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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Magdala%22">"Battle of Magdala"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Magdala%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Magdala%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Magdala%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Magdala%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Magdala%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Magdala</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/1868_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="1868 Expedition to Abyssinia">1868 Expedition to Abyssinia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition,_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg/300px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg/450px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg/600px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_40_Magdala_plateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9–13 April 1868 (4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Amba_Mariam" title="Amba Mariam">Amba Mariam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span></li></ul> <b>Supported by:</b><br />Ethiopian rebels<sup id="cite_ref-Matthies_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/23px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/35px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethiopian_Pennants.svg/45px-Ethiopian_Pennants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Robert Napier</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 13,000<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~4,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>2 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>200 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>700 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1,200 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Battle of Magdala</b> was the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a> fought in April 1868 between British and Abyssinian forces at <a href="/wiki/Amba_Mariam" title="Amba Mariam">Magdala</a>, 390 miles (630 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast. The British were led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Robert Napier</a>, while the Abyssinians were led by <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewodros II of Ethiopia">Emperor Tewodros II</a>. </p><p>In March 1866, a British <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">envoy</a> had been dispatched to secure the release of a group of <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> who had first been seized when a letter Tewodros II had sent to Queen Victoria requesting munitions and military experts from the British, delivered by an envoy, Captain Cameron, had gone unanswered. They were released; however, Tewodros II changed his mind and sent a force after them and they were returned to the fortress and imprisoned again, along with Captain Cameron. </p><p>The British won the battle and, rather than being subjected to capture, Tewodros committed suicide as the fortress was finally seized. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_and_formation">Preparation and formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparation and formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay,_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay%2C_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg/220px-British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay%2C_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay%2C_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg/330px-British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay%2C_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay%2C_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg/440px-British_ships_in_Annesley_Bay%2C_Eritrea_3cdf2d7e74a3ee78a787843cdfce4260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>British naval & support ships, Annesley Bay December 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>Advance elements of the British military units arrived at <a href="/wiki/Annesley_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Annesley Bay">Annesley Bay</a> on 4 December 1867; but did not disembark until 7 December due to chaotic conditions on shore.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> had been sent from <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a> and other countries before adequate arrangements had been made to feed and water them and the freshly arrived troops had to first obtain fresh feed and water for them. A base camp was set up at <a href="/wiki/Zula" title="Zula">Zula</a>. </p><p>The British were dressed in new <a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">khaki drill</a> jackets with a white cloth-covered cork helmet called a '<a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Topi</a>'. They had been issued the new breech-loading <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Snider-Enfield</a> rifles the previous year, which had increased the soldiers' firepower from three rounds per minute to ten rounds per minute. </p><p>Lord Napier arrived in early January 1868 and the expedition started from the advance camp at <a href="/wiki/Senafe" title="Senafe">Senafe</a> at the beginning of February. It took two months to reach their objective. The advancing British forces' route took them through rough terrain, traveling by way of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumayli_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumayli River (page does not exist)">Kumayli</a>, Senafe, <a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalo" title="Antalo">Antalo</a>, passing west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ashangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ashangi">Lake Ashangi</a>, through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wajirat_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wajirat Mountains (page does not exist)">Wajirat Mountains</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Wadla" title="Wadla">Wadla</a> plateau, before finally arriving via the road Emperor Tewodros built through the Zhitta Ravine to move his heavy artillery to Magdala.