CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Border control - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1eea6fd9-1f26-4512-b185-39853fc9f2bc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Border_control","wgTitle":"Border control","wgCurRevisionId":1256438603,"wgRevisionId":1256438603,"wgArticleId":247927,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)","CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 maint: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2020", "Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 uses Macedonian-language script (mk)","CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Use British English from August 2018","Articles that may be too long from December 2023","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles that may be too long from April 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles containing Tamil-language text","Articles containing Thai-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Incomplete lists from March 2022","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service","Border control","Borders","Export and import control","International relations", "International border crossings","International law","Travel","Visas"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Border_control","wgRelevantArticleId":247927,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":400000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q218719","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg/1200px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg/800px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg/640px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Border control - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_control"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_control"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Border_control rootpage-Border_control skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Border+control" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Border+control" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Border+control" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Border+control" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_and_maritime_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_and_maritime_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Air and maritime borders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_and_maritime_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosecurity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosecurity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Biosecurity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosecurity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Border security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Border walls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_checkpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_checkpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Border checkpoints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_checkpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Border zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Immigration law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Immigration policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Diaspora communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Open borders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostile_environment_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostile_environment_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Hostile environment policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostile_environment_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 International zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_border_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_border_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Internal border controls </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_border_controls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Internal border controls subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_border_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Bhutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Specific requirements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Specific requirements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biometrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biometrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Biometrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biometrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Immigration stamps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exit_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exit_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Exit controls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exit_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exit_permits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exit_permits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Exit permits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exit_permits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Travel documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Visas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_visas_and_electronic_travel_authorisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_visas_and_electronic_travel_authorisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Electronic visas and electronic travel authorisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_visas_and_electronic_travel_authorisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality_and_travel_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_and_travel_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Nationality and travel history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_and_travel_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prescreening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescreening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Prescreening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescreening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedited_border_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedited_border_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Expedited border controls </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedited_border_controls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expedited border controls subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expedited_border_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_border_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_border_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Local border traffic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_border_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relaxed_control_in_near-border_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaxed_control_in_near-border_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Relaxed control in near-border areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaxed_control_in_near-border_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_control_organisations_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_control_organisations_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Border control organisations by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_control_organisations_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Border control</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رقابة حدودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رقابة حدودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99rh%C9%99d_n%C9%99zar%C9%99ti" title="Sərhəd nəzarəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sərhəd nəzarəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="সীমান্ত নিয়ন্ত্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সীমান্ত নিয়ন্ত্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_de_fronteres" title="Control de fronteres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Control de fronteres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nsekontrol" title="Grænsekontrol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grænsekontrol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenzkontrolle" title="Grenzkontrolle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grenzkontrolle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_de_fronteras" title="Control de fronteras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Control de fronteras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlima_kontrolo" title="Landlima kontrolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Landlima kontrolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کنترل مرزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل مرزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_frontalier" title="Contrôle frontalier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contrôle frontalier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rial%C3%BA_teorann" title="Rialú teorann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rialú teorann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%EC%9E%85%EA%B5%AD%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="출입국관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출입국관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grani%C4%8Dni_nadzor" title="Granični nadzor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Granični nadzor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengendalian_perbatasan" title="Pengendalian perbatasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengendalian perbatasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гранична проверка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гранична проверка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grensbewaking" title="Grensbewaking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grensbewaking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="出入国管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="出入国管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_graniczna" title="Kontrola graniczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontrola graniczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controle_aduaneiro" title="Controle aduaneiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controle aduaneiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejna_kontrola" title="Mejna kontrola – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mejna kontrola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гранична провера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гранична провера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajavalvonta" title="Rajavalvonta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rajavalvonta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4nskontroll" title="Gränskontroll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gränskontroll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1n%C4%B1r_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Sınır kontrolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sınır kontrolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Контроль на кордоні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Контроль на кордоні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83m_so%C3%A1t_bi%C3%AAn_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Kiểm soát biên giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiểm soát biên giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6" title="邊境管制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邊境管制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6" title="邊境管制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邊境管制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q218719#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Border_control" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Border_control">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Border_control">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Border_control" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Border_control" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&oldid=1256438603" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Border_control&id=1256438603&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBorder_control">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBorder_control">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Border_control&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_control" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q218719" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measures taken to regulate the movement of goods and people across borders</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Border crossing" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Border_Crossing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Border Crossing (disambiguation)">Border Crossing</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Border_control" title="Talk:Border control">talk page</a>. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg/192px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg/288px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg/384px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">As seen from the Bhutanese side</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg/192px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg/288px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg/384px-Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsholing_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">As seen from the Indian side</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The border gate between <a href="/wiki/Phuentsholing" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuentsholing">Phuentsholing</a>, Bhutan, and <a href="/wiki/Jaigaon" title="Jaigaon">Jaigaon</a>, India</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg/180px-Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg/270px-Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg/360px-Indonesia-Timor_Leste_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The gate that borders <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg/204px-China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg/306px-China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg/408px-China_-_Russia_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A train crossing the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="China–Russia border">China–Russia border</a>, travelling from <a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsk" title="Zabaykalsk">Zabaykalsk</a> in Russia to <a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli</a> in China</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Different categories of borders have varying features and levels of security</div></div></div></div> Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a>. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on <a href="#Internal_border_controls">internal borders</a> within a single state. Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing <a href="#Customs">customs</a>, sanitary and phytosanitary, or <a href="#Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> regulations to restricting <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>. While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>) are <a href="#Open_borders">open</a> and completely unguarded, others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at <a href="#Border_checkpoints">designated checkpoints</a>. Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies that vary between countries. It is estimated that the indirect economic cost of border controls, particularly migration restrictions, cost many trillions of dollars and the size of the global economy could double if migration restrictions were lifted.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG/220px-Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG/330px-Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG/440px-Great_Wall_of_China_July_2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The purpose of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China.</figcaption></figure> States and rulers have always regarded the ability to determine who enters or remains in their territories as a key test of their sovereignty, but prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, border controls were only sporadically implemented.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In medieval Europe, for example, the boundaries between rival countries and centres of power were largely symbolic or consisted of amorphous borderlands, 'marches', and 'debatable lands' of indeterminate or contested status and the real 'borders' consisted of the fortified walls that surrounded towns and cities, where the authorities could exclude undesirable or incompatible people at the gates, from vagrants, beggars and the 'wandering poor', to 'masterless women', lepers, Romani, or Jews.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit,_dated_January_24,_722_CE,_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit%2C_dated_January_24%2C_722_CE%2C_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna%2C_Egypt.jpg/220px-Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit%2C_dated_January_24%2C_722_CE%2C_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit%2C_dated_January_24%2C_722_CE%2C_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna%2C_Egypt.jpg/330px-Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit%2C_dated_January_24%2C_722_CE%2C_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit%2C_dated_January_24%2C_722_CE%2C_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna%2C_Egypt.jpg/440px-Arabic_papyrus_with_an_exit_permit%2C_dated_January_24%2C_722_CE%2C_pointing_to_the_regulation_of_travel_activities._From_Hermopolis_Magna%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4955" data-file-height="2735" /></a><figcaption>Arabic papyrus with an exit permit, dated 24 January 722 AD, pointing to the regulation of travel activities. From Hermopolis Magna, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QingPassport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/QingPassport.jpg/170px-QingPassport.