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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanismen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanismen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mechanismen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanismen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorkomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorkomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voorkomen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voorkomen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Voorkomen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voorkomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prokaryoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prokaryoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prokaryoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prokaryoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eukaryoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukaryoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eukaryoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eukaryoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endosymbiose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endosymbiose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Endosymbiose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endosymbiose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betekenis_voor_biologische_evolutie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betekenis_voor_biologische_evolutie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Betekenis voor biologische evolutie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Betekenis_voor_biologische_evolutie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Betekenis voor biologische evolutie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Betekenis_voor_biologische_evolutie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Betekenis_voor_fylogenetica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betekenis_voor_fylogenetica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Betekenis voor fylogenetica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betekenis_voor_fylogenetica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argument_tegen_genetische_technologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argument_tegen_genetische_technologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Argument tegen genetische technologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argument_tegen_genetische_technologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horizontale genoverdracht</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 38 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A" title="نقل الجينات الأفقي – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل الجينات الأفقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хоризонтален генен трансфер – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хоризонтален генен трансфер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%C3%A8ncia_horitzontal_de_gens" title="Transferència horitzontal de gens – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transferència horitzontal de gens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizont%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_p%C5%99enos_genetick%C3%A9_informace" title="Horizontální přenos genetické informace – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horizontální přenos genetické informace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Генсем горизонталлĕ куçни – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генсем горизонталлĕ куçни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horisontal_genoverf%C3%B8rsel" title="Horisontal genoverførsel – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horisontal genoverførsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontaler_Gentransfer" title="Horizontaler Gentransfer – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horizontaler Gentransfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Οριζόντια μεταφορά γονιδίων – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οριζόντια μεταφορά γονιδίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Horizontal gene transfer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferencia_gen%C3%A9tica_horizontal" title="Transferencia genética horizontal – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transferencia genética horizontal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horisontaalne_geeni%C3%BClekanne" title="Horisontaalne geeniülekanne – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horisontaalne geeniülekanne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneen_transferentzia_horizontala" title="Geneen transferentzia horizontala – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geneen transferentzia horizontala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%98%D9%86" title="انتقال افقی ژن – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتقال افقی ژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horisontaalinen_geeninsiirto" title="Horisontaalinen geeninsiirto – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horisontaalinen geeninsiirto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfert_horizontal_de_g%C3%A8nes" title="Transfert horizontal de gènes – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transfert horizontal de gènes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aistri%C3%BA_cothrom%C3%A1nach_g%C3%A9ine" title="Aistriú cothrománach géine – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aistriú cothrománach géine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferencia_horizontal_de_xenes" title="Transferencia horizontal de xenes – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transferencia horizontal de xenes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="העברה גנטית אופקית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העברה