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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Greenland_expedition_and_years_in_Marburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Greenland_expedition_and_years_in_Marburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First Greenland expedition and years in Marburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Greenland_expedition_and_years_in_Marburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Greenland_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Greenland_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second Greenland expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Greenland_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Postwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Greenland_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Greenland_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Third Greenland expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Greenland_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Greenland_expedition:_Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Greenland_expedition:_Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Fourth Greenland expedition: Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Greenland_expedition:_Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_drift_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_drift_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Continental drift theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continental_drift_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Continental drift theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continental_drift_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Wegener</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ألفريد فيغنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفريد فيغنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vegener" title="Alfred Vegener – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alfred Vegener" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B1" title="آلفرد وقنر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد وقنر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আলফ্রেড ভেগেনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলফ্রেড ভেগেনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфрэд Лотар Вегенер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Лотар Вегенер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Альфрэд Лётар Вэгенэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альфрэд Лётар Вэгенэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Вегенер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Вегенер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Вегенер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Альфред Вегенер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άλφρεντ Βέγκενερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλφρεντ Βέγκενερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="آلفرد وگنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد وگنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%A0%EA%B2%8C%EB%84%88" title="알프레트 베게너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프레트 베게너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալֆրեդ Վեգեներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Վեգեներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="אלפרד וגנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד וגנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ვეგენერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ ვეგენერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Wegener" title="Alfredus Wegener – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Wegener" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_V%C4%93geners" title="Alfrēds Vēgeners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfrēds Vēgeners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Вегенер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Вегенер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC" title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് വാഗ്നർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് വാഗ്നർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1" title="الفريد فيجنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريد فيجنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="အဲလ်ဖရက် ဝေဂေနာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲလ်ဖရက် ဝေဂေနာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="アルフレート・ヴェーゲナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレート・ヴェーゲナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ایلفریڈ ویگنر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلفریڈ ویگنر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A_%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BA" title="អាល់ហ្វ្រេដ វេសេនឺ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល់ហ្វ្រេដ វេសេនឺ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Lothar_Wegener" title="Alfred Lothar Wegener – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfred Lothar Wegener" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Вегенер, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вегенер, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Lothar_Wegener" title="Alfred Lothar Wegener – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Lothar Wegener" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ئەلفرێد وێگنێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفرێد وێگنێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Вегенер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Вегенер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Weg%C3%A9ner" title="Alfréd Wegéner – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alfréd Wegéner" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลเฟรท เวเกอเนอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลเฟรท เวเกอเนอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Lothar_Wegener" title="Alfred Lothar Wegener – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Lothar Wegener" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Лотар Вегенер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Лотар Вегенер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="الفریڈ ویگنر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الفریڈ ویگنر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alfred Wegener" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alfred Wegener</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/220px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/330px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/440px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wegener, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1924–1930</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Lothar Wegener</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-11-01</span>)</span>1 November 1880<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1930 (aged 50)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">Continental drift theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polflucht" title="Polflucht">Polflucht</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wegener%E2%80%93Bergeron%E2%80%93Findeisen_process" title="Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process">Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wegener" title="Kurt Wegener">Kurt Wegener</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wegener" title="Paul Wegener">Paul Wegener</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a> (father-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a> (son-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Uiberreither" title="Siegfried Uiberreither">Siegfried Uiberreither</a> (son-in-law)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/BV041981724/3/LOG_0000/">The Alfonsine Tables for the Use of a Modern Computer</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1905)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bauschinger" title="Julius Bauschinger">Julius Bauschinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_F%C3%B6rster" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Förster">Wilhelm Förster</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg/150px-Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg/225px-Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg/300px-Alfred_Wegener_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Lothar Wegener</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʔalfʁeːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈveːɡənɐ]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 November 1880 – November 1930) was a German <a href="/wiki/Climatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatologist">climatologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysicist">geophysicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar researcher</a>. </p><p>During his lifetime he was primarily known for his achievements in meteorology and as a pioneer of polar research, but today he is most remembered as the originator of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> hypothesis by suggesting in 1912 that the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> are slowly drifting around the Earth (German: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kontinentalverschiebung</i></span></i>). </p><p>His hypothesis was not accepted by mainstream geology until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries such as <a href="/wiki/Palaeomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeomagnetism">palaeomagnetism</a> provided strong support for continental drift, and thereby a substantial basis for today's model of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-earthy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wegener was involved in several expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">polar</a> air circulation before the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> was accepted. Expedition participants made many meteorological observations and were the first to overwinter on the inland Greenland ice sheet and the first to bore <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice cores</a> on a moving Arctic glacier. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alfred_Wegener" title="Special:EditPage/Alfred Wegener">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3></div> <p>Alfred Wegener was born in Berlin on 1 November 1880, the youngest of five children, to Richard Wegener and his wife Anna. His father was a theologian and teacher of classical languages at the <a href="/wiki/Joachimsthal_Gymnasium" title="Joachimsthal Gymnasium">Joachimsthalschen Gymnasium</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Berlinisches_Gymnasium_zum_Grauen_Kloster" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster">Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster</a>. In 1886 his family purchased a former manor house near <a href="/wiki/Rheinsberg" title="Rheinsberg">Rheinsberg</a>, which they used as a vacation home.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel,_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42,_Berlin-Mitte,_533-639.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel%2C_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_533-639.jpg/170px-Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel%2C_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_533-639.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel%2C_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_533-639.jpg/255px-Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel%2C_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_533-639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel%2C_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_533-639.jpg/340px-Alfred-Wegener-Gedenktafel%2C_Wallstra%C3%9Fe_42%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_533-639.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="3117" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque on Wegener's former school in Wallstrasse</figcaption></figure> <p>Wegener attended school at the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6llnisches_Gymnasium" title="Köllnisches Gymnasium">Köllnische Gymnasium</a> on Wallstrasse in Berlin, completing his <i><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a></i> in 1899,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> graduating as the best in his class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wegener studied <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, meteorology and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University</a> in Berlin, completing two external semesters at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>. His teachers included <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Foerster" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Foerster">Wilhelm Förster</a> for astronomy and <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> for thermodynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1902 to 1903 during his studies he was an assistant at the <a href="/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)" title="Urania (Berlin)">Urania</a> astronomical observatory. He completed his doctoral dissertation on the subject of applying the astronomical data of <a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a> to contemporary computational methods in 1905 under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Bauschinger" title="Julius Bauschinger">Julius Bauschinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Julius_Foerster" title="Wilhelm Julius Foerster">Wilhelm Förster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite becoming a doctor in the field of astronomy, Wegener had always maintained a strong interest in the developing fields of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a> and his studies afterwards focused on these disciplines. </p><p>In 1905 Wegener became an assistant at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronautisches_Observatorium_Lindenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeronautisches Observatorium Lindenberg (page does not exist)">Aeronautisches Observatorium Lindenberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologisches_Observatorium_Lindenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg">de</a>]</span> near <a href="/wiki/Beeskow" title="Beeskow">Beeskow</a>. He worked there with his brother <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wegener" title="Kurt Wegener">Kurt</a>, who was likewise a scientist with an interest in meteorology and polar research. The two pioneered the use of weather balloons to track <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a>. On a balloon ascent undertaken to carry out meteorological investigations and to test a <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a> method using a particular type of quadrant ("Libellenquadrant"), the Wegener brothers set a new record for a continuous balloon flight, remaining aloft 52.5 hours from 5–7 April 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His observations during his time at the Observatorium made a significant contribution to the field of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">atmospheric physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Greenland_expedition_and_years_in_Marburg">First Greenland expedition and years in Marburg</h3></div> <p>In 1906, Wegener participated in the first of his four Greenland expeditions, later regarding this experience as marking a decisive turning point in his life. The <a href="/wiki/Denmark_expedition" title="Denmark expedition">Denmark expedition</a> was led by the Dane <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Mylius-Erichsen" title="Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen">Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen</a> and charged with studying the last unknown portion of the northeastern coast of Greenland. During the expedition Wegener constructed the first meteorological station in Greenland near <a href="/wiki/Danmarkshavn" title="Danmarkshavn">Danmarkshavn</a>, where he launched <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moored_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moored balloon">tethered balloons</a> to make meteorological measurements in an <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> climatic zone. Here Wegener also made his first acquaintance with death in a wilderness of ice when the expedition leader and two of his colleagues died on an exploratory trip undertaken with <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dogs</a>. </p><p>After his return in 1908 and until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Wegener was a lecturer in meteorology, applied astronomy and cosmic physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>. His students and colleagues in Marburg particularly valued his ability to clearly and understandably explain even complex topics and current research findings without sacrificing precision. His lectures formed the basis of what was to become a standard textbook in meteorology, first written In 1909/1910: <i>Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre</i> (Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere), in which he incorporated many of the results of the Greenland expedition. </p><p>On 6 January 1912 he presented his first proposal of continental drift in a lecture to the Geologische Vereinigung (Geological Association) at the <a href="/wiki/Senckenberg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senckenberg Museum">Senckenberg Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>. Later in 1912 he made the case for the theory in a long, three-part article<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a shorter summary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Greenland_expedition">Second Greenland expedition</h3></div> <p>Plans for a new Greenland expedition grew out of Wegener and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Koch" title="Johan Peter Koch">Johan Peter Koch</a>'s frustration with the disorganisation and meager scientific results of the <a href="/wiki/Danmark_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Danmark expedition">Danmark expedition</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Danish_Expedition_to_Queen_Louise_Land" title="Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land">Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land</a> would involve only four men, take place in 1912–1913, and have Koch for leader.