions. There have been different views on the transmission of material that lead to the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a>, with various scholars arguing memory and orality reliably preserved traditions that ultimately go back to the historical Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have been more skeptical and see more changes in the traditions prior to the written Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1997_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh2009_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_D.G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D.G. Dunn">James D.G. Dunn</a> believed that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the earliest tradents within the Christian churches [were] preservers more than innovators [...] seeking to transmit, retell, explain, interpret, elaborate, but not create <i>de novo</i> [...] Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition [...] we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process [...] and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anthony Le Donne, a leading memory researcher in Jesus studies, elaborated on Dunn's thesis, basing "his historiography squarely on Dunn’s thesis that the historical Jesus is the memory of Jesus recalled by the earliest disciples."<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Le Donne as explained by his reviewer, Benjamin Simpson, memories are fractured, and not exact recalls of the past. Le Donne further argues that the remembrance of events is facilitated by relating it to a common story, or "type." This means the Jesus-tradition is not a theological invention of the early Church, but rather a tradition shaped and refracted through such memory "type." Le Donne too supports a conservative view on typology compared to some other scholars, transmissions involving eyewitnesses, and ultimately a stable tradition resulting in little invention in the Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Donne expressed himself thusly vis-a-vis more skeptical scholars, "He (Dale Allison) does not read the gospels as fiction, but even if these early stories derive from memory, memory can be frail and often misleading. While I do not share Allison's point of departure (i.e. I am more optimistic), I am compelled by the method that came from it."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a> emphasizes the weakness of human memory, referring to its 'many sins' and how it frequently misguides people. He expresses skepticism at other scholars' endeavors to identify authentic sayings of Jesus. Instead of isolating and authenticating individual pericopae, Allison advocates for a methodology focused on identifying patterns and finding what he calls 'recurrent attestation'. Allison argues that the general impressions left by the Gospels should be trusted, though he is more skeptical on the details; if they are broadly unreliable, then our sources almost certainly cannot have preserved any of the particulars. Opposing preceding approaches where the Gospels are historically questionable and must be rigorously sifted through by competent scholars for nuggets of information, Allison argues that the Gospels are generally accurate and often 'got Jesus right'. Dale Allison finds apocalypticism to be recurrently attested, among various other themes.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewing his work, Rafael Rodriguez largely agrees with Allison's methodology and conclusions while arguing that Allison's discussion on memory is too one-sided, noting that memory "is nevertheless sufficiently stable to authentically bring the past to bear on the present" and that people are beholden to memory's successes in everyday life. <sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Craig Keener</a>, drawing on the works of previous studies by Dunn, Alan Kirk, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Bailey" title="Kenneth E. Bailey">Kenneth Bailey</a>, and Robert McIver, among many others, utilizes memory theory and oral tradition to argue that the Gospels are in many ways historically accurate. <sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work has been endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Markus Bockmuehl</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Charlesworth" class="mw-redirect" title="James Charlesworth">James Charlesworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">David Aune</a>, among others. <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a>, "...the Judaism of the period treated such traditions very carefully, and the New Testament writers in numerous passages applied to apostolic traditions the same technical terminology found elsewhere in Judaism [...] In this way they both identified their traditions as 'holy word' and showed their concern for a careful and ordered transmission of it."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NT_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="NT Wright">NT Wright</a> also argued for a stable oral tradition, stating "Communities that live in an oral culture tend to be story-telling communities [...] Such stories [...] acquire a fairly fixed form, down to precise phraseology [...] they retain that form, and phraseology, as long as they are told [...] The storyteller in such a culture has no license to invent or adapt at will. The less important the story, the more the entire community, in a process that is informal but very effective, will keep a close watch on the precise form and wording with which the story is told.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars are less sanguine about oral tradition, and Valantasis, Bleyle, and Hough argue that the early traditions were fluid and subject to alteration, sometimes transmitted by those who had known Jesus personally, but more often by wandering prophets and teachers like the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, who did not know him personally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrman explains how the tradition developed as it was transmitted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are probably familiar with the old birthday party game "<a href="/wiki/Telephone_game" title="Telephone game">telephone</a>." A group of kids sits in a circle, the first tells a brief story to the one sitting next to her, who tells it to the next, and to the next, and so on, until it comes back full circle to the one who started it. Invariably, the story has changed so much in the process of retelling that everyone gets a good laugh. Imagine this same activity taking place, not in a solitary living room with ten kids on one afternoon, but over the expanse of the Roman Empire (some 2,500 miles across), with thousands of participants—from different backgrounds, with different concerns, and in different contexts—some of whom have to translate the stories into different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While multiple quests have been undertaken to reconstruct the historical Jesus, since the late 1990s concerns have been growing about the possibility to reconstruct a historical Jesus from the Gospel-texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dunn, "What we actually have in the earliest retellings of what is now the Synoptic tradition...are the memories of the first disciples-not Jesus himself, but the remembered Jesus. The idea that we can get back to an objective historical reality, which we can wholly separate and disentangle from the disciples' memories...is simply unrealistic."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These memories can contradict and are not always historically correct, as the Gospels display. Chris Keith argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> was the one who could create these memories, both true or not. For instance, Mark and Luke disagree on how Jesus came back to the synagogue, with the likely more accurate Mark arguing he was rejected for being an artisan, while Luke portrays Jesus as literate and his refusal to heal in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> as cause of his dismissal. Keith does not view Luke's account as a fabrication since different eyewitnesses would have perceived and remembered differently. <sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chris Keith, a historical Jesus is "ultimately unattainable, but can be hypothesized on the basis of the interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a>, and as part of a larger process of accounting for how and why early Christians came to view Jesus in the ways that they did." According to Keith, "these two models are methodologically and epistemologically incompatible," calling into question the methods and aim of the first model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keith argues that criticism of the criteria of authenticity does not mean scholars cannot research the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, but rather that scholarship should seek to understand the Gospels rather than trying to sift through them for nuggets of history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the methodological challenges <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> studies have flowered in recent years; Dale Allison laments, "The publication of academic books about the historical Jesus continues apace, so much so that no one can any longer keep up; we are all overwhelmed."