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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Armenians in Egypt</b> are a community with a long history. They are a minority with their own language, churches, and social institutions. The number of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> has decreased due to migrations to other countries and integration into the rest of Egyptian society, including extensive intermarriage with Muslims and Christians. Today they number about 6000, much smaller than a few generations ago. They are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the two largest cities. Economically the Egyptian Armenians have tended to be self-employed businessmen or craftsmen and to have more years of education than the Egyptian average.<sup id="cite_ref-ayman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Armenians in Egypt</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">6,500-12,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Protestants</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Fatimid_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fatimid period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mamluk_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mamluk period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mohamed_Ali_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mohamed Ali period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-genocide_(1915-1952)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-genocide (1915-1952)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#After_the_1952_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">After the 1952 Revolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Present_day"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Present day</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Journalism"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Journalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Schools_and_institutions"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Schools and institutions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Church"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Church</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#List_of_famous_Armenians_in_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">List of famous Armenians in Egypt</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#From_Abbasid_Era_in_the_7th_century_to_the_Ottoman_Era_of_the_early_19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">From Abbasid Era in the 7th century to the Ottoman Era of the early 19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Contributors_to_modern_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Contributors to modern Egypt</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Diaspora"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Diaspora</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Armenians in Egypt have had a presence since the 6th and 7th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-hovhan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hovhan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Armenian migrants to Egypt were Muslims. A migration of Armenian Christians to Egypt started in the early 19th century, and another wave occurred in the early 20th century. </p><p>The presence of Muslim Armenians in Egypt is well documented during and after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a>. Islamized Armenians under Arab rule had visible military and government positions, such as governors, generals and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a> (and the more notable individuals are listed by name further below).<sup id="cite_ref-hovhan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hovhan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatimid_period">Fatimid period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fatimid period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>This was a prosperous period for the Armenians in Egypt, when they enjoyed commercial, cultural and religious freedom. Their numbers increased considerably as more migrants arrived from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, fleeing the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a> westward during the second half of the 10th century. Armenian Muslims started their political life in 1074, with an estimated population of 30,000 (possibly as high as 100,000) Armenians living in <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-simon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a> of Armenian origin shaped the history of the Fatimid Caliphate, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a>, up until <a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mamluk period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nearly 10,000 Armenians were captured, during invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>, which took place between 1266 and 1375, and were brought to Egypt as <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluks</a></i> or slave-soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-kurk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were employed in agriculture and as craftsmen. The youngest were educated in army camps following the Mameluke system, and later employed in the army and the palace. </p><p>At the beginning of the 14th century, a schism occurred in the Armenian church, which caused Patriarch Sargis of Jerusalem to request and obtain a firman from the Sultan Al-Malik Al-Nasir. This brought the Armenians within the Mamluk realm under the jurisdiction of the Armenian Patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The schismatic Armenians who came to Egypt were given permission to practice their religion freely. Their patriarch's authority over the Armenian community's private and public affairs was decisive. The churches and those who served them were supported by the generosity of the faithful and the revenues deriving from charitable foundations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mohamed_Ali_period">Mohamed Ali period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mohamed Ali period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubar_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nubar_Pasha.jpg/220px-Nubar_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nubar_Pasha.jpg/220px-Nubar_Pasha.