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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Structural engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planet's_insolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planet's_insolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Planet's insolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planet's_insolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_variations_and_ice_ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_variations_and_ice_ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Orbital variations and ice ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_variations_and_ice_ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_wandering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_wandering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Polar wandering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_wandering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tower_of_Babel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_of_Babel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Tower of Babel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_of_Babel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_speed_of_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_speed_of_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>On the speed of light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_speed_of_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revised_Julian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revised_Julian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revised Julian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revised_Julian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophical view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interesting_facts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interesting_facts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interesting facts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interesting_facts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Milutin Milanković</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ميلانكوفيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميلانكوفيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="میلوتین میلانکویچ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلوتین میلانکویچ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Мілуцін Міланкавіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мілуцін Міланкавіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Мілуцін Міланкавіч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мілуцін Міланкавіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Милутин Миланкович – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Милутин Миланкович" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Милутин Миланкович – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Милутин Миланкович" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Μιλουτίν Μιλάνκοβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιλουτίν Μιλάνκοβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="میلوتین میلانکویچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میلوتین میلانکویچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%A3%A8%ED%8B%B4_%EB%B0%80%EB%9E%80%EC%BD%94%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="밀루틴 밀란코비치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀루틴 밀란코비치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Միլուտին Միլանկովիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլուտին Միլանկովիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9C" title="Милутин Миланковиќ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Милутин Миланковиќ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="მილუტინ მილანკოვიჩი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მილუტინ მილანკოვიჩი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ميلانكوفيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميلانكوفيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%81" title="ミルティン・ミランコビッチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミルティン・ミランコビッチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Milutin Milanković" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Serbian scientist (1879–1958)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Milutin Milanković</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr">Милутин Миланковић</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2.jpg/210px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="389" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Milutin Milanković, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1924</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-05-28</span>)</span>28 May 1879<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dalj" title="Dalj">Dalj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(modern day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1958<span style="display:none">(1958-12-12)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">PR Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/TU_Wien" title="TU Wien">TU Wien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">Insolation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Beitrag zur Theorie der Druck-kurven </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1904)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png/150px-Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png/225px-Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png/300px-Signature_of_Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Milutin Milanković</b> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">anglicised</a> as <b>Milutin Milankovitch</b>; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: <span lang="sr-Cyrl">Милутин Миланковић</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[milǔtin<span class="wrap"> </span>milǎːnkoʋitɕ]</a></span>; 28 May 1879 – 12 December 1958) was a Serbian <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatologist">climatologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popularizer_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Popularizer of science">popularizer of science</a>. </p><p>Milanković gave two fundamental contributions to global science. The first contribution is the "Canon of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">Insolation</a>", which characterizes the climates of all the planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The second contribution is the explanation of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s long-term <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate changes</a> caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>. This partly explained the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> occurring in the geological past of the Earth, as well as the climate changes on the Earth which can be expected in the future. </p><p>He founded planetary climatology by calculating temperatures of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere as well as the temperature conditions on planets of the inner Solar System, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, as well as the depth of the atmosphere of the outer planets. He demonstrated the interrelatedness of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a> and the Earth sciences and enabled a consistent transition from celestial mechanics to the Earth sciences and transformation of <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive science">descriptive sciences</a> into <a href="/wiki/Exact_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Exact science">exact ones</a>. </p><p>A distinguished professor of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milanković was a director of the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Observatory" title="Belgrade Observatory">Belgrade Observatory</a>, member of the Commission 7 for celestial mechanics of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> and vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6yka.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6yka.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning his career as a construction engineer, he retained an interest in construction throughout his life, and worked as a structural engineer and supervisor on a series of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> constructions throughout <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. He registered multiple patents related to this area.<sup id="cite_ref-6yka.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6yka.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg/220px-Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg/330px-Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg/440px-Rodna_ku%C4%87a_Milutina_Milankovi%C4%87a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The house in <a href="/wiki/Dalj" title="Dalj">Dalj</a> in which Milanković was born today houses the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Scientific_Center_%22Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87%22" title="Cultural and Scientific Center "Milutin Milanković"">Cultural and Scientific Center "Milutin Milanković"</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Milutin Milanković was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Dalj" title="Dalj">Dalj</a>, a settlement on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in what was then part of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. Milutin and his twin sister were the oldest of seven children raised in a Serb family. Their father was a merchant, landlord, and a local politician who died when Milutin was eight. As a result, Milutin and his siblings were raised by his mother, grandmother, and an uncle. His three brothers died of <a href="/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis" title="History of tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at a young age. As his health was fickle, Milutin received his elementary education at home (in "the classroom without walls"), learning from his father Milan, private teachers, and from numerous relatives and friends of the family, some of whom were renowned philosophers, inventors, and poets. He attended secondary school in nearby <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a>, completing it in 1896. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg/170px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg/255px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg/340px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Milanković as a student c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1896, at the age of seventeen, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to study Civil Engineering at the <a href="/wiki/TU_Wien" title="TU Wien">TU Wien</a> and graduated in 1902 with the best marks. In his memoirs, Milanković wrote about his lectures on engineering: "Professor <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Czuber" title="Emanuel Czuber">Czuber</a> was teaching us mathematics. His every sentence was the masterpiece of strict logic, without any extra word, without any error." After graduating and spending his obligatory year in military service, Milanković borrowed money from an uncle to pay for additional schooling at TU Wien in engineering. He researched concrete and wrote a theoretical evaluation of it as a building material. At age twenty-five, his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> thesis was entitled <i>Contribution to the Theory of Pressure Curves</i> (Beitrag zur Theorie der Druckkurven) and its implementation allowed assessment of pressure curves' shape and properties when continuous pressure is applied, which is very useful in bridge, cupola and abutment construction.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His thesis was successfully defended on 12 December 1904; examination committee members were Johann Emanuel Brik, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Finger" title="Josef Finger">Josef Finger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Czuber" title="Emanuel Czuber">Emanuel Czuber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Tetmajer" title="Ludwig von Tetmajer">Ludwig von Tetmajer</a>. He then worked for an engineering firm in Vienna, using his knowledge to design structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_years">Middle years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural_engineering">Structural engineering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structural engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 1905, Milanković took up practical work and joined the firm of Adolf Baron Pittel Betonbau-Unternehmung in Vienna. He built dams, bridges, viaducts, aqueducts, and other structures in reinforced concrete throughout Austria-Hungary. The result was particularly evident in the extraordinary design<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="was this exceptional for reasons of innovative reinforcement, structural efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, or aesthetics and harmony? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of a reinforced-concrete aqueduct for a hydroelectric power plant in <a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99" title="Sebeș">Sebeș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, which Milanković designed at the beginning of his career. </p><p>He patented a new type of reinforced concrete ribbed ceiling and published the first paper on armored concrete, titled "Contribution to the theory of reinforced armored pillars". He published the second paper on the same subject based on new results in 1906. In 1908, he published a paper titled "On membranes of same opposition" in which he proves that the ideal shape for a <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water reservoir</a> of equally thick walls is that of a <a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">drop</a> of water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His six patents were officially recognized and his reputation in the profession was enormous, bringing abundant financial wealth. </p><p>Milanković continued to practice civil engineering in Vienna until 1 October 1909 when he was received an offer <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a> to work as an Associate Professor at the Department of <a href="/wiki/Applied_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied Mathematics">Applied Mathematics</a> that comprised three basic branches: <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">rational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>. Though he continued to pursue his investigations of various problems pertaining to the application of reinforced concrete, he decided to concentrate on fundamental research. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg/220px-Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg/330px-Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg/440px-Nisevac_gorge_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Milankovitch bridge on the railway line through the Nisevac gorge in Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Milanković continued in design and construction work when he moved to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>. In 1912, Milankovitch accepted the invitation of his collegemate from TU Wien and the owner of the construction company Petar Putnik to create a project for bridges on rocky shores on the future route of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> - <a href="/wiki/Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a> railway, in the <a href="/wiki/Timok_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok (river)">Timok</a> Valley through the Nisevac Gorge. Milankovitch, who liked this idea very much, soon drew up structural calculations for all the bridges with reinforced concrete arches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planet's_insolation"><span id="Planet.27s_insolation"></span>Planet's insolation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Planet's insolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While studying the works of the contemporaneous climatologist <a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Hann" title="Julius von Hann">Julius von Hann</a>, Milanković noticed a significant issue, which became one of the major objects of his scientific research: a mystery <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of possible astronomically-related climate changes was first considered by astronomers (<a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, 1792–1871) and geologists (<a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>, 1807–1873).<sup id="cite_ref-Ateş_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ateş-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milanković studied the works of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Adhemar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Adhemar">Joseph Adhemar</a> whose pioneering theory on the astronomical origins of ice ages were formally rejected by his contemporaries and the amateur scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Croll" title="James Croll">James Croll</a> (1821-1890), whose work was effectively forgotten after initial acceptance by contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ateş_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ateş-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having valuable data on the distribution of ice on the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> across various glaciations, climatologists and geologists had not established the root causes of these cycles. Milanković decided to attempt correctly to calculate the magnitude of such influences. Milanković sought the solution of these complex problems in the field of <a href="/wiki/Spherical_geometry" title="Spherical geometry">spherical geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>. </p><p>He began working on it in 1912, after he had realized that "most of meteorology is nothing but a collection of innumerable empirical findings, mainly numerical data, with traces of physics used to explain some of them... Mathematics was even less applied, nothing more than elementary calculus... Advanced mathematics had no role in that science..."<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first work described the present climate on Earth and how the <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sun's rays</a> determine the temperature on Earth's surface after passing through the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>. He published the first paper on the subject entitled "Contribution to the mathematical theory of climate" in Belgrade in April 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next paper was entitled "<i>Distribution of the sun radiation on the earth's surface</i>" and was published on June 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December of that year, this paper was read by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a>, and was soon published in the German journal <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He correctly calculated the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a> and developed a mathematical theory describing Earth's climate zones.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His aim was an integral, mathematically accurate theory which connects thermal regimes of the planets to their movement around the Sun. He wrote: "...such a theory would enable us to go beyond the range of direct observations, not only in space, but also in time... It would allow reconstruction of the Earth's climate, and also its predictions, as well as give us the first reliable data about the climate conditions on other planets." </p><p>He published a paper entitled "The problem of the astronomical theory of ice ages" in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 June 1914, Milanković married Kristina Topuzović and went on his honeymoon to his native village of <a href="/wiki/Dalj" title="Dalj">Dalj</a> in Austro-Hungary, where he heard about the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a> which was the cause of the <a href="/wiki/July_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="July crisis">July crisis</a>. Meanwhile, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began massing troops in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> near the border with the Kingdom of Serbia in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign_(1914)" title="Serbian campaign (1914)">preparation for an invasion</a>. At that time, he was arrested as a citizen of Serbia, and at first he spent six weeks under house arrest, but was eventually imprisoned and later sent to a prisoner-of-war camp (K. u. K. Interienirungslager in Nezsider),<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungary (today <a href="/wiki/Neusiedl_am_See" title="Neusiedl am See">Neusiedl am See</a>, Austria). He described his first day in prison, where he waited to be taken to the <a href="/wiki/Tvr%C4%91a" title="Tvrđa">Esseg fortress</a> as a prisoner of war, in the following words: </p> <blockquote><p>... Sat on the bed, I looked around and started synchronizing with my new social position .... In the suitcase I had my printed works and my notes on the cosmic problem, there was clean paper too and I started writing. It was far past midnight when I stopped. I looked around the room, wondering where I was. It felt like I was in a roadhouse on my trip through the Universe.