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_history_and_canonisation">Textual history and canonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Textual history and canonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>The oldest gospel text known is <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_52" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 52">𝔓<sup>52</sup></a></span>, a fragment of John dating from the first half of the 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of a Christian canon was probably a response to the career of the heretic <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 85</span>–160), who established a canon of his own with just one gospel, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a>, similar to the Gospel of Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Muratorian canon">Muratorian canon</a>, the earliest surviving list of books considered (by its own author at least) to form Christian scripture, included Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> went further, stating that there must be four gospels and only four because there were <a href="/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world" title="Four corners of the world">four corners of the Earth</a> and thus the Church should have four pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He referred to the four collectively as the "fourfold gospel" (<i>euangelion tetramorphon</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson201615_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson201615-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-canonical_(apocryphal)_gospels"><span id="Non-canonical_.28apocryphal.29_gospels"></span>Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/220px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/330px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/440px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Gospel of Thomas</figcaption></figure> <p>The many apocryphal gospels arose from the 1st century onward, frequently under assumed names to enhance their credibility and authority, and often from within branches of Christianity that were eventually branded heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune2003199–200_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003199–200-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be broadly organised into the following categories:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy gospels</a>: arose in the 2nd century, including the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>, also called the Protoevangelium, which was the first to introduce the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Virginity">Perpetual Virginity</a> of Mary, and the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> (not to be confused with the unrelated Coptic <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>), both of which related many miraculous incidents from the life of Mary and the childhood of Jesus that are not included in the canonical gospels.</li> <li>Ministry gospels</li> <li>Sayings gospels and agrapha</li> <li>Passion, resurrection and post-resurrection gospels</li> <li>Gospel harmonies: in which the four canonical gospels are combined into a single narrative, either to present a consistent text or to produce a more accessible account of Jesus' life.</li></ul> <p>The apocryphal gospels can also be seen in terms of the communities which produced them: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Christian">Jewish-Christian</a> gospels are the products of Christians of Jewish origin who had not given up their Jewish identity: they regarded Jesus as the messiah of the Jewish scripture but did not agree that he was God, an idea which, although central to Christianity as it eventually developed, is contrary to Jewish beliefs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> gospels uphold the idea that the universe is the product of a hierarchy of gods, of whom the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Jewish god</a> is a rather low-ranking member. Gnosticism holds that Jesus was entirely "spirit", and that his earthly life and death were therefore only an appearance, not a reality. Many Gnostic texts deal not in concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The major apocryphal gospels (after Bart Ehrman, "Lost Christianities" – comments on content are by Ehrman unless otherwise noted)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi–xii_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi–xii-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="120px">Title</th> <th>Probable date</th> <th>Content </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of the Apostles">Epistle of the Apostles</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td>Anti-gnostic dialogue between Jesus and the disciples after the resurrection, emphasising the reality of the flesh and of Jesus' fleshly resurrection </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_According_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel According to the Hebrews">Gospel According to the Hebrews</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Events in the life of Jesus; Jewish-Christian, with possible gnostic overtones </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Jewish-Christian, embodying anti-sacrificial concerns </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Gospel_of_the_Egyptians" title="Greek Gospel of the Egyptians">Gospel of the Egyptians</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>"Salome" figures prominently; Jewish-Christian stressing asceticism </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></td> <td>2nd c.</td> <td>Dialogue of Mary Magdalene with the apostles, and her vision of Jesus' secret teachings. <p>It was originally written in Greek and is often interpreted as a Gnostic text. It is typically not considered a gospel by scholars since it does not focus on the life of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazareans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of the Nazareans">Gospel of the Nazareans</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Aramaic version of Matthew, possibly lacking the first two chapters; Jewish-Christian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a></td> <td>5th c.</td> <td>Jesus' trial, crucifixion and descent into Hell </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Fragmentary narrative of Jesus' trial, death and emergence from the tomb. It seems to be hostile toward Jews and includes <a href="/wiki/Docetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Docetic">docetic</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a narrative gospel and is notable for asserting that <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></td> <td>3rd c.</td> <td>Mystical reflections of the disciple Philip </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Saviour" title="Gospel of the Saviour">Gospel of the Saviour</a></td> <td>Late 2nd c.</td> <td>Fragmentary account of Jesus' last hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Gospel_of_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Gospel of Thomas">Coptic Gospel of Thomas</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>The <i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> says that the original may date from c. 150.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that it may represent a tradition independent from the canonical gospels, but that developed over a long time and was influenced by Matthew and Luke;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other scholars believe it is a later text, dependent from the canonical gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it can be understood in <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> terms, it lacks the characteristic features of Gnostic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes two unique parables, the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_empty_jar" title="Parable of the empty jar">parable of the empty jar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_assassin" title="Parable of the assassin">parable of the assassin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993"The_Gospel_of_Thomas"_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993"The_Gospel_of_Thomas"-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been lost but was discovered, in a Coptic version dating from c. 350, at <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a> in 1945–46, and three papyri, dated to c. 200, which contain fragments of a Greek text similar to but not identical with that in the Coptic language, have also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Miraculous deeds of Jesus between the ages of five and twelve </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td>Joys of Salvation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egerton_Gospel" title="Egerton Gospel">Papyrus Egerton 2</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Fragmentary, four episodes from the life of Jesus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></td> <td>Late 2nd c.