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<li id="toc-Rise_of_Muhammad_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Muhammad_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rise of Muhammad Ali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Muhammad_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Libya_and_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Libya_and_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Invasion of Libya and Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Libya_and_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Greek campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_against_the_Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_against_the_Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Wars against the Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_against_the_Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Ali's_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Ali's_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Muhammad Ali's successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Ali's_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Invasion of East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>War with Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>British occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctioned_khedival_rule_(1867–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctioned_khedival_rule_(1867–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Sanctioned khedival rule (1867–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctioned_khedival_rule_(1867–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>European influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tewfik_and_the_loss_of_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tewfik_and_the_loss_of_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>Tewfik and the loss of Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tewfik_and_the_loss_of_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquest_of_the_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest_of_the_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.3</span> <span>Reconquest of the Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconquest_of_the_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Khedivate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Khedivate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.4</span> <span>End of the Khedivate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Khedivate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_European-style_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_European-style_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adoption of European-style industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_European-style_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_events_and_people_during_khedival_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events_and_people_during_khedival_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable events and people during khedival rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_events_and_people_during_khedival_rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable events and people during khedival rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_events_and_people_during_khedival_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Khedives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Khedives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of Khedives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Khedives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khedivate of Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الخديوية المصرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخديوية المصرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xedivatu_d%27Exiptu" title="Xedivatu d'Exiptu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xedivatu d'Exiptu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir_xidivliyi" title="Misir xidivliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misir xidivliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivat_Egyptn" title="Khedivat Egyptn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Khedivat Egyptn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptsk%C3%A9_chedivstv%C3%AD" title="Egyptské chedivství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egyptské chedivství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivat_%C3%84gypten" title="Khedivat Ägypten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khedivat Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptuse_khedivaat" title="Egiptuse khedivaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Egiptuse khedivaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Χεδιβάτο της Αιγύπτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χεδιβάτο της Αιγύπτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedivato_de_Egipto" title="Jedivato de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jedivato de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_Kediverria" title="Egiptoko Kediverria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko Kediverria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="سلسله خدیوی مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلسله خدیوی مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9divat_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Khédivat d'Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khédivat d'Égypte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%BC%80%EB%94%94%EB%B8%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="이집트 케디브국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 케디브국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewalirajaan_Mesir" title="Kewalirajaan Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kewalirajaan Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivato_de_Egypto" title="Khedivato de Egypto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Khedivato de Egypto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedivato_d%27Egitto" title="Chedivato d'Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chedivato d'Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%27%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ח'דיוות מצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ח'דיוות מצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xed%C3%AEwiyeta_Misir%C3%AA" title="Xedîwiyeta Misirê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xedîwiyeta Misirê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مصر الخيديويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصر الخيديويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidiwiah_Mesir" title="Khidiwiah Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khidiwiah Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedivaat_Egypte" title="Kedivaat Egypte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kedivaat Egypte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%8B%E9%A0%98" title="エジプト副王領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト副王領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivatet_Egypt" title="Khedivatet Egypt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khedivatet Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr_Xadivligi" title="Misr Xadivligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Misr Xadivligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="خديويت مصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خديويت مصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedywat_Egiptu" title="Kedywat Egiptu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kedywat Egiptu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedivato_do_Egito" title="Quedivato do Egito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quedivato do Egito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Египетский хедиват – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египетский хедиват" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidivll%C3%ABku_i_Egjiptit" title="Hidivllëku i Egjiptit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidivllëku i Egjiptit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khedivate of