גנטית אופקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizont%C3%A1lis_g%C3%A9ntranszfer" title="Horizontális géntranszfer – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Horizontális géntranszfer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transfer gen horizontal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasferimento_genico_orizzontale" title="Trasferimento genico orizzontale – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasferimento genico orizzontale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E4%BC%9D%E6%92%AD" title="遺伝子の水平伝播 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝子の水平伝播" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%8F%89%EC%A0%81_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99" title="수평적 유전자 이동 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수평적 유전자 이동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хоризонтален пренос на гени – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хоризонтален пренос на гени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B6%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Хэвтээ генийн шилжүүлэг – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэвтээ генийн шилжүүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horisontal_genoverf%C3%B8ring" title="Horisontal genoverføring – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Horisontal genoverføring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poziomy_transfer_gen%C3%B3w" title="Poziomy transfer genów – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poziomy transfer genów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%C3%AAncia_horizontal_de_genes" title="Transferência horizontal de genes – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transferência horizontal de genes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Горизонтальный перенос генов – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горизонтальный перенос генов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horizontal gene transfer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B6verf%C3%B6ring" title="Genöverföring – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genöverföring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="การถ่ายทอดยีนในแนวราบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายทอดยีนในแนวราบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horisontal_na_paglipat_ng_gene" title="Horisontal na paglipat ng gene – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Horisontal na paglipat ng gene" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatay_gen_transferi" title="Yatay gen transferi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yatay gen transferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Горизонтальне перенесення генів – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горизонтальне перенесення генів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BB%83n_gen_ngang" title="Chuyển gen ngang – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyển gen ngang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="基因水平轉移 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基因水平轉移" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E5%90%91%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Horizontale genoverdracht</b> of <b>laterale genoverdracht</b> (<a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>: <b>horizontal</b>/<b>lateral gene transfer</b> of afgekort <b>HGT</b>/<b>LGT</b>) is een proces waarbij <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genetisch materiaal</a> tussen twee <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a> wordt uitgewisseld (<a href="/wiki/Genetische_uitwisseling" title="Genetische uitwisseling">genetische uitwisseling</a>), zonder dat daarbij, zoals meestal het geval is, genetisch materiaal of DNA wordt doorgegeven van de ene naar de volgende generatie. Het horizontaal overbrengen van genetisch materiaal van het ene organisme naar het andere wordt voornamelijk bij lagere organismen waargenomen, maar kan ook bij hogere organismen voorkomen. Deze laterale genoverdracht kan ook kunstmatig plaatshebben, namelijk door <a href="/wiki/Genetische_manipulatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetische manipulatie">genetische manipulatie</a>. </p><p>Horizontale genoverdracht onderscheidt zich van verticale genoverdracht, waarbij een organisme zijn genetisch materiaal van de voorgaande <a href="/wiki/Generatie_(biologie)" title="Generatie (biologie)">generaties</a> ontvangt. In de <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a> zijn de meeste wetenschappelijke ideeën gebaseerd op verticale genoverdracht, hoewel tegenwoordig aan horizontale genoverdracht een steeds grotere rol wordt toegedicht. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanismen">Mechanismen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Mechanismen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Mechanismen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg/300px-Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg/450px-Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg/600px-Horizontale_genoverdracht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Drie mechanismen van bacteriële horizontale genoverdracht</figcaption></figure> <p>Horizontale genoverdracht kan plaatsvinden door transformatie, transductie of conjugatie. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Transformatie_(genetica)" title="Transformatie (genetica)">Transformatie</a></i> vindt plaats als een cel vreemd genetisch materiaal ontvangt dat vervolgens tot <a href="/wiki/Expressie_(genetica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressie (genetica)">expressie</a> komt. De cel verandert hierdoor. Celtransformatie is veelvoorkomend bij bacteriën maar zeldzamer in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryoot">eukaryoten</a>. Kunstmatige transformatie wordt gebruikt voor medische en industriële toepassingen door de <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">moleculaire biologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie">biotechnologie</a>. </p><p>Bij <i><a href="/wiki/Transductie_(genetica)" title="Transductie (genetica)">Transductie</a></i> wordt genetisch materiaal van de ene op de andere bacterie overgedragen door een bacterieel virus (een <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofaag" title="Bacteriofaag">bacteriofaag</a>). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugatie_(genetica)" title="Conjugatie (genetica)">Conjugatie</a></i> is een proces waarbij uitwisseling van genetisch materiaal plaatsvindt door fysiek contact tussen twee cellen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorkomen">Voorkomen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorkomen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorkomen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prokaryoten">Prokaryoten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Prokaryoten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Prokaryoten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">Prokaryoten</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Onderzoek naar prokaryotische organismen heeft laten zien dat in <a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellige</a> vormen van <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> horizontale genoverdracht een zeer belangrijke rol speelt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behalve tussen <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a> van dezelfde soort kan horizontale genoverdracht ook plaatsvinden tussen zeer verschillende, <a href="/wiki/Verwantschap_(biologie)" title="Verwantschap (biologie)">weinig verwante</a> soorten. Men vermoedt dat het een belangrijke rol speelt bij het <a href="/wiki/Resistentie_tegen_antibiotica" title="Resistentie tegen antibiotica">resistent</a> worden van bacteriën tegen <a href="/wiki/Antibioticum" title="Antibioticum">antibiotica</a>. Als één cel resistent wordt, kan hij die eigenschap snel aan andere cellen doorgeven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eukaryoten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eukaryoten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Analyse van <a href="/wiki/DNA-sequentie" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-sequentie">DNA-sequenties</a> heeft het vermoeden opgeworpen dat bij sommige <a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellige</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryoot">eukaryotische</a> levensvormen ook horizontale genoverdracht voorkomt. Het ligt daarom voor de hand dat horizontale genoverdracht een belangrijk achterliggend mechanisme is in de <a href="/wiki/Biologische_evolutie" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologische evolutie">evolutie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">protisten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over de rol van horizontale genoverdracht bij meercellige levensvormen verschillen de meningen: voorstanders denken dat <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterie">bacteriën</a> een rol spelen bij het overbrengen van genetisch materiaal tussen organismen,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tegenstanders denken dat horizontale genoverdracht slechts een rol van betekenis speelt bij bacteriën.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bij planten is vooral het DNA van gewassen gesequenced, maar sinds september 2022 zijn ook <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a> en <a href="/wiki/Palmvarens" title="Palmvarens">palmvarens</a> (zaadplanten) gesequenced. Hieruit blijkt dat deze laatste planten genen hebben ontvangen van bacteriën en schimmels via horizontale genoverdracht. In de palmvaren werd het gen voor een <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxine" title="Cytotoxine">cytotoxine</a> van schimmels gevonden en in een watervaren meer dan dertig andere cytotoxines afkomstig van een bacterie.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endosymbiose">Endosymbiose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Endosymbiose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Endosymbiose"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotische_genoverdracht" title="Endosymbiotische genoverdracht">Endosymbiotische genoverdracht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">Endosymbiose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">Endosymbiontentheorie</a> voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Bewijs voor horizontale genoverdracht bij eukaryoten is zowel gevonden in DNA van <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> als <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkernen</a>. Deze specifieke vorm van genoverdracht heet <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotische_genoverdracht" title="Endosymbiotische genoverdracht">endosymbiotische genoverdracht</a> (EGT). </p><p>Endosymbiotische genoverdracht is waargenomen van bacteriën op bepaalde soorten <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Gist" title="Gist">gist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er zijn ook (betwiste) waarnemingen bekend van overname van genetisch materiaal van de endosymbiont <i><a href="/wiki/Wolbachia" title="Wolbachia">Wolbachia</a></i> door de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adzukibonenkever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adzukibonenkever (de pagina bestaat niet)">adzukibonenkever</a> (<i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endosymbiotische genenoverdracht heeft bij multicelulaire gastheren alleen kunnen plaatsvinden als de endosymbionten toegang hadden tot de kiemcelbaan van de gastheer, waardoor ze aanwezig konden zijn in de <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameten</a>. Endosymbiotische genenoverdracht naar eukaryoten is vooral beschreven bij <a href="/wiki/Fagotroof" title="Fagotroof">fagotrofe</a> eencellige eukaryoten. Endosymbiotische integratie lijkt dus gemakkelijker plaats te vinden bij protisten.