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/QingPassport.jpg/255px-QingPassport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/QingPassport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Chinese passport from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, 24th Year of the Guangxu Reign, 1898</figcaption></figure> The concept of border controls has its origins in antiquity. In Asia, the existence of border controls is evidenced in classical texts. The <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd century BCE) makes mention of passes issued at the rate of one <a href="/wiki/Masha_(unit)" title="Masha (unit)">masha</a> per pass to enter and exit the country. Chapter 34 of the Second Book of Arthashastra concerns with the duties of the Mudrādhyakṣa (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Superintendent of Seals') who must issue sealed passes before a person could enter or leave the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Passports resembling those issued today were an important part of the Chinese bureaucracy as early as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> (202 BCE-220 CE), if not in the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>. They required such details as age, height, and bodily features.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> These passports (zhuan) determined a person's ability to move throughout imperial counties and through points of control. Even children needed passports, but those of one year or less who were in their mother's care may not have needed them.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> In the medieval <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Caliphate</a>, a form of passport was the bara'a, a <a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">receipt</a> for taxes paid. Border controls were in place to ensure that only people who paid their <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakah</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a>) taxes could travel freely between different regions of the Caliphate; thus, the bara'a receipt was a "basic passport".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In medieval Europe, passports were issued since at least the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a>, as a means of helping his subjects prove who they were in foreign lands. The earliest reference to these documents is found in a <a href="/wiki/Safe_Conducts_Act_1414" title="Safe Conducts Act 1414">1414 Act of Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brief_history-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1540, granting travel documents in England became a role of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council of England</a>, and it was around this time that the term "passport" was used. In 1794, issuing British passports became the job of the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brief_history-8">[8]</a> The 1548 Imperial Diet of Augsburg required the public to hold imperial documents for travel, at the risk of permanent exile.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During World War I, European governments introduced border passport requirements for security reasons, and to control the emigration of people with useful skills. These controls remained in place after the war, becoming a standard, though controversial, procedure. British tourists of the 1920s complained, especially about attached photographs and physical descriptions, which they considered led to a "nasty dehumanisation".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Starting in the mid-19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> established quarantine stations on many of its borders to control disease. For example, along the Greek-Turkish border, all travellers entering and exiting the Ottoman Empire would be quarantined for 9–15 days. These stations would often be manned by armed guards. If plague appeared, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman army</a> would be deployed to enforce border control and <a href="/wiki/Disease_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease monitoring">monitor disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> One of the earliest systematic attempts of modern nation states to implement border controls to restrict entry of particular groups were policies adopted by Canada, Australia, and America to curtail immigration of Asians in white <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler states</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first anti-East Asian policy implemented in this era was the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882 in America, which was followed suit by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a> in Canada, which imposed what came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax</a>. These policies were a sign of injustice and unfair treatment to the Chinese workers because the jobs they engaged in were mostly menial jobs.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Similar policies were adopted in various British colonies in Australia over the latter half of the 19th century targeting Asian immigrants arriving as a result of the region's <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">series of gold rushes</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Kanakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakas">Kanakas</a> (Pacific Islanders brought into Australia as indentured labourers)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> who alongside the Asians were perceived by <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionists</a> and White blue collar workers as a threat to the wages of White settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Markey-16">[16]</a> Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> in 1901, these discriminatory border control measures quickly expanded into the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a>, while subsequent legislation in America (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalisation Act of 1906</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a>) resulted in an even stricter policy targeting immigrants from both Asia and parts of southern and eastern Europe. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Passport_cover_2010_(non-EU).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/British_Passport_cover_2010_%28non-EU%29.jpg/170px-British_Passport_cover_2010_%28non-EU%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/British_Passport_cover_2010_%28non-EU%29.jpg/255px-British_Passport_cover_2010_%28non-EU%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/British_Passport_cover_2010_%28non-EU%29.jpg/340px-British_Passport_cover_2010_%28non-EU%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>BN(O) passports sported a burgundy red cover, identical to that of the <a href="/wiki/British_Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="British Citizen">British Citizen</a> passports, albeit without the words "European Union" text at the top part of the cover between 1990 and March 2020.</figcaption></figure> Even following the adoption of measures such as the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> in English-speaking settler colonies, pervasive control of international borders remained a relatively rare phenomenon until the early 20th century, prior to which many states had open international borders either in practice or due to a lack of any legal restriction. <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> identified <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in particular as the point when such controls became commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Decolonisation during the twentieth century saw the emergence of mass emigration from nations in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, thus leading former colonial occupiers to introduce stricter border controls.<a href="#cite_note-newint-18">[18]</a> In the United Kingdom this process took place in stages, with British nationality law eventually shifting from recognising all <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizens</a> as British subjects to today's complex <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> which distinguishes between British citizens, modern <a href="/wiki/British_Subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="British Subjects">British Subjects</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Citizens">British Overseas Citizens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">overseas nationals</a>, with each non-standard category created as a result of attempts to balance border control and the need to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">statelessness</a>. This aspect of the rise of border control in the 20th century has proven controversial. The British Nationality Law 1981 has been criticised by experts,<a href="#cite_note-21">[a]</a> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination">Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a> of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-23">[b]</a> on the grounds that the different classes of British nationality it created are, in fact, closely related to the ethnic origins of their holders. The creation of British Nationality (Overseas) status, for instance, (with fewer privileges than British citizen status) was met with criticism from many Hong Kong residents who felt that British citizenship would have been more appropriate in light of the "moral debt" owed to them by the UK.<a href="#cite_note-24">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[d]</a> Some British politicians<a href="#cite_note-27">[e]</a> and magazines<a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a> also criticised the creation of BN(O) status. In 2020, the British government under <a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Boris Johnson</a> announced a programme under which BN(O)s would have leave to remain in the UK with rights to work and study for five years, after which they may apply for <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">settled status</a>. They would then be eligible for full citizenship after holding settled status for 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-GovUK20200701-30">[24]</a> This was implemented as the eponymously named "British National (Overseas) visa", a residence permit that BN(O)s and their dependent family members have been able to apply for since 31 January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-BNOvisa-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNOvisafamily-32">[26]</a> BN(O)s and their dependents who arrived in the UK before the new immigration route became available were granted "Leave Outside the Rules" at the discretion of the <a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">Border Force</a> to remain in the country for up to six months as a temporary measure.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> In effect, this retroactively granted BN(O)s a path to right of abode in the United Kingdom. Despite the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, about 7,000 people had entered the UK under this scheme between July 2020 and January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> Ethnic tensions created during colonial occupation also resulted in discriminatory policies being adopted in newly independent African nations, such as Uganda under <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> which banned <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">Asians from Uganda</a>, thus creating a mass exodus of the (largely Gujarati<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi-36">[30]</a>) Asian community of Uganda. Such ethnically driven border control policies took forms ranging from anti-Asian sentiment in East Africa to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> policies in South Africa and Namibia (then known as <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Africa">Southwest Africa</a> under South African rule) which created <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">bantustans</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[g]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[h]</a> to segregate and impose border controls against non-whites, and encouraged immigration of whites at the expense of Blacks as well as Indians and other Asians. Whilst border control in Europe and east of the Pacific have tightened over time,<a href="#cite_note-newint-18">[18]</a> they have largely been liberalised in Africa, from <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a>'s reversal of Idi Amin's anti-Asian border controls<a href="#cite_note-44">[i]</a> to the fall of Apartheid (and thus racialised border controls) in South Africa. The development of border control policies over the course of the 20th century also saw the standardisation of <a href="/wiki/Refugee_travel_document" title="Refugee travel document">refugee travel documents</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> of 1951<a href="#cite_note-46">[j]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1954_Convention_travel_document" title="1954 Convention travel document">1954 Convention travel document</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a> for stateless people under the similar 1954 statelessness convention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020 produced a drastic tightening of border controls across the globe. Many countries and regions have imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions for citizens of or recent travellers to the most affected areas.<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> Other countries and regions have imposed global restrictions that apply to all foreign countries and territories, or prevent their own citizens from travelling overseas.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> The imposition of border controls has curtailed the spread of the virus, but because they were first implemented after <a href="/wiki/Community_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Community spread">community spread</a> was established in multiple countries in different regions of the world, they produced only a modest reduction in the total number of people infected<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a> These strict border controls <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic harm</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a> through lost income and <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">social harm</a> to people who were unable to travel for family matters or other reasons. When the travel bans are lifted, many people are expected to resume traveling. However, some travel, especially <a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">business travel</a>, may be decreased long-term as lower cost alternatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Teleconferencing_during_the_2019-20_coronavirus_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconferencing during the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic">teleconferencing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_event" title="Virtual event">virtual events</a>, are preferred.<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> A possible long-term impact has been a decline of <a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">business travel</a> and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-52">[42]</a> Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aspects">edit</a>]</div> Contemporary border control policies are complex and address a variety of distinct phenomena depending on the circumstances and political priorities of the state(s) implementing them. Consequently, there are several aspects of border control which vary in nature and importance from region to region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_and_maritime_borders">Air and maritime borders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Air and maritime borders">edit</a>]</div> In addition to land borders, countries also apply border control measures to <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">waters under their jurisdiction</a>. Such measures control access to air and maritime territory as well as extractible resources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fish</a>, minerals, fossil fuels). Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS),<a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a> states exercise varying degrees of control over different categories of territorial waters: <ul><li>Internal waters: Waters landward of the baseline,<a href="#cite_note-baseline-55">[k]</a> over which the state has complete sovereignty: not even <a href="/wiki/Innocent_passage" title="Innocent passage">innocent passage</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[l]</a> is allowed without explicit permission from said state. Lakes and rivers are considered internal waters.</li> <li>Territorial sea: A state's territorial sea is a belt of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal waters">coastal waters</a> extending at most 22 kilometres from the baseline<a href="#cite_note-baseline-55">[k]</a> of a coastal state. If this would overlap with another state's territorial sea, the border is taken as the median point between the states' baselines, unless the states in question agree otherwise. A state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea. The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (military and civilian) are allowed <a href="/wiki/Innocent_passage" title="Innocent passage">innocent passage</a> through it, or <a href="/wiki/Transit_passage" title="Transit passage">transit passage</a> for <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">straits</a>; this sovereignty also extends to the <a href="/wiki/Airspace#Horizontal_boundary" title="Airspace">airspace</a> over and seabed below. As a result of UNCLOS, states exercise a similar degree of control over its territorial sea as over land territory and may thus utilise coast guard and naval patrols to enforce border control measures provided they do not prevent innocent or transit passage.