</td> <td>Gospel harmony (and the first such gospel harmony) composed by <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>; may have been intended to replace the separate gospels as an authoritative text. It was accepted for liturgical purposes for as much as two centuries in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, but was eventually suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamble198530–35_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamble198530–35-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protoevangelium_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoevangelium of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td>Birth and early life of Mary, and birth of Jesus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>, c. 150, had a much shorter version of the gospel of Luke, differing substantially from what has now become the standard text of the gospel and far less oriented towards the Jewish scriptures. Marcion's critics said that he had edited out the portions of Luke he did not like, though Marcion argued that his was the more genuinely original text. He is said to have rejected all other gospels, including those of Matthew, Mark and especially John, which he alleged had been forged by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></td> <td>Uncertain</td> <td>Allegedly a longer version of Mark written for an elect audience </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></td> <td>Late 2nd c.</td> <td>Purports to tell the story of the gospel from the perspective of Judas, the disciple who is usually said to have betrayed Jesus. It paints an unusual picture of the relationship between Jesus and Judas, in that it appears to interpret Judas's act not as betrayal, but rather as an act of obedience to the instructions of Jesus. The text was recovered from a cave in Egypt by a thief and thereafter sold on the black market until it was finally discovered by a collector who, with the help of academics from Yale and Princeton, was able to verify its authenticity. The document itself does not claim to have been authored by Judas (it is, rather, a gospel about Judas), and is known to date to at least 180 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a></td> <td>14th–16th c.</td> <td>Contradicts the ministry of Jesus in canonical New Testament and strongly denies <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline</a> doctrine, but has clear parallels with Islam, mentioning Muhammad as Messenger of God. Jesus identifies himself as a prophet, not the son of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodmer_Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodmer Papyri">Bodmer Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_gospel_(genre)" title="Fifth gospel (genre)">Fifth gospel (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">The gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel (liturgy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesusism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesusism">Jesusism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Christian_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Christian gospels">Jewish-Christian gospels</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1995">Dunn (1995</a>, pp. 371–372): "Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition, I believe, we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process (which often predates Easter) and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In "Jesus Remembered (2003), Dunn asesses "what 'goes back to Jesus'." <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn (2003</a>, p. 329): "I emphasize again that I do not envisage 'getting back to Jesus' himself. All we have are the impressions which Jesus made, the remembered Jesus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders2010">Sanders (2010)</a>: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways [...] Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching [...] The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markan_priority-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markan_priority_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The priority of Mark is accepted by most scholars, but there are important dissenting opinions: see the article <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">Synoptic problem</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The debate over the composition of John is too complex to be treated adequately in a single paragraph; for a more nuanced view see <a href="#CITEREFAune1987">Aune (1987)</a>, "Gospel of John".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune1987243–245_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune1987243–245-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferda: "I have no doubt that the First Evangelist could read Hebrew, and here I stand with a host of other interpreters."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-historical-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a-historical_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gospels are a-historical documents: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSchoeps1968">Schoeps (1968</a>, p. 261–262): "The Gospels cannot be equated with [...] biographies [...] [Their] primary purpose was not to present a detailed historical picture of the life of Jesus. And the non-Christian materials [...] provide us with no essential new knowledge beyond the accounts of the Gospels [...] [Thus] the situation in regard to sources is highly unsatisfactory; legendary and historical accounts are hopelessly intertwined. The historian must recognize that the materials available to us do not enable us to reconstruct Jesus as he really was. [They have] only the Jesus the early disciples saw, the Christ who has survived in the beliefs of the Christian community.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSanders2010">Sanders (2010)</a>: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways [...] Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching [...] The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman (1999</a>, p. 53): "... early Christians who passed along the traditions sometimes found it legitimate and necessary to change a historical fact in order to make a historical point [...] since the Gospels preserve traditions that have been modified over time in their retelling, it is impossible simply to take these stories at face value and uncritically assume that they represent historically accurate information."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-nativity-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nativity_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Luke's attempt to link the birth of Jesus to the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census of Quirinius</a> demonstrates, there is no guarantee that the gospels are historically accurate. (<a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, p. 22) Indeed, most critical scholars view the nativity of Jesus as a theological, rather than historical, narrative.See: W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, "Jesus from the Jewish point of view", in William Horbury (ed.), <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i>, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984; <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_Interpreter%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible">New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible</a>: Volume 3</i> Abingdon Press, 2008. pp. 42, 269–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_public_career-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_public_career_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders (1995</a>, p. 5): "The main sources for our knowledge about Jesus himself, the gospels in the New Testament, are, from the point of view of the historian, tainted by the fact that they were written by people who intended to glorify their hero [...] Despite this [...] we have a good idea of the external course of his life, especially his public career."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 697.