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His wife went to Vienna to talk to <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Czuber" title="Emanuel Czuber">Emanuel Czuber</a>, who was his mentor and a good friend.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his social connections, Professor Czuber arranged Milanković's release from prison and permission to spend his captivity in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> with the right to work. After six months spent in the prison camp, Milanković was released on December 24, 1914. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png/220px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png/330px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png/440px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>M. Milankovitch's table of mean Martian ground and atmosphere temperatures.</figcaption></figure><p> Immediately after arriving in Budapest, Milanković met the Director of the Library of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Academy of Science">Hungarian Academy of Science</a>, Kálmán Szily who, as a mathematician, eagerly accepted Milanković and enabled him to work undisturbed in the Academy's library and the Central Meteorological Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milanković spent four years in Budapest, almost the entire war.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used mathematical methods to study the current climate of inner planets of the solar system. </p><p>He shared the general opinion at the time that Mars and Venus contained <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> on their surface. This was logical thinking, since Earth has water, Mars has polar caps, and Venus has white clouds that associate on the <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. This significantly influenced his calculations for the basic thermal climate characteristics of these two planets. In 1916 he published a paper entitled "Investigation of the climate of the planet Mars".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He knew the size of Mars and its distance from the Sun, but also that it has a similar rotation speed and axis orientation as Earth. Milanković calculated that the average temperature in the lower layers the atmosphere on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is −45 °C (−49 °F) and the average surface temperature is −17 °C (1 °F). Also, he concluded that: "This large temperature difference between the ground and lower layers of the atmosphere is not unexpected. Great transparency for solar radiation makes that is the climate of Mars very similar to altitudes climate of our Earth." In any case, Milanković's work suggested that Mars has a harsh climate, and calmed mounting enthusiasm concerning the prospect of discovering the presence of liquid water on the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-J._D._Macdougall_2006_123_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._D._Macdougall_2006_123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discussed the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">life on Mars</a> and was skeptical that it could have complex life forms as well and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>. In addition to considering Mars, he dealt with the climatic conditions prevailing on <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J._D._Macdougall_2006_123_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._D._Macdougall_2006_123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to his own words, Milankovitch did not know the speed of rotation of Venus, the orientation of the axis, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">thickness and composition of the atmosphere</a>. He was awere with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Schiaparelli's</a> suggestion that Venus has a slow rotation period equal to the duration of its orbits around the Sun, but he was skeptical because he thought that Venus would lose its atmosphere during a long-term day due to the effects of Solar Radiation. At the last, he accepted <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic">spectroscopy</a> observations from that time that suggested a shorter rotation period similar to Earth's. So he considered a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect (water vapor)</a> on Venus calculated the temperature in the outer limit of the atmosphere +25 °C (77 °F), the upper layer +54 °C (129 °F), the middle layer +70 °C (158 °F) and the lower layer of the atmosphere +80 °C (176 °F) as well as a ground temperature of +97 °C (207 °F). In his literary work <i>Through Distant Worlds and Times</i>, he described of Venus in the following words: </p><blockquote><p>Here we are in the temple of Isis and Osiris, more magnificent than Schinkel himself imagined. From its huge dome, covered with a gently mother-of-pearl mosaic, a white mysterious light spills over the interior of this home. That dome, that's the sky of Venus. The Sun is never visible on it, only the Sun's silvery glow. Not a single star twinkles in this sky; no messenger of the universe reaches this sanctuary...What is this? A storm is raging in my head, blood vessels are beating like sledgehammers, I'm out of breath. You are pale, dear miss, your legs are wobbly - you have completely fainted... Half unconscious, I carry you, in my arms, to our Earth...</p></blockquote> <p>He also discussed the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">life on Venus</a>. He thought that the mystery of this planet lies in the answer to the question about its axis, the speed of rotation or how long a day lasts on Venus. </p><p>His calculations of the surface temperature conditions on the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> are particularly significant. Milankovitch knew that the moon rotates on its axis in 27.32 days, so lunar daytime on one side of the moon last about 13.5 Earth days. Milankovitch calculated that the temperature after a long moon night, in the early morning on the Moon, or before the rise of the Sun over horizon, was −53.8 °C (−64.8 °F). At noon, it rises on +97 °C (207 °F), only to reach its maximum value one Earth day later +100.5 °C (212.9 °F). At sunset, the temperature drops −8.8 °C (16.2 °F). According to Milankovitch, a sudden cooling occurs during the night. </p><p>From 1912 to 1917, he wrote and published seven papers on mathematical theories of climate both on the Earth and on the other planets. He formulated a precise, <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">numerical climatological model</a> with the capacity for reconstruction of the past and prediction of the future, and established the astronomical theory of climate as a generalized mathematical theory of insolation. When these most important problems of the theory were solved, and a firm foundation for further work built, Milanković finished the manuscript under the title <i>Mathematische Grundlagen der kosmischen Strahlungslehre</i> that he sent to his mentor Professor Czuber in Vienna at the end of 1917. Czuber contacted a publishing house in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, but since there was a shortage of paper in early 1918, the printing of the book was cancelled. Meanwhile, Milanković found a regular job in 1918 as an engineer in a construction company in Budapest. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>, the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated and new states such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Republic of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a> were formed on its remains. Milanković returned from Budapest to Belgrade with his family after a three-day trip by <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat ″Gizella″</a> on 19 March 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued his professorial career, becoming a full professor at the University of Belgrade. Milanković then, with the help of Professor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_%C4%90aja" title="Ivan Đaja">Ivan Đaja</a>, prepared the French text of this work and it was published under the title "Théorie mathématique des phénomènes thermiques produits par la radiation solaire" (<i>Mathematical Theory of Heat Phenomena Produced by Solar Radiation</i>) in 1920 in the edition of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (today <a href="/wiki/HAZU" class="mw-redirect" title="HAZU">HAZU</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> and the Gauthier-Villars in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate.net_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate.net-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he was elected a corresponding member of the <a href="/wiki/SANU" class="mw-redirect" title="SANU">Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences</a> in Belgrade and the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inđijić_M._1997_169–197_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inđijić_M._1997_169–197-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbital_variations_and_ice_ages">Orbital variations and ice ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orbital variations and ice ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, with the arrival of Russian scientists – emigrants, the personnel base of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Belgrade was expanded. Thus, from 1920 Anton Bilimovich (1879–1970), a distinguished scientist, who came from <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, took over the lectures on rational mechanics, and from 1925 the lectures on theoretical physics and vector theory were taken over by the newly elected assistant professor Wenceslas S. Jardetzky (1896–1962). Between the two wars, Milankovitch taught celestial mechanics and occasionally the theory of relativity, and after the Second World War until 1955, when he retired, he taught celestial mechanics and the history of astronomy. </p><p>Milankovitch's works on astronomical explanations of ice ages, especially his curve of insolation for the past 130,000 years, received support from the climatologist <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a> and from the geophysicist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a>. Köppen noted the usefulness of Milanković's theory