</li> <li>Contiguous zone: A state's contiguous zone is a band of water extending farther from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 44 kilometres (27 miles) from the baseline, within which a state can implement limited border control measures for the purpose of preventing or punishing "infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea". This will typically be 22 kilometres (14 miles) wide, but could be more (if a state has chosen to claim a territorial sea of less than 22 kilometres), or less, if it would otherwise overlap another state's contiguous zone. However, unlike the territorial sea, there is no standard rule for resolving such conflicts and the states in question must negotiate their own compromise. America invoked a contiguous zone out to 44 kilometres from the baseline on 29 September 1999.<a href="#cite_note-57">[45]</a></li> <li>Exclusive economic zone: An <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> extends from the baseline<a href="#cite_note-baseline-55">[k]</a> to a maximum of 370 kilometres (230 miles). A coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and any pollution of those resources.<a href="#cite_note-58">[46]</a> However, it cannot prohibit passage or loitering above, on, or under the surface of the sea that is in compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention, within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea. The only authority a state has over its EEZ is therefore its ability to regulate the extraction or spoliation of resources contained therein and border control measures implemented to this effect focus on the suppression of unauthorised commercial activity.</li></ul> Vessels not complying with a state's maritime policies may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Ship_arrest" title="Ship arrest">ship arrest</a> and enforcement action by the state's authorities. Maritime border control measures are controversial in the context of international trade disputes, as was the case following France's detention of British fishermen in October 2021 in the aftermath of Brexit<a href="#cite_note-59">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[48]</a> or when the Indonesian navy detained the crew of the Seven Seas Conqueress alleging that the vessel was unlawfully fishing within Indonesian territorial waters while the Singaporean government claimed the vessel was in Singaporean waters near <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca,_Singapore" title="Pedra Branca, Singapore">Pedra Branca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[49]</a> Similarly, international law accords each state control over the <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> above its land territory, internal waters, and territorial sea. Consequently, states have the authority to regulate <a href="/wiki/Flyover_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Flyover rights">flyover rights</a> and tax foreign aircraft utilising their airspace. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> designates states to administer international airspace, including airspace over waters not forming part of any state's territorial sea. Aircraft unlawfully entering a country's airspace may be grounded and their crews may be detained. No country has sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>, including the associated airspace. All states have the freedom of fishing, navigation, overflight, laying cables and pipelines, as well as research. Oceans, seas, and waters outside national jurisdiction are also referred to as the high seas or, in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, mare liberum (meaning free sea). The 1958 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on the High Seas">Convention on the High Seas</a> defined "high seas" to mean "all parts of the sea that are not included in the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial sea">territorial sea</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">internal waters</a> of a State" and where "no State may validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-62">[50]</a> Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of their <a href="/wiki/Flag_state" title="Flag state">flag state</a> (if there is one);<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[52]</a> any nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a> regardless of maritime borders. As part of their air and maritime border control policies, most countries restrict or regulate the ability of foreign <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a> and vessels to <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> of goods or passengers between sea ports and airports in their jurisdiction, known as <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a>. Restrictions on maritime cabotage apply exist in most countries with territorial and internal waters so as to protect the domestic shipping industry from foreign competition, preserve domestically owned shipping infrastructure for national security purposes, and ensure safety in congested territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-65">[53]</a> For example, in America, the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Jones Act</a> provides for extremely strict restrictions on cabotage.<a href="#cite_note-66">[m]</a> Similarly, China does not permit foreign flagged vessels to conduct domestic transport or domestic transhipments without the prior approval of the Ministry of Transport.<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-67">[54]</a> While Hong Kong and Macau maintain distinct internal cabotage regimes from the mainland, maritime cabotage between either territory and the mainland is considered domestic carriage and accordingly is off limits to foreign vessels.<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-67">[54]</a> Similarly, maritime crossings across the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> requires special permits from both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China<a href="#cite_note-ROC-68">[n]</a> and are usually off-limits to foreign vessels.<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-67">[54]</a> In India, foreign vessels engaging in the coasting trade<a href="#cite_note-69">[o]</a> require a licence that is generally only issued when no local vessel is available.<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-67">[54]</a> Similarly, a foreign vessel may only be issued a licence to engage in cabotage in Brazil if there are no Brazilian flagged vessels available for the intended transport.<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-67">[54]</a> As with maritime cabotage, most jurisdictions heavily restrict cabotage in passenger aviation, though rules regarding air cargo are typically more lax. Passenger cabotage is not usually granted under most <a href="/wiki/Open_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open skies">open skies</a> agreements. Air cabotage policies in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are uniquely liberal insofar as carriers licensed by one member state are permitted to engage in cabotage in any EU member state, with few limitations.<a href="#cite_note-70">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> has the most liberal air cabotage rules in the world, enacted in 1979, which allow foreign airlines to operate domestic flights, conditional upon reciprocal treatment for Chilean carriers in the foreign airline's country. Countries apply special provisions to the ability of foreign airlines to carry passengers between two domestic destinations through an offshore hub.<a href="#cite_note-74">[p]</a> Many countries implement <a href="/wiki/Air_defence_identification_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defence identification zone">air defence identification zones</a> (ADIZs) requiring aircraft approaching within a specified distance of its airspace to contact or seek prior authorisation from its military or transport authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Abeyratne-75">[59]</a> An ADIZ may extend beyond a country's territory to give the country more time to respond to possibly hostile aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-WSJNov13-76">[60]</a> The concept of an ADIZ is not defined in any international treaty and is not regulated by any international body,<a href="#cite_note-WSJNov13-76">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobSec-77">[61]</a> but is nevertheless a well-established aerial border control measure.<a href="#cite_note-80">[q]</a> Usually such zones only cover undisputed territory, do not apply to foreign aircraft not intending to enter territorial airspace, and do not overlap.<a href="#cite_note-GlobSec-77">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biosecurity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_%282%29.jpg/220px-Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_%282%29.jpg/330px-Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_%282%29.jpg/440px-Insignia_of_China_Inspection_and_Quarantine_2012_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Quarantine operations deployed by mainland Chinese border control.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg/220px-International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg/330px-International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg/440px-International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_from_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>An International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines to an individual after being vaccinated with a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> in 2021.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaccination_requirements_for_international_travel" title="Vaccination requirements for international travel">Vaccination requirements for international travel</a></div> Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, etc.) to <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> in order to mitigate the risk of transmission of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, these measures are aimed at protecting <a href="/wiki/Food_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crop">food crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and other organisms not conducive to the welfare of the <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a>. The term includes <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological threats</a> to people, including those from <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> diseases and <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a>. The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts. The most common category of biosecurity policies are quarantine measures adopted to counteract the spread of disease and, when applied as a component of border control, focus primarily on mitigating the entry of infected individuals, plants, or animals into a country.<a href="#cite_note-82">[65]</a> Other aspects of biosecurity related to border control include mandatory vaccination policies for inbound travellers and measures to curtail the risk posed by <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. Quarantine measures are frequently implemented with regard to the mobility of animals, including both pets and livestock. Notably, in order to reduce the risk of introducing <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> from continental Europe, the United Kingdom used to require that dogs, and most other animals introduced to the country, spend six months in quarantine at an <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Customs_and_Excise" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Customs and Excise">HM Customs and Excise</a> pound. This policy was abolished in 2000 in favour of a scheme generally known as <a href="/wiki/Pet_Passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Pet Passports">Pet Passports</a>, where animals can avoid quarantine if they have documentation showing they are up to date on their appropriate <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[66]</a> In the past, quarantine measures were implemented by European countries in order to curtail the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubonic Plague">Bubonic Plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a>. In the British Isles, for example, the Quarantine Act 1710 (<a href="/wiki/9_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="9 Ann.">9 Ann.</a>) established maritime quarantine policies in an era in which strict border control measures as a whole were yet to become mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-84">[67]</a> The first act was called for due to fears that the plague might be imported from Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. The second act of 1721 was due to the prevalence of the plague at <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> and other places in <a href="/wiki/Provence,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Provence, France">Provence</a>, France. It was renewed in 1733 after a new outbreak in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, and again in 1743, due to an epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>. In 1752 a rigorous quarantine clause was introduced into an act regulating trade with <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a>, and various arbitrary orders were issued during the next twenty years to meet the supposed danger of infection from the Baltic states. Although no plague cases ever came to England during that period, the restrictions on traffic became more stringent, and in 1788 a very strict Quarantine Act was passed, with provisions affecting cargoes in particular. The act was revised in 1801 and 1805, and in 1823–24 an elaborate inquiry was followed by an act making quarantine only at the discretion of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>, which recognised yellow fever or other highly infectious diseases as calling for quarantine, along with plague. The threat of cholera in 1831 was the last occasion in England of the use of quarantine restrictions. Cholera affected every country in Europe despite all efforts to keep it out. When cholera returned to England in 1849, 1853 and 1865–66, no attempt was made to seal the ports. In 1847 the privy council ordered all arrivals with a clean <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_health" title="Bill of health">bill of health</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the Levant to be admitted, provided there had been no case of plague during the voyage and afterwards, the practice of quarantine was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-Booker-85">[68]</a> In modern <a href="/wiki/Maritime_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime law">maritime law</a>, biosecurity measures for arriving vessels centre around 'pratique', a licence from border control officials permitting a ship to enter port on assurance from the captain that the vessel is free from <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagious disease</a>. The clearance granted is commonly referred to as 'free pratique'. A ship can signal a request for 'pratique' by flying a solid yellow square-shaped flag. This yellow flag is the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_flag_(contagion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow flag (contagion)">Q flag</a> in the set of <a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">international maritime signal flags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[69]</a> In the event that 'free pratique' is not granted, a vessel will be held in quarantine according to biosecurity rules prevailing at the port of entry until a border control officer inspects the vessel.<a href="#cite_note-87">[70]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, a controversy arose as to who granted pratique to the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Princess" title="Ruby Princess">Ruby Princess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[71]</a> A related concept is the 'bill of health', a document issued by officials of a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> of departure indicating to the officials of the port of arrival whether it is likely that the ship is carrying a <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagious disease</a>, either literally on board as <a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">fomites</a> or via its crewmen or passengers. As defined in a consul's handbook from 1879: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A bill of health is a document issued by the consul or the public authorities of the port which a ship sails from, descriptive of the health of the port at the time of the vessel's clearance. A clean bill of health certifies that at the date of its issue no infectious disease was known to exist either in the port or its neighbourhood. A suspected or touched bill of health reports that rumours were in circulation that an infectious disease had appeared but that the rumour had not been confirmed by any known cases. A foul bill of health or the absence of a clean bill of health implies that the place the vessel cleared from was infected with a contagious disease. The two latter cases would render the vessel liable to quarantine.