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a stopover in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> to purchase and test <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_horse" title="Icelandic horse">ponies</a> as pack animals, the expedition arrived in Danmarkshavn. Even before the trip to the inland ice began the expedition was almost annihilated by a calving <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>. Koch broke his leg when he fell into a glacier crevasse and spent months recovering in a sickbed. Wegener and Koch were the first to winter on the inland ice in northeast Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-Dansgaard_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dansgaard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside their hut they drilled to a depth of 25 m with an auger. In summer 1913 the team crossed the inland ice, the four expedition participants covering a distance twice as long as <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>'s southern Greenland crossing in 1888. Only a few kilometres from the western Greenland settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kangersuatsiaq" title="Kangersuatsiaq">Kangersuatsiaq</a> the small team ran out of food while struggling to find their way through difficult glacial break-up terrain. But at the last moment, after the last pony and dog had been eaten, they were picked up at a <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a> by the clergyman of <a href="/wiki/Upernavik" title="Upernavik">Upernavik</a>, who just happened to be visiting a remote congregation at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <p>Later in 1913, after his return Wegener married Else Köppen, the daughter of his former teacher and mentor, the meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a>. The young pair lived in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, where Wegener resumed his university lectureship. There his two older daughters were born, Hilde (1914–1936) and Sophie ("Käte", 1918–2012). Their third daughter Hanna Charlotte ("Lotte", 1920–1989) was born in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Lotte would in 1938 marry the famous Austrian mountaineer and adventurer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a>, while in 1939, Käte married <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Uiberreither" title="Siegfried Uiberreither">Siegfried Uiberreither</a>, Austrian <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <p>As an infantry reserve officer Wegener was immediately called up when the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> began in 1914. On the war front in Belgium he experienced fierce fighting but his term lasted only a few months: after being wounded twice he was declared unfit for active service and assigned to the army weather service. This activity required him to travel constantly between various weather stations in Germany, on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, he was able in 1915 to complete the first version of his major work, <i>Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</i> ("The Origin of Continents and Oceans"). His brother Kurt remarked that Alfred Wegener's motivation was to "reestablish the connection between <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and geology on the other, which had become completely ruptured because of the specialized development of these branches of science." </p><p>Interest in this small publication was however low, also because of wartime chaos. By the end of the war Wegener had published almost 20 additional meteorological and geophysical papers in which he repeatedly embarked for new scientific frontiers. In 1917 he undertook a scientific investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Treysa_(meteorite)" title="Treysa (meteorite)">Treysa meteorite</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h3></div> <p>In 1919, Wegener replaced Köppen as head of the Meteorological Department at the German Naval Observatory (<i>Deutsche Seewarte</i>) and moved to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> with his wife and their two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921 he was moreover appointed senior lecturer at the new <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>. From 1919 to 1923 Wegener did pioneering work on reconstructing the climate of past eras (now known as "<a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a>"), closely in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> publishing <i>Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit</i> ("The Climates of the Geological Past") together with his father-in-law, Wladimir Köppen, in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 the third, fully revised edition of "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" appeared, and discussion began on his theory of continental drift, first in the German language area and later internationally. Withering criticism was the response of most experts. </p><p>In 1924 Wegener was appointed to a professorship in meteorology and geophysics in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Graz" title="University of Graz">Graz</a>, a position that was both secure and free of administrative duties.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concentrated on physics and the optics of the atmosphere as well as the study of <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>. He had studied tornadoes for several years by this point, publishing the first thorough European <a href="/wiki/Tornado_climatology" title="Tornado climatology">tornado climatology</a> in 1917. He also posited tornado vortex structures and <a href="/wiki/Tornadogenesis" title="Tornadogenesis">formative processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonescu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonescu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific assessment of his second Greenland expedition (ice measurements, atmospheric optics, etc.) continued to the end of the 1920s. </p><p>In November 1926 Wegener presented his continental drift theory at a symposium of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Petroleum_Geologists" title="American Association of Petroleum Geologists">American Association of Petroleum Geologists</a> in New York City, again earning rejection from everyone but the chairman. Three years later the fourth and final expanded edition of "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" appeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Greenland_expedition">Third Greenland expedition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg/170px-Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg/255px-Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg/340px-Wegener_Expedition-1930_026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Wegener (<i>left</i>) and Villumsen (<i>right</i>) in Greenland; 1 November 1930.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April–October 1929, Wegener embarked on his third expedition to Greenland, which laid the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/German_Greenland_Expedition" title="German Greenland Expedition">German Greenland Expedition</a> which he was planning to lead in 1930–1931. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Greenland_expedition:_Death">Fourth Greenland expedition: Death</h3></div> <p>Wegener's last Greenland expedition was in 1930. The 14 participants under his leadership were to establish three permanent stations from which the thickness of the Greenland ice sheet could be measured and year-round Arctic weather observations made. They would travel on the ice cap using two innovative, propeller-driven <a href="/wiki/Aerosani" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosani">snowmobiles</a>, in addition to ponies and dog sleds. Wegener felt personally responsible for the expedition's success, as the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">German government</a> had contributed $120,000 ($1.5 million in 2007 dollars). Success depended on enough provisions being transferred from West camp to <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Eismitte" title="Eismitte">Eismitte</a></i></span></i> ("mid-ice", also known as Central Station) for two men to winter there, and this was a factor in the decision that led to his death. Owing to a late thaw, the expedition was six weeks behind schedule and, as summer ended, the men at <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eismitte</i></span></i> sent a message that they had insufficient fuel and so would return on 20 October. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg/220px-Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg/330px-Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg/440px-Wegener_Expedition-1930_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>Snowmobiles used by the 1930 expedition (stored)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 September, although the route markers were by now largely buried under snow, Wegener set out with thirteen Greenlanders and his meteorologist Fritz Loewe to supply the camp by dog sled. During the journey, the temperature reached −60 °C (−76 °F) and Loewe's toes became so frostbitten they had to be amputated with a penknife without anaesthetic. Twelve of the Greenlanders returned to West camp. On 19 October the remaining three members of the expedition reached <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eismitte</i></span></i>. </p><p>Expedition member Johannes Georgi estimated that there were only enough supplies for three at <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eismitte</i></span></i>, so Wegener and 27 year-old native Greenlander Rasmus Villumsen took two dog sleds and made for West camp. (Georgi later found that he had underestimated the supplies, and that Wegener and Villumsen could have overwintered at Eismitte.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) They took no food for the dogs and killed them one by one to feed the rest until they could run only one sled. While Villumsen rode the sled, Wegener had to use skis, but they never reached the camp. Wegener died in his tent around 90 miles from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eismitte</i></span></i> and was hastily buried with his skis stuck upright in the snow. Villumsen resumed his journey, but he was never seen again. Six months later, on 12 May 1931, Wegener's skis were discovered. Expedition members built a pyramid-shaped <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> in the ice and snow, and Alfred Wegener's body was laid to rest. Wegener had been 50 years of age and a heavy smoker, and it was believed that he had died of heart failure brought on by <a href="/wiki/Overexertion" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexertion">overexertion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wegener" title="Kurt Wegener">Kurt Wegener</a> took over the expedition's leadership in July, according to the prearranged plan for such an eventuality.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continental_drift_theory">Continental drift theory</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg/220px-De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg/330px-De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg/440px-De_Wegener_Kontinente_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Original world maps created by Wegener showing <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> and the continents drifting apart. Its spatial and temporal classification corresponds to his conception at that time, not to the later proven positions and geological epochs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wegener first thought of this idea by noticing that the different large landmasses of the Earth almost fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> of the Americas fits closely to Africa and Europe. Antarctica, Australia, India and Madagascar fit next to the tip of Southern Africa. But Wegener only published his idea after reading a paper in 1911 which criticised the prevalent hypothesis, that a bridge of land once connected Europe and America, on the grounds that this contradicts <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wegener's main interest was meteorology, and he wanted to join the Denmark-Greenland expedition scheduled for mid-1912. He presented his <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> hypothesis on 6 January 1912. He analysed both sides of the Atlantic Ocean for rock type, geological structures and fossils. He noticed that there was a significant similarity between matching sides of the continents, especially in <a href="/wiki/Fossil_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil plants">fossil plants</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg/220px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg/330px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg/440px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Fossil patterns across continents (<a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1912, Wegener publicly advocated the existence of "continental drift", arguing that all the continents were once joined in a single landmass and had since drifted apart. He supposed that the mechanisms causing the drift might be the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Polflucht" title="Polflucht">Polflucht</a></i></span>") or the astronomical <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a>. Wegener also speculated about <a href="/wiki/Sea-floor_spreading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-floor spreading">sea-floor spreading</a> and the role of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, stating that "the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic, as it keeps spreading, is continuously tearing open and making space for fresh, relatively fluid and hot <a href="/wiki/Sima_(geology)" title="Sima (geology)">sima</a> [rising] from depth."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did not pursue these ideas in his later works. </p><p>In 1915, in the first edition of his book, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</i></span></i>, written in German,<sup id="cite_ref-Frankel2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankel2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wegener drew together evidence from various fields to advance the theory that there had once been a giant continent, which he named "<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urkontinent</i></span></i>"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (German for "primal continent", analogous to the Greek "<a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "All-Lands" or "All-Earth"). Expanded editions during the 1920s presented further evidence. (The first English edition was published in 1924 as <i>The Origin of Continents and Oceans</i>, a translation of the 1922 third German edition.) The last German edition, published in 1929, revealed the significant observation that shallower oceans were geologically younger. It was not translated into English until 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankel2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankel2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg/220px-Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg/330px-Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg/440px-Wegener_Expedition-1912_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Wegener during J.P. Koch's Expedition 1912–1913 in the winter base "Borg"</figcaption></figure> <p>Note prior advocates for various forms of continental dynamics: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Snider-Pellegrini" title="Antonio Snider-Pellegrini">Antonio Snider-Pellegrini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mantovani" title="Roberto Mantovani">Roberto Mantovani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ampferer" title="Otto Ampferer">Otto Ampferer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bursley_Taylor" title="Frank Bursley Taylor">Frank Bursley Taylor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3></div> <p>In his work, Wegener presented a large amount of observational evidence in support of continental drift, but the mechanism remained a problem, partly because Wegener's estimate of the velocity of continental motion, 250 cm/year, was too high.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The currently accepted rate for the separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm/year.