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nubar_Pasha.jpg/330px-Nubar_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nubar_Pasha.jpg/440px-Nubar_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Armenian <a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> (1805–1849) witnessed strong migration streams of Armenians to Egypt. Mohamed Ali hired Armenians in government positions, and the Armenians were given great opportunities to contribute to the socioeconomic development of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-hovhan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hovhan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The era of Mohamed Ali witnessed building Armenian churches in Egypt; one for the Armenian Orthodox and another one for the Armenian Catholics. The number of Armenians immigrants to Egypt around this time is estimated at 2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boghos_Bey_Yusufian" title="Boghos Bey Yusufian">Boghos Youssufian</a> (1775–1844) was an Armenian banker and businessman. In 1837, Muhammad Ali appointed Boghos as head of the Diwan Al-Tijara (bureau of commerce) and overseer of other financial affairs for Mohamed Ali. </p><p>In 1876 the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Nubarian</a> (1825–1899) became the first Prime Minister in modern Egypt. </p><p>Starting from the 19th century Egypt became one of the centers of Armenian political and cultural life. Many prominent Armenians of that period, including <a href="/wiki/Komitas" title="Komitas">Komitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martiros_Sarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Martiros Sarian">Martiros Sarian</a> visited Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union" title="Armenian General Benevolent Union">Armenian General Benevolent Union</a> was founded in Cairo in 1906. The first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced in 1912 in Cairo by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. The film was premiered in Cairo on March 13, 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-genocide_(1915-1952)"><span id="Post-genocide_.281915-1952.29"></span>Post-genocide (1915-1952)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-genocide (1915-1952)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> started on 24 April 1915 with the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_notables_in_1915" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915">deportation of Armenian intellectuals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian communities</a> in Egypt received some percentage of the refugees and survivors of the massacres in Turkey. The total number of Armenians in Egypt in 1917 was 12,854 inhabitants. They increased to reach its peak in 1927 census data where their total number was 17,188 inhabitants most of whom were concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. Some independent estimates push the number of Armenians in Egypt to 40,000 inhabitants at the beginning of year 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-ayman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenian community life in Egypt revolved around the Armenian Apostolic Church and, to a lesser extent, the Armenian Catholic Church. Over 80% of the adult Armenian population in Egypt worked as skilled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_craftsmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian craftsmen (page does not exist)">craftsmen</a> or in administrative positions, wholesale, retail and services. A very small number of Armenians, only around 5 per cent, worked as unskilled laborers; even fewer were <a href="/wiki/Landowners" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowners">landowners</a> or <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>. Egyptian Armenians were relatively prosperous compared to Armenians in other <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> countries; of the 150,000 Middle Eastern Armenians who emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a> between 1946 and 1948, only 4,000 were Egyptian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1952_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Revolution">1952 revolution</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> many Armenians began to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_1952_Revolution">After the 1952 Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the 1952 Revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A reverse migration, not to the original homelands, but rather to the West, was observed among Armenian Egyptians starting in around 1956. 1956 saw the introduction of what are called the “Socialist Laws” in Egypt and the nationalization of many economic sectors under the Nasser regime. Since Armenian Egyptians at that time worked predominantly in the private sector and tended to monopolize basic professions and trade markets, the so-called Socialist Laws affected them more than those working in the government or in agriculture. Many migrants concluded – mistakenly or correctly – that they were threatened by the new policies of the Nasser regime and many left Egypt and migrated to the West. Since 1956 the total number of Armenian Egyptians has decreased. Accurate figures of how many left and how many are still there are not available since questions on ethnicity have not been included in censuses since the 1952 revolution. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Most Egyptian Armenians today, who are permanent residents of Egypt, were born in Egypt and are Egyptian citizens. <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to them is the collection of folkloric stories and cultural practices that each generation hands to its successor. Armenian Egyptians are full Egyptians with an extra cultural layer. They number around 6,000 and live primarily in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-ayman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today structures such as clubs, schools, and sports facilities reinforce communications among Armenian Egyptians and revive the heritage of their forefathers. In spite of these efforts, many Armenian Egyptians of the youngest generation (and who are mostly the result of marriages between the Armenian community and other <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> - whether Christian or Muslim) do not speak the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a>, or go to Armenian schools, and are not in touch with their heritage or community. The Armenian Church and the apolitical structure of the Armenian community have a very important role in unifying Armenians in Egypt. Unlike Armenian minorities in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Armenian Egyptians stay out of local politics. </p><p>The Prelacy of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which is under the jurisdiction of Holy Etchmiadzin, is the primary guardian of community assets such as endowments, real estate in the form of agricultural land, and other property bequeathed by generations of philanthropists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Egyptian Armenians are very rarely involved in present-day Egyptian politics, unlike the Armenian minorities in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. However, many are employed in different political and apolitical Egyptian institutions. The Armenian Church and the apolitical structure of the institutions in the Egyptian Armenian community have a very important role in unifying the Armenians in Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Armenian community operates a number of associations, including: </p> <ul><li>The Armenian Red Cross Association</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union" title="Armenian General Benevolent Union">Armenian General Benevolent Union</a> (founded in Egypt)</li> <li>Housaper Cultural Association.</li></ul> <p>The community has four social clubs in Cairo and two in Alexandria, in addition to three sporting clubs in the capital and two in Alexandria. There is one home for the elderly, and many activities for young people, including a dance troupe, Zankezour, a choir, Zevartnots, and a children's choir, Dzaghgasdan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Journalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Today, in Egypt, there are two daily papers and one weekly publication, all affiliated to Armenian political parties. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Housaper" title="Housaper">Housaper</a></i>, a daily belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Tashnag Party), was founded in 1913;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arev_(daily)" title="Arev (daily)">Arev</a></i>, a daily, put out by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Democratic Liberal Party">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (Ramgavar Party), was founded in 1915</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tchahagir" title="Tchahagir">Tchahagir</a></i>, a weekly founded in 1948 belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hentchag Party).</li></ul> <p>Periodicals and newsletters include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arev_Monthly" title="Arev Monthly">Arev Monthly</a></i>, published 1997–2009 in Arabic as a supplement to <i>Arev</i> daily. It was published by the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arek_Monthly" title="Arek Monthly">Arek Monthly</a></i>, started publishing in April 2010 in Arabic. It is published by the Armenian General Benevolent Union.</li> <li><i>AGBU Deghegadou</i>, published since 1996 by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union" title="Armenian General Benevolent Union">Armenian General Benevolent Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> as a newsletter covering AGBU's activities</li> <li><i>Dzidzernag</i>, a musical quarterly supplement published by <a href="/wiki/Arev_(daily)" title="Arev (daily)">Arev Daily</a> starting 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are a number of Sports clubs including: </p> <ul><li>Homenetmen Gamk, Alexanadria founded in 1912</li> <li>Homenetmen Ararat, Cairo founded in 1914</li> <li>AGBU Nubar, Alexandria founded in 1924</li> <li>AGBU Nubar, Cairo founded in 1958</li> <li>St. Theresa Club Cairo founded in 1969</li></ul> <p>Sports played include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> (soccer), <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>. Almost all the clubs also have scouting activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_institutions">Schools and institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Schools and institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The first Armenian school in Egypt, the Yeghiazarian Religious School, was established in 1828 at Bein Al-Sourein. In 1854, the school was moved to Darb Al-Geneina and the name was changed to Khorenian, after the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a>, an Armenian statesman, moved the Khorenian School to Boulaq. In 1907, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Kalousdian_Armenian_School" title="Kalousdian