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composed of some 12,000 British and Indian troops, beside <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, the field force comprised: </p><p><b>British:</b> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dragoon_Guards" title="3rd Dragoon Guards">3rd (The Prince of Wales's) Dragoon Guards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)">4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">33rd Regiment of Foot (1st West Riding Regiment)</a>. Six companies of infantry from the <a href="/wiki/45th_(Nottinghamshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="45th (Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot">45th Nottinghamshire Regiment (Sherwood Foresters)</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> rocket battery. The Armstrong Artillery Battery, complete with elephants carrying their guns, joined the expedition on the plain at Talanta on 5 April, just 12 miles (19 km) from Magdala during a delay of four days waiting for supplies to arrive. Towards the end of the campaign the <a href="/wiki/26th_(Cameronian)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot">26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot</a> also arrived. </p><p><b>Indian:</b> <a href="/wiki/4th_Duke_of_Cambridge%27s_Own_Hodson%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse">10th Regt of Bengal Cavalry (Lancers)</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_King_Edward%27s_Own_Probyn%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse">12th Regt of Bengal Cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Poona_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poona Horse">3rd Regt of Bombay Lt Cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/21st_Punjabis" title="21st Punjabis">21st Punjab Regt Bengal Native Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/23rd_Sikh_Pioneers" title="23rd Sikh Pioneers">23rd Punjab Regt Bengal Native Infantry (Pioneers)</a>, <a href="/wiki/102nd_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Grenadiers" title="102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers">2nd Bombay Native Infantry (Grenadier)</a>, <a href="/wiki/103rd_Mahratta_Light_Infantry" title="103rd Mahratta Light Infantry">3rd Bombay Native Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/110th_Mahratta_Light_Infantry" title="110th Mahratta Light Infantry">10th Bombay Native Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/121st_Pioneers" title="121st Pioneers">21st Bombay Native Infantry (Marine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/125th_Napier%27s_Rifles" title="125th Napier's Rifles">25th Bombay Native Light Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/127th_Baluch_Light_Infantry" title="127th Baluch Light Infantry">27th Bombay Native Infantry (1st Belooch)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery" title="Royal Indian Artillery">No 1 Company of Bombay Native Artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Engineer_Group" title="Madras Engineer Group">Corps of Madras Sappers and Miners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Engineer_Group" title="Bombay Engineer Group">Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners</a>. </p><p>While it is difficult to obtain an accurate order of battle of the Abyssinian forces, from British reports it appears to have consisted of a small amount of artillery and several thousands of light infantry lacking firearms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_battle">The battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the force could actually attack Magdala, they had to get past the plateau at Arogye, which lay across the only route to Magdala. It certainly looked formidable to attack. The British could see the way barred by many thousands of armed Abyssinians camped around the hillsides with up to 30 artillery pieces. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdala_Landscape_Composite_(RLH).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Magdala_Landscape_Composite_%28RLH%29.jpg/500px-Magdala_Landscape_Composite_%28RLH%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Magdala_Landscape_Composite_%28RLH%29.jpg/750px-Magdala_Landscape_Composite_%28RLH%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Magdala_Landscape_Composite_%28RLH%29.jpg/1000px-Magdala_Landscape_Composite_%28RLH%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9960" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>The plateau at Arogye, overlooking the route to Magdala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg/170px-Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg/255px-Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg/340px-Punjabis_at_Magdala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Indian troops charge the Abyssinian lines at Arogye (illustration from a British book)</figcaption></figure> <p>The British did not expect that the Abyssinian warriors would leave their defences to attack them and paid little regard to their defensive positions as they formed up to deploy. But the Emperor did order an attack, with many thousands of soldiers armed with little more than spears. The 4th Regiment of Foot quickly redeployed to meet the charging mass of warriors and poured a devastating fire into their ranks. When two Indian infantry regiments contributed their firepower, the onslaught became even more devastating. Despite this, the Abyssinian soldiers continued their attack, losing over 500 with more wounded during the ninety minutes of fighting, most of them at a point little over 30 yards from the British lines. During the chaotic battle, an advance guard unit of the 33rd Regiment outgunned some of the Abyssinian artillerymen and captured their artillery pieces. The surviving Abyssinian soldiers then retreated back onto Magdala. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg/220px-Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg/330px-Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg/440px-Me%E1%B8%B3del%C4%81_or_Magdala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The stronghold of Emperor Tewodros II</figcaption></figure> <p>The Anglo-Indian advance party involved in this first clash numbered between 600 and 700 men. One of the missionaries who observed the fighting noted that the breech-loading <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Snider</a> rifles, firing six volleys a minute, were decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his despatch to London, Lord Napier reported: <i> "Yesterday morning (we) descended three thousand nine hundred feet to <a href="/wiki/Bashilo_River" title="Bashilo River">Bashilo River</a> and approached Magdala with First Brigade to reconnoitre it. Theodore opened fire with seven guns from <a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">outwork</a>, one thousand feet above us, and three thousand five hundred men of the garrison made a gallant sortie which was repulsed with very heavy loss and the enemy driven into Magdala. British Loss, twenty wounded."