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betekenis_voor_biologische_evolutie">Betekenis voor biologische evolutie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Betekenis voor biologische evolutie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Betekenis voor biologische evolutie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a> wordt aangenomen dat <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">biologische evolutie</a> (voor een belangrijk deel) verloopt door de overdracht van genen van ouders op nakomelingen (genen worden <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">geërfd</a>), waarbij door <a href="/wiki/Natuurlijke_selectie" title="Natuurlijke selectie">natuurlijke selectie</a> en/of <a href="/wiki/Mutatie_(biologie)" title="Mutatie (biologie)">genetische mutaties</a> de nakomelingen niet precies gelijk zijn aan de voorouders. Als sprake is van horizontale genoverdracht verloopt evolutie waarschijnlijk op een andere manier dan wanneer organismen hun erfelijk materiaal alleen van hun ouders kunnen krijgen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens de <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontentheorie</a> zijn de eerste <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryotische cellen</a> ontstaan uit <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiotische</a> bacteriën.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ook binnen de eukaryotische cellen heeft er een genenuitwisseling plaatsgevonden tussen de verschillende endosymbiotische organellen en de <a href="/wiki/Gastheer_(biologie)" title="Gastheer (biologie)">gastheercel</a>. Zo hebben <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a> een beperkt <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genoom</a>, zodat sommige noodzakelijke eiwitten uit het <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a> opgenomen moeten worden. </p><p>Uit de eukaryotische eencelligen zijn vervolgens meercellige organismen geëvolueerd. Bij eukaryoten speelt de horizontale genoverdracht een veel kleinere rol. Hieruit volgt dat er een periode is geweest waarin nog geen "moderne", <a href="/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme">darwinistische evolutie</a> plaatsvond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Betekenis_voor_fylogenetica">Betekenis voor fylogenetica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Betekenis voor fylogenetica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Betekenis voor fylogenetica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vergelijkingen van DNA-sequenties geven de indruk dat er vaker horizontale genoverdracht heeft plaatsgevonden over de grenzen van <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylogenetica">fylogenetische</a> <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a>. De fylogenetische geschiedenis van soorten zou in deze gevallen niet ontrafeld kunnen worden door alleen steeds verder vertakkende stamlijnen voor een bepaald gen te tekenen. </p><p>Horizontale genoverdracht is daarom een mogelijke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Confounder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confounder (de pagina bestaat niet)">confounder</a> bij de <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">cladistiek</a> en het opstellen van stamlijnen gebaseerd op vergelijkingen van DNA-sequenties. Het probleem is dat bij deze vergelijkende onderzoeken vaak maar één gen gebruikt is. Twee soorten bacteriën die slechts ver verwant zijn maar juist dat gen hebben uitgewisseld zullen in de fylogenetische stamboom als nauw verwant worden weergegeven, zelfs al zijn de meeste andere genen verschillend. De <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenetica</a> probeert dit probleem te ontwijken door meer genen mee te nemen bij vergelijkend onderzoek. </p><p>Zo is het meest gebruikte gen bij fylogenetisch onderzoek naar prokaryoten het <a href="/w/index.php?title=16s_rRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16s rRNA (de pagina bestaat niet)">16s rRNA</a> gen, omdat de sequenties op dit gen bij nauwe verwantschap redelijk vergelijkbaar zijn. Recent is echter geopperd dat 16s rRNA genen ook horizontaal overgedragen kunnen worden, hoewel dit niet vaak voorkomt. Dit betekent dat alle eerder aan de hand van dit gen opgestelde fylogenetische stamboom nader onderzoek behoeven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argument_tegen_genetische_technologie">Argument tegen genetische technologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Argument tegen genetische technologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Argument tegen genetische technologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aanhangers van de (omstreden) <a href="/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese">hypothese</a> dat horizontale genoverdracht ook bij hogere levensvormen voorkomt zoals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mae-Wan_Ho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mae-Wan Ho (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mae-Wan Ho</a> hebben dit aangevoerd als argument tegen <a href="/wiki/Genetische_technologie" title="Genetische technologie">genetische technologie</a>. Door horizontale genoverdracht zou <a href="/wiki/Genetisch_gemodificeerd_organisme" title="Genetisch gemodificeerd organisme">gemodificeerd materiaal</a> veel makkelijker in de natuur terecht kunnen komen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontentheorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutiebiologie" title="Evolutiebiologie">evolutiebiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetische_manipulatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetische manipulatie">genetische manipulatie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetische_uitwisseling" title="Genetische uitwisseling">genetische uitwisseling</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lake, J.A. & M.C. Riveral</span> (<b>1999</b>) <i>Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: The complexity hypothesis</i>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science <b>96</b>, p. 3801-3806 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/7/3801">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lake, J.A. & M.C. Riveral</span> (<b>2004</b>) <i>The Ring of Life Provides Evidence for a Genome Fusion Origin of Eukaryotes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <b>431</b>, p. 152-155 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927135534/http://www.sdsc.edu/~shindyal/ejc121304.