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander 2006</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2004">Lincoln 2004</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201332-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201332_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201332_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2013">Vermes 2013</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012">Keith & Le Donne 2012</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeith2016">Keith 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012">Keith & Le Donne 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1995">Dunn 1995</a>, pp. 371–372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2012_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2012_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeith2012">Keith 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Os2011" class="citation book cs1">van Os, Bas (2011). <i>Psychological Analyses and the Historical Jesus: New Ways to Explore Christian Origins</i>. T&T Clark. p. 57, 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567269515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567269515"><bdi>978-0567269515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Analyses+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+New+Ways+to+Explore+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=57%2C+83&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0567269515&rft.aulast=van+Os&rft.aufirst=Bas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1996" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, EP (1996). <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. Penguin. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140144994" title="Special:BookSources/0140144994"><bdi>0140144994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0140144994&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins1998">Perkins 1998</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, pp. 108, 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2005">Lincoln 2005</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, pp. 13, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrskog2000" class="citation book cs1">Byrskog, Samuel (2000). <i>Story as History - History as Story: The Gospel Tradition in the Context of Ancient Oral History</i>. 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Mohr Siebrek Ek. p. 18-28, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161473050" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161473050"><bdi>978-3161473050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+as+History+-+History+as+Story%3A+The+Gospel+Tradition+in+the+Context+of+Ancient+Oral+History&rft.pages=18-28%2C+69&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebrek+Ek&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3161473050&rft.aulast=Byrskog&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael. <i>Jesus Darkly: Remembering Jesus with the New Testament</i>. 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Yale University Press. p. 39-40, 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300165098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300165098"><bdi>978-0300165098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Christian+History%3A+Memory+and+Time+from+Mark+to+Luke-Acts&rft.pages=39-40%2C+59&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0300165098&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Eve-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000">Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gathercole-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gathercole_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGathercole2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gathercole, Simon (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/article/69/2/447/5101372">"The Alleged Anonymity of the Canonical Gospels"</a>. <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>69</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">447–</span>476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Ffly113">10.1093/jts/fly113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Alleged+Anonymity+of+the+Canonical+Gospels&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Ffly113&rft.aulast=Gathercole&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjts%2Farticle%2F69%2F2%2F447%2F5101372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201117-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201117_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002124–125-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002124–125_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartens2004">Martens 2004</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2010" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2010). <i>Structuring Early Christian Memory: Jesus in Tradition, Performance and Text</i>. 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Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802876751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802876751"><bdi>978-0802876751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christobiography%3A+Memory%2C+History%2C+and+the+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0802876751&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig</a> (1998). <i>Authenticating the Words of Jesus & Authenticating the Activities of Jesus, Volume 2 Authenticating the Activities of Jesus</i>. Brill. p. 53-55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113022" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113022"><bdi>978-9004113022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Words+of+Jesus+%26+Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus%2C+Volume+2+Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004113022&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/NT_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="NT Wright">Wright, NT</a>. "Five Gospels But No Gospel". In Craig A. Evans; Bruce Chilton (eds.). <i>Authenticating the Activities of Jesus</i>. New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents. Vol. 28. Brill. p. 112-113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004421295_009">10.1163/9789004421295_009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Five+Gospels+But+No+Gospel&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus&rft.series=New+Testament+Tools%2C+Studies+and+Documents&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004421295_009&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=NT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, pp. 7, 10, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1997">Ehrman 1997</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 130-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2011). "Memory and Authenticity: Jesus Tradition and What Really Happened". <i>Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und Kunde der Älteren Kirche</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 172, 176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011">10.1515/zntw.2011.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Neutestamentliche+Wissenschaft+und+Kunde+der+%C3%84lteren+Kirche&rft.atitle=Memory+and+Authenticity%3A+Jesus+Tradition+and+What+Really+Happened&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172%2C+176&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2023" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Michael (2023). <i>The Historical Jesus and the Temple: Memory, Methodology and the Gospel of Matthew- Foreword by Dale C. Allison, Jr</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009210850" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009210850"><bdi>978-1009210850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+and+the+Temple%3A+Memory%2C+Methodology+and+the+Gospel+of+Matthew-+Foreword+by+Dale+C.+Allison%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1009210850&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFantReddish2008">Fant & Reddish 2008</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005a">Ehrman 2005a</a>, p. 34: "Marcion included a Gospel in his canon, a form of what is now the Gospel of Luke"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005a">Ehrman 2005a</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson201615-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson201615_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2016">Watson 2016</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003199–200-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune2003199–200_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune2003">Aune 2003</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrmanPlese2011">Ehrman & Plese 2011</a>, p. passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagels1989">Pagels 1989</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi–xii-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi–xii_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005b">Ehrman 2005b</a>, pp. xi–xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernhard2006">Bernhard 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Gospel of St. Peter".