</i> </p><p>Two of the British soldiers wounded in the attack would later die from their injuries. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg/500px-April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg/750px-April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg/1000px-April_1868_Magdala_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>The Fortress of Magdala, prior to its destruction in April 1868</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition,_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate,_Magdala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate%2C_Magdala.jpg/220px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate%2C_Magdala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate%2C_Magdala.jpg/330px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate%2C_Magdala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate%2C_Magdala.jpg/440px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_41_Kokit-Bur_Gate%2C_Magdala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>Pathway to main gateway into Magdala</figcaption></figure> <p>The following day the British force moved on to Magdala. Writing later, <a href="/wiki/Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Clements Markham</a> recalled "a curious phenomenon" that occurred on the day of the final assault: "Early in the forenoon a dark-brown circle appeared round the sun, like a blister, about 15° in radius; light clouds passed and repassed over it, but it did not disappear until the usual rain-storm came up from the eastward late in the afternoon. Walda Gabir, the king's valet, informed me that Theodore saw it when he came out of his tent that morning, and that he remarked that it was an omen of bloodshed."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tewodros II sent two of the hostages on parole to offer terms. Napier insisted on the release of all the hostages and an unconditional surrender. Tewodros refused to cede to the unconditional surrender, but did release the European hostages. The British continued the advance and assaulted the fortress. (The native hostages were later found to have had their hands and feet cut off before being sent over the edge of the precipice surrounding the plateau.)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Burning_of_Magdala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Burning_of_Magdala.png/220px-The_Burning_of_Magdala.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Burning_of_Magdala.png/330px-The_Burning_of_Magdala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Burning_of_Magdala.png/440px-The_Burning_of_Magdala.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The burning of Magdala</figcaption></figure> <p>The bombardment began with <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Infantry units then opened fire, covering the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> sent to blow up the gates of the fortress. The path lay up a steep boulder-strewn track, on one side of which there was a sheer drop and on the other a perpendicular cliff face, leading to the main gateway, known as the Koket-Bir, which included thick timber doors set into a 15-foot-long (4.6 m) stone archway. Each side of the gate was protected by a thorn-and-stake hedge. After this gate was a further uphill path to a second fortified gateway, which led onto the final plateau or <i><a href="/wiki/Amba_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amba (geology)">amba</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amba_Mariam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amba_Mariam.jpg/220px-Amba_Mariam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amba_Mariam.jpg/330px-Amba_Mariam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amba_Mariam.jpg/440px-Amba_Mariam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The exact location where Emperor Tewodros II was found dead</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition,_(47),_Magdala,_sentry_post_over_gate,_(Custom).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_%2847%29%2C_Magdala%2C_sentry_post_over_gate%2C_%28Custom%29.jpg/220px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_%2847%29%2C_Magdala%2C_sentry_post_over_gate%2C_%28Custom%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_%2847%29%2C_Magdala%2C_sentry_post_over_gate%2C_%28Custom%29.jpg/330px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_%2847%29%2C_Magdala%2C_sentry_post_over_gate%2C_%28Custom%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_%2847%29%2C_Magdala%2C_sentry_post_over_gate%2C_%28Custom%29.jpg/440px-1867-68_Abyssinia_Expedition%2C_%2847%29%2C_Magdala%2C_sentry_post_over_gate%2C_%28Custom%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Magdala, sentry post over gate</figcaption></figure> <p>On reaching the gate there was a pause in the advance, as it was discovered the engineer unit had forgotten their powder kegs and scaling ladders and were ordered to return for them. <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Dunbar_Staveley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Dunbar Staveley">General Staveley</a> was not happy at any further delay and ordered the 33rd Regiment to continue the attack. Several officers and the men of the 33rd, along with an officer from the Royal Engineers, parted from the main force and, after climbing the cliff face, found their way blocked by a thorny hedge over a wall. Private <a href="/wiki/James_Bergin" title="James Bergin">James Bergin</a>, a very tall man, used his bayonet to cut a hole in the hedge and Drummer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Magner" title="Michael Magner">Michael Magner</a> climbed onto his shoulders and through the gap in the hedge and dragged Private Bergin up behind him as Ensign Conner and Corporal Murphy helped shove from below. Bergin kept up a rapid rate of fire on the Koket-Bir as Magner dragged more men through the gap in the hedge. </p><p>As more men poured through and opened fire, advancing with their bayonets fixed, the defenders withdrew through the second gate. The party rushed the Koket-bir before it was fully closed and then took the second gate, breaking through to the amba. Ensign Wynter scrambled up onto the top of the second gate and fixed the 33rd Regimental <a href="/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons" class="mw-redirect" title="Colours, standards and guidons">Colours</a> to show the plateau had been taken. Private Bergin and Drummer Magner were later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> for their part in the action.