<a href="#cite_note-89">[72]</a></blockquote> Another category of biosecurity measures adopted by border control organisations is <a href="/wiki/Vaccination_requirements_for_international_travel" title="Vaccination requirements for international travel">mandatory vaccination</a>. As a result of the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever">Yellow Fever</a> across much of the African continent, a significant portion of countries in the region require arriving passengers to present an <a href="/wiki/International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_or_Prophylaxis" title="International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis">International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis</a> (Carte Jaune) certifying that they have received the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever vaccine">Yellow Fever vaccine</a>. A variety of other countries require travellers who have visited areas where Yellow Fever is endemic to present a certificate in order to clear border checkpoints as a means of preventing the spread of the disease. Prior to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, Yellow Fever was the primary human disease subjected to <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Immunity_passport" title="Immunity passport">vaccine passport</a> measures by border control authorities around the world. Similar measures are in place with regard to <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal meningitis">meningococcal meningitis</a> in regions where those diseases are endemic and countries bordering those regions. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication" title="Smallpox">eradication of Smallpox</a>, similar Carte Jaune requirements were in force for that disease around the world. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg/170px-Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg/255px-Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg/340px-Vermont_COVID_travel_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A road sign at an exit on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> advising individuals entering the state of a quarantine policy adopted in response to COVID-19, photographed in November 2020.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg/220px-Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg/330px-Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg/440px-Berg_a_DNV_-_49655647492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, which otherwise maintains open borders with other <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> jurisdictions, closed borders to non-residents because of the COVID-19 pandemic.</figcaption></figure> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, biosecurity measures have become a highly visible aspect of border control across the globe. Most notably, quarantine and <a href="/wiki/Vaccination_requirements_for_international_travel#COVID-19" title="Vaccination requirements for international travel">mandatory COVID-19 vaccination</a> for international travellers. Together with a decreased willingness to travel, the implementation of biosecurity measures has had a <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">negative economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">social impact</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Travel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel industry">travel industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[73]</a> Slow travel increased in popularity during the pandemic, with tourists visiting fewer destinations during their trips.<a href="#cite_note-91">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[75]</a> Biosecurity measures such as restrictions on cross-border travel, the introduction of mandatory vaccination for international travellers, and the adoption of quarantine or mandatory testing measures have helped to contain the spread of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-93">[76]</a> While test-based border screening measures may prove effective under certain circumstances, they may fail to detect a significant quantity positive cases if only conducted upon arrival without follow-up. A minimum 10-day quarantine may be beneficial in preventing the spread of COVID-19 and may be more effective if combined with an additional control measure like border screening.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-93">[76]</a> A study in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> found that travel restrictions could delay the initial arrival of COVID-19 in a country, but that they produced only modest overall effects unless combined with domestic <a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">infection prevention and control</a> measures to considerably reduce transmissions.<a href="#cite_note-94">[77]</a> (This is consistent with prior research on influenza and other communicable diseases.<a href="#cite_note-95">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-96">[79]</a>) Travel bans early in the pandemic were most effective for isolated locations, such as small <a href="/wiki/Island_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Island nation">island nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-96">[79]</a> During the COVID-19 pandemic, many jurisdictions across the globe introduced biosecurity measures on internal borders. This ranged from quarantine measures imposed upon individuals crossing state lines within America to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">prohibitions on interstate travel in Australia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customs">Customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Customs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_(5194926935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_%285194926935%29.jpg/220px-North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_%285194926935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_%285194926935%29.jpg/330px-North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_%285194926935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_%285194926935%29.jpg/440px-North_Korea_-_Sunan_Airport_%285194926935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>North Korean customs officer at <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Sunan International Airport">Pyongyang Sunan International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg/220px-Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg/330px-Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg/440px-Ports_of_Auckland_Customs_Boundary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Southern edge (customs border) of Captain Cook wharf, <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_Auckland" title="Ports of Auckland">Ports of Auckland</a>, New Zealand. An <a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">electric fence</a> is faintly visible behind the historical fence</figcaption></figure> Each country has its own laws and regulations for the <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">import</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> of goods into and out of a country, which its customs authority enforces. The import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden, in which case customs controls enforce such policies.<a href="#cite_note-Chowdhury_1992-97">[80]</a> Customs enforcement at borders can also entail collecting <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a> and preventing the smuggling of dangerous or illegal goods. A <a href="/wiki/Customs_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs duty">customs duty</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> on the importation (usually) or exportation (unusually) of goods. In many countries, border controls for arriving passengers at many international airports and some road crossings are separated into red and green channels in order to prioritise customs enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-98">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[82]</a> Within the European Union's common customs area, airports may operate additional blue channels for passengers arriving from within that area. For such passengers, border control may focus specifically on prohibited items and other goods that are not covered by the common policy. <a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Luggage tags</a> for checked luggage travelling within the EU are green-edged so they may be identified.<a href="#cite_note-100">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[84]</a> In most EU member states, travellers coming from other EU countries within the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> can use the green lane, although airports outside the Schengen Area or with frequent flights arriving from jurisdictions within Schengen but outside the European Union may use blue channels for convenience and efficiency. A customs area is an area designated for storage of commercial goods that have not cleared border controls. Commercial goods not yet cleared through customs are often stored in a type of customs area known as a <a href="/wiki/Bonded_warehouse" title="Bonded warehouse">bonded warehouse</a>, until processed or re-exported.<a href="#cite_note-ANTW-102">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[86]</a> Ports authorised to handle international cargo generally include recognised bonded warehouses. For the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Customs_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs duties">customs duties</a>, goods within the customs area are treated as being outside the country. This allows easy <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> to a third country without customs authorities being involved.<a href="#cite_note-ANTW-102">[85]</a> For this reason, customs areas are usually carefully controlled and fenced to prevent <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>. However, the area is still territorially part of the country, so the goods within the area are subject to other local laws (for example <a href="/wiki/Drug_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug laws">drug laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> regulations), and thus may be searched, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">impounded</a> or turned back. The term is also sometimes used to define an area (usually composed of several countries) which form a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Customs_territory" title="Customs territory">customs territory</a>, or to describe the area at airports and ports where travellers are checked through customs. Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are customs measures to protect humans, animals, and plants from diseases, pests, or contaminants. The <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a>, concluded at the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_of_the_Multilateral_Trade_Negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations">Uruguay Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations</a>, establishes the types of SPS measures each jurisdiction is permitted to impose. Examples of SPS are tolerance limits for residues, restricted use of substances, labelling requirements related to food safety, hygienic requirements and quarantine requirements. In certain countries, sanitary and phytosanitary measures focuses extensively on curtailing and regulating the import of foreign agricultural products in order to protect domestic ecosystems. For example, Australian border controls restrict most (if not all) food products, certain wooden products and other similar items.<a href="#cite_note-104">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[89]</a> Similar restrictions exist in Canada, America and New Zealand. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg/400px-Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg/600px-Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg/800px-Capital_punishment_for_drugs_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting countries with a policy of executing drug traffickers <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Only under certain conditions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug offences</a></div></figcaption></figure> Border control in many countries in Asia and the Americas prioritises enforcing customs laws pertaining to narcotics. For instance, India and Malaysia are focusing resources on eliminating drug smuggling from Myanmar and Thailand respectively. The issue stems largely from the high output of dangerous and illegal drugs in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> as well as in regions further west such as Afghanistan. A similar problem exists east of the Pacific, and has resulted in countries such as Mexico and the United States tightening border control in response to the northward flow of illegal substances from regions such as Colombia. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a> and similar cartel activity in neighbouring areas has exacerbated the problem. In certain countries illegal importing, exporting, sale, or possession of drugs constitute capital offences and may result in a death sentence. A 2015 article by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> says that the laws of 32 countries provide for capital punishment for drug smuggling, but only in six countries – <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> –are drug offenders known to be routinely executed.<a href="#cite_note-107">[90]</a> Additionally, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia impose mandatory death sentences on individuals caught smuggling restricted substances across their borders. For example, Muhammad Ridzuan Ali was executed in Singapore on 19 May 2017 for drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-108">[91]</a> According to a 2011 article by the <a href="/wiki/Lawyers_Collective" title="Lawyers Collective">Lawyers Collective</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, "32 countries impose <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> for offences involving <a href="/wiki/Narcotic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotic drug">narcotic drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotropic">psychotropic</a> substances."<a href="#cite_note-109">[92]</a> South Korean law provides for capital punishment for drug offences,<a href="#cite_note-110">[93]</a> but <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> has a de facto moratorium on capital punishment as there have been no executions since 1997, even though there are still people on death row and new death sentences continue to be handed down.<a href="#cite_note-111">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_security">Border security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Border security">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Border security" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Border Security (disambiguation)">Border Security</a>.</div> Border security refers to measures taken by one or more governments to enforce their border control policies.<a href="#cite_note-112">[95]</a> Such measures target a variety of issues, ranging from customs violations and trade in unlawful goods to the suppression of unauthorised <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> or travel. The specific border security measures taken by a jurisdiction vary depending on the priorities of local authorities and are affected by social, economic, and geographical factors. In India, which maintains free movement with Nepal and Bhutan, border security focuses primarily on the Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Myanmar borders. India's primary focus with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border" title="Bangladesh–India border">border with Bangladesh</a> is to deter unlawful immigration and drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-channel4-113">[96]</a> On the Pakistani border, the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> aims to prevent the infiltration of Indian territory by terrorists from Pakistan and other countries in the west (Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, etc.). In contrast, India's border with Myanmar is porous and the <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 military coup</a> in Myanmar saw an influx of refugees seeking asylum in border states including <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">refoulement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> refugees is a contentious aspect of India's border control policy vis à vis Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-115">[98]</a> Meanwhile, American border security policy is largely centred on the country's <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">border with Mexico</a>. Security along this border is composed of many distinct elements; including physical barriers, patrol routes, lighting, and border patrol personnel. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">border with Canada</a> is primarily composed of joint border patrol and security camera programmes, forming the longest undefended border in the world. In remote areas along the border with Canada, where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> on roads, trails, railways, and wooded areas, which are located near crossing points.<a href="#cite_note-116">[99]</a> Border security on the Schengen Area's external borders is especially restrictive. Members of the Schengen Agreement are required to apply strict checks on travellers entering and exiting the area. These checks are co-ordinated by the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a> agency, and subject to common rules. The details of border controls, surveillance and the conditions under which permission to enter into the Schengen Area may be granted are exhaustively detailed in the Schengen Borders Code.<a href="#cite_note-schengen_borders_code-117">[100]</a> All persons crossing external borders—inbound or outbound—are subject to a check by a <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border guard</a>. The only exception is for regular cross-border commuters (both those with the <a href="/wiki/Directive_2004/38/EC_on_the_right_to_move_and_reside_freely" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely">right of free movement</a> and third-country nationals) who are well known to the border guards: once an initial check has shown that there is no alert on record relating to them in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a> or national databases, they can only be subject to occasional 'random' checks, rather than systematic checks every time they cross the border.<a href="#cite_note-118">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[103]</a> Additionally, border security in Europe is increasingly being outsourced to private companies, with the border security market growing at a rate of 7% per year.