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"_128-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Gospel of Thomas".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier1991">Meier 1991</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993"The_Gospel_of_Thomas"-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993"The_Gospel_of_Thomas"_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993">Funk, Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993</a>, "The Gospel of Thomas".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger2003">Metzger 2003</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamble198530–35-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamble198530–35_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamble1985">Gamble 1985</a>, pp. 30–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiegers1995">Wiegers 1995</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2006" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Loveday (2006). "What is a Gospel?". In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521807661" title="Special:BookSources/9780521807661"><bdi>9780521807661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Gospel%3F&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521807661&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Loveday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlX16qfiZkOoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation book cs1">Allen, O. Wesley (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ag2AQAAQBAJ&q=%22present+the+characters+in+their+narratives+as+using+scripture%22&pg=PA43"><i>Reading the Synoptic Gospels</i></a>. Chalice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0827232273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0827232273"><bdi>978-0827232273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0827232273&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=O.+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ag2AQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522present%2Bthe%2Bcharacters%2Bin%2Btheir%2Bnarratives%2Bas%2Busing%2Bscripture%2522%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2011" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Paul N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keBlpFgg4fAC&q=%22John+and+the+synoptics%3A+why+such+different+introductions+and+conclusions%3F%22&pg=PR8"><i>The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451415551" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451415551"><bdi>978-1451415551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddles+of+the+Fourth+Gospel%3A+An+Introduction+to+John&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1451415551&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeBlpFgg4fAC%26q%3D%2522John%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsynoptics%253A%2Bwhy%2Bsuch%2Bdifferent%2Bintroductions%2Band%2Bconclusions%253F%2522%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1987" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC&q=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment"><i>The New Testament in its literary environment</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdSto1nkx9AC%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BTestament%2Bin%2Bits%2Bliterary%2Benvironment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2003" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC"><i>The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+New+Testament+and+Early+Christian+Literature+and+Rhetoric&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhhdJ-fkywYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&q=Chapter+6+Richard+C.+Beaton&pg=PA116">"How Matthew Writes"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). <i>The Written Gospel</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Matthew+Writes&rft.btitle=The+Written+Gospel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83285-4&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAZxCMRztQ4C%26q%3DChapter%2B6%2BRichard%2BC.%2BBeaton%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhard2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernhard, Andrew E. (2006). <i>Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts</i>. Library of New Testament Studies. Vol. 315. London; New York: T & T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04204-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04204-9"><bdi>0-567-04204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Early+Christian+Gospels%3A+A+Critical+Edition+of+the+Surviving+Greek+Manuscripts&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-567-04204-9&rft.aulast=Bernhard&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoring2006" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmP5-Jp8VzsC"><i>Mark: A Commentary</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22107-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22107-2&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmP5-Jp8VzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurge2014" class="citation book cs1">Burge, Gary M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&q=%22The+gospel+of+john+has+been+both+esteemed+as+a+valid+source%22&pg=PA236">"Gospel of John"</a>. In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317722243" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317722243"><bdi>978-1317722243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+of+John&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317722243&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStasAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bgospel%2Bof%2Bjohn%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bboth%2Besteemed%2Bas%2Ba%2Bvalid%2Bsource%2522%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC"><i>An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC"><i>Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192802903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192802903"><bdi>978-0192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper1999" class="citation book cs1">Culpepper, R. Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn6wk-ipDVQC">"The Christology of the Johannine Writings"</a>. In Kingsbury, Jack Dean; Powell, Mark Allan Powell; Bauer, David R. (eds.). <i>Who Do You Say that I Am?: Essays on Christology</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664257521" title="Special:BookSources/9780664257521"><bdi>9780664257521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christology+of+the+Johannine+Writings&rft.btitle=Who+Do+You+Say+that+I+Am%3F%3A+Essays+on+Christology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780664257521&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRn6wk-ipDVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1995" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (1995). "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History". In Charlesworth, James H. (ed.). <i>The Messiah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianic+Ideas+and+Their+Influence+on+the+Jesus+of+History&rft.btitle=The+Messiah&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G (2003). <i>Christianity in the making Volume 1. Jesus Remembered</i>. William B. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+making+Volume+1.+Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&q=%22the+gospels+were+never+simply+biographical%3B+they+were+propaganda%3B+they+were+kerygma%22&pg=PA174">"The Tradition"</a>. In Dunn, James D.G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). <i>The Historical Jesus in Recent Research</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061009" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575061009"><bdi>978-1575061009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1575061009&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37uJRUF6btAC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bgospels%2Bwere%2Bnever%2Bsimply%2Bbiographical%253B%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bpropaganda%253B%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bkerygma%2522%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2002" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, James R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MjWS_4La_EC"><i>The Gospel according to Mark</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851117782" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851117782"><bdi>978-0851117782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+Mark&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0851117782&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MjWS_4La_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGpL9x19GaEC"><i>The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976357-3"><bdi>978-0-19-976357-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Corruption+of+Scripture%3A+The+Effect+of+Early+Christological+Controversies+on+the+Text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976357-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGpL9x19GaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1997" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1997). <i>The New Testament. A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament.+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9K_6NN3llcC&q=Q"><i>Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199839438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199839438"><bdi>978-0199839438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0199839438&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9K_6NN3llcC%26q%3DQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Prof.BartEhrman-MisquotingJesus/BartD.Ehrman-MisquotingJesus_djvu.txt"><i>Misquoting Jesus</i></a>. Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FProf.BartEhrman-MisquotingJesus%2FBartD.Ehrman-MisquotingJesus_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC"><i>Lost Christianities</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195182491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195182491"><bdi>978-0195182491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195182491&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScMTDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199831289" title="Special:BookSources/9780199831289"><bdi>9780199831289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Judas+Iscariot&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199831289&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScMTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanPlese2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart; Plese, Zlatko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqQ9LSzs8hgC"><i>The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199831289" title="Special:BookSources/9780199831289"><bdi>9780199831289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199831289&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Plese%2C+Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqQ9LSzs8hgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEve2021" class="citation book cs1">Eve, Eric (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnZKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29"><i>Solving the Synoptic Puzzle: Introducing the Case for the Farrer Hypothesis</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725283886" title="Special:BookSources/9781725283886"><bdi>9781725283886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solving+the+Synoptic+Puzzle%3A+Introducing+the+Case+for+the+Farrer+Hypothesis&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781725283886&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnZKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantReddish2008" class="citation book cs1">Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj6zVQJz7zYC"><i>Lost Treasures of the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828811" title="Special:BookSources/9780802828811"><bdi>9780802828811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Treasures+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802828811&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=Clyde+E.&rft.au=Reddish%2C+Mitchell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDj6zVQJz7zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>; Hoover, Roy W.; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1993). "The Gospel of Thomas". <i>The five gospels</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. <span class="nowrap">471–</span>532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.btitle=The+five+gospels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Roy+W.&rft.au=Jesus+Seminar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1985" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Harry (1985). <i>The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0470-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-0470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+Canon%3A+Its+Making+and+Meaning&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0470-7&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodacre2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodacre, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iV05Mv-hbMAC"><i>The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567080561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567080561"><bdi>978-0567080561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synoptic+Problem%3A+A+Way+Through+the+Maze&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0567080561&rft.aulast=Goodacre&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiV05Mv-hbMAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré1986" class="citation journal cs1">Honoré, A.M. (1986). "A statistical study of the synoptic problem". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>10</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1560364">10.2307/1560364</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560364">1560364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=A+statistical+study+of+the+synoptic+problem&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1560364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1560364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Honor%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010a" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke Timothy (2010a). <i>The Writings of the New Testament – An Interpretation</i> (3rd ed.). Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451413281" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451413281"><bdi>978-1451413281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+the+New+Testament+%E2%80%93+An+Interpretation&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1451413281&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Keith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Keith (page does not exist)">Keith, Chris</a> (2012). <i>"The Indebtedness of the criteria Approach to Form Criticism and Recent Attempts to Rehabilitate the Search for an Authentic Jesus", in Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity</i>. T&T Clark. p. 25-48 at 39-40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567377234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567377234"><bdi>978-0567377234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Indebtedness+of+the+criteria+Approach+to+Form+Criticism+and+Recent+Attempts+to+Rehabilitate+the+Search+for+an+Authentic+Jesus%22%2C+in+Jesus%2C+Criteria%2C+and+the+Demise+of+Authenticity&rft.pages=25-48+at+39-40&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0567377234&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2016" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0142064X16637777">"The Narratives of the Gospels and the Historical Jesus: Current Debates, Prior Debates and the Goal of Historical Jesus Research"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>38</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">426–</span>455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X16637777">10.1177/0142064X16637777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Narratives+of+the+Gospels+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Current+Debates%2C+Prior+Debates+and+the+Goal+of+Historical+Jesus+Research&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X16637777&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0142064X16637777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony, eds. (2012). <i>Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity</i>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567691200" title="Special:BookSources/9780567691200"><bdi>9780567691200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Criteria%2C+and+the+Demise+of+Authenticity&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780567691200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2009" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Amy-Jill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&q=%22held+by+the+majority+of+scholars+today%22%22four-source+theory%22&pg=PA6">"Introduction"</a>. In Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C. Jr.; Crossan, John Dominic (eds.). <i>The Historical Jesus in Context</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400827374" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400827374"><bdi>978-1400827374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400827374&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIp_0N3uPPcC%26q%3D%2522held%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bmajority%2Bof%2Bscholars%2Btoday%2522%2522four-source%2Btheory%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu2005" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Judith (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&q=%22John+uses+far+fewer+explicit+citations%22&pg=PA175">"How John Writes"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). <i>The Written Gospel</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+John+Writes&rft.btitle=The+Written+Gospel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83285-4&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAZxCMRztQ4C%26q%3D%2522John%2Buses%2Bfar%2Bfewer%2Bexplicit%2Bcitations%2522%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2004" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsPYJZCToq4C&q=%22gospels+are+a+subset+of+the+genre+of+bios%22&pg=PA133">"Reading John"</a>. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). <i>Reading the Gospels Today</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802805171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802805171"><bdi>978-0802805171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+John&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Gospels+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802805171&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsPYJZCToq4C%26q%3D%2522gospels%2Bare%2Ba%2Bsubset%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgenre%2Bof%2Bbios%2522%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2005" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ&q=%22final+form%22%22some+time+between+90+and+110+ce%22&pg=PA18"><i>Gospel According to St John</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441188229" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441188229"><bdi>978-1441188229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospel+According+to+St+John&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1441188229&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYmxAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522final%2Bform%2522%2522some%2Btime%2Bbetween%2B90%2Band%2B110%2Bce%2522%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC"><i>The Johannine Literature</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4"><bdi>978-1-84127-081-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Literature&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-081-4&rft.aulast=Lindars&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Court%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVOD0PhayhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartens2004" class="citation book cs1">Martens, Allan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsPYJZCToq4C&q=%22reading+Luke%27s+message+for+a+gentile+audience%22&pg=PA100">"Salvation Today: Reading Luke's Message for a Gentile Audience"</a>. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). <i>Reading the Gospels Today</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802805171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802805171"><bdi>978-0802805171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salvation+Today%3A+Reading+Luke%27s+Message+for+a+Gentile+Audience&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Gospels+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802805171&rft.aulast=Martens&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsPYJZCToq4C%26q%3D%2522reading%2BLuke%2527s%2Bmessage%2Bfor%2Ba%2Bgentile%2Baudience%2522%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zODYAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Marginal Jew. Volume 1: The roots of the problem and the person</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9"><bdi>978-0-385-26425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew.+Volume+1%3A+The+roots+of+the+problem+and+the+person&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26425-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzODYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger2003" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce (2003). <i>The New Testament: Its Background, Growth, and Content</i>. Abingdon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-068-705-2639" title="Special:BookSources/978-068-705-2639"><bdi>978-068-705-2639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+Its+Background%2C+Growth%2C+and+Content&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-068-705-2639&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1986" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Leon (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC&q=Morris+New+Testament+Theology"><i>New Testament Theology</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4"><bdi>978-0-310-45571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45571-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6D3o6fZd67EC%26q%3DMorris%2BNew%2BTestament%2BTheology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolland2005" class="citation book cs1">Nolland, John (2005). <i>The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text</i>. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Text&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nolland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1989" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52cdf95ae4b0c18dd2d0316a/t/53e074cee4b0ea4fa48a5704/1407218894673/Pagels%2C+Elaine+-+The+Gnostic+Gospels.pdf"><i>The Gnostic Gospels</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Gospels&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F52cdf95ae4b0c18dd2d0316a%2Ft%2F53e074cee4b0ea4fa48a5704%2F1407218894673%2FPagels%252C%2BElaine%2B-%2BThe%2BGnostic%2BGospels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1997" class="citation book cs1">Parker, D.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYkvZR-oWVwC&q=Parker+the+living+text+of+the+gospels"><i>The Living Text of the Gospels</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521599511" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521599511"><bdi>978-0521599511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Text+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521599511&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYkvZR-oWVwC%26q%3DParker%2Bthe%2Bliving%2Btext%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgospels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC">"The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story"</a>. In Barton, John (ed.). <i>The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7"><bdi>978-0-521-48593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Synoptic+Gospels+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+Telling+the+Christian+Story&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+biblical+interpretation&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48593-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSHCRgS_SAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=It58APyHyPsC"><i>Reading the New Testament: An Introduction</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809147861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809147861"><bdi>978-0809147861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0809147861&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIt58APyHyPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2010" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, William L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eYRBwAAQBAJ">"The Diatessaron and the Fourfold Gospel"</a>. In Horton, Charles (ed.). <i>The Earliest Gospels</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567000972" title="Special:BookSources/9780567000972"><bdi>9780567000972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diatessaron+and+the+Fourfold+Gospel&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Gospels&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567000972&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eYRBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2006" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&q=%22written+virtually+entirely+in+a+form+of+ancient+Greek%22&pg=PA185">"Language and Translation of the New Testament"</a>. In Rogerson, J.W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199254255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199254255"><bdi>978-0199254255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Translation+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Biblical+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199254255&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKZYMifS1fAC%26q%3D%2522written%2Bvirtually%2Bentirely%2Bin%2Ba%2Bform%2Bof%2Bancient%2BGreek%2522%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddish2011" class="citation book cs1">Reddish, Mitchell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC"><i>An Introduction to The