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg/303px-The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg/455px-The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg/606px-The_death_of_Tewodros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The End of King Tewodros II (<i>The <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i>, 1868)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tewodros II was found dead inside the second gate, having shot himself with a pistol that had been a gift from Queen Victoria. When his death was announced, all resistance ceased. His body was cremated and buried inside the church by the priests. The church was guarded by soldiers from the 33rd Regiment<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although, according to <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry M. Stanley">Henry M. Stanley</a>, looted of "an infinite variety of gold, and silver and brass crosses"<sup id="cite_ref-pankhurst_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pankhurst-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> works and rare <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">tabots</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_power_struggle">Succession and power struggle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Succession and power struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_(RLH).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_%28RLH%29.png/220px-1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_%28RLH%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_%28RLH%29.png/330px-1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_%28RLH%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_%28RLH%29.png/440px-1868_Abyssinian_Campaign_Medal_%28RLH%29.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_War_Medal" title="Abyssinian War Medal">Abyssinian War Medal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Magdala was formerly in the territory of the Muslim Gallas (<a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>) tribes, who had long ago taken it from the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara people</a>; however Tewodros had won it back from them some years before. Two rival Galla queens, Werkait and Mostiat, who had both allied themselves with the British, claimed control of the conquered fortress as a reward. Napier much preferred to hand Magdala over to the Christian ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lasta" title="Lasta">Lasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagshum_Gobeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagshum Gobeze">Wagshum Gobeze</a>, because if he were in control of the fortress, Gobeze would be able to halt the Muslim Gallas' advance and assume responsibility for over 30,000 Christian refugees from Tewodros' camp. Yet as Gobeze was unresponsive to these overtures, much preferring to acquire Tewodros' cannons, and the two Galla queens could not reach an arrangement, Napier decided to destroy the fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthies_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the victory in the campaign, Lieutenant-General Napier was ennobled by Queen Victoria, and became Baron Napier of Magdala. Officers and soldiers who took part in the campaign were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_War_Medal" title="Abyssinian War Medal">Abyssinian War Medal</a>. </p><p>After the withdrawal of the British, fighting for the succession to Tewodros' throne raged in Ethiopia from 1868 to 1872. Eventually, it was <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Dajamach Kassai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a>, not least because of the British weapons that had been handed over to him by the withdrawing Magdala expedition, who was able to expand his power and prevail over his rivals. In July 1871, he won the Battle of Assam, near <a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a>, even though he had far fewer troops, defeating his old rival <a href="/wiki/Wagshum_Gobeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagshum Gobeze">Wagshum Gobeze</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lasta" title="Lasta">Lasta</a>. Kassai had himself crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, taking the name Yohannes IV. </p><p>Tewodros had asked his wife, the Empress <a href="/wiki/Tiruwork_Wube" title="Tiruwork Wube">Tiruwork Wube</a>, in the event of his death, to put his son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alemayehu" title="Prince Alemayehu">Prince Alemayehu</a>, under the protection of the British. This decision was apparently made in fear that his life would be taken by any aspirant for the empire of Abyssinia. In accordance with these wishes, Alemayehu was taken to London, where he was presented to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, who took a liking to the young boy. Alemayehu later studied at <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_College" title="Cheltenham College">Cheltenham College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy Sandhurst</a>. However, both the Queen and Napier were later concerned with the subsequent development of the young prince, who became increasingly lonely, unhappy and depressed during this time. In 1879, the prince died of illness at the age of 19. He was buried near <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a> with a funeral plaque placed to his memory by Queen Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthies_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the British soldiers, <a href="/wiki/John_Kirkham_(adventurer)" title="John Kirkham (adventurer)">John Kirkham</a>, stayed in Ethiopia and ultimately served as an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a>. He was instrumental in training Ethiopian troops to Western military standards, raising and drilling what became known as the Emperor's Disciplined Force. Kirkham's troops played a major role in the defeat of Yohannes' rival for the Ethiopian crown, Wagshum Gobeze, fighting with conspicuous success in the Battle of Assam on 11 July 1871. Kirkham had sacrificed the right to British protection by taking service with Yohannes, something which came back to haunt him when he was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> by Egyptian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Egyptian War">Ethiopian–Egyptian War</a>. Despite being discovered by a group of British sailors from HMS <i>Teazer</i>, the sailors were not permitted to aid in his liberation. Kirkham died in captivity in 1876. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looting">Looting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Looting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 April, having first blown up the fortress and burned the city, Napier commenced the return march. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard Pankhurst</a>, fifteen elephants and almost two hundred mules were required to bear the <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">loot</a> across the Bashilo River to the nearby Dalanta Plain. A grand review was held, and then an auction of the loot; the money raised was distributed amongst the troops and no written list was made of who purchased the various items. </p><p>Many looted objects, cultural artefacts and art objects found their way into state and private collections, family possessions, and the hands of ordinary soldiers. Most of the books and manuscripts went to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a>, while a few went to the Royal Library in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> and to smaller British collections. Other looted objects ended up in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Mankind">Museum of Mankind</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The scientific acquisitions and expropriated articles of the Magdala expedition are credited with stimulating and promoting an interest in the history and culture of Ethiopia within Europe, laying the foundations for modern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Studies">Ethiopian Studies</a>, and also for the research on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From time to time, some of the looted treasure has been returned to Ethiopia; since 1999, the <a href="/wiki/AFROMET" class="mw-redirect" title="AFROMET">AFROMET</a> (Association For the Return Of the Madgala Ethiopian Treasures) campaign has been lobbying for the further return of other looted objects. </p><p>Returned items include: </p> <ul><li>An edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i>, along with an icon of a picture of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> wearing the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>, returned to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yohannes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Yohannes IV">Emperor Yohannes IV</a> in the 1870s</li> <li>Lady <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Meux" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Meux">Valerie Meux</a>'s collection of Ethiopian manuscripts were bequeathed in 1902 to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> in her will; however, shortly following her death in 1910, this was overturned.</li> <li>One of the two looted crowns of Tewodros was returned to <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zawditu" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Zawditu">Empress Zawditu</a> in 1924, but the more valuable gold crown was retained by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.</li> <li>In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> returned Tewodros' royal cap and seal to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> while on a state visit to Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthies_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, the National Army Museum announced the return of a lock of Tewodros' hair, taken after his death in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AN_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2021, numerous items including a Coptic Bible, crosses, imperial shield, a set of horn beakers and a crown were bought by a British non-profit organisation to return them to Ethiopia. The items were purchased from a British auction house and a private collector in Belgium and were described as 'the single most significant heritage restitution in Ethiopia's history'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2023, artefacts including a lock of Prince Alemayehu's hair was handed over to the Ethiopian ambassador to the UK in London. Other artefacts handed over included the Holly Tabot tablet of ‘Medhane’Alem, three silver cups with bronze plating, and a shield.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Ethiopian government has called for the remains of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alemayehu" title="Prince Alemayehu">Prince Alemayehu</a> to be returned to Ethiopia from his burial place in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopol_(cannon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastopol (cannon)">Sebastopol (cannon)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Matthies-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthies_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthies_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthies_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthies_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatthies2010" class="citation book cs1">Matthies, Volker (2010). <i>The Siege of Magdala: The British Empire Against the Emperor of Ethiopia</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Weiner Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Magdala%3A+The+British+Empire+Against+the+Emperor+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Markus+Weiner+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Matthies&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brereton and Savoury, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This course was described within a few months and in careful detail by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1868" class="citation journal cs1">Markham, Clements (1868). "Geographical Results of the Abyssinian Expedition". <i>Journal of the Royal Geographical Society</i>. <b>38</b>: 