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his ideas attracted a few early supporters such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Du_Toit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Du Toit">Alexander Du Toit</a> from South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holmes" title="Arthur Holmes">Arthur Holmes</a> in England <sup id="cite_ref-Drake_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a> in Serbia, for whom continental drift theory was the premise for investigating polar wandering,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the hypothesis was initially met with scepticism from geologists, who viewed Wegener as an outsider and were resistant to change.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German geologist Max Semper wrote a critique of the theory, which culminated in this mockery against Wegener:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"... so one can only ask for the necessary distance to be maintained and the request to stop honouring geology in the future, but to visit specialist areas that have so far forgotten to write above their gate: "Oh holy Saint Florian, spare this house, set others on fire!" (Max Semper, 1917)</p></blockquote> <p>Nevertheless, the eminent Swiss geologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Argand" title="Émile Argand">Émile Argand</a> advocated Wegener's theory in his inaugural address to the 1922 International Geological Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The one American edition of Wegener's work, published in 1925, was written in "a dogmatic style that often results from German translations".<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, at the initiative of Willem van der Gracht, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Petroleum_Geologists" title="American Association of Petroleum Geologists">American Association of Petroleum Geologists</a> organised a symposium on the continental drift hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opponents argued, as did the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipziger</a> geologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kossmat" title="Franz Kossmat">Franz Kossmat</a>, that the oceanic crust was too firm for the continents to "simply plough through". </p><p>From at least 1910, Wegener imagined the continents once fitting together not at the current shore line, but 200 m <a href="/wiki/Isobath" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobath">below this</a>, at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelves" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental shelves">continental shelves</a>, where they match well.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason Wegener's ideas were not initially accepted was the misapprehension that he was suggesting the continents had fit along the current coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schuchert" title="Charles Schuchert">Charles Schuchert</a> commented: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During this vast time [of the split of Pangea] the sea waves have been continuously pounding against Africa and Brazil and in many places rivers have been bringing into the ocean great amounts of eroded material, yet everywhere the geographic shore lines are said to have remained practically unchanged! It apparently makes no difference to Wegener how hard or how soft are the rocks of these shore lines, what are their geological structures that might aid or retard land or marine erosion, how often the strand lines have been elevated or depressed, and how far peneplanation has gone on during each period of continental stability. Furthermore, sea-level in itself has not been constant, especially during the Pleistocene, when the lands were covered by millions of square miles of ice made from water subtracted out of the oceans. In the equatorial regions, this level fluctuated three times during the Pleistocene, and during each period of ice accumulation the sea-level sank about 250 feet [75 m].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Based on a Google Books search, this quotation appears to be from the Smithsonian Institution's annual 'Report of the Board of Regents' in 1929, https://books.google.com/books?id=ftIWAAAAYAAJ, but I have no access to a copy to verify. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Wegener was in the audience for this lecture, but made no attempt to defend his work, possibly because of an inadequate command of the English language. </p><p>In 1943, <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> wrote a strong critique of the theory (as well as the rival theory of sunken land bridges) and gave evidence for the idea that similarities of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> between the continents could best be explained by these being fixed land masses which over time were connected and disconnected by periodic flooding, a theory known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanentism (page does not exist)">permanentism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander du Toit wrote a rejoinder to this the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfred Wegener has been mischaracterised as a lone genius whose theory of continental drift met widespread rejection until well after his death. In fact, the main tenets of the theory gained widespread acceptance by European researchers already in the 1920s, and the debates were mostly about specific details. However, the theory took longer to be accepted in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_developments">Modern developments</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plates_tect2_en.svg/300px-Plates_tect2_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plates_tect2_en.svg/450px-Plates_tect2_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plates_tect2_en.svg/600px-Plates_tect2_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1950s, the new science of <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetism</a> pioneered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> by <a href="/wiki/S._K._Runcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="S. K. Runcorn">S. K. Runcorn</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a> by <a href="/wiki/P.M.S._Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="P.M.S. Blackett">P.M.S. Blackett</a> was soon producing data in favour of Wegener's theory. By early 1953 samples taken from India showed that the country had previously been in the Southern hemisphere as predicted by Wegener. By 1959, the theory had enough supporting data that minds were starting to change, particularly in the United Kingdom where, in 1964, the Royal Society held a symposium on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1960s saw several relevant developments in geology, notably the discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Wadati–Benioff zones</a>, and this led to the rapid resurrection of the continental drift hypothesis in the form of its direct descendant, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. Maps of the <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> of the ocean floors created by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Tharp" title="Marie Tharp">Marie Tharp</a> in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Heezen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Heezen">Bruce Heezen</a> were an important contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> that was starting. Wegener was then recognised as the founding father of one of the major scientific revolutions of the 20th century. </p><p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) in 1993, it became possible to measure continental drift directly.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research" title="Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, Germany, was established in 1980 on Wegener's centenary. It awards the Wegener Medal in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-2005report_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005report-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crater <a href="/wiki/Wegener_(lunar_crater)" title="Wegener (lunar crater)">Wegener</a> on the Moon and the crater <a href="/wiki/Wegener_(Martian_crater)" title="Wegener (Martian crater)">Wegener</a> on Mars, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/29227_Wegener" class="mw-redirect" title="29227 Wegener">29227 Wegener</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wegener_Peninsula" title="Wegener Peninsula">Wegener Peninsula</a> in Eastern Greenland and the peninsula where he died in Western Greenland near Ummannaq, <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alfred_Wegener&params=71_12_N_51_50_W_type:landmark_region:GL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">71°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">51°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">71.200°N 51.