Armenian School">Kalousdian Armenian School</a> and kindergarten on Galaa Street (downtown Cairo), which is currently defunct. The second Armenian school in Egypt was founded in 1890 by Boghos Youssefian in Alexandria, and is called Boghossian School. The newest Armenian school is Nubarian in Heliopolis, founded in 1925 with a donation from Boghos Nubar. Now, Kalousdian school & Nubarian are merged as one school in Heliopolis area, Cairo. </p><p>The three Armenian schools in Egypt eventually integrate a K-12 program. Armenian 6 schools in Egypt are partially supported by the Prelacy of the Armenian Church in Egypt. Armenian education is very important in maintaining Armenian language among the Armenian community in Egypt. In addition, Armenian language is the only language that Armenians use within their families and communities. The three Armenian schools in Egypt eventually integrated a secondary education programme; students who have graduated can immediately enter the Egyptian university system, after passing the official Thanawiya 'Amma (High School) exams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg/220px-Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="2456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg/220px-Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg/330px-Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg/440px-Kairo_Armenisch_katholisches_Patriachat_BW_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Cathedral,_Cairo" title="Annunciation Cathedral, Cairo">Annunciation Cathedral, Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian Egyptians are divided into Armenian Apostolic (known also as Orthodox or at times Gregorian) belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and Armenian Catholic communities belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>. There are also some Egyptian Armenians who are members of Armenian Evangelical churches. </p><p>There are five main Armenian churches in Egypt, two in Alexandria and three in Cairo. </p><p>Armenian Orthodox community comprise the majority of Armenian Egyptians. The Armenian Apostolic churches include: </p> <ul><li>Paul and Peter Armenian Apostolic Church (Alexandria)</li> <li>St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Apostolic Church (Sourp Krikor Lousavoritch Armenian Apostolic Church)(in Cairo).</li></ul> <p>The Prelacy of the Armenian Church in Egypt, which is under the jurisdiction of See of Holy <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a>, is the primary guardian of community assets such as endowments, real estate in the form of agricultural land and other property bequeathed by generations of philanthropists. </p><p>The Armenian Catholic community has two churches under the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Alexandria" title="Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Alexandria">Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Alexandria</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Cathedral,_Cairo" title="Annunciation Cathedral, Cairo">Annunciation Cathedral, Cairo</a></li> <li>Armenian Catholic Patriarchate (in Alexandria)</li> <li>St. Therese Armenian Catholic Church (Heliopolis, Cairo)</li></ul> <p>The Armenian Evangelical community in Egypt currently has one church: </p> <ul><li>Armenian Evangelical Church of Alexandria (in Alexandria) <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG/220px-Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG/220px-Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG/330px-Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG/440px-Armenian_volunteer_units_in_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Armenian volunteer units in Egyptian Expeditionary Force</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="List_of_famous_Armenians_in_Egypt">List of famous Armenians in Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of famous Armenians in Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Abbasid_Era_in_the_7th_century_to_the_Ottoman_Era_of_the_early_19th_century">From Abbasid Era in the 7th century to the Ottoman Era of the early 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: From Abbasid Era in the 7th century to the Ottoman Era of the early 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Among the most prominent Armenians in Egypt between the Abbasid Era in the 7th century to the Ottoman Era of the early 19th century were: </p> <ul><li>Vartan the Standard Bearer, or Wardan al-Rumi al-Armani, who saved the life of Amr Ibn al-‘As, the commander of the Arab army at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Siege of Alexandria</a> in 641. From this Vartan Al-Rumi comes the name of a market in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> known as the Vartan Market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Armani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Armani">Ali Ibn Yahya Abu’l Hassan al-Armani</a> – the governor of Egypt in 841 and 849, appointed by the Abbasid Caliph, the spiritual and political guide and leader of Muslims at Baghdad. The courage of Ali, "[who was] versed in the science of war," is praised by the mediaeval Islamic historian Ibn Taghribirdi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ahmed Ibn Tulun - the new prefect who in 876 was commissioned by Ibn Khatib Al-Ferghani to construct his mosque in his garrison town Al-Qata’i.