Gospels</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426750083" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426750083"><bdi>978-1426750083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1426750083&rft.aulast=Reddish&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhliGUOv18cQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC"><i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141928227" title="Special:BookSources/9780141928227"><bdi>9780141928227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780141928227&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkbTL36ZgPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1995b). <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140144994" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140144994"><bdi>978-0140144994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0140144994&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">"Jesus Christ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">the original</a> on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F303091%2FJesus-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoeps1968" class="citation book cs1">Schoeps, Hans-Joachim (1968) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofmanki00scho/page/261/"><i>The Religions of Mankind</i></a>. Translated by Winston, Richard; Winston, Clara. Garden City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04080-8"><bdi>978-0-385-04080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Mankind&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04080-8&rft.aulast=Schoeps&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionsofmanki00scho%2Fpage%2F261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2009" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Daniel J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=royKA4FeMB4C"><i>Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament</i></a>. Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884899556" title="Special:BookSources/9780884899556"><bdi>9780884899556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+the+Gospels+and+Acts%3A+Introducing+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780884899556&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DroyKA4FeMB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelford1999" class="citation book cs1">Telford, W.R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9saA_qL4iMC&q=%22Luke%22%22alters+the+reference+to+Galilee%22&pg=PA148"><i>The Theology of the Gospel of Mark</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521439770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521439770"><bdi>978-0521439770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521439770&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9saA_qL4iMC%26q%3D%2522Luke%2522%2522alters%2Bthe%2Breference%2Bto%2BGalilee%2522%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC"><i>The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-0863-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Marianne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTorEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">"Gospel of John"</a>. In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521807661" title="Special:BookSources/9780521807661"><bdi>9780521807661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+of+John&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521807661&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTorEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2000" class="citation book cs1">Tuckett, Christopher (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA523">"Gospel, Gospels"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053565032" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053565032"><bdi>978-9053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel%2C+Gospels&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9053565032&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009" class="citation book cs1">Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009). <i>The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-7069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+and+Christian+Life+in+History+and+Practice&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-7069-6&rft.aulast=Valantasis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bleyle%2C+Douglas+K.&rft.au=Haugh%2C+Dennis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2013" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2013) [2012]. <i>Christian Beginnings</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Beginnings&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Francis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourfoldgospelth0000wats"><i>The Fourfold Gospel: A Theological Reading of the New Testament Portraits of Jesus</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801095450" title="Special:BookSources/9780801095450"><bdi>9780801095450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourfold+Gospel%3A+A+Theological+Reading+of+the+New+Testament+Portraits+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780801095450&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourfoldgospelth0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegers1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wiegers, G. (1995). "Muhammad as the Messiah: A comparison of the polemical works of Juan Alonso with the Gospel of Barnabas". <i>Biblitheca Orientalis</i>: <span class="nowrap">245–</span>291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblitheca+Orientalis&rft.atitle=Muhammad+as+the+Messiah%3A+A+comparison+of+the+polemical+works+of+Juan+Alonso+with+the+Gospel+of+Barnabas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wiegers&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2004" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dFLBAAAQBAJ"><i>Christianity: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199687749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199687749"><bdi>978-0199687749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0199687749&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dFLBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gospel" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Gospel">Gospel</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608014638/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/TCG/index.html">A detailed discussion of the textual variants in the gospels</a> – covering about 1200 variants on 2000 pages (archived 8 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619001437/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/GNT/books.html">Greek New Testament</a> – the Greek text of the New Testament: specifically the Westcott-Hort text from 1881, combined with the NA26/27 variants (archived 19 June 2008).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">Instrument used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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[\"CITEREFBurkett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrskog2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiltonEvans1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulpepper1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrmanPlese2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEve2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFantReddish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzmyer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamble1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGathercole2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodacre2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillKruger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonoré1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Donne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartens2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIver2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolland2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagels1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddish2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoeps1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelford1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegers1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhead2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Os2011\"] = 2,\n [\"Canonical_gospels\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Books of the Bible\"] = 1,\n [\"Books of the New Testament\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 90,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 7,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox religious text\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Papyrus link\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 17,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 119,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","24.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","17.2"],["?","140","12.1"],["recursiveClone 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T03:50:01Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T23:53:58Z","headline":"book which describes the life and teachings of Jesus"}</script> </body> </html>