Egypt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedywat_Egiptu" title="Kedywat Egiptu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kedywat Egiptu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Египатски кедиват – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Египатски кедиват" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatski_Kedivat" title="Egipatski Kedivat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egipatski Kedivat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivatet_Egypten" title="Khedivatet Egypten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khedivatet Egypten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐเคดีฟอียิปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเคดีฟอียิปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80" title="Хидивияти Миср – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хидивияти Миср" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_Hidivli%C4%9Fi" title="Mısır Hidivliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mısır Hidivliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Єгипетський хедиват – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єгипетський хедиват" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="خديويت مصر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خديويت مصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khedivate_of_Egypt&params=30_03_N_31_13_E_type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°13′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.050°N 31.217°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.050; 31.217</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1867–1914 monarchy in Northeastern Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Khedivate of Egypt</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ</span>‎ (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>)<br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-khudaywiyyah al-misriyyah</i></span></span></span><br /><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">خدیویت مصر</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Hıdiviyet-i Mısır</i></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1867–1914</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Khedivate of Egypt"><img alt="Flag of Khedivate of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/125px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/188px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/250px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt_(1882-1922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag (1867–1881)<br />Flag (1881–1914)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Khedivate of Egypt"><img alt="Coat of arms of Khedivate of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Khedive_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> (1871–1914)<br /><a href="/wiki/Salam_Affandina" title="Salam Affandina">Salam Affandina</a><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Former_national_anthem_of_Egypt,_1914-1958.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Former_national_anthem_of_Egypt%2C_1914-1958.ogg/Former_national_anthem_of_Egypt%2C_1914-1958.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Former_national_anthem_of_Egypt%2C_1914-1958.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Egypt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Egypt and its expansion in the 19th century."><img alt="Egypt and its expansion in the 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ottoman_Egypt.png/250px-Ottoman_Egypt.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ottoman_Egypt.png/375px-Ottoman_Egypt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ottoman_Egypt.png/500px-Ottoman_Egypt.png 2x" data-file-width="4986" data-file-height="5975" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Egypt and its expansion in the 19th century.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Autonomous vassal of the Ottoman Empire, de facto independent and sovereign state</a> (1867–1914) <ul><li>(under <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> military occupation from <a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">1882</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_langbox"><a href="#endnote_langbox">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty#Khedivate_(1867–1914)" title="List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Khedive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1867–1879 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1879–1892 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik Pasha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1892–1914 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Egypt">British <span class="nowrap">Consul-General</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1883–1907 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Cromer" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer">Evelyn Baring</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1907–1911 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eldon_Gorst" title="Eldon Gorst">Eldon Gorst</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911–1914 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1878–1879 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1914 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Roshdy_Pasha" title="Hussein Roshdy Pasha">Hussein Roshdy Pasha</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> opened </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1869</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1881–1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• British invasion in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July – September 1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan Convention</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1914</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,900,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1882<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_areabox"><a href="#endnote_areabox">[b]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,805,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1897<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_areabox"><a href="#endnote_areabox">[b]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,715,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1907<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_areabox"><a href="#endnote_areabox">[b]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,287,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/20px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/30px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Darfur.svg/40px-Flag_of_Darfur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Sultanate of Darfur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdist Sudan">Mahdist Sudan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_langbox"><b><a href="#ref_langbox">^</a></b></span> a. English became the sole official language in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_areabox"><b><a href="#ref_areabox">^</a></b></span> b. Area and density include inhabited areas only. The total area of Egypt, including deserts, is 994,000 km<sup><small>2</small></sup>, however, the size of the Khedivate of Egypt consisted so many other territories, and was approximately 5,000,000 km<sup><small>2</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:#fff2e2"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Egypt" title="Category:History of Egypt">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of <span class="fn org label">Egypt</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/140px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/210px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/280px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:#F2E4C3"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Paleolithic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Paleolithic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">300,000–17,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Mesolithic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Mesolithic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">17,000–9000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic_to_Proto-Dynastic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">6000–3000 