<a href="#cite_note-121">[104]</a> In its Border Wars series, the Transnational Institute showed that the arms and security industry helps shape European border security policy through lobbying, regular interactions with EU's border institutions and its shaping of research policy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[105]</a> The institute criticises the border security industry for having a vested interest in increasing border militarisation in order to increase profits. Furthermore, the same companies are also often involved in the arms trade and thus profit twice: first from fuelling the conflicts, repression and human rights abuses that have led refugees to flee their homes and later from intercepting them along their migration routes.<a href="#cite_note-123">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_walls">Border walls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Border walls">edit</a>]</div> Border walls are a common aspect of border security measures across the world. Border walls generally seek to limit unauthorised travel across an international border and are frequently implemented as a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populist</a> response to refugees and economic migrants. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border#India–Bangladesh_barrier" title="Bangladesh–India border">India-Bangladesh barrier</a> is a 3,406 kilometres (2,116 miles) long fence of barbed wire and concrete just under 3 metres (9 feet 10 inches) high currently under construction.<a href="#cite_note-Centre_has_fenced_3406_km_along_Indo-Bangladesh_border-124">[107]</a> Its stated aim is to limit unauthorised migration.<a href="#cite_note-channel4-113">[96]</a> The project has run into several delays and there is no clear completion date for the project yet.<a href="#cite_note-Centre_has_fenced_3406_km_along_Indo-Bangladesh_border-124">[107]</a> Similar to India's barrier with Bangladesh and the proposed wall between America and Mexico, Iran has constructed a <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="Iran–Pakistan border">wall on its frontier with Pakistan</a>. The wall aims to reduce unauthorised border crossings<a href="#cite_note-125">[108]</a> and stem the flow of drugs,<a href="#cite_note-126">[109]</a> and is also a response to terrorist attacks, notably the one in the Iranian border town of <a href="/wiki/Zahedan" title="Zahedan">Zahedan</a> on 17 February 2007, which killed thirteen people, including nine <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolutionary Guard">Iranian Revolutionary Guard</a> officials.<a href="#cite_note-127">[110]</a> Former president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s proposal to build <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">a new wall along the border</a> formed a major feature of his 2016 presidential campaign and, over the course of his presidency, his administration spent approximately US$15 billion on the project, with US$5 billion appropriated from <a href="/wiki/US_Customs_and_Border_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="US Customs and Border Protection">US Customs and Border Protection</a>, US$6.3 billion appropriated from anti-narcotics initiative funded by congress, and US$3.6 billion appropriated from the American military.<a href="#cite_note-128">[111]</a> Members of both the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of the United States">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of the United States">Republican</a> parties who opposed Trump's border control policies regarded the border wall as unnecessary or undesirable, arguing that other measures would be more effective at reducing illegal immigration than building a wall, including tackling the economic issues that lead to immigration being a relevant issue altogether, border surveillance or an increase in the number of customs agents.<a href="#cite_note-129">[112]</a> Additionally, in August 2020, the United States constructed 3.8 km of short cable fencing along the border between <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, British Columbia, and <a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington" title="Whatcom County, Washington">Whatcom County</a>, Washington.<a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a> Border walls have formed a major component of European border control policy following the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Melilla_border_fence" title="Melilla border fence">walls at Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta_border_fence" title="Ceuta border fence">at Ceuta</a> on Spain's border with Morocco are designed to curtail the ability of refugees and migrants to enter the European Union via the two Spanish cities on the Moroccan coast. Similar measures have been taken on the Schengen area's borders with Turkey in response to the refugee crisis in Syria. The creation of European Union's collective border security organisation, <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, is another aspect of the bloc's growing focus on border security. Within the Schengen Area, border security has become an especially prominent priority for the Hungarian government under right-wing <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (politics)">strongman</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a> Viktor Orbán.<a href="#cite_note-141">[r]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> has begun construction of a border barrier or fence between its territory and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods. The difference between the countries' economic situations means that many Yemenis head to Saudi Arabia to find work. Saudi Arabia does not have a barrier with its other neighbours in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, whose economies are more similar. In 2006 Saudi Arabia proposed constructing a security fence along the entire length of its 900 kilometre long desert border with Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-142">[124]</a> As of July 2009 it was reported that Saudis will pay $3.5 billion for a security fence.<a href="#cite_note-infoprod-143">[125]</a> The combined wall and ditch will be 965 kilometres (600 miles) long and include five layers of fencing, watch towers, <a href="/wiki/Night-vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Night-vision">night-vision</a> cameras, and radar cameras and manned by 30,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-144">[126]</a> Elsewhere in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> began erecting a fence on its border with Greece in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-145">[127]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> began building a 480 kilometres (300 miles) long <a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">electric fence</a> along its border with <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The official reason for the fence is to stop the spread of <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> among livestock. Zimbabweans argue that the height of the fence is clearly intended to keep out people. Botswana has responded that the fence is designed to keep out cattle, and to ensure that entrants have their shoes disinfected at legal border crossings. Botswana also argued that the government continues to encourage legal movement into the country. Zimbabwe was unconvinced, and the barrier remains a source of tension.<a href="#cite_note-146">[128]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexico–US fence, from California"><img alt="Mexico–US fence, from California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/120px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/180px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/240px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–US fence</a>, from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian fence, from Hili, Bangladesh."><img alt="Indian fence, from Hili, Bangladesh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG/120px-Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG/180px-Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG/240px-Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="582" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> fence, from <a href="/wiki/Hili_railway_station_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hili railway station (Bangladesh)">Hili, Bangladesh</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungary–Serbia fence, from Hungary"><img alt="Hungary–Serbia fence, from Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg/120px-Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg/180px-Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg/240px-Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>–<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> fence, from Hungary</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_checkpoints">Border checkpoints</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Border checkpoints">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Border_checkpoint" title="Border checkpoint">Border checkpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">Port of entry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_zone#Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry" title="International zone">International zone § Sterile zones at ports of entry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sultan Iskandar Building, Johor Bahru, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG/220px-SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG/330px-SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG/440px-SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building" title="Sultan Iskandar Building">Sultan Iskandar Building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodlands_Checkpoint,_Singapore_-_200301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodlands Checkpoint, Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg/220px-Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg/330px-Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg/440px-Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway#Woodlands_Checkpoint" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Woodlands Checkpoint</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Sultan Iskandar Building (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) and Woodlands Checkpoint (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_border" title="Malaysia–Singapore border">Malaysia–Singapore border</a> handles the busiest international land border crossing in the world, with 350,000 travellers daily prior to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-147">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-148">[130]</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg/220px-International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg/330px-International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg/440px-International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>The International Terminal at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a> is an airport of entry for travellers entering America and has border checkpoint facilities for arriving passengers. Like most North American airports, it does not have a <a href="/wiki/International_zone#Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry" title="International zone">sterile international transit area</a>. Domestic and international passengers are thus not clearly separated. This enables easier transfers from domestic to international flights but requires international transit passengers to clear the border checkpoint even if their final destination is outside America.</figcaption></figure> A Border checkpoint is a place where goods or individuals moving across borders are inspected for compliance with border control measures. Access-controlled borders often have a limited number of checkpoints where they can be crossed without legal sanctions. Arrangements or treaties may be formed to allow or mandate less restrained crossings (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a>). Land border checkpoints (land ports of entry) can be contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> facilities at <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">seaports</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">ports of entry</a>. Checkpoints generally serve two purposes: <ul><li>To prevent entrance of individuals who are either undesirable (e.g. criminals or others who pose threats) or simply unauthorised to enter.</li> <li>To prevent entrance of goods or contaminants that are illegal or subject to restriction, or to collect <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a> in accordance with <a href="#Customs">customs</a> or <a href="#Quarantine">quarantine</a> policies.</li></ul> A border checkpoint at which travellers are permitted to enter a jurisdiction is known as a port of entry. <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airports</a> are usually ports of entry, as are road and rail crossings on a land <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a>. <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Seaports</a> can be used as ports of entry only if a dedicated <a href="#Customs">customs</a> presence is posted there. The choice of whether to become a port of entry is up to the civil authority controlling the port. An airport of entry is an <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> that provides customs and immigration services for incoming flights. These services allow the airport to serve as an initial port of entry for foreign visitors arriving in a country. While the terms airport of entry and international airport are generally used interchangeably, not all international airports qualify as airports of entry since international airports without any immigration or customs facilities exist in the Schengen Area whose members have eliminated border controls with each other. Airports of entry are usually larger than <a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">domestic airports</a> and often feature longer <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a> and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also host <a href="/wiki/Domestic_flight" title="Domestic flight">domestic flights</a>, which often help feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa). Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common <a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">coding systems</a> implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, there were over 1,200 international airports and almost two billion international passengers along with 50 million metric tons (49,000,000 long tons; 55,000,000 short tons) of cargo passing through them annually. Border inspections are also meant to protect each country's <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pest" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural pest">agriculture from pests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Already-Present-149">[131]</a> National and international <a href="/wiki/Phytosanitary_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosanitary authorities">phytosanitary authorities</a> maintain <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_interception&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border interception (page does not exist)">border interceptions</a>, occurrences, and <a href="/wiki/Established_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Established species">establishments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Already-Present-149">[131]</a> Bebber et al., 2019 analyses such records and finds that they underreport many important pest species, that <a href="/wiki/Island_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Island nation">island nations</a> are more vulnerable because they have lower border-to-area ratios, and that pests are moving <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poleward</a> to follow humans' <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> as our crops follow <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Already-Present-149">[131]</a> A 'Quilantan' or 'Wave Through' entry is a phenomenon at American border checkpoints authorising a form of non-standard but legal entry without any inspection of travel documents. It occurs when the border security personnel present at a border crossing choose to summarily admit some number of persons without performing a standard interview or document examination.<a href="#cite_note-150">[132]</a> If an individual can prove that they were waved through immigration in this manner, then they are considered to have entered with inspection despite not having answered any questions or received a passport <a href="/wiki/Passport_stamp" title="Passport stamp">entry stamp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[133]</a> This definition of legal entry only extends to foreigners who entered America at official border crossings and does not provide a path to legal residency for those who did not enter through a recognised crossing.<a href="#cite_note-152">[134]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:T3TransitArea.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sterile lounge at Changi Airport Terminal 3 in Singapore. Passengers transiting between international flights at Terminals 1, 2, and 3 of Changi Airport disembark directly into the sterile lounge, and may proceed to their connecting gate without clearing the border checkpoint or completing any other border control formality, and can move between terminals using the Skytrain without clearing any checkpoint."><img alt="Sterile lounge at Changi Airport Terminal 3 in Singapore. Passengers transiting between international flights at Terminals 1, 2, and 3 of Changi Airport disembark directly into the sterile lounge, and may proceed to their connecting gate without clearing the border checkpoint or completing any other border control formality, and can move between terminals using the Skytrain without clearing any checkpoint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T3TransitArea.JPG/160px-T3TransitArea.