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bapteste, E.; E. Susko, J. Leigh, D. MacLeod, R.L. Charlebois & W.F. Doolittle</span> (<b>2005</b>) <i>Do Orthologous Gene Phylogenies Really Support Tree-thinking?</i>, BMC Evolutionary Biology <b>5</b>: 33 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15913459">[3]</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/GEessays/horizgenetransfer.html">sfsu.edu <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mae-Wan Ho</span> (z.j.) <i>Horizontal Gene Transfer – The Hidden Hazards of Genetic Engineering.</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515200331/https://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/GEessays/horizgenetransfer.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 15 mei 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Richardson, A.O. & J.D. Palmer</span> (<b>2007</b>) <i>Horizontal Gene Transfer in Plants</i>, Journal of Experimental Botany <b>58</b>, pp. 1-9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927135534/http://www.sdsc.edu/~shindyal/ejc121304.pdf">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/genes-seeds-arose-early-plant-evolution-ferns-reveal">Genes for seeds arose early in plant evolution, ferns reveal</a>. <i>www.science.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000051/https://www.science.org/content/article/genes-seeds-arose-early-plant-evolution-ferns-reveal">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2022-09-24">24 september 2022</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2022-09-23">23 september 2022</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006113455/http://ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/4/6/1102"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hall C., S. Brachat & F.S. Dietrich</span> (<b>2005</b>) <i>Contribution of Horizontal Gene Transfer to the Evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, Eukaryot Cell <b>4</b>, p. 1102-15.</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-10-06">6 oktober 2008</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-04-27">27 april 2007</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12386340"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kondo, N., N. Nikoh, N. Ijichi, M. Shimada & T. Fukatsu</span> (<b>2002</b>) <i>Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect</i>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA <b>99</b>, p. 14280-1428.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1541/699.full"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Nowack E.C.M. & M. Melkonian</span> (<b>2010</b>) <i>Endosymbiotic associations within protists.</i> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B <b>365</b>, 699-712</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gogarten, P.</span> (<b>2000</b>) <i>Horizontal Gene Transfer: A New Paradigm for Biology</i>, Esalen Center for Theory and Research Conference</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10858662&dopt=Abstract"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blanchard, J.L. & M. Lynch</span> (<b>2000</b>) <i>Organellar genes: why do they end up in the nucleus?</i>, Trends in Genetics <b>16</b>, pp. 315-320.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Literatuur</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Salzberg, S.L.; White, O; Peterson, J. & Eisen, J.A.</span> (<b>2001</b>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/~salzberg/docs/ScienceLateralTransfer.pdf"><i>Microbial Genes in the Human Genome: Lateral Transfer or Gene Loss?</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> <b>292</b>, p. 1903-1906.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Woese, C.</span> (<b>2002</b>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12077305"><i>On the evolution of cells</i></a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences <b>99</b>, p. 8742-8747.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Snel, B.; Bork, P.; Huynen, M.A.</span> (<b>1999</b>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9916801&dopt=Abstract"><i>Genome phylogeny based on gene content</i></a>, Nature Genetics <b>21</b>, p. 66-67.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Patil, P.B. & Sonti, R.V.</span> (<b>2004</b>) <i>Variation Suggestive of Horizonatal Gene Transfer in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the leaf blight pathogen of rice</i>, BMC Microbiology 4:40.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&oldid=68399598">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horizontale_genoverdracht&oldid=68399598</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Genetica" title="Categorie:Genetica">Genetica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Evolutie" title="Categorie:Evolutie">Evolutie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Symbiose" title="Categorie:Symbiose">Symbiose</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_link" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link">Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 18 nov 2024 om 20:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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