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">71.200; -51.833</span></span></span></a></span></span>, are named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Geosciences_Union" title="European Geosciences Union">European Geosciences Union</a> sponsors an Alfred Wegener Medal & Honorary Membership "for scientists who have achieved exceptional international standing in atmospheric, hydrological or ocean sciences, defined in their widest senses, for their merit and their scientific achievements."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWegener1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wegener, Alfred (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slxDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre</i></a> [<i>Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere</i>] (in German). Leipzig: Verlag Von Johann Ambrosius Barth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermodynamik+der+Atmosph%C3%A4re&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Verlag+Von+Johann+Ambrosius+Barth&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslxDAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1912" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wegener, Alfred (1912). "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage". <i>Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen</i> (in German). <b>63</b>: <span class="nowrap">185–</span>195, <span class="nowrap">253–</span>256, <span class="nowrap">305–</span>309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petermanns+Geographische+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=Die+Herausbildung+der+Grossformen+der+Erdrinde+%28Kontinente+und+Ozeane%29%2C+auf+geophysikalischer+Grundlage&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E195%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E256%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span> (Presented at the annual meeting of the German Geological Society, Frankfurt am Main, 6 January 1912).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1912" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wegener, Alfred (July 1912). "Die Entstehung der Kontinente". <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geologische Rundschau</i></span></i> (in German). <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912GeoRu...3..276W">1912GeoRu...3..276W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02202896">10.1007/BF02202896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129316588">129316588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EGeologische+Rundschau%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft.atitle=Die+Entstehung+der+Kontinente&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=1912-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129316588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02202896&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1912GeoRu...3..276W&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wegener, Alfred (1922). <i>Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</i> [<i>The Origin of Continents and Oceans</i>] (in German). Borntraeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-443-01056-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-443-01056-3"><bdi>3-443-01056-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/unk83068007">unk83068007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Entstehung+der+Kontinente+und+Ozeane&rft.pub=Borntraeger&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Funk83068007&rft.isbn=3-443-01056-3&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wegener, Alfred (1929). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Die_Entstehung_der_Kontinente_und_Ozeane" class="extiw" title="s:de:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane"><i>Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</i></a> [<i>The Origin of Continents and Oceans</i>] (in German) (4th ed.). Braunschweig: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-443-01056-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-443-01056-3"><bdi>3-443-01056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Entstehung+der+Kontinente+und+Ozeane&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EFriedrich+Vieweg+%26+Sohn+Akt.+Ges%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=3-443-01056-3&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>English language edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1966" class="citation book cs1">Wegener, Alfred (1966). <i>The Origin of Continents and Oceans</i>. Translated by John Biram, from the fourth revised German edition. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-61708-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-61708-4"><bdi>0-486-61708-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Continents+and+Oceans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-486-61708-4&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span>  British edition: Methuen, London (1968).</li></ul></li> <li>Köppen, W. & Wegener, A. (1924): <i>Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit</i>, Borntraeger Science Publishers. English language edition: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010881">The Climates of the Geological Past</a></i> 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegenerLoewe1939" class="citation book cs1">Wegener, Elsie; Loewe, Fritz, eds. (1939). <i>Greenland Journey, The Story of Wegener's German Expedition to Greenland in 1930–31 as told by Members of the Expedition and the Leader's Diary</i>. Translated by Winifred M. Deans, from the seventh German edition. London: Blackie & Son Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenland+Journey%2C+The+Story+of+Wegener%27s+German+Expedition+to+Greenland+in+1930%E2%80%9331+as+told+by+Members+of+the+Expedition+and+the+Leader%27s+Diary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackie+%26+Son+Ltd.&rft.date=1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_ice" title="Hair ice">Hair ice</a> – Wegener introduced a theory on the growth of hair ice in 1918.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wegener">"Wegener"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121055/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wegener">Archived</a> 29 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ"><i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a> [<i>The Pronunciation Dictionary</i>] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. pp. 177, 897. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04067-4"><bdi>978-3-411-04067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=177%2C+897&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Dudenverlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04067-4&rft.au=Dudenredaktion&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6bl%2C+Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6vWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrechStockHirschfeldAnders2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1tr_oVkW4C"><i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a> [<i>German Pronunciation Dictionary</i>] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 302, 1047. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=302%2C+1047&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva-Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-1tr_oVkW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earthy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-earthy_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpauldingNamowitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Spaulding, Nancy E.; Namowitz, Samuel N. (2005). <i>Earth Science</i>. Boston: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-11550-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-11550-1"><bdi>0-618-11550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Science&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-11550-1&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Nancy+E.&rft.au=Namowitz%2C+Samuel+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyreEilersMairs1991" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, Michael; Eilers, H. Peter; Mairs, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograph00mcinrich/page/273"><i>Physical geography</i></a>. New York: Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograph00mcinrich/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-62017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-62017-3"><bdi>0-471-62017-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+geography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-471-62017-3&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Eilers%2C+H.