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T3TransitArea.JPG/240px-T3TransitArea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T3TransitArea.JPG/320px-T3TransitArea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sterile lounge at <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> Terminal 3 in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Passengers transiting between international flights at Terminals 1, 2, and 3 of Changi Airport disembark directly into the <a href="/wiki/International_zone#Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry" title="International zone">sterile lounge</a>, and may proceed to their connecting gate without clearing the border checkpoint or completing any other border control formality, and can move between terminals using the <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport_Skytrain" title="Changi Airport Skytrain">Skytrain</a> without clearing any checkpoint.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A port of entry at Shir Khan Bandar in northern Afghanistan near the Tajikistan border guarded by American military personnel prior to their withdrawal from Afghanistan, following which the Taliban assumed control over border checkpoints between Afghanistan and its neighbours."><img alt="A port of entry at Shir Khan Bandar in northern Afghanistan near the Tajikistan border guarded by American military personnel prior to their withdrawal from Afghanistan, following which the Taliban assumed control over border checkpoints between Afghanistan and its neighbours." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg/80px-Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg/119px-Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg/159px-Afghan_border_crossing_at_Sher_Khan_in_Kunduz_Province-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1806" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A port of entry at <a href="/wiki/Shir_Khan_Bandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shir Khan Bandar">Shir Khan Bandar</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> border guarded by American military personnel prior to their <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdrawal from Afghanistan</a>, following which the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> assumed control over border checkpoints between Afghanistan and its neighbours.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in Sheung Wan is a sea port of entry to Hong Kong and an example of an internal border checkpoint where travellers arriving from or departing for other cities in the Pearl River Delta are subject to border control measures."><img alt="The Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in Sheung Wan is a sea port of entry to Hong Kong and an example of an internal border checkpoint where travellers arriving from or departing for other cities in the Pearl River Delta are subject to border control measures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg/160px-Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg/240px-Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg/320px-Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Ferry_Terminal" title="Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal">Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheung_Wan" title="Sheung Wan">Sheung Wan</a> is a sea port of entry to Hong Kong and an example of an internal border checkpoint where travellers arriving from or departing for other cities in the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> are subject to border control measures.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cruise ship pier at Ocean Terminal is also a sea port of entry to Hong Kong. While the HK-Macau Ferry Terminal is a port of entry for travellers from other Chinese cities in the Pearl River Delta, the Ocean Terminal is a port of entry for visitors arriving on cruise ships from a wider variety of jurisdictions."><img alt="The cruise ship pier at Ocean Terminal is also a sea port of entry to Hong Kong. While the HK-Macau Ferry Terminal is a port of entry for travellers from other Chinese cities in the Pearl River Delta, the Ocean Terminal is a port of entry for visitors arriving on cruise ships from a wider variety of jurisdictions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg/160px-Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg/240px-Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg/320px-Ocean_Terminal_with_cruise_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ship</a> pier at <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Terminal,_Hong_Kong" title="Ocean Terminal, Hong Kong">Ocean Terminal</a> is also a sea port of entry to Hong Kong. While the HK-Macau Ferry Terminal is a port of entry for travellers from other Chinese cities in the Pearl River Delta, the Ocean Terminal is a port of entry for visitors arriving on cruise ships from a wider variety of jurisdictions.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_zones">Border zones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Border zones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_zone#Demilitarised_zones" title="International zone">International zone § Demilitarised zones</a></div> Border zones are areas near borders that have special restrictions on movement. Governments may forbid unauthorised entry to or exit from border zones and restrict property ownership in the area. The zones function as <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zones</a> specifically monitored by <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border patrols</a> in order to prevent unauthorised cross-border travel. Border zones enable authorities to detain and prosecute individuals suspected of being or aiding undocumented migrants, smugglers, or spies without necessarily having to prove that the individuals in question actually engaged in the suspected unauthorised activity since, as all unauthorised presence in the area is forbidden, the mere presence of an individual permits authorities to arrest them. Border zones between hostile states can be heavily militarised, with <a href="/wiki/Minefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Minefield">minefields</a>, barbed wire, and <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtowers</a>. Some border zones are designed to prevent illegal immigration or emigration and do not have many restrictions but may operate checkpoints to check immigration status. In most places, a <a href="/wiki/Border_vista" class="mw-redirect" title="Border vista">border vista</a> is usually included and/or required. In some nations, movement inside a border zone without a licence is an offence and will result in arrest. No probable cause is required as mere presence inside the zone is an offence, if it is intentional.<a href="#cite_note-153">[135]</a> Even with a licence to enter, photography, making fires, and carrying of firearms and hunting are prohibited. Examples of international border zones are the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Zone_of_Russia" title="Border Security Zone of Russia">Border Security Zone of Russia</a> and the Finnish border zone on the <a href="/wiki/Finnish%E2%80%93Russian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish–Russian border">Finnish–Russian border</a>. There are also intra-country zones such as the <a href="/wiki/Cactus_Curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactus Curtain">Cactus Curtain</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a> in Cuba, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarised Zone</a> along the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>-<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> demarcation line and the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Closed_Area" title="Frontier Closed Area">Frontier Closed Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. Important historical examples are the <a href="/wiki/Wire_of_Death" title="Wire of Death">Wire of Death</a> set up by <a href="/wiki/The_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The German Empire">the German Empire</a> to control the <a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Netherlands_border" title="Belgium–Netherlands border">Belgium–Netherlands border</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, a set of border zones maintained by the Soviet Union and its satellite states along their borders with Western states. One of the most militarised parts was the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border#Restricted_zone" title="Inner German border">restricted zone of the inner German border</a>. While initially and officially the zone was for border security, eventually it was engineered to prevent escape from the Soviet sphere into the West. Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> governments resorted to using lethal countermeasures against those trying to cross the border, such as mined fences and orders to shoot anyone trying to cross into the West. The restrictions on building and habitation made the area a "green corridor", today established as the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Belt" title="European Green Belt">European Green Belt</a>. In the area stretching inwards from its <a href="#Internal_border_controls">internal border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a>, Hong Kong maintains a <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Closed_Area" title="Frontier Closed Area">Frontier Closed Area</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">out of bounds</a> to those without special authorisation. The area was established in the 1950s when Hong Kong was under British administration as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong</a> in 1997. The purposes of the area were to prevent illegal immigration and smuggling; smuggling had become prevalent as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Today, under the <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a> policy, the area continues to be used to curtail unauthorised migration to Hong Kong and the smuggling of goods in either direction. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panmunjeom_DMZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Panmunjeom_DMZ.png/220px-Panmunjeom_DMZ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Panmunjeom_DMZ.png/330px-Panmunjeom_DMZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Panmunjeom_DMZ.png/440px-Panmunjeom_DMZ.png 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>South Korean policemen standing guard at North Korea-South Korea border. View from South Korea.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMZ_seen_from_the_north,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DMZ_seen_from_the_north%2C_2005.jpg/220px-DMZ_seen_from_the_north%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DMZ_seen_from_the_north%2C_2005.jpg/330px-DMZ_seen_from_the_north%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DMZ_seen_from_the_north%2C_2005.jpg/440px-DMZ_seen_from_the_north%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>North Korean policemen standing guard at North Korea-South Korea border. View from North Korea.</figcaption></figure> As a result of the partition of the Korean peninsula by America and the Soviet Union after World War II, and exacerbated by the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Demilitarised Zone</a> (DMZ) spanning the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> border between <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. The DMZ follows the effective boundaries as of the end of the Korean War in 1953. Similarly to the Frontier Closed Area in Hong Kong, this zone and the defence apparatus that exists on both sides of the border serve to curtail unauthorised passage between the two sides. In South Korea, there is an additional fenced-off area between the Civilian Control Line (CCL) and the start of the Demilitarised Zone. The CCL is a line that designates an additional buffer zone to the Demilitarised Zone within a distance of 5 to 20 kilometres (3.1 to 12.4 miles) from the Southern Limit Line of the Demilitarised Zone. Its purpose is to limit and control the entrance of civilians into the area in order to protect and maintain the security of military facilities and operations near the Demilitarised Zone. The commander of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">8th US Army</a> ordered the creation of the CCL and it was activated and first became effective in February 1954.<a href="#cite_note-154">[136]</a> The buffer zone that falls south of the Southern Limit Line is called the Civilian Control Zone. Barbed wire fences and manned military guard posts mark the CCLe. South Korean soldiers typically accompany tourist busses and cars travelling north of the CCL as armed guards to monitor the civilians as well as to protect them from North Korean intruders. Most of the tourist and media photos of the "Demilitarised Zone fence" are actually photos of the CCL fence. The actual Demilitarised Zone fence on the Southern Limit Line is completely off-limits to everybody except soldiers and it is illegal to take pictures of the Demilitarised Zone fence. Similarly, the whole estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> in the Korean Peninsula is deemed a "Neutral Zone" and is officially off-limits to all civilian vessels. Only <a href="/wiki/Military_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military vessel">military vessels</a> are allowed within this neutral zone.<a href="#cite_note-156">[s]</a> In recent years, Chinese fishing vessels have taken advantage of the tense situation in the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> Estuary Neutral Zone and illegally fished in this area due to both <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Navy" title="Korean People's Navy">North Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">South Korean</a> navies never patrolling this area due to the fear of naval battles breaking out. This has led to <a href="/wiki/Naval_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval combat">firefights</a> and sinkings of boats between Chinese fishermen and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean Coast Guard">South Korean Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[139]</a> On 30 January 2019, North Korean and South Korean military officials signed a landmark agreement that would open the Han River Estuary to civilian vessels for the first time since the Armistice Agreement in 1953. The agreement was scheduled to take place in April 2019 but the failure of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hanoi_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Hanoi Summit">2019 Hanoi Summit</a> indefinitely postponed these plans.<a href="#cite_note-159">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">Green Line</a> separating <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Southern Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> is a demilitarised border zone operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[t]</a> operate and patrol within the buffer zone. The buffer zone was established in 1974 due to ethnic tensions between <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a>. The green line is similar in nature to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">38th parallel</a> separating the Republic of Korea and North Korea. Some border zones, referred to as border vistas, are composed of legally mandated cleared space between two areas of foliage located at an international border intended to provide a clear demarcation line between two jurisdictions. Border vistas are most commonly found along undefended international boundary lines, where border security is not as much of a necessity and a built barrier is undesired, and are a treaty requirement for certain borders. An example of a border vista is a 6-metre (20-foot) cleared space around unguarded portions of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[143]</a> Similar clearings along the border line are provided for by many international treaties. For example, the 2006 border management treaty <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="China–Russia border">between Russia and China</a> provides for a 15-metre (49-foot) cleared strip along the two nations' border.<a href="#cite_note-164">[144]</a> In 2024, Egypt announced that they are building a buffer zone Egypt Gaza border. <a href="#cite_note-165">[145]</a> <a href="#cite_note-166">[146]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_vista.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vista, Canada–US border, Alaska Highway, from a wayside."><img alt="Vista, Canada–US border, Alaska Highway, from a wayside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Border_vista.jpg/79px-Border_vista.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Border_vista.jpg/118px-Border_vista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Border_vista.jpg/157px-Border_vista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vista" class="extiw" title="wikt:vista">Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–US border</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Highway" title="Alaska Highway">Alaska Highway</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">wayside</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilian_Control_Line,_Imjingak,_Paju,_South_Korea_(3162648972).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Control Line, Imjingak, South Korea"><img alt="Control Line, Imjingak, South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Civilian_Control_Line%2C_Imjingak%2C_Paju%2C_South_Korea_%283162648972%29.jpg/90px-Civilian_Control_Line%2C_Imjingak%2C_Paju%2C_South_Korea_%283162648972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Civilian_Control_Line%2C_Imjingak%2C_Paju%2C_South_Korea_%283162648972%29.jpg/135px-Civilian_Control_Line%2C_Imjingak%2C_Paju%2C_South_Korea_%283162648972%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Civilian_Control_Line%2C_Imjingak%2C_Paju%2C_South_Korea_%283162648972%29.jpg/180px-Civilian_Control_Line%2C_Imjingak%2C_Paju%2C_South_Korea_%283162648972%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Control Line, <a href="/wiki/Imjingak" title="Imjingak">Imjingak</a>, South Korea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civilian Control Line, outside the DMZ, from South"><img alt="South Korean checkpoint at the Civilian Control Line, outside the DMZ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg/120px-Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg/180px-Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg/240px-Korea_DMZ_sentry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civilian Control Line, outside the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarised_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Demilitarised Zone">DMZ</a>, from South</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_(14319637755).