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E6FFF2"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">3150–2686 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2686–2181 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2181–2055 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2055–1650 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1650–1550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1550–1069 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1069–664 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">664–332 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Greco-Roman Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2FFE6"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">332–310 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">310–30 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman and Byzantine Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">30 BC–641 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">619–629</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Medieval Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2E6FF"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">641–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">750–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">868–905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">935–969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">969–1171</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1171–1250</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1250–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a> Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #FFFACD"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1517–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1798–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1805–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khedivate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1867–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Late Modern Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E2EBEB"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1882–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1914–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1922–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1953–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/16px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/24px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Khedivate of Egypt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ</span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خُدَيْوِيَّةُ مِصْرَ</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[xedeˈwejjet<span class="wrap"> </span>mɑsˤɾ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">خدیویت مصر</span> <i><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Hıdiviyet-i Mısır</i></span></i>) was an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">tributary state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, established and ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Dynasty">Muhammad Ali Dynasty</a> following the defeat and expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s forces which brought an end to the short-lived <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation of Lower Egypt</a>. The Khedivate of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> had also expanded to control present-day <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, southern and central <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, in addition to parts from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, as well as northwestern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">invaded and took control</a> in 1882. In 1914, the Ottoman Empire connection was ended and Britain established a protectorate called the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Muhammad_Ali">Rise of Muhammad Ali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of Muhammad Ali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_rise_to_power" title="Muhammad Ali's rise to power">Muhammad Ali's rise to power</a></div> <p>Upon the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1517, the country was governed as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">an Ottoman province</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a> (government) was content to permit local rule to remain in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, the Egyptian military led by <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> leaders who had held power in Egypt since the 13th century. Save for military expeditions to crush Mamluk uprisings seeking to reestablish the independent Egyptian sultanate, the Ottomans largely ignored Egyptian affairs until the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a> in 1798. </p><p>Between 1799 and 1801, the Porte, working at times with France's main enemy, Great Britain, undertook various campaigns to restore Ottoman rule in Egypt. By August 1801, the remaining French forces of General <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Menou" title="Jacques-François Menou">Jacques-François Menou</a> withdrew from Egypt. </p><p>The period between 1801 and 1805 was, effectively, a three-way civil war in Egypt between the Egyptian Mamluks, the Ottoman Turks, and Albanian troops the Ottoman Porte dispatched from <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> (the Empire's European province), under the command of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, to restore the Empire's authority. </p><p>Following the defeat of the French, the Porte assigned <a href="/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha">Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wāli</a> (governor) of Egypt, tasking him to kill or imprison the surviving Egyptian Mamluk <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a>. Many of these were freed by or fled with the British, while others held <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a> between <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>. </p><p>Amid these disturbances, Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouks</a> (soldiers) without pay. This led to rioting that drove Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha from Cairo. During the ensuing turmoil, the Porte sent <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> to Egypt. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_rise_to_power" title="Muhammad Ali's rise to power">Muhammad Ali seized control of Egypt</a>, declared himself ruler and quickly consolidated an independent local power base. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805 the Porte officially recognised Muhammad Ali as Wāli of Egypt. Demonstrating his grander ambitions, Muhammad Ali Pasha claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive (Viceroy), ruling the self-proclaimed (but not recognised) Khedivate of Egypt. He murdered the remaining Mamluk <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a> in 1811, solidifying his control of Egypt. He is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he instituted in the military, agricultural, economic and cultural spheres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Muhammad Ali's absence in Arabia his representative at Cairo had completed the confiscation, begun in 1808, of almost all the lands belonging to private individuals, who were forced to accept instead inadequate pensions. By this revolutionary method of land nationalization Muhammad Ali became proprietor of nearly all the soil of Egypt, an iniquitous measure against which the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> had no remedy. </p><p>The pasha also attempted to reorganize his troops on European lines, but this led to a formidable mutiny in Cairo. Muhammad Ali's life was endangered, and he sought refuge by night in the citadel, while the soldiery committed many acts of plunder. The revolt was reduced by gifts to the chiefs of the insurgents, and Muhammad Ali ordered compensation from the treasury for those who had suffered in the disturbances. The <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Cedid" title="Nizam-i Cedid">Nizam-i Cedid</a> (New System) project was, in consequence of this mutiny, abandoned for a time. </p><p>While Ibrahim was engaged in the second Arabian campaign the pasha turned his attention to strengthening the Egyptian economy. He created state monopolies over the chief products of the country. He set up factories and began digging in 1819 a new canal to Alexandria called the <a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyya_Canal" title="Mahmudiyya Canal">Mahmudiyya</a> after the sultan. The old canal had long fallen into decay and the necessity of a safe channel between Alexandria and the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> was much felt. The conclusion in 1838 of a commercial treaty with Turkey, negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bulwer,_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer" title="Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer">Henry Bulwer</a>, struck a death blow to the system of monopolies, though the application of the treaty to Egypt was delayed for some years. </p><p>Another notable fact in the economic progress of the country was the development of the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Delta</a> in 1822 and onwards. The cotton grown had been brought from the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Turco-Egyptian Sudan">Turco-Egyptian Sudan</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maho_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maho Bey (page does not exist)">Maho Bey</a> and the organization of the new industry from which in a few years Muhammad Ali was enabled to extract considerable revenues. </p><p>Efforts were made to promote education and the study of medicine. To European merchants, on whom he was dependent for the sale of his exports, Muhammad Ali showed much favor and under his influence, the port of Alexandria again rose into importance. It was also under Muhammad Ali's encouragement that the overland transit of goods from Europe to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> via Egypt was resumed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Libya_and_Sudan">Invasion of Libya and Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invasion of Libya and Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan_(1820%E2%80%931824)" title="Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)">Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)</a></div> <p>In 1820, Muhammad Ali gave orders to commence the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a>. He first sent an expedition westward in February, which conquered and annexed the <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>. Ali's intentions for Sudan were to extend his rule southward, capture the valuable <a href="/wiki/Caravan_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan trade">caravan trade</a> bound for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and secure the rich <a href="/wiki/Gold_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mine">gold mines</a> which he believed to exist in <a href="/wiki/Sennar" title="Sennar">Sennar</a>. He also saw in the campaign a means of getting rid of his disaffected troops, and of obtaining a sufficient number of captives to form the nucleus of the new army. </p><p>The forces destined for this service were led by Ismail, the youngest son of Muhammad Ali. They consisted of between 4000 and 5000 men, being Albanians, Turks and Egyptians. They left Cairo in July 1820. The <a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Funj Sultanate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> submitted without a fight; the <a href="/wiki/Shaigiya_tribe" title="Shaigiya tribe">Shaigiya Confederation</a> immediately beyond the province of <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a> were defeated; the remnant of the Mamluks dispersed; and Sennar was reduced without a battle. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bey_(defterdar)" title="Muhammad Bey (defterdar)">Muhammad Bey</a>, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defterdar" class="extiw" title="wikt:defterdar">defterdar</a>, with another force of about the same strength, was then sent by Muhammad Ali against <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a> with like result, but not without a hard-fought engagement. In October 1822, Ismaʿil, with his retinue, was burnt to death by Nimr, the <a href="/wiki/Makk" title="Makk">makk</a> (king) of <a href="/wiki/Shendi" title="Shendi">Shendi</a>. The defterdar, a man infamous for his cruelty, assumed the command of those provinces and exacted terrible retribution from the inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> was founded at this time, and in the following years, Egyptian rule was greatly extended and control of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> ports of <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> obtained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_campaign">Greek campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></div> <p>Muhammad Ali understood that the empire he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of arms against his master Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, whose whole policy had been directed to curbing the power of too-ambitious vassals, and who was under the influence of the personal enemies of the pasha of Egypt, notably <a href="/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha">Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a>, who had never forgiven his humiliation in Egypt in 1803. </p><p>Mahmud also was already planning reforms borrowed from the West, and Muhammad Ali, who had had plenty of opportunity of observing the superiority of European methods of warfare, was determined to anticipate the sultan in the creation of a fleet and an army on European lines, partly as a precaution, partly as an instrument for the realization of yet wider schemes of ambition. Before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Greek_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Greek Independence">War of Greek Independence</a> in 1821, he had already expended much time and energy in organizing a fleet and in training, under the supervision of French instructors, native officers and artificers; though it was not till 1829 that the opening of a dockyard and arsenal at Alexandria enabled him to build and equip his own vessels. By 1823, moreover, he had succeeded in carrying out the reorganization of his army on European lines, the turbulent Turkish and Albanian elements being replaced by Sudanese and <i><a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">fellahin</a></i>. The effectiveness of the new force was demonstrated in the suppression of an 1823 revolt of the Albanians in Cairo by six disciplined Sudanese regiments; after which Mehemet Ali was no more troubled with military mutinies. </p><p>His foresight was rewarded by the invitation of the sultan to help him in the task of subduing the Greek insurgents, offering as reward the pashaliks of the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> and of Syria. Muhammad Ali had already, in 1821, been appointed by him governor of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, which he had occupied with a small Egyptian force. In the autumn of 1824, a fleet of 60 Egyptian warships carrying a large force of 17,000 disciplined troops concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Suda_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Suda Bay">Suda Bay</a>, and, in the following March, with Ibrahin as commander-in-chief landed in the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a>. </p><p>His naval superiority wrested from the Greeks the command of a great deal of the sea, on which the fate of the insurrection ultimately depended, while on land the Greek irregular bands, having largely soundly beaten the Porte's troops, had finally met a worthy foe in Ibrahim's disciplined troops. The history of the events that led up to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">battle of Navarino</a> and the liberation of Greece is told elsewhere; the withdrawal of the Egyptians from the Morea was ultimately due to the action of Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Codrington" title="Edward Codrington">Edward Codrington</a>, who early in August 1828 appeared before Alexandria and induced the pasha, by no means sorry to have a reasonable excuse, by a threat of bombardment, to sign a convention undertaking to recall Ibrahim and his army. But for the action of European powers, it is suspected by many that the Ottoman Empire might have defeated the Greeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_against_the_Turks">Wars against the Turks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wars against the Turks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)">Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)</a></div> <p>Although Muhammad Ali had only been granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a>, he proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">khedive</a>, or hereditary viceroy, early on during his rule. The Ottoman government, although irritated, did nothing until Muhammad Ali <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)">invaded Ottoman-ruled Syria in 1831</a>. The governorship of Syria had been promised to him by the sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, for his assistance during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, but the title was not granted to him after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused the Ottomans, allied with the British, to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">counter-attack in 1839</a>. </p><p>In 1840, the British bombarded Beirut and an Anglo-Ottoman force landed and seized Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian army was forced to retreat back home, and Syria again became an Ottoman province. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840)" title="Convention of London (1840)">Convention of London (1840)</a>, Muhammad Ali gave up all conquered lands with the exception of the Sudan and was, in turn, granted the hereditary governorship of the Sudan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Ali's_successors"><span id="Muhammad_Ali.27s_successors"></span>Muhammad Ali's successors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muhammad Ali's successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></div> <p>By 1848, Muhammad Ali was old and senile enough for his tuberculosis-ridden son, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim</a>, to demand his accession to the governorship. The Ottoman sultan acceded to the demands, and Muhammad Ali was removed from power. However, Ibrahim died of his disease months later, outlived by his father, who died in 1849. </p><p>Ibrahim was succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I</a>, who undid many of Muhammad Ali's accomplishments. Abbas was assassinated by two of his slaves in 1854, and Muhammad Ali's fourth son, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Sa'id</a>, succeeded him. Sa'id brought back many of his father's policies<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but otherwise had an unremarkable reign. <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Pasha">Ismail Pasha</a> replaced Turkish with Arabic as the administrative and elite language, further reducing Turkish influence in Egypt and enhancing Egypt’s modernization and independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_East_Africa">Invasion of East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasion of East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian_Invasion_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="The Egyptian Invasion of Harar">The Egyptian Invasion of Harar</a></div> <p>In the early 19th сentury the Egyptians tried multiple attempts to take full control of the Nile River and with that take control of the Horn of Africa which was a Key route to enter the Southern Arabian peninsula. After failing multiple times to take control of the <a href="/wiki/Bogos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogos">Bogos</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hamassien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamassien">Hamassien</a> however these attempted invasions were repelled by the emperor at the time <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewedros</a>. </p><p>Sa'id ruled for only nine years,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il</a>, another grandson of Muhammad Ali, became wali. In 1866 the polity occupied the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar" title="Emirate of Harar">Emirate of Harar</a>. In 1867, the Ottoman sultan acknowledged Isma'il's use of the title <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">khedive</a>. In 1874, Ismail Pasha ordered the deputation of warships to patrol <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> whereafter for ten years, the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate%27s_Somali_Coast" title="Khedivate's Somali Coast">Khedivate was established from Zeila to Berbera</a>, until their withdrawal in April 1884 and failed attempts to establish themselves beyond Berbera and the eastern littoral of Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Ethiopia">War with Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War with Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></div> <p>Ismail dreamt of expanding his realm across the entire <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> including its diverse sources, and over the whole African coast of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansive policies directed against the Ethiopian Empire under <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yohannes IV of Ethiopia">Yohannes IV</a>. In 1865, the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh Eyalet</a> to Isma'il, with Massawa and Suakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province. This province, which neighboured Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian emperor. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the Habesh Eyalet in the 16th century. </p><p>New economically promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the <a href="/wiki/Barka_River" title="Barka River">Barka delta</a>, were started. In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Bogos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogos">Bogos</a> (with the city of <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a>) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast", <a href="/wiki/Werner_Munzinger" title="Werner Munzinger">Werner Munzinger</a> Pasha. In October 1875 Ismail's army tried to occupy the adjacent highlands of <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a>, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor, and suffered defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gundet" title="Battle of Gundet">Battle of Gundet</a>. </p><p>In March 1876, Ismail's army tried again and suffered a second dramatic defeat by Yohannes' army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gura" title="Battle of Gura">Battle of Gura</a>. Ismail's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Hewett_Treaty" title="Hewett Treaty">Hewett Treaty</a>, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Colony of Eritrea</a> (proclaimed in 1890). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_occupation">British occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">History of Egypt under the British</a></div> <p>In 1882 opposition to European control led to growing tension amongst native notables, the most dangerous opposition coming from the army. A large military demonstration in September 1881 forced the <a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Khedive Tewfiq</a> to dismiss his Prime Minister. In April 1882 France and Great Britain sent warships to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to bolster the Khedive amidst a turbulent climate, spreading fear of invasion throughout the country. By June Egypt was in the hands of nationalists opposed to European domination of the country. A British naval bombardment of Alexandria had little effect on the opposition which led to the landing of a British expeditionary force at both ends of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in August 1882. The British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel El Kebir in September and took control of the country putting Tewfiq back in control. The purpose of the invasion had been to restore political stability to Egypt under a government of the Khedive and international controls which were in place to streamline Egyptian financing since 1876. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Fundamental_Ordinance" title="Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance">Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance</a> of 1882, a constitution, followed an abortive attempt to promulgate <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_1879" title="Egyptian Constitution of 1879">a constitution in 1879</a>. The document was limited in scope and was effectively more of an organic law of the Consultative Council to the khedive than an actual constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British occupation ended nominally with the deposition of the last <i>khedive</i> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II</a> on 5 November 1914<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">British protectorate</a>, with the installation of <i>sultan</i> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel</a> on 19 December 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctioned_khedival_rule_(1867–1914)"><span id="Sanctioned_khedival_rule_.281867.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Sanctioned khedival rule (1867–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sanctioned khedival rule (1867–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_influence">European influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: European influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By Isma'il's reign, the Egyptian government, headed by the minister <a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a>, had become dependent on Britain and France for a healthy economy. Isma'il attempted to end this European dominance, while at the same time pursuing an aggressive domestic policy. Under Isma'il, 112 canals and 400 bridges were built in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his efforts to gain economic independence from the European powers, Isma'il became unpopular with many British and French diplomats, including <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Cromer" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer">Evelyn Baring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a>, who claimed that he was "ruining Egypt."<sup id="cite_ref-country-data2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> gave Britain a faster route to India. This made Egypt increasingly reliant on Britain for both military and economic aid. Isma'il made no effort to reconcile with the European powers, who pressured the Ottoman sultan into removing him from power.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tewfik_and_the_loss_of_Sudan">Tewfik and the loss of Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tewfik and the loss of Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isma'il was succeeded by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik</a>, who, unlike his younger brothers, had not been educated in Europe. He pursued a policy of closer relations with Britain and France but his authority was undermined in a rebellion led by his war minister, <a href="/wiki/Urabi_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Urabi Pasha">Urabi Pasha</a>, in 1882. Urabi took advantage of violent riots in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to seize control of the government and temporarily depose Tewfik. </p><p>British naval forces shelled and captured Alexandria, and an expeditionary force under General Sir <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet Wolseley">Garnet Wolseley</a> was formed in England. The British army landed in Egypt soon afterwards and defeated Urabi's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tel el-Kebir">Battle of Tel el-Kebir</a>. Urabi was tried for treason and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to exile. After the revolt, the Egyptian army was reorganized on a British model and commanded by British officers. </p><p>Meanwhile, a religious rebellion had broken out in the Sudan, led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ahmed">Muhammad Ahmed</a>, who proclaimed himself the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist</a> rebels had seized the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a> and annihilated two British-led expeditions sent to quell it.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage-history1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-history1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British soldier-adventurer <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a>, an ex-governor of the Sudan, was sent to the Sudanese capital, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, with orders to evacuate its minority of European and Egyptian inhabitants. Instead of evacuating the city, Gordon prepared for a siege and held out from 1884 to 1885. However, Khartoum eventually fell, and he was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage-history1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-history1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Relief_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Relief Expedition">Gordon Relief Expedition</a> was delayed by several battles and was thus unable to reach Khartoum and save Gordon. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">fall of Khartoum</a> resulted in the proclamation of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>, ruled over first by the Mahdi and then by his successor Khalifa <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi" title="Abdullahi">Abdullahi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconquest_of_the_Sudan">Reconquest of the Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reconquest of the Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State#Reconquest_of_Sudan" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State § Reconquest of Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan</a></div> <p>In 1896, during the reign of Tewfik's son, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II</a>, a massive Anglo-Egyptian force, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener</a>, began the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">conquest of the Sudan</a> not long after the death of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mahdists were defeated in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Hamed" title="Battle of Abu Hamed">Abu Hamed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atbara" title="Battle of Atbara">Atbara</a>. The campaign was concluded with the Anglo-Egyptian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a>, the Mahdist capital. </p><p>Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abdallahi ibn Muhammad">Abdallahi ibn Muhammad</a> was hunted down and killed in 1899 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Diwaykarat" title="Battle of Umm Diwaykarat">Battle of Umm Diwaykarat</a>, and Anglo-Egyptian rule was restored to the Sudan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_the_Khedivate">End of the Khedivate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: End of the Khedivate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abbas II became very hostile to the British as his reign drew on, and, by 1911, was considered by Lord Kitchener to be a "wicked little Khedive" worthy of deposition. </p><p>In 1914, when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, the Ottoman Empire joined the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> against Britain and France. Britain now removed the nominal role of Constantinople, proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> and abolished the <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedivate</a> on 5 November 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II</a>, who supported the Central Powers and was in Vienna for a state visit, was deposed from the Khedivate throne in his absence by the enforcement of the British military authorities in Cairo and was banned from returning to Egypt. He was succeeded by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel</a>, who took the title of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> on 19 December 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the khedivate, the standard form of Egyptian currency was the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a>. Because of the gradual European domination of the Egyptian economy, the khedivate adopted the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_of_European-style_industries">Adoption of European-style industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adoption of European-style industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the adoption of modern, Western industrial techniques was begun under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> in the early 19th century, the policy was continued under the khedives.