12–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1798567">10.2307/1798567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798567">1798567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Geographical+Results+of+the+Abyssinian+Expedition&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=12-49&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1798567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1798567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Clements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theophiluswaldme00walduoft/page/2/mode/2up">Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier</a> pp.109,110,117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markham, "Geographical Results", p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brereton and Savoury, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette23405" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23405/page/4187">"No. 23405"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 July 1868. p. 4187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+23405&rft.pages=4187&rft.date=1868-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F23405%2Fpage%2F4187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manybooks.net/pages/kingstonwhg2305223052/194.html">Our Soldiers, by W.H.G. Kingston - Battle of Magdala, page 194</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pankhurst-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pankhurst_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst,_Richard" class="citation web cs1">Pankhurst, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206014422/http://www.afromet.org/history/">"Maqdala and its loot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Ethiopian_Studies" title="Institute of Ethiopian Studies">Institute of Ethiopian Studies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afromet.org/history/">the original</a> on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maqdala+and+its+loot&rft.pub=Institute+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afromet.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-47441042">"Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II's stolen hair to be returned by UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Emperor+Tewodros+II%27s+stolen+hair+to+be+returned+by+UK&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-47441042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AN_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdur_Rahman_Alfa_Shaban2019" class="citation web cs1">Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926230431/https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/04/uk-museum-to-return-lock-of-hair-of-ethiopia-s-emperor-tewodros-ii/">"UK museum to return lock of hair of Ethiopia's Emperor Tewodros II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Africanews" title="Africanews">Africanews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanews.com/2019/03/04/uk-museum-to-return-lock-of-hair-of-ethiopia-s-emperor-tewodros-ii//">the original</a> on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+museum+to+return+lock+of+hair+of+Ethiopia%27s+Emperor+Tewodros+II&rft.pub=Africanews&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.au=Abdur+Rahman+Alfa+Shaban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Fuk-museum-to-return-lock-of-hair-of-ethiopia-s-emperor-tewodros-ii%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/16/looted-artefacts-withdrawn-from-uk-auction-after-ethiopia-appeal">"Looted artefacts withdrawn from UK auction after Ethiopia's appeal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Looted+artefacts+withdrawn+from+UK+auction+after+Ethiopia%27s+appeal&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F16%2Flooted-artefacts-withdrawn-from-uk-auction-after-ethiopia-appeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershon" class="citation web cs1">Gershon, Livia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/british-foundation-returns-maqdala-treasures-looted-ethiopia-180978622/">"Looted Maqdala Treasures Returned to Ethiopia After 150 Years"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Looted+Maqdala+Treasures+Returned+to+Ethiopia+After+150+Years&rft.aulast=Gershon&rft.aufirst=Livia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fbritish-foundation-returns-maqdala-treasures-looted-ethiopia-180978622%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2021" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Martin (10 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/maqdala-ethiopia-ambassador">"Maqdala treasures looted by British troops returned to Ethiopia in 'largest single restitution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Art Newspaper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Maqdala+treasures+looted+by+British+troops+returned+to+Ethiopia+in+%27largest+single+restitution%27&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fnews%2Fmaqdala-ethiopia-ambassador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/the-looted-artefacts-during-the-meqdala-war-in-1868-were-handed-over-to-ethiopian-embassy-in-london/">"The looted artefacts during the Meqdala war in 1868 were handed over to Ethiopian embassy in London"</a>. <i>Embassy of Ethiopia, London</i>. 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+Ethiopia%2C+London&rft.atitle=The+looted+artefacts+during+the+Meqdala+war+in+1868+were+handed+over+to+Ethiopian+embassy+in+London&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioembassy.org.uk%2Fthe-looted-artefacts-during-the-meqdala-war-in-1868-were-handed-over-to-ethiopian-embassy-in-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6716921.stm">"Ethiopia seeks prince's remains"</a>. 3 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+seeks+prince%27s+remains&rft.date=2007-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6716921.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Magdala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreretonSavoury1993" class="citation book cs1">Brereton, J. M.; Savoury, A. C. S. (1993). <i>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9521552-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9521552-0-6"><bdi>0-9521552-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington%27s+Regiment&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-9521552-0-6&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Savoury%2C+A.+C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall. <i>Empire: How Britain made the Modern World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+How+Britain+made+the+Modern+World&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Magdala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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