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean DMZ from North"><img alt="Korean DMZ from North" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_%2814319637755%29.jpg/120px-DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_%2814319637755%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_%2814319637755%29.jpg/180px-DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_%2814319637755%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_%2814319637755%29.jpg/240px-DMZ_from_North_Korea_side_%2814319637755%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarised_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Demilitarised Zone">Korean DMZ</a> from North</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo Wu"><img alt="Frontier Closed Area signboard at Lo Wu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG/80px-Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG/120px-Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG/160px-Lo_Wu_Restricted_Area_Sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="974" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lo_Wu" title="Lo Wu">Lo Wu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5,_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brest: a security electric fence, a ploughed trace-control strip, and pillbox."><img alt="Brest: a security electric fence, a ploughed trace-control strip, and pillbox." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg/120px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg/180px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg/240px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1262" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Security_alarm#Security_electric_fence" title="Security alarm">security electric fence</a>, a ploughed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace-control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trace-control (page does not exist)">trace-control</a> strip, and <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pillbox</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finland–Russia border, start of the Finnish border zone"><img alt="Border zone marked on a tree on the Finland–Russia border: no entry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg/120px-Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg/180px-Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg/240px-Finnish_border_zone_sign_on_a_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Finland–Russia border">Finland–Russia border</a>, start of the Finnish border zone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vista at the Norway–Russia border, seen from the Russia-Norway-Finland tripoint"><img alt="Border vista and the tripoint border mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg/120px-Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg/180px-Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg/240px-Russia-Norway-Finland_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vista at the <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Norway–Russia border">Norway–Russia border</a>, seen from the Russia-Norway-Finland tripoint</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_law">Immigration law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration" title="Category:Immigration">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_Immigration.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immigration"><img alt="Immigration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Airport_Immigration.svg/90px-Airport_Immigration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Airport_Immigration.svg/135px-Airport_Immigration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Airport_Immigration.svg/180px-Airport_Immigration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="404" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_by_country" title="Immigration by country">Immigration by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History and law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalization_(migration)" title="Externalization (migration)">Externalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">Non-refoulement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Social processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation#Immigrant_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Immigrant assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acculturation_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturation Gap">Acculturation Gap</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Political theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">Social cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentricism">Ethnocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Opposition and reform</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Causes </th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War#Effects" title="War">War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration" title="Template:Immigration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration" title="Template talk:Immigration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Immigration law refers to the national <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">regulations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">legal precedents</a> governing <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> into and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> from a country. Strictly speaking, it is distinct from other matters such as <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">naturalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, although they are often conflated. Immigration laws vary around the world, as well as according to the social and <a href="/wiki/Political_climate" title="Political climate">political climate</a> of the times, as acceptance of immigrants sways from the widely inclusive to the deeply <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a>. Countries frequently maintain laws which regulate both the rights of entry and exit as well as internal rights, such as the duration of stay, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>, and the right to participate in commerce or government. National laws regarding the immigration of citizens of that country are regulated by <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations'</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> mandates that all countries allow entry to their own citizens.<a href="#cite_note-167">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_policies">Immigration policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Immigration policies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diaspora_communities">Diaspora communities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diaspora communities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg/170px-Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg/255px-Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg/340px-Karta_Polaka_wz%C3%B3r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Karta Polaka – specimen document</figcaption></figure> Certain countries adopt immigration policies designed to be favourable towards members of diaspora communities with a connection to the country. For example, the Indian government confers <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas Citizenship of India</a> (OCI) status on foreign citizens of <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian origin</a> to live and work indefinitely in India. OCI status was introduced in response to demands for <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual citizenship</a> by the Indian diaspora, particularly in countries with large populations of Indian origin.<a href="#cite_note-168">[u]</a> It was introduced by The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005 in August 2005.<a href="#cite_note-169">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[149]</a> Similar to OCI status, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Ancestry_visa" title="UK Ancestry visa">UK Ancestry visa</a> exempts members of the British diaspora<a href="#cite_note-172">[v]</a> from usual immigration controls. Poland issued the <a href="/wiki/Karta_Polaka" title="Karta Polaka">Karta Polaka</a> to citizens of certain northeast European countries with Polish ancestry, but later expanded it to the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polonia</a>. Some nations recognise a <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">right of return</a> for people with ancestry in that country or a connection to a particular ethnic group. A notable example of this is the right of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> to acquire Spanish nationality by virtue of their community's Spanish origins. Similar exemptions to immigration controls exist for people of Armenian origin seeking to acquire Armenian citizenship. Ghana, similarly, grants an indefinite right to stay in Ghana to members of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> regardless of citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-173">[151]</a> Similarly, Israel maintains a policy permitting members of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrate to Israel</a> regardless of prior nationality. South Korean immigration policy is relatively unique in that, as a consequence of its claim over the territory currently administered by North Korea, citizens of North Korea are regarded by the South as its own citizens by birth.<a href="#cite_note-174">[152]</a> Consequently, North Korean refugees in China often attempt to travel to countries such as Thailand which, while not offering asylum to North Koreans, classifies them as unauthorised immigrants and deports them to South Korea instead of North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-175">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[155]</a> At the same time, this policy has operated to prevent pro-North Korea <a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Koreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Zainichi Koreans">Zainichi Koreans</a> recognised by Japan as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen-seki" title="Chōsen-seki">Chōsen-seki</a> from entering South Korea without special permission from the South Korean authorities as, despite being regarded as citizens of the Republic of Korea and members of the Korean diaspora, they generally refuse to exercise that status.<a href="#cite_note-178">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_borders">Open borders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Open borders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg/220px-Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg/330px-Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg/440px-Schengen_area_as_a_single_entity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Member states of the Schengen area</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other member states of the European Union</div></figcaption></figure> An open border is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions, this does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas.<a href="#cite_note-179">[157]</a> Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, though more authoritarian states may limit the freedom of internal movement of its citizens, as <a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">for example</a> in the former USSR. However, only a handful of nations have deregulated open borders with other nations, an example of this being European countries under the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> or the open <a href="/wiki/Belarus-Russia_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus-Russia border">Belarus-Russia border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[158]</a> Open borders used to be very common among all nations, however this became less common after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, which led to the regulation of open borders, making them less common and no longer feasible for most <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialised</a> nations.<a href="#cite_note-181">[159]</a> Open borders are the norm for borders between subdivisions within the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, though some countries do maintain <a href="#Internal_border_controls">internal border controls</a> (for example between the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> mainland and the <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>; or between the American mainland, the unincorporated territories<a href="#cite_note-182">[w]</a> other than Puerto Rico, and Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-184">[x]</a> Open borders are also usual between member states of <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federations</a>, though (very rarely) movement between member states may be controlled in exceptional circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-185">[y]</a> Federations, confederations and similar multi-national unions typically maintain external border controls through a collective border control system, though they sometimes have open borders with other non-member states through special international agreements – such as between Schengen Agreement countries as mentioned above. Presently, open border agreements of various types are in force in several areas around the world, as outlined below: <ul><li>Asia and Oceania: <ul><li>Under the <a href="/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship">1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship</a>, India and Nepal maintain a similar arrangement to the CTA and the Union State. Indians and Nepalis are not subject to any migration controls in each other's countries and there are few controls on land travel by citizens across the border.</li> <li>India and Bhutan also have a similar programme in place The border between Jaigaon, in the Indian state of West Bengal, and the city of Phuentsholing is essentially open, and although there are internal checkpoints, Indians (as outlined under the <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Bhutan" title="Visa policy of Bhutan">Visa policy of Bhutan</a> are allowed to proceed throughout Bhutan with a voter's ID or an identity slip from the Indian consulate in Phuentsholing. Similarly, Bhutanese passport holders enjoy free movement in India.</li> <li>Thailand and Cambodia: Whilst not as liberal as the policies concerning the Indo-Nepalese and Indo-Bhutanese borders, Thailand and Cambodia have begun issuing combined visas to certain categories of tourists applying at specific Thai or Cambodian embassies and consulates in order to enable freer border crossings between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-nationmultimedia-186">[161]</a> The policy is currently in force for nationals of America and several European (primarily EU, EEA, and GCC) and Oceanian countries as well as for Indian and Chinese nationals residing in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-187">[162]</a></li> <li>Australia and New Zealand: Similar to the agreement between India and Nepal, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement</a> between Australia and New Zealand is a free movement agreement citizens of each country to travel freely between them and allowing citizens and some permanent residents to reside, visit, work, study in the other country for an indefinite period, with some restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-188">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[164]</a> The arrangement came into effect in 1973, and allows citizens of each country to reside and work in the other country, with some restrictions. Other details of the arrangement have varied over time. From 1 July 1981, all people entering Australia (including New Zealand citizens) have been required to carry a passport. Since 1 September 1994 Australia, has had a universal visa requirement, and to specifically cater for the continued free movement of New Zealanders to Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Visa" title="Special Category Visa">Special Category Visa</a> was introduced for New Zealanders.</li></ul></li> <li>Central America :The <a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_Border_Control_Agreement" title="Central America-4 Border Control Agreement">Central America-4 Border Control Agreement</a> abolishes border controls for land travel between El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. However, this does not apply to air travel.</li> <li>Europe and the Middle East <ul><li>Union State of Russia and Belarus The <a href="/wiki/Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Union State of Russia and Belarus">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a> is a supranational union of Russia and Belarus, which eliminates all border controls between the two nations. Before a visa agreement was signed in 2020, each country maintained its own visa policies, thus resulting in non-citizens of the two countries generally being barred from travelling directly between the two. However, since the visa agreement was signed, each side recognises the other's visas, which means that third-country citizens can enter both countries with a visa from either country.