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Machines were imported into Egypt and by the abolition of the khedivate in 1914, the textile industry had become the most prominent one in the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1877 the Egyptian military contained:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>58 infantry battalions (organised into 18 regiments and 4 independent battalions)</li></ul> <ul><li>10 independent Nubian Rifle companies</li> <li>24 Cavalry squadrons (organised into 4 regiments)</li> <li>1 Sapper battalion</li> <li>24 field artillery batteries (organised into 2 regiments) with 144 guns primarily of the <a href="/wiki/La_Hitte_system" title="La Hitte system">La Hitte system</a></li> <li>3 regiments of Fortress artillery with 276 guns</li></ul> <p>This amounted to 58,000 troops in the regular army; there were also 5,000 military and municipal police and various other irregular formations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_events_and_people_during_khedival_rule">Notable events and people during khedival rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable events and people during khedival rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)">Egyptian invasion of Syria</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Crisis_of_1840" title="Oriental Crisis of 1840">Oriental Crisis of 1840</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">2nd Franco-Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li>Completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">First Mahdist War</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Second Mahdist War</a> (1896–1899)</li> <li>Abolishment of the khedivate; establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> (1914)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>: First hereditary <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> governor of Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim</a>: Muhammad Ali's son and successor (in 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I</a>: Ibrahim's successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Sa'id</a>: Abbas' successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il</a>: First <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">khedive</a> of Egypt; Sa'id's successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik</a>: Second khedive; Isma'il's successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II of Egypt</a>: Third and last khedive; Tewfik's successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel</a>: Isma'il's son; first <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a>: Egyptian politician; often prime minister of Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Urabi" title="Ahmed Urabi">Ahmed Urabi</a>: Egyptian soldier, war minister; leader of the <a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ahmed">Muhammad Ahmed</a>: Self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>; leader of the Sudanese <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Khedives">List of Khedives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: List of Khedives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty">List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEkmeleddin_İhsanoğlu2012" class="citation book cs1">Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (2012). "Turks in the Egyptian Administration and the Turkish Language as a Language of Administration". In Humphrey Davies (ed.). <i>The Turks in Egypt and their Cultural Legacy</i>. Oxford Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5743%2Fcairo%2F9789774163975.003.0005">10.5743/cairo/9789774163975.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774163975" title="Special:BookSources/9789774163975"><bdi>9789774163975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turks+in+the+Egyptian+Administration+and+the+Turkish+Language+as+a+Language+of+Administration&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+Egypt+and+their+Cultural+Legacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5743%2Fcairo%2F9789774163975.003.0005&rft.isbn=9789774163975&rft.au=Ekmeleddin+%C4%B0hsano%C4%9Flu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhedivate+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2004" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA44"><i>Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties</i></a>. Georgetown Classics in Arabic Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2"><bdi>978-1-58901-022-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54677538">54677538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic%3A+Structures%2C+Functions%2C+and+Varieties&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Georgetown+Classics+in+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54677538&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-022-2&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8E0Rr1xY4TQC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhedivate+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonné2003" class="citation book cs1">Bonné, Alfred (2003) [First published 1945]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMFlGd1kbZQC&pg=PA24"><i>The Economic Development of the Middle East: An Outline of Planned Reconstruction after the War</i></a>. The International Library of Sociology. London: Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17525-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17525-8"><bdi>978-0-415-17525-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39915162">39915162</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Development+of+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Outline+of+Planned+Reconstruction+after+the+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+International+Library+of+Sociology&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39915162&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17525-8&rft.aulast=Bonn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMFlGd1kbZQC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhedivate+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanada1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Tanada, Hirofumi (March 1998). 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(6 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086530600633405">"Character and imperialism: The british financial administration of Egypt, 1878–1914"</a>. <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530600633405">10.1080/03086530600633405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145334112">145334112</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Character+and+imperialism%3A+The+british+financial+administration+of+Egypt%2C+1878%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086530600633405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145334112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03086530600633405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhedivate+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlender2017" class="citation book cs1">Olender, Piotr (2017). <i>Russo-Turkish Naval War 1877-1878</i>. [Place of publication not identified]. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-65281-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-65281-66-1"><bdi>978-83-65281-66-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992804901">992804901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russo-Turkish+Naval+War+1877-1878.