</li> <li>Ibn Khatib Al-Ferghani - the master builder of Armenian ancestry who rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">Nilometer</a> on the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Rawda_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawda Island">Rawda Island</a> to measure the rise of the water level at the annual inundation of the Nile, a critical factor for the prosperity of Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a> - a manumitted slave of Armenian descent was called by Caliph al-Muntasir in 1073 to assist him during the Fatimid period when Egypt was weakened by inner strife and ravaged by drought, famine and epidemics. Badr's army, composed of mainly Armenian soldiers, is believed to have been formed after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(Middle_Ages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)">Bagratuni</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a> (1066) when waves of Armenian refugees sought shelter in other countries. Badr al-Jamali was the first military man to become the Vezir (minister) of the Sword and the Pen, thus setting the trend for a century of mostly Armenian Vezirs with the same monopoly of civilian and military powers. At the height of their power, the Armenian Vezir could count on the personal loyalty of more than 20,000 men.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">Al-Afdal</a>, the son of Badr al-Jamali constructed the Palace of Vezirate, or Dar al Wizarra, besides creating two public parks with exotic gardens, and a recreation area with a man-made lake called Birket al Arman, or Armenian Lake.</li> <li>Three brothers – all architects and masons skilled in cutting and dressing stones, who constructed the three monumental gates of Cairo: Bab al-Nasr and Bab al-Futuh in 1087 and Bab Zuwayla in 1092. The gates with their flanking towers still stand today. The ramparts and gates, which have a certain similarity to the fortifications of the Bagratuni Capital Ani, are regarded as masterpieces of military architecture by international standards.</li> <li>Bahram al-Armani – who, after restoring order and peace in the country at the request of Caliph al-Hafiz, was appointed by the latter as the Vezir in 1135.</li> <li>Baha al-Din Karakush - a eunuch and a Mamluk of the Kurdish general Shirkuh who in 1176 constructed a fortress, the Citadel, on the southeastern ridge of the Muqattam Hills and enclosed the new and old capitals, Cairo and Fustat, within a wall protected by the Citadel. Until the middle of the 19th century, the Citadel built by Karakush served as the seat of government fulfilling dual military and political functions.</li> <li>Shagarat Al-Durr (or Tree of Pearls) - a female slave who dazzled everyone with her spectacular display of gold and precious stone ornaments. She was sent to Egypt by the Abbasid Caliph al-Musta’sim as a gift to Sultan Salih Nagm al-Din Ayyub and became his favorite wife during his aging years. This strong-willed former slave wielded absolute power over Egypt during the transition period to Mamluk rule. She is one of the rare women in Islamic history who have ascended the throne and made a difference in the political and cultural spheres.</li> <li>Sinan Pasha - the Ottoman Empire's chief architect of Armenian descent, who constructed the historic Mosque of Bulaq, as well as Cairo's grain market, and Bulaq's public bathroom (Hammam).</li> <li>Amir Suleyman Bey al-Armani - held the position of Governor of Munnifeya and Gharbiyya provinces in 1690 and was so wealthy that he had Mamluks at his service.</li> <li>Ali al-Armani and Ali Bey al-Armani Abul Azab - served as regional commanders.</li> <li>Mustafa Jabarti - a Mamluk of Armenian descent from <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> was a deputy of the agha or chief of ojak, and amassed a great fortune. He bought properties in the Armenian populated al-Zuwayla quarter and made donations to Armenians through his sister. He also built a hospice on the top floor of the quarter's St. Sarkis Church, to shelter Armenian immigrants, pilgrims and migrant workers, in need of temporary lodgings.</li> <li>Muhammad Kehia al-Armani – an incorruptible leader who in 1798 was sent to negotiate with Napoleon Bonaparte in Alexandria to spare the population of Cairo. Napoleon was so impressed by the conciliatory tone, the political astuteness, and the diplomatic skill of the Mamluk of Armenian descent that he later appointed him the Head of Cairo's Political Affairs Administration.</li> <li>Rustam (or Petros) - a native of <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a> was brought to Egypt as a slave soldier. He accompanied Napoleon to France as his bodyguard, fought with the French army at the famous battle of Austerlitz, and then took part in the conquest of Spain.</li> <li>Apraham Karakehia - an eminent money changer was asked for financial help by Mohammed Ali. The Armenian money changer supported Muhammad Ali's projects and plans and was afterwards appointed the financial representative of the Albanian General. Karakehia would become Egypt's money changer, with the honorary title of Misser Sarrafi. That position and title would belong to the Karakehia family for generations to come.</li> <li>Mahdesi Yeghiazar Amira Bedrossian – another money changer from Agin who was named the Wali's, or Governor's, tax collector and special counselor. The Armenian money lender not only regulated the financial services and the taxation system but also initiated safeguards against illegal land seizures. At “various times, Armenian money lenders held the sole rights of exploiting the Cairo bathhouses, the salt mines of Matariya and the fish market of Damietta.” The influence of the Armenian money lenders increased even more during the 1830s, when due to the Russo-Turkish war and open persecution of Armenians, many merchants and financiers settles in Egypt and even succeeded in launching Egypt's first bank, which operated from 1837 to 1841.