for <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatological</a> researchers. Milanković received a letter on 22 September 1922 from Köppen, who asked him to expand his studies from 130,000 years to 600,000 years. He accepted Köppen's suggestion that cool summers were a crucial factor for <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glaciation</a> and agreed to calculate the secular progress of insolation of the Earth at the outer limit of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> for the past 650,000 years for parallels of 55°, 60° and <a href="/wiki/65th_parallel_north" title="65th parallel north">65°</a> northern latitude, where the most important events of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> glaciations occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Ateş_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ateş-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After developing the mathematical machinery enabling him to calculate the insolation in any given geographical latitude and for any annual season, Milanković was ready to start the realization of the mathematical description of climate of the Earth in the past. Milanković spent 100 days doing the calculations and prepared a graph of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> changes at geographical latitudes of 55°, 60° and <a href="/wiki/65th_parallel_north" title="65th parallel north">65°</a> north for the past 650,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milankovitch, in his early works, used the astronomical values of <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Stockwell" title="John Nelson Stockwell">Stockwell</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Pilgram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwik Pilgram (page does not exist)">Pilgram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These curves showed the variations in insolation which correlated with four <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> glaciations known at the time (<a href="/wiki/Gunz_(geology)" title="Gunz (geology)">Gunz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindel_glaciation" title="Mindel glaciation">Mindel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riss_glaciation" title="Riss glaciation">Riss</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm</a> glaciation). Köppen felt that Milanković's theoretical approach to <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> was a logical approach to the problem. His solar curve was introduced in a work entitled "<i>Climates of the geological past</i>", published by <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a> and his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September of that year, he attended the lecture given by Alfred Wegener at Congress of German Naturalist in <a href="/wiki/Insbruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Insbruck">Insbruck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ice_Age_theory:_a_correspondence_be_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ice_Age_theory:_a_correspondence_be-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he was elected a full member of the Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences. The Meteorological service of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> became a member of <a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization" title="International Meteorological Organization">International Meteorological Organization</a> – IMO (founded in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1853 and in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1873) as a predecessor of present <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>, WMO. Milanković served as a representative of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia there for many years. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg/250px-Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg/375px-Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg/500px-Mathematician%E2%80%99s_Club_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Mathematician’s Club in Belgrade 1926 (From left to right sitting: N. Saltikov, M. Petrović, P. Popović, B. Gavrilović, V. Petković and M. Milanković. Standing: Dr. M. Radojčić, T. Pejović, W. Jardetzky, A. Bilimović, P. Zajončkovski, J. Mihailović, R. Kašanin and J. Karamata)</figcaption></figure> <p>Milanković put the Sun at the center of his theory, as the only source of heat and light in the Solar System. He considered three cyclical movements of the Earth: <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">precession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hgss.copernicus.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hgss.copernicus.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each cycle works on a different time-scale and each affects the amount of solar energy received by the planets.<sup id="cite_ref-hgss.copernicus.org_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hgss.copernicus.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such changes in the geometry of an orbit lead to the changes in the <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a> – the quantity of heat received by any spot at the surface of a planet. These <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital variations</a>, which are influenced by gravity of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, Sun, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovitch cycle">Milankovitch cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1925 and 1928 Milanković wrote the popular-science book <i><a href="/wiki/Through_Distant_Worlds_and_Times" title="Through Distant Worlds and Times">Through Distant Worlds and Times</a></i> in the form of letters to an anonymous woman.<sup id="cite_ref-IceAges_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IceAges-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work discusses the history of astronomy, climatology and science via a series of imaginary visits to various points in space and time by the author and his unnamed companion, encompassing the formation of the Earth, past civilizations, famous ancient and renaissance thinkers and their achievements, and the work of his contemporaries, Köppen and Wegener. In the "letters", Milanković expanded on some of his own theories on astronomy and climatology, and described the complicated problems of celestial mechanics in a simplified manner. </p><p>Köppen proposed to Milanković on 14 December 1926 to extend his calculations to a million years and to send his results to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barthel_Eberl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barthel Eberl (page does not exist)">Barthel Eberl</a>, a geologist studying the Danube basin, as Eberl's research had unearthed some evidence of previous Ice Ages from before over 650,000 years ago. Eberl published all this in Augsburg in 1930 together with Milanković's curves. In 1927, Milanković received an offer from Köppen to collaborate on the Handbook of Climatology (Handbuch der Klimatologie), which was edited by Köppen himself. That same year, Milanković asked his colleague and friend, <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Mi%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Vojislav Mišković">Vojislav Mišković</a>, to collaborate in the work and calculate astronomical values based on the <a href="/wiki/Le_Verrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Verrier">Le Verrier</a> method. Mišković was a well-established astronomer from the <a href="/wiki/Nice_Observatory" title="Nice Observatory">Nice Observatory</a>, who became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Observatory" title="Belgrade Observatory">Astronomical Observatory of the University of Belgrade</a> and a professor of Theoretical and Practical Astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ice_Age_theory:_a_correspondence_be_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ice_Age_theory:_a_correspondence_be-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After almost three years, Mišković and his staff completed the calculation of astronomical values based on the Le Verrier method and using the masses of the planets as known at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Milutin_Milanković_and_Associates_i_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milutin_Milanković_and_Associates_i-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milanković used these values in his later works.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Milanković wrote the introductory portion of <i>Mathematical science of climate and astronomical theory of the variations of the climate</i> (<i>Mathematische Klimalehre und Astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen</i>), published by Köppen (<i>Handbook of Climatology</i>; <i>Handbuch der Klimalogie Band 1</i>) in 1930 in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and translated into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935 Milanković published the book <i>Celestial Mechanics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This textbook used <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> calculus systematically to solve problems of celestial mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His original contribution to celestial mechanics is called Milanković's system of vector elements of planetary orbits. He reduced six <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Lagrange">Lagrangean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplacian</a> elliptical elements to two vectors determining the mechanics of planetary movements. The first specifies the planet's orbital plane, the sense of revolution of the planet, and the orbital ellipse parameter; the second specifies the axis of the orbit in its plane and the orbital eccentricity. By applying those vectors he significantly simplified the calculation and directly obtained all the formulas of the classical theory of secular <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a>. Milanković, in a simple but original manner, first deduced Newton's law of gravitation from Kepler's laws. Then Milanković treated the two-body and the many-body problems of celestial mechanics. </p><p>He applied vector calculus from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> to celestial mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in 1936 he attended the Third symposium of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research" title="International Union for Quaternary Research">International Union for Quaternary Research</a> (INQUA) in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-Ice_Age_theory:_a_correspondence_be_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ice_Age_theory:_a_correspondence_be-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period from 1935 to 1938 Milanković calculated that ice cover depended on changes in insolation. He succeeded in defining the mathematical relationship between summer insolation and the altitude of the snow line.