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992804901&rft.isbn=978-83-65281-66-1&rft.aulast=Olender&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhedivate+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berridge, W. J. "Imperialist and Nationalist Voices in the Struggle for Egyptian independence, 1919–22." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 42.3 (2014): 420–439.</li> <li>Botman, Selma. <i>Egypt from Independence to Revolution, 1919–1952</i> (Syracuse UP, 1991).</li> <li>Cain, Peter J. "Character and imperialism: the British financial administration of Egypt, 1878–1914." <i>Journal of imperial and Commonwealth history</i> 34.2 (2006): 177–200.</li> <li>Cain, Peter J. "Character,'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 40.4 (2012): 557–578.</li> <li>Cole, Juan R.I. <i>Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: The Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's 'Urabi Revolt</i> (Princeton UP, 1993.)</li> <li>Daly, M.W. <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt Volume 2 Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century</i> (1998) pp 217–84 on 1879–1923. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/iB_CE/02.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Dunn, John P. <i>Khedive Ismail's Army</i> (2013)</li> <li>EzzelArab, AbdelAziz. "The experiment of Sharif Pasha's cabinet (1879): An inquiry into the historiography of Egypt's elite movement." <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 36.4 (2004): 561–589.</li> <li>Fahmy, Ziad. "Media Capitalism: Colloquial Mass Culture and Nationalism in Egypt, 1908–1918", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 42#1 (2010), 83–103.</li> <li>Goldberg, Ellis. "Peasants in Revolt – Egypt 1919", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies,</i> Vol. 24 (1992), 261–80.</li> <li>Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur, ed. <i>Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).</i></li> <li>Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur. ed. <i>Historical Dictionary of Egypt</i> (Scarecrow Press, 1994).</li> <li>Harrison, Robert T. <i>Gladstone's Imperialism in Egypt: Techniques of Domination</i> (1995).</li> <li>Hicks, Geoffrey. "Disraeli, Derby and the Suez Canal, 1875: some myths reassessed." <i>History</i> 97.326 (2012): 182–203.</li> <li>Hopkins, Anthony G. "The Victorians and Africa: a reconsideration of the occupation of Egypt, 1882." <i>Journal of African History</i> 27.2 (1986): 363–391. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/181140">https://www.jstor.org/stable/181140</a> online</li> <li>Hunter, F. Robert. "State‐society relations in nineteenth‐century Egypt: the years of transition, 1848–79." <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> 36.3 (2000): 145–159.</li> <li>Hunter. F. Robert. <i> Egypt Under the Khedives: 1805–1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy</i> (2nd ed. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999.)</li> <li>Langer, William, L. <i>European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890</i> (2nd ed. 1956) pp 251–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237096">online</a></li> <li>Marlowe, John. <i>Cromer in Egypt</i> (Praeger, 1970.)</li> <li>Owen, Roger. <i> Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul</i> (Oxford UP, 2004.)</li> <li>Pinfari, Marco. "The Unmaking of a Patriot: Anti-Arab Prejudice in the British Attitude towards the Urabi Revolt (1882)." <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i> 34.2 (2012): 92–108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41858688.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. <i>Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism</i> (1961) pp 76–159. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1507431/africa-and-the-victorians-the-climax-of-imperialism">online</a></li> <li>Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi. <i>Egypt and Cromer; a Study in Anglo-Egyptian Relations</i> (Praeger, 1969).</li> <li>Scholch, Alexander. <i> Egypt for the Egyptians!: the Socio-Political Crisis in Egypt, 1878–1882</i> (London: Ithaca Press, 1981.)</li> <li>Shock, Maurice. "Gladstone's Invasion of Egypt, 1882" <i>History Today</i> (June 1957) 7#6 pp 351–357.</li> <li>Tassin, Kristin Shawn. "Egyptian nationalism, 1882–1919: elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence" (PhD Dissertation, U of Texas, 2014.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/28411/TASSIN-DISSERTATION-2014.pdf?sequence=1">online</a>; bibliography pp 269–92.</li> <li>Tignor, Robert L. <i>Modernization and British colonial rule in Egypt, 1882–1914</i> (Princeton UP, 2015).</li> <li>Tucker, Judith E. <i>Women in nineteenth-century Egypt</i> (Cambridge UP, 1985).</li> <li>Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. <i>The First World War in the Middle East</i> (Hurst, 2014).</li> <li>Walker, Dennis. "Mustafa Kamil's Party: Islam, Pan-Islamism, and Nationalism", <i>Islam in the Modern Age,</i> Vol. 11 (1980), 230–9 and Vol. 12 (1981), 1–43</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khedivate_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cromer, Earl of. <i>Modern Egypt</i> (2 vol 1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernegypt00crom">online free</a> 1220pp</li> <li>Milner, Alfred. <i>England in Egypt</i> (London, 1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandinegypt03milngoog">online</a></li> <li>Amira Sonbol, ed. <i>The Last Khedive of Egypt: Memoirs of Abbas Hilmi II</i> (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 1998).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="c._1365_–_1867_(eyalets)50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span> – 1867 (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Eyalet" title="Aidin Eyalet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet" title="Diyarbekir Eyalet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Eyalet" title="Hüdavendigâr Eyalet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Eyalet" title="Kars Eyalet">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Eyalet" title="Kastamonu Eyalet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Adrianople" title="Eyalet of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Egir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanije_Eyalet" title="Kanije Eyalet">Kanije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Eyalet" title="Niš Eyalet">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet" title="Temeşvar Eyalet">Temeşvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdin_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdin Eyalet">Widdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Yanina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet" title="Lahsa Eyalet">Lahsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1867–1922_(vilayets_and_mutasarrıfates)50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1867–1922 (<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıfates</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora</a> (Ankara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Vilayet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamuret-ul-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond</a> (Trabzon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a> (Edirne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Vilayet" title="Hejaz Vilayet">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vassals_and_autonomies50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassals</a> and autonomies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vassals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1672–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Syrmia_of_Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik">Duchy of Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_emirates" title="Kurdish emirates">Kurdish emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egypt_topics445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt_topics445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" 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