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhanna_al-Armani" title="Yuhanna al-Armani">Yuhanna al-Armani</a> - artist and Coptic icon painter who lived and worked in Cairo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributors_to_modern_Egypt">Contributors to modern Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contributors to modern Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Armenians" title="List of Egyptian Armenians">List of Egyptian Armenians</a></div> <p>Armenians have historically contributed prominently to the Egyptian public life, be it in politics, economics, business and academic circles as well as in all facets of the arts. </p><p>Suffice to mention that <a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a>, a prominent politician became the First <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Saroukhan" title="Alexander Saroukhan">Alexander Saroukhan</a> is considered one of the prominent caricaturists who set the standards for the art of caricature in the Arab World. </p><p>According to media, contemporary artist <a href="/wiki/Armen_Agop" title="Armen Agop">Armen Agop</a> is among the artists from Egypt that are changing perspectives on contemporary art from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) in Egypt, Armenouhi Jamgotchian born on the 15th of June 1927 had started real beginning as a mature Armeno-Egyptian Artist in 1974. She exhibited 32 of her paintings at the Ekhnaton Gallery in Cairo. This exhibition was inaugurated on the 8th of July, by Yousef el-Sebai, the minister of culture at that time, who was also a famous writer. It lasted till the 14th of June. Being a representative of the 4th generation of Armeno-Egyptian artists, which can be considered as the generation of the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Ashod_Zorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashod Zorian">Ashod Zorian</a>, Armenouhi Jamgotchian like several other female artists of her generation (born during 1929s and 1930s and studied in the studio of A. Zorian), developed the traditions “inherited” from their master, each one creating her own style.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diaspora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Because of a rise of nationalism and pan-Arabism joined with confiscation of civil rights and economic freedoms, many Egyptians of Armenian descent decided in the late 1950s and during the 1960s to leave the country in many thousands to Europe and the Americas (United States, Canada, Latin America) and Australia. This greatly reduced the number of the Egyptian Armenian community in Egypt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However the migrating Egyptian Armenians remained attached to their homeland Egypt and kept the Egyptian Armenian traditions and established their own associations in the <a href="/wiki/New_diaspora" title="New diaspora">new diaspora</a> away from their country Egypt. They also actively contributed to the institutions still working in Egypt (churches, schools, clubs, cultural activities etc.). We can mention for example the Association of Armenians from Egypt in Montreal, Canada and many others in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="Armenia–Egypt relations">Armenia–Egypt relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Middle_East" title="Armenians in the Middle East">Armenians in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Armenia._Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Armenia. Cairo">Embassy of Armenia in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Armenians" title="List of Egyptian Armenians">List of Egyptian Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalousdian_Armenian_School" title="Kalousdian Armenian School">Kalousdian Armenian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacoubian_Building_(Cairo)" title="Yacoubian Building (Cairo)">Yacoubian Building</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ayman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayman Zohry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zohry.com/pubs/ArmeniansinEgyptIUSSP.pdf">"Armenians in Egypt"</a>, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population: <i>XXV International Population Conference</i>, year 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hovhan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hovhan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hovhan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hovhan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFG._Hovannisian2004" class="citation book cs1">G. Hovannisian, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2ByErk19DAC&pg=PA423&dq=armenians+in+egypt#q=armenians%20in%20egypt"><i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign dominion to statehood : the fifteenth century to the twentieth century</i></a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403964229" title="Special:BookSources/9781403964229"><bdi>9781403964229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%3A+Foreign+dominion+to+statehood+%3A+the+fifteenth+century+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=423&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781403964229&rft.aulast=G.+Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2ByErk19DAC%26pg%3DPA423%26dq%3Darmenians%2Bin%2Begypt%23q%3Darmenians%2520in%2520egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayaslian2007" class="citation book cs1">Payaslian, Simon (2007-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-g7Wld1vEC&dq=egypt+armenian"><i>The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present</i></a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403974679" title="Special:BookSources/9781403974679"><bdi>9781403974679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Armenia%3A+From+the+Origins+to+the+Present&rft.pages=80&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft.isbn=9781403974679&rft.aulast=Payaslian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7J-g7Wld1vEC%26dq%3Degypt%2Barmenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kurk_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Kurkjian1958" class="citation book cs1">M. Kurkjian, Vahan (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/30*.html"><i>History of Armenia</i></a>. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Armenia&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Armenian+General+Benevolent+Union+of+America&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=M.+Kurkjian&rft.aufirst=Vahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FAsia%2FArmenia%2F_Texts%2FKURARM%2F30%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Adalian2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul Adalian, Rouben (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA226&dq=armenians+in+egypt#q=armenians%20in%20egypt"><i>Historical Dictionary of Armenia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874503" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874503"><bdi>9780810874503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Armenia&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810874503&rft.aulast=Paul+Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQS-vSjHObOYC%26pg%3DPA226%26dq%3Darmenians%2Bin%2Begypt%23q%3Darmenians%2520in%2520egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armenian Cinema 100, by <a href="/wiki/Artsvi_Bakhchinyan" title="Artsvi Bakhchinyan">Artsvi Bakhchinyan</a>, Yerevan, 2012, pp. 111-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1974). "The Ebb and Flow of the Armenian Minority in the Arab Middle East". <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 19–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4325183">4325183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ebb+and+Flow+of+the+Armenian+Minority+in+the+Arab+Middle+East&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-32&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4325183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovyan2011" class="citation book cs1">Hovyan, Vahram (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noravank.am/eng/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=5318"><i>ARMENIAN EVANGELICAL COMMUNITY IN EGYPT</i></a>. Noravank Foundation. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARMENIAN+EVANGELICAL+COMMUNITY+IN+EGYPT&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Noravank+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hovyan&rft.aufirst=Vahram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noravank.am%2Feng%2Fissues%2Fdetail.php%3FELEMENT_ID%3D5318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revolutionartnow.altervista.org/5-egyptian-artists-working-innovative-practices-c-xuan-mai-ardia/">"5 Egyptian artists working with innovative practices (by C. A. Xuan Mai Ardia) | •• REVOLUTION ART ••"</a>. <i>•• REVOLUTION ART ••</i> (in Italian). 2015-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E2%80%A2%E2%80%A2+REVOLUTION+ART+%E2%80%A2%E2%80%A2&rft.atitle=5+Egyptian+artists+working+with+innovative+practices+%28by+C.+A.+Xuan+Mai+Ardia%29+%7C+%E2%80%A2%E2%80%A2+REVOLUTION+ART+%E2%80%A2%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2015-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevolutionartnow.altervista.org%2F5-egyptian-artists-working-innovative-practices-c-xuan-mai-ardia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agbuegypt.com/artist/armenouhi-jamgotchian-1927/">"5 ARMENOUHI JAMGOTCHIAN (1927- ) (by AGBU Egypt) |"</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+ARMENOUHI+JAMGOTCHIAN+%281927-+%29+%28by+AGBU+Egypt%29+%7C&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagbuegypt.com%2Fartist%2Farmenouhi-jamgotchian-1927%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egypt.mfa.am">Embassy of the Armenian Republic in Egypt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-history.com/books/ArmeniansinEgyptIUSSP.pdf">ARMENIANS IN EGYPT - Ayman Zohry - Tours, France - 18-23 July 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051004034033/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/430/armenia.htm">Al-Ahram Weekly: Armenians in Egypt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808044740/http://armenegypt.com/">The Association of Armenians from Egypt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agbuegypt.com/">AGBU Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/42px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&oldid=1230807119">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&oldid=1230807119</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Egypt&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="94.235.100.255" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1719262393"> <span>Last edited on 24 June 2024, at 20:53</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="أرمن مصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرمن مصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%BB" title="Հայերը Եգիպտոսի մէջ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայերը Եգիպտոսի մէջ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir_erm%C9%99nil%C9%99ri" title="Misir erməniləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misir erməniləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میصر ائرمنی‌‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میصر ائرمنی‌‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenoj_en_Egiptio" title="Armenoj en Egiptio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armenoj en Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ارمنی‌های مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارمنی‌های مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հայերը Եգիպտոսում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայերը Եգիպտոսում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ارمن مصر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارمن مصر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Армяне в Египте – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армяне в Египте" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 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