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way he defined the increase of snow which would occur as a consequence of any given change in summer insolation. He published his results in the study "<i>New Results of the Astronomic Theory of Climate Changes</i>" in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologists</a> received a graph presenting bordering altitudes of ice cover for any period of time during the last 600,000 years. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berger" title="André Berger">André Berger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laskar" title="Jacques Laskar">Jacques Laskar</a> later developed this theory further. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polar_wandering">Polar wandering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polar wandering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polar_wander" title="Polar wander">Polar wander</a></div> <p>Conversations with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Wegener</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> theory, got Milanković interested in the interior of the Earth and the movement of the poles, so he told his friend that he would investigate polar wandering. In November 1929, Milanković received an invitation from Professor <a href="/wiki/Beno_Gutenberg" title="Beno Gutenberg">Beno Gutenberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> to collaborate on a ten volume handbook on geophysics and to publish his views on the problem of the secular variations of the Earth's rotational poles. In the meantime, Wegener died in November 1930 during his fourth expedition to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milanković became convinced that the continents 'float' on a somewhat fluid subsurface and that the positions of the continents with respect to the axis of rotation affect the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> of the rotation and can throw the axis off balance and force it to move.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wegener's tragedy additionally motivated Milankovich to persevere in solving the problem of polar wandering. </p><p>Milanković began working on the problem of the shape of the Earth and the position of the Earth's poles in 1932 and 1933 at the suggestion of Alfred Wegener. The Earth as a whole he considered as a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid body</a>, which in the case of short-duration forces behaves as a <a href="/wiki/Rigid_body" title="Rigid body">solid body</a>, but under an influence behaves as an <a href="/wiki/Elastic_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic body">elastic body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using vector analysis he made a mathematical model of the Earth to create a theory of secular motion of the terrestrial poles. He derived the equation of secular trajectory of a terrestrial pole and also the equation of pole motion along this trajectory. His equation, also known as Milankovitch's theorem, is <i>v = c grad Ω</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He drew a map of the path of the poles over the past 300 million years and stated that changes happen in the interval of 5 million years (minimum) to 30 million years (maximum).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found that the secular pole trajectory depends only on the configuration of the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">terrestrial outer shell</a> and the instantaneous pole position on it, more precisely on geometry of the Earth mass.<sup id="cite_ref-elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this basis he could calculate the secular pole trajectory. Also, based on Milanković's model, the continental blocks sink into their underlying "fluidal" base, and slide around, 'aiming to achieve' <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic equilibrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his conclusion about this problem, he wrote: For an extraterrestrial observer, the displacement of the pole takes place in such a way that the ... Earth's axis maintains its orientation in space, but the Earth's crust is displaced on its substratum.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milankovitch published his paper on the subject entitled "Numerical trajectory of secular changes of pole’s rotation" in Belgrade in 1932. </p><p>Milanković wrote four sections of Gutenberg's "Handbook of Geophysics" (Handbuch der Geophysik): </p> <ul><li><i>Stellung und Bewegung der Erde im Weltall</i>, No I,2 - 1931, (The Earth's Position and Movement in Space)</li> <li><i>Drehbewegungen der Erde</i>, No. I,6 - 1933, (Rotational Movement of the Earth)</li> <li><i>Säkulare Polverlagerungen</i>, No. I,7 - 1933, (Secular shift of the Poles)</li> <li><i>Astronomiche Mittel zur Erforschung der erdgeschichtlichen Klimate</i>, No. IX, 7 - 1938, (Astronomic Means for Climate Study during the Earth's history)</li></ul> <p>The lecture on the apparent shift of poles was held at a congress of Balkan mathematicians in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 1934. That same year, held a lecture dedicated to the work of Alfred Wegener under the title <i>Moving of the Earth's Poles – A Memory to Alfred Wegener</i> in Belgrade, which was also published under the same name. Wegener's untimely death ended the collaboration between them on this subject. </p><p>Milankovitch's work on this topic was criticized from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milankovitch's trajectory of polar wandering was a topic of discussion after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, paleomagnetic data showed different results than Milankovitch's theoretical numerical values for polar wandering trajectory.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, development of the new scientific discipline in <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Palaeomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeomagnetism">palaeomagnetism</a> led to the key evidence on the basis of studying the records of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> in rocks over geological time. Paleomagnetic evidence, both <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal" title="Geomagnetic reversal">reversals</a> and polar wandering data, led the revival of the theories of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> and its transformation into <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To collect his scientific work on the theory of solar radiation that was scattered in many books and papers, Milanković began his life's work in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milutin_Milanković_and_Associates_i_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milutin_Milanković_and_Associates_i-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tome was entitled "Canon of Insolation of the Earth and Its Application to the Problem of the Ice Ages", which covered his nearly three decades of research, including a large number of formulas, calculations and schemes, but also summarized universal laws through which it was possible to explain cyclical climate change – his namesake <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milanković spent two years arranging and writing the "Canon". The manuscript was submitted to print on 2 April 1941 – four days before the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">bombing of Belgrade</a> on 6 April 1941, the printing house where his work was being printed was destroyed; however, almost all of the printed sheet paper remained undamaged in the printing warehouse. After the successful occupation of Serbia on 15 May 1941, two German officers and geology students came to Milanković in his house and brought greetings from Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Soergel_(paleontologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Soergel (paleontologist) (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Soergel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Soergel_(Pal%C3%A4ontologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Soergel (Paläontologe)">de</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>. Milanković gave them the only complete printed copy of the "Canon" to send to Soergel, to make certain that his work would be preserved. Milanković did not take part in the work of the university during the occupation, and after the war he was reinstated as professor. </p><p>The "Canon" was issued in 1941<sup id="cite_ref-M._Milankovitch_1941_622_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Milankovitch_1941_622-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Royal Serbian Academy</a>, 626 pages in quarto, and was printed in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> as "Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem".<sup id="cite_ref-M._Milankovitch_1941_622_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Milankovitch_1941_622-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles of the six parts of the book are: </p> <ol><li>"The planets' motion around the Sun and their mutual perturbations"</li> <li>"The rotation of the Earth"</li> <li>"Secular wanderings of the rotational poles of the Earth"</li> <li>"The Earth's insolation and its secular changes"</li> <li>"The connection between insolation and the temperature of the Earth and its atmosphere. The mathematical climate of the Earth"</li> <li>"The ice age, its mechanism, structure and chronology".</li></ol> <p>During the German occupation of Serbia from 1941 to 1944, Milanković withdrew from public life and decided to write a "history of his life and work" going beyond scientific matters, including his personal life and the love of his father who died in his youth. His autobiography would be published after the war, entitled "Recollection, Experiences and Vision" in Belgrade in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tower_of_Babel">Tower of Babel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tower of Babel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, in 1947, Milanković's only son emigrated from the new communist <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> via <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Milanković would never see his son again and the only way of correspondence between them would be through letters. Milanković was vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences</a> (1948–1958). In 1948, the General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milankovich is listed as a member of Commission 7 for Celestial Mechanics, and “V. Mishkovitch” as member of Commission 19 for Latitude Variation and Commission 20 for Minor Planets.