+Peter&rft.au=Mairs%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalgeograph00mcinrich%2Fpage%2F273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWutzke2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wutzke, Ulrich (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118629913.html">"Wegener, Alfred - Deutsche Biographie"</a>. <i>www.deutsche-biographie.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deutsche-biographie.de&rft.atitle=Wegener%2C+Alfred+-+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Wutzke&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fpnd118629913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The memorial site is the <i>Gedenkstätte Zechlinerhütte</i>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702081455/http://www.zechlinerhuette.com/de/tourismusinfo/wegener_gedenkstaette.php">"Zechlinerhütte – Alfred Wegener Gedenkstätte"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zechlinerhuette.com/de/tourismusinfo/wegener_gedenkstaette.php">the original</a> on 2 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zechlinerh%C3%BCtte+%E2%80%93+Alfred+Wegener+Gedenkst%C3%A4tte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zechlinerhuette.com%2Fde%2Ftourismusinfo%2Fwegener_gedenkstaette.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2018" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Mott T. (15 October 2018). <i>Alfred Wegener : science, exploration, and the theory of continental drift</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-2709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-2709-6"><bdi>978-1-4214-2709-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030902106">1030902106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Wegener+%3A+science%2C+exploration%2C+and+the+theory+of+continental+drift&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030902106&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-2709-6&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Mott+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1905" class="citation book cs1">Wegener, Alfred (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/BV041981724/3/LOG_0000/"><i>Die Alfonsinischen Tafeln für den Gebrauch eines modernen Rechners</i></a>. Berlin: Ebering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Alfonsinischen+Tafeln+f%C3%BCr+den+Gebrauch+eines+modernen+Rechners&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ebering&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digi-hub.de%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2FBV041981724%2F3%2FLOG_0000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Silberer: Die Dauerfahrt von 52½ Stunden. In: Wiener Luftschiffer-Zeitung 5, Heft 8, 1906, S. 156–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1912" class="citation journal cs1">Wegener, Alfred (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpvolume_00155009">"Die Entstehung der Kontinente"</a>. <i>Dr. A. Petermanns Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes' geographischer Anstalt</i>. <b>58</b>: <span class="nowrap">185–</span>195, <span class="nowrap">253–</span>256, <span class="nowrap">305–</span>309 – via The journals@UrMEL portal operated by the Thuringian University and State Library Jena (ThULB).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+A.+Petermanns+Mitteilungen+aus+Justus+Perthes%27+geographischer+Anstalt&rft.atitle=Die+Entstehung+der+Kontinente&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E195%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E256%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzs.thulb.uni-jena.de%2Freceive%2Fjportal_jpvolume_00155009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegener1912" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wegener, Alfred (1 July 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202896">"Die Entstehung der Kontinente"</a>. <i>Geologische Rundschau</i> (in German). <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912GeoRu...3..276W">1912GeoRu...3..276W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02202896">10.1007/BF02202896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1149">1432-1149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129316588">129316588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologische+Rundschau&rft.atitle=Die+Entstehung+der+Kontinente&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=1912-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02202896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129316588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-1149&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1912GeoRu...3..276W&rft.aulast=Wegener&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF02202896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dansgaard-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dansgaard_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDansgaard_W2004" class="citation book cs1">Dansgaard W (2004). <i>Frozen Annals Greenland Ice Sheet Research</i>. Odder, Denmark: Narayana Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-990078-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-990078-0-0"><bdi>87-990078-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frozen+Annals+Greenland+Ice+Sheet+Research&rft.place=Odder%2C+Denmark&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Narayana+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=87-990078-0-0&rft.au=Dansgaard+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaël Stürm, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afa-boeblingen.de/dl/BBKZNSGauleiter.pdf">Account of Uiberreither postwar incognito life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510013509/https://www.afa-boeblingen.de/dl/BBKZNSGauleiter.pdf">Archived</a> 10 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Stadt und Kreis Böbblingen</i>, 21 February 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010881">introduction to the English edition</a>, <i>The Climates of the Geological Past,</i> (2015), retrieved 28 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köppen, W. & Wegener, A. (1924): <i>Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit</i>, Borntraeger Science Publishers. In English as <i>The Climates of the Geological Past</i> (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonescu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonescu_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonescuH._M._A._M._RickettsD._M._Schultz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonescu, Bogdan; H. M. A. M. Ricketts; D. M. Schultz (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/100-years-later-reflecting-on-alfredwegeners-contributions-to-tornado-research-in-europe(9f6b8924-67ba-48d3-b81a-b76c1606db31).html">"100 Years Later: Reflecting on Alfred Wegener's Contributions to Tornado Research in Europe"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc</i>. <b>100</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">567–</span>578. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019BAMS..100..567A">2019BAMS..100..567A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-17-0316.1">10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0316.1</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727090843/https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/100-years-later-reflecting-on-alfredwegeners-contributions-to-tornado-research-in-europe(9f6b8924-67ba-48d3-b81a-b76c1606db31).html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Meteor.+Soc.&rft.atitle=100+Years+Later%3A+Reflecting+on+Alfred+Wegener%27s+Contributions+to+Tornado+Research+in+Europe&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E578&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FBAMS-D-17-0316.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019BAMS..100..567A&rft.aulast=Antonescu&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft.au=H.+M.+A.+M.+Ricketts&rft.au=D.+M.+Schultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F100-years-later-reflecting-on-alfredwegeners-contributions-to-tornado-research-in-europe%289f6b8924-67ba-48d3-b81a-b76c1606db31%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/05/14/96197407.pdf">"Reached Central Station with No Supplies After a Forty-day Trek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 12 May 1931<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reached+Central+Station+with+No+Supplies+After+a+Forty-day+Trek&rft.date=1931-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1931%2F05%2F14%2F96197407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüdecke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lüdecke, C (27 October 2009). 