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a short period, he was the head of the Belgrade Observatory (1948 - 1951). At that time, the Cold War between <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear powers</a> began. In 1953, he was at the Congress of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research" title="International Union for Quaternary Research">International Union for Quaternary Research</a> (INQUA) held in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he became a member of the Italian Institute of <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a>. In November 1954, fifty years after receiving his original diploma, he received the Golden Doctor's diploma from the Technical University of Vienna. In 1955, he was also elected to the German <a href="/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina">Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. </p><p>At the same time, Milankovitch began publishing numerous books and <a href="/wiki/Textbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Textbooks">textbooks</a> on the history of science, including <i>Isaac Newton and Newton's Principia</i> (1946), <i>The founders of the natural science Pythagoras – Democritus – Aristotle – Archimedes</i> (1947), <i>History of astronomy – from its beginnings up to 1727</i> (1948), <i>Through empire of science – images from the lives of great scientists</i> (1950), <i>Twenty-two centuries of Chemistry</i> (1953), and <i>Technology in Ancient times</i> (1955). </p><p>In 1955, Milankovitch retired from the position of professor of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">history of astronomy</a> at the University of Belgrade. In the same year, he published his last work, which is not from the natural sciences, but from his original profession of structural engineering. The paper was titled <i>The Tower of Babel of modern technology</i>. Milankovitch in this work calculated the highest building possible on our Earth. He was inspired by work of <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">Tower of Babel</a> (older version in Vienna). The building would have a base radius of 112.84 km and a height of 21646 m. Since the building penetrates the Earth 1.4 km, it would have a height of 20.25 km above the Earth's surface. At the very top, there would be a wide platform for a meteorological and astronomical station. </p><p>In September 1957, Milutin suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and died in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in his family cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Dalj" title="Dalj">Dalj</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83,_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Milanković in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Milanković's death, most of the scientific community came to dispute his "astronomical theory" and no longer recognized the results of his research. But ten years after his death and fifty years from the first publication, Milanković's theory was again taken under consideration. His book was translated into English under the title "Canon of Insolation of the Ice-Age Problem" in 1969 by the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> Program for Scientific Translations, and was published by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning, recognition came slowly, but later, the theory was proven to be accurate. Project <a href="/wiki/CLIMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="CLIMAP">CLIMAP</a> (Climate: Long Range Investigation, Mapping and Production) finally resolved the dispute and proved the theory of Milankovitch cycles. In 1972, scientists compiled a time scale of climatic events in the past 700,000 years from deep-sea cores. They performed the analysis of the cores and four years later, came to the conclusion that in the past 500,000 years, climate has changed depending on the <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Earth's axis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession of the equinoxes">precession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, a new major project <a href="/w/index.php?title=COHMAP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COHMAP (page does not exist)">COHMAP</a> (Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project) reconstructed the patterns of global climate change over the last 18,000 years, again demonstrating the key role of astronomical factors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the project <a href="/wiki/SPECMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="SPECMAP">SPECMAP</a> (Spectral Mapping Project), showed that the climate changes are responses to changes in solar radiation of each of the three astronomical cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, it was shown that variations in the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> composition of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> at the bottom of the ocean follow Milankovitch theory.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other recent studies that indicate the validity of the original Milankovitch theory.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although orbital forcing of Earth's climate is well accepted, the details of how orbitally-induced changes in insolation affect climate are debated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_speed_of_light">On the speed of light</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: On the speed of light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milanković authored two papers on relativity. He wrote his first paper "On the theory of Michelson's experiment" in 1924. He was doing research in this theory from 1912. His papers on this matter were on special relativity and both are on the Michelson experiment (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>) which produced strong evidence against <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">aether theory</a>. In the light of the Michelson experiment he discussed on the validity of the second postulate of <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> is the same in every reference frame.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revised_Julian_calendar">Revised Julian calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revised Julian calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a></div> <p>Milanković proposed a revised Julian calendar in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It made centennial years leap years if division by 900 left a remainder of 200 or 600, unlike the Gregorian rule which required that division by 400 left no remainder. (In both systems, the years 2000 and 2400 are leap years.) In May 1923 a congress of some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox church">Eastern Orthodox churches</a> adopted the calendar;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shields_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, only the <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">removal of 1–13 October 1923</a> and the revised leap year algorithm were adopted by a number of Eastern Orthodox churches. The dates of Easter and related holy days are still computed using the Julian calendar. At the time of Milanković's proposal, it was suspected the period of rotation of Earth might not be constant, but it was not until the development of <a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> clocks beginning in the 1930s that this could be proven and quantified.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variation in the period of rotation of Earth is the chief cause of long-term inaccuracy in both the Gregorian and Revised Julian calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg/170px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg/255px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg/340px-Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87_2019_stamp_of_Serbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Milanković on a 2019 stamp of Serbia.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 25, 1923 he was conferred the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Sava" title="Order of St. Sava">Saint Sava Order</a>, 3rd degree. On 1925, he was awarded Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)" title="Order of Glory (Tunisia)">Nichan Iftikhar Order</a>, 3rd degree. On 1929, he was awarded, at the proposal of the Ministry of Finances the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">White Eagle Order</a>, 5th degree. On 1935, he was awarded Greek decoration - <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(Greece)" title="Order of the Phoenix (Greece)">Phoenix Battalion Commander's Cross</a>. On December 20, 1938 he was awarded the Royal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Crown" title="Order of the Yugoslav Crown">Order of the Yugoslav Crown</a> 3rd degree. In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union">Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union</a> named an <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a> on the far side of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Milankovic_(lunar_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovic (lunar crater)">Milankovic</a>, which was later confirmed at the 14th <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a> General Assembly in 1970. His name is also given to <a href="/wiki/Milankovic_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovic (Martian crater)">a crater</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> at the 15th IAU General Assembly in 1973. Since 1993 the <a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovic_Medal" title="Milutin Milankovic Medal">Milutin Milankovic Medal</a> has been awarded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Geosciences_Union" title="European Geosciences Union">European Geophysical Society</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/European_Geosciences_Union" title="European Geosciences Union">EGU</a> since 2003) for contributions in the area of long-term climate and modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Main_belt_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Main belt asteroid">main belt asteroid</a> discovered in 1936 has also been dubbed <a href="/wiki/1605_Milankovitch" title="1605 Milankovitch">1605 Milankovitch</a>. At <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, in their edition of "<a href="/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants#Contemporary_references" title="Standing on the shoulders of giants">On the Shoulders of Giants</a>", Milanković has been ranked among the top fifteen minds of all time in the field of earth sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_view">Philosophical view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philosophical view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milanković was a <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monist">monist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Determinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Determinist">determinist</a>, according to whom nature is "unique", "boundless, eternal mother of life" and in "the boundless universe, which has no beginning or end in space and time, the same natural laws rule" as on Earth. <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interesting_facts">Interesting facts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interesting facts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milanković was a great admirer of <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>. On behalf of five academics, Milutin Milanković wrote a recommendation that Nikola Tesla be elected a full member of the Royal Serbian Academy, which was done at a ceremonial meeting on March 7, 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Inđijić_M._1997_169–197_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inđijić_M._1997_169–197-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Théorie mathématique des phénomènes thermiques produits par la radiation solaire</i>, XVI, 338 S. – Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1920</li> <li><i>Reforma julijanskog kalendara.</i> Srpska Kr. Akad. Pos. Izda’na 47: 52 S., Beograd: Sv. Sava, 1923</li> <li><i>Mathematische Klimalehre und astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen.</i> In: Köppen, W.; Geiger R. (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Klimatologie, Bd. 1: Allgemeine Klimalehre, Berlin: Borntraeger, 1930</li> <li><i>Mathematische Klimalehre.</i> In: Gutenberg, B. (Hrsg.) Handbuch der Geophysik, Berlin: Borntraeger, 1933</li> <li><i>Durch ferne Welten und Zeiten, Briefe eines Weltallbummlers.</i> 389 S. – Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1936</li> <li><i>Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem.</i> Académie royale serbe. Éditions speciales; 132 [vielm. 133]: XX, 633, Belgrad, 1941</li> <li><i>Canon of insolation and the ice-age problem.</i> English translation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, published for the U.S. Department of Commerce and National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.: 633 S., 1969</li> <li><i>Canon of Insolation and the Ice-Age Problem.</i> Pantic, N. (Hrsg.), Beograd: Zavod Nastavna Sredstva, 634 S., 1998</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milutin-Milankovitch">Milutin Milankovitch</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalgeographic.rs/nauka/istorija/a23999/ko-je-bio-milutin-milankovic-jedan-od-najuticajnijih-srpskih-naucnika.html">"Jedan od najuticajnijih srpskih naučnika: Ko je bio Milutin Milanković i 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGS+%E2%80%93+Milutin+Milankovic+Medal&rft.pub=Egu.eu&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egu.eu%2Fegs%2Faward6l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/milutin-milankovic/">"EGU – Awards & Medals – Milutin Milankovic Medal"</a>. Egu.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGU+%E2%80%93+Awards+%26+Medals+%E2%80%93+Milutin+Milankovic+Medal&rft.pub=Egu.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egu.eu%2Fawards-medals%2Fmilutin-milankovic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/">"Milutin Milankovitch : Feature Articles"</a>. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 24 March 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milutin+Milankovitch+%3A+Feature+Articles&rft.pub=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.date=2000-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FFeatures%2FMilankovitch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАндрија_Стојковић1988" class="citation book cs1">Андрија Стојковић (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3666/mmn5F.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Филозофски погледи Милутина Миланковића Philosophical views of Milutin Milanković (In Serbian)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Београд: Српска академија наука и уметности Хегелово друштво. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0+Philosophical+views+of+Milutin+Milankovi%C4%87+%28In+Serbian%29&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%3A+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=1988&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F3666%2Fmmn5F.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tuTssjqn7A&pp=ygUaYm_FvmFuc2tpIHNqYWogbWlsYW5rb3ZpxIc%3D">Divine glow of Milanković's canon (in Serbian - official channel on YouTube)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinek2024" class="citation journal cs1">Molinek, Rudy (26 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-world-war-i-prisoner-of-war-solved-the-mystery-of-the-ice-ages-180984927/">"This World War I Prisoner of War Solved the Mystery of the Ice Ages"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+World+War+I+Prisoner+of+War+Solved+the+Mystery+of+the+Ice+Ages&rft.date=2024-08-26&rft.aulast=Molinek&rft.aufirst=Rudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fthis-world-war-i-prisoner-of-war-solved-the-mystery-of-the-ice-ages-180984927%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalija_Janc,_Milivoj_B._Gavrilov,_Slobodan_B._Marković,_Vojislava_Protić-Benišek,_Luka_Č._Popović_and_Vladimir_Benišek2021" class="citation journal cs1">Natalija Janc, Milivoj B. Gavrilov, Slobodan B. Marković, Vojislava Protić-Benišek, Luka Č. Popović and Vladimir Benišek (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.aob.rs/100/pdf/375-386.pdf">"Correspondence Between Milutin Milanković and Else Wegener-Köppen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade</i>. <b>100</b>: 375–386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publ.+Astron.+Obs.+Belgrade&rft.atitle=Correspondence+Between+Milutin+Milankovi%C4%87+and+Else+Wegener-K%C3%B6ppen&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=375-386&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Natalija+Janc%2C+Milivoj+B.+Gavrilov%2C+Slobodan+B.+Markovi%C4%87%2C+Vojislava+Proti%C4%87-Beni%C5%A1ek%2C+Luka+%C4%8C.+Popovi%C4%87+and+Vladimir+Beni%C5%A1ek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.aob.rs%2F100%2Fpdf%2F375-386.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rusov, Lazar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/1451-2092/2009/1451-20920904211R.pdf">"Milanković's analysis of Newton's law of universal gravitation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FME Transcations</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 211–217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FME+Transcations&rft.atitle=Milankovi%C4%87%27s+analysis+of+Newton%27s+law+of+universal+gravitation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=211-217&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rusov&rft.aufirst=Lazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscindeks-clanci.ceon.rs%2Fdata%2Fpdf%2F1451-2092%2F2009%2F1451-20920904211R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilutin+Milankovi%C4%87" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/95m6h5b9">Milankovitch theory hits and misses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419011102/http://www.climatedata.info/Forcing/Forcing/milankovitchcycles.html">Milankovitch cycles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/milankovic.htm">Life and Scientific Work of Milutin Milanković</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040214201709/http://ou.nl/open/dja/Klimaat/System/solar_radiation_and_milank.htm">Solar Radiation and Milanković</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sprecess.htm">Precession and the Milanković Theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031210132700/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Milankovitch/">NASA Earth Observatory article in the "on the shoulders of giants" series</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Petkovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir K. Petković">Vladimir K. Petković</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Dean of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy">Faculty of Philosophy</a> </b><br />1926–1927 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Trivunac" title="Miloš Trivunac">Miloš Trivunac</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="National symbols of Serbia">National symbols of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Serbia" title="Flag of Serbia">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia" title="Coat of arms of Serbia">Coat of arms</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEe_pravde" title="Bože pravde">Anthem</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Serbia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Serbia">State decoration</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/225px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names and codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Serbs_and_Serbia" title="Names of the Serbs and Serbia">Names of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_codes_of_Serbia" title="Country codes of Serbia">Country codes of Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_heraldry" title="Serbian heraldry">Heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cross" title="Serbian cross">Serbian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_eagle" title="Serbian eagle">Serbian eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Triballia" title="Coat of arms of Triballia">Triballian boar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_mottos" title="List of Serbian mottos">Mottos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Only_Unity_Saves_the_Serbs" title="Only Unity Saves the Serbs">Only Unity Saves the Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-finger_salute_(Serbian)" title="Three-finger salute (Serbian)">Three-fingers salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia" title="Regalia of Serbia">Regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing" title="Serbian traditional clothing">National costume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da" title="Šajkača">Šajkača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opanak" title="Opanak">Opanak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajvar" title="Ajvar">Ajvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">Burek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86evapi" title="Ćevapi">Ćevapčići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibanica" title="Gibanica">Gibanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eva_%C5%A1nicla" title="Karađorđeva šnicla">Karađorđeva šnicla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pljeskavica" title="Pljeskavica">Pljeskavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasulj" title="Pasulj">Pasulj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">Sarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatko" title="Slatko">Slatko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Šljivovica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Gusle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frula" title="Frula">Frula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburica" title="Tamburica">Tamburica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Serbian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Angel" title="White Angel">White Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_the_Serbs_(painting)" title="Migration of the Serbs (painting)">Migration of the Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UNESCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Serbia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia">World Heritage Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studenica_Monastery" title="Studenica Monastery">Studenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stari_Ras" title="Stari Ras">Stari Ras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sopo%C4%87ani" title="Sopoćani">Sopoćani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamzigrad" title="Gamzigrad">Gamzigrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Monuments_in_Kosovo" title="Medieval Monuments in Kosovo">Medieval Monuments in Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani" title="Visoki Dečani">Visoki Dečani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)" title="Patriarchate of Peć (monastery)">Patriarchate of Peć</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ljevi%C5%A1" title="Our Lady of Ljeviš">Our Lady of Ljeviš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gračanica monastery">Gračanica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste%C4%87ci" class="mw-redirect" title="Stećci">Stećci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mramorje_(Peru%C4%87ac)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mramorje (Perućac)">Mramorje (Perućac)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mramorje_(Rasti%C5%A1te)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mramorje (Rastište) (page does not exist)">Mramorje (Rastište)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%8Dko_groblje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grčko groblje (page does not exist)"> Grčko groblje (Hrta)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slava_(tradition)" title="Slava (tradition)">Slava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">Kolo</a></li> <li>Singing to the accompaniment of the <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">gusle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlakusa_pottery" title="Zlakusa pottery">Zlakusa pottery</a></li> <li>Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ljivovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Šljivovica">šljivovica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Gospel" title="Miroslav Gospel">Miroslav Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis#Austria-Hungary_declares_war_on_Serbia_(28_July)" title="July Crisis">Telegram of Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_park_Golija-Studenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature park Golija-Studenica">Nature park Golija-Studenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Podunavlje" title="Gornje Podunavlje">Gornje Podunavlje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8D_Fortress" title="Bač Fortress">Bač Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Fortress" title="Belgrade Fortress">Belgrade Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava" title="Church of Saint Sava">Church of Saint Sava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90avolja_Varo%C5%A1" title="Đavolja Varoš">Đavolja Varoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90erdap_National_Park" title="Đerdap National Park">Đerdap National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora" title="Fruška Gora">Fruška Gora National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan" title="Gazimestan">Gazimestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubac_Fortress" title="Golubac Fortress">Golubac Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiniana_Prima" title="Justiniana Prima">Justiniana Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1edol_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Krušedol monastery">Krušedol monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopaonik_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopaonik National Park">Kopaonik National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magli%C4%8D" title="Maglič">Maglič Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasija_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasija monastery">Manasija monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile%C5%A1eva_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mileševa monastery">Mileševa monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediana" title="Mediana">Mediana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero" title="Monument to the Unknown Hero">Monument to the Unknown Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Fortress" title="Niš Fortress">Niš Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplenac" title="Oplenac">Oplenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pali%C4%87" title="Lake Palić">Palić Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovaradin_Fortress" title="Petrovaradin Fortress">Petrovaradin Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Fortress" title="Ram Fortress">Ram Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resava_Cave" title="Resava Cave">Resava Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirogojno" title="Sirogojno">Sirogojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smederevo_Fortress" title="Smederevo Fortress">Smederevo Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharr_Mountains_National_Park_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharr Mountains National Park (Kosovo)">Šar Mountains National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara National Park">Tara National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminacium" title="Viminacium">Viminacium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da-Belo_Brdo" title="Vinča-Belo Brdo">Vinča-Belo Brdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da" title="Žiča">Žiča monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbs" title="List of Serbs">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fathers of the Nation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87_I_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia">Miloš Obrenović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depicted on<br /><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a> (Linguist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Njegoš</a> (Poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Stevan Mokranjac</a> (Composer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (Inventor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nade%C5%BEda_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Nadežda Petrović">Nadežda Petrović</a> (Painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a> (Geographer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Vajfert" title="Đorđe Vajfert">Đorđe Vajfert</a> (Industrialist)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milutin Milanković</a> (Geophysicist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Jovanović">Slobodan Jovanović</a> (Jurist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Dositej Obradović</a> (Intellectual)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a> (Poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (Physicist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Serbia" title="Fauna of Serbia">Fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Serbia">flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Spruce">Serbian Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramonda_nathaliae" title="Ramonda nathaliae">Natalie's ramonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramonda_serbica" title="Ramonda serbica">Serbian ramonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="Category:National symbols of Serbia">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89054#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109110108">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66618750">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/60221/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGQPWbGMPKPDrfDbXKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118888005">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80113337">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13486605r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13486605r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701237&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6150807">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p112075525">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cgzzh2ndw4xg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16542969300">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:milankovic.milutin">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/500903">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/milutin-milankovitch/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118888005.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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