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Rdsch.</i></span></i> (in German). <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">86–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3ENaturwiss.+Rdsch.%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft.atitle=Referat+Scharff%3A+Ueber+die+Beweissgruende+fuer+eine+fruehere+Landbruecke+zwischen+Nordeuropa+und+Nordamerika&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Arldt&rft.aufirst=Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharff1909" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scharff, R. F. (1909). "Ueber die Beweissgruende fuer eine fruehere Landbruecke zwischen Nordeuropa und Nordamerika". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</i> (in German). <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Beweissgruende+fuer+eine+fruehere+Landbruecke+zwischen+Nordeuropa+und+Nordamerika&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Scharff&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flügel, Helmut W. (December 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308204257/http://www2.uibk.ac.at/downloads/oegg/Band_73_237_254.pdf">"Wegener-Ampferer-Schwinner: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie in Österreich"</a> [Wegener-Ampferer-Schwinner: A Contribution to the History of the Geology in Austria] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mitt. österr. Geol. Ges.</i></span></i> (in German). <b>73</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.uibk.ac.at/downloads/oegg/Band_73_237_254.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.242.3.145">"Tertiary Mammals and Continental Drift"</a>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>242</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1944AmJS..242..145D">1944AmJS..242..145D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.242.3.145">10.2475/ajs.242.3.145</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Tertiary+Mammals+and+Continental+Drift&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.242.3.145&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1944AmJS..242..145D&rft.aulast=du+Toit&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2475%252Fajs.242.3.145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel1987" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, H. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27560-6"><bdi>978-0-521-27560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Continental+Drift+Debate&rft.btitle=Scientific+Controversies%3A+Case+Solutions+in+the+resolution+and+closure+of+disputes+in+science+and+technology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27560-6&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlp_n-Ng-hhoC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady_Haran2003" class="citation web cs1">Brady Haran (4 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/2956026.stm">"The millimetre men"</a>. BBC News UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105042558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/2956026.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+millimetre+men&rft.pub=BBC+News+UK&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft.au=Brady+Haran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fnottinghamshire%2F2956026.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005report-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2005report_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/News/Print_Products/PDF/252-265_Kap12.pdf">"2005 Annual report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630052409/http://www.awi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/News/Print_Products/PDF/252-265_Kap12.pdf">Archived</a> 30 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 259, <i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=29227">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815022526/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=29227">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D29227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718070142/http://www.egu.eu/en/awards-medals/awards-medals.html?file=alfred_wegener_overview&cHash=f431498f549e2878936516b2a644ecac">"EGU: Awards & Medals"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egu.eu/en/awards-medals/awards-medals.html?file=alfred_wegener_overview&cHash=f431498f549e2878936516b2a644ecac">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGU%3A+Awards+%26+Medals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egu.eu%2Fen%2Fawards-medals%2Fawards-medals.html%3Ffile%3Dalfred_wegener_overview%26cHash%3Df431498f549e2878936516b2a644ecac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wegener" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" class="extiw" title="commons:Alfred Wegener"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Alfred Wegener</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alfred_Wegener" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/43299">Works by Alfred Wegener</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%20Lothar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%20L%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wegener%2C%20A%2E%20L%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20Lothar%20Wegener%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20Wegener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20Lothar%20Wegener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Lothar%20Wegener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%20Lothar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%20L%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wegener%2C%20A%2E%20L%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wegener%2C%20A%2E%20Lothar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20Wegener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20Lothar%20Wegener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20Wegener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20Lothar%20Wegener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20L%2E%20Wegener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%20Lothar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%20L%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20Wegener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wegener%2C%20Alfred%22%29%20OR%20%28%221880-1930%22%20AND%20Wegener%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alfred Wegener</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3040">Works by Alfred Wegener</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awi.de/en">Wegener Institute website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/wegener.html">USGS biography of Wegener</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pangaea.org/wegener.htm">Wegener biography at Pangaea.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener.html">Alfred Wegener (1880–1930)</a> – Biographical material</li> <li>Wegener's paper (1912) online and analysed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibnum.education.fr/sciencesdelaterre/g%C3%A9ologie/la-formation-des-continents">BibNum</a> (for English text go to "A télécharger")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/16311"><i>Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</i></a> – full digital facsimile at <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/018266">Newspaper clippings about Alfred Wegener</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/42px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76323#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3488" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76323#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118629913">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80098269">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124287112">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124287112">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460417">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wegener, Alfred"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV162921">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35244480">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002112801&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1158154">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/47685">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07143240X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524064006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00820296?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=60121">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57190319977">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:wegener.alfred">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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