<a href="#cite_note-190">[165]</a></li> <li>Western Europe: The two most significant free travel areas in Western Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, in which very little if any border control is generally visible, and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> (CTA), which partially eliminates such controls for nationals of the United Kingdom and Ireland. Between countries in the Schengen Area, and to an extent within the CTA on the British Isles, internal border control is often virtually unnoticeable, and often only performed by means of random car or train searches in the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>, while controls at borders with non-member states may be rather strict.</li> <li>Gulf Cooperation Council: Members of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, or GCC, allow each other's citizens freedom of movement in an arrangement similar to the CTA and to that between India and Nepal. Between 5 June 2017 and 5 January 2021, freedom of movement in Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain was suspended for Qataris as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Saudi-led blockade</a> of the country.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visa policy of Bhutan, showing the free movement arrangement between India and Bhutan"><img alt="Visa policy of Bhutan, showing the free movement arrangement between India and Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg/120px-Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg/180px-Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg/240px-Visa_policy_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1399" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visa policy of Bhutan, showing the free movement arrangement between India and Bhutan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visa policy of Nepal, showing free movement between India and Nepal under the 1950 treaty"><img alt="Visa policy of Nepal, showing free movement between India and Nepal under the 1950 treaty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg/120px-Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg/180px-Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg/240px-Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visa policy of Nepal, showing free movement between India and Nepal under the 1950 treaty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sign often found at crossings from the Republic of Ireland into the North"><img alt="Sign often found at crossings from the Republic of Ireland into the North" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG/103px-Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG/154px-Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG/206px-Northern_Ireland_border_crossing_sign_60mph.JPG 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sign often found at crossings from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">the North</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open Schengen Area border crossing between Germany and the Netherlands"><img alt="Open Schengen Area border crossing between Germany and the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg/98px-Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg/147px-Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg/196px-Grenzuebergang_D-NL_Elmpt-Grenze.JL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1232" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> border crossing between Germany and the Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open Schengen Area border crossing at the France-Monaco border (was open long before Schengen started)"><img alt="Open Schengen Area border crossing at the France-Monaco border (was open long before Schengen started)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_%281%29.jpg/120px-Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_%281%29.jpg/180px-Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_%281%29.jpg/240px-Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Avenue_Princesse_Grace_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="719" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open Schengen Area border crossing at the <a href="/wiki/France-Monaco_border" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Monaco border">France-Monaco border</a> (was open long before Schengen started)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open Schengen Area border crossing at the Swiss-Lichtenstein border (was open long before Schengen started)"><img alt="Open Schengen Area border crossing at the Swiss-Lichtenstein border (was open long before Schengen started)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open Schengen Area border crossing at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss-Lichtenstein_border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss-Lichtenstein border (page does not exist)">Swiss-Lichtenstein border</a> (was open long before Schengen started)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open Schengen Area border crossing at the Slovenian-Italian border, with abandoned rain shelter"><img alt="Open Schengen Area border crossing at the Slovenian-Italian border, with abandoned rain shelter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Border_between_Slovenia_and_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open Schengen Area border crossing at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovenian-Italian_border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovenian-Italian border (page does not exist)">Slovenian-Italian border</a>, with abandoned rain shelter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Schengen internal border crossing marked only by a blue sign indicating the country being entered. The smaller white sign announces entry into the state of Bavaria."><img alt="Two road-signs on the side of an open stretch of a two-lane highway. A Schengen internal border crossing marked only by a blue sign indicating the country being entered. The smaller white sign announces entry into the state of Bavaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg/90px-SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg/135px-SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg/180px-SchengenGrenzeBayern-Tirol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Schengen internal border crossing marked only by a blue sign indicating the country being entered. The smaller white sign announces entry into the state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Zealand visa stamp issued under Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement on an Australian travel document"><img alt="New Zealand visa stamp issued under Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement on an Australian travel document" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg/120px-New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg/180px-New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg/240px-New_Zealand_Resident_Visa_Stamp_on_Australian_Travel_Document.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Zealand visa stamp issued under <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement</a> on an Australian travel document</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irish border at Killeen (within CTA) marked only by a metric speed sign, as the Republic of Ireland uses the metric system whilst British road signs use imperial units"><img alt="Irish border at Killeen (within CTA) marked only by a metric speed sign, as the Republic of Ireland uses the metric system whilst British road signs use imperial units" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg/120px-The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg/180px-The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg/240px-The_Border_on_Killeen_School_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Irish border at <a href="/wiki/Killean,_County_Armagh" title="Killean, County Armagh">Killeen</a> (within CTA) marked only by a metric speed sign, as the Republic of Ireland uses the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> whilst British road signs use <a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">imperial units</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hostile_environment_policies">Hostile environment policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hostile environment policies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Home_Office_hostile_environment_policy" title="Home Office hostile environment policy">Home Office hostile environment policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens" title="National Register of Citizens">National Register of Citizens</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens_for_Assam" title="National Register of Citizens for Assam">National Register of Citizens for Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction in the United States</a></div> Certain jurisdictions gear their immigration policies toward creating a hostile environment for undocumented migrants in order to deter migration by creating an unwelcoming atmosphere for potential and existing immigrants. Notably, the British <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> adopted a set of administrative and legislative measures designed to make staying in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as difficult as possible for people without <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">leave to remain</a>, in the hope that they may "<a href="/wiki/Self-deportation" title="Self-deportation">voluntarily leave</a>".<a href="#cite_note-191">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> policy was first announced in 2012 under the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[171]</a> The policy was implemented pursuant to the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> Election Manifesto.<a href="#cite_note-197">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[174]</a> The policy has been criticised for being unclear, has led to many incorrect threats of deportation and has been called "Byzantine" by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">England and Wales Court of Appeal</a> for its complexity.<a href="#cite_note-200">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[181]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">anti-immigration movements</a> in America have advocated for policies aimed at creating a hostile environment for intended and existing immigrants at various points in history. Historical examples include the <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> movement of the mid-19th century, which advocated hostile policies against <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> immigrants; the <a href="/wiki/Workingman%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Workingman's Party">Workingman's Party</a>, which promoted xenophobic attitudes toward Asians in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> during the late-19th century, a sentiment that ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882; the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a>, which advocated xenophobic policies against southern and eastern Europe during the late-19th and early 20th centuries, and the joint congressional <a href="/wiki/Dillingham_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Dillingham Commission">Dillingham Commission</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, these cumulatively resulted in the highly restrictive <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> of 1921 and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>. Over the first two decades of the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> adopted an increasingly nativist platform, advocating against <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary cities</a> and in favour of building a <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">wall with Mexico</a> and reducing the number of immigrants permitted to settle in the country. Ultimately, the Trump administration furthered many of these policy goals, including the adoption of harsh policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Remain_in_Mexico" title="Remain in Mexico">Remain in Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation</a> policies vis à vis refugees and migrants arriving from Central America via Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a> policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">travel ban</a> targeted primarily at Muslim-majority countries also feature prominently in attempts to create a hostile environment for immigrants perceived by <a href="/wiki/Right_wing_populism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right wing populism">populists</a> as not belonging to the predominant <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">WASP</a> culture in the United States. India's <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens" title="National Register of Citizens">citizenship registration policy</a> serves to create a hostile environment for the country's Muslim community in the regions in which it has been implemented.<a href="#cite_note-207">[182]</a> The Indian government is presently in the process of building several detention camps throughout India in order to detain people not listed on the register.<a href="#cite_note-208">[183]</a> On 9 January 2019, the Union government released a '2019 Model Detention Manual', which stated that every city or district, having a major immigration check post, must have a detention centre.<a href="#cite_note-209">[184]</a> The guidelines suggest detention centres with 3 metres (9 feet 10 inches) high boundary walls covered with barbed wires.<a href="#cite_note-210">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_zones">International zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International zones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_zone" title="International zone">International zone</a></div> An international zone is any area <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">not fully subject</a> to the border control policies of the state in which it is located. There are several types of international zones ranging from special economic zones and sterile zones at ports of entry exempt from customs rules to concessions over which administration is ceded to one or more foreign states. International zones may also maintain distinct visa policies from the rest of the surrounding state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_border_controls">Internal border controls</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internal border controls">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">Internal border control</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Travel_document#Internal_travel_documents" title="Travel document">Travel document § Internal travel documents</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Border_control" title="Talk:Border control">talk page</a>. (April 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Internal border controls are measures implemented to control the flow of people or goods within a given country. Such measures take a variety of forms ranging from the imposition of border checkpoints to the issuance of internal travel documents and vary depending on the circumstances in which they are implemented. Circumstances resulting in internal border controls include increasing security around border areas (e.g. internal checkpoints in America or Bhutan near border regions), preserving the autonomy of autonomous or minority areas (e.g. border controls between Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak; border controls between Hong Kong, Macau, and mainland China), preventing unrest between ethnic groups (e.g. Northern Ireland's peace walls, border controls in Tibet and Northeastern India), and disputes between rival governments (e.g. between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, temporary internal border controls were introduced in jurisdictions across the globe. For instance, travel between Australian states and territories was prohibited or restricted by state governments at various points of the pandemic either in conjunction with sporadic lockdowns or as a stand-alone response to COVID-19 outbreaks in neighbouring states.<a href="#cite_note-212">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[189]</a> Internal border controls were also introduced at various stages of Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order" title="Malaysian movement control order">Movement Control Order</a>, per which interstate travel was restricted depending on the severity of ongoing outbreaks. Similarly, internal controls were introduced by national authorities within the Schengen Area, though the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ultimately rejected the idea of suspending the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> per se.<a href="#cite_note-215">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> Internal border controls exist in many parts of Asia. For example, travellers visiting minority regions in India and China often require special permits to enter.<a href="#cite_note-218">[z]</a> Internal air and rail travel within non-autonomous portions of India and mainland China also generally require travel documents to be checked by government officials as a form of the interior border checkpoint. For such travel within India, Indian citizens may utilise their <a href="/wiki/Voter_ID_(India)" title="Voter ID (India)">Voter ID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aadhaar" title="Aadhaar">National Identity Card</a>, passport, or other proof of Indian citizenship whilst Nepali nationals may present any similar proof of Napali citizenship. Meanwhile, for such travel within mainland China, Chinese nationals from the mainland are required to use their national identity cards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Within China, extensive border controls are maintained for those travelling between the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">special administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Foreign nationals need to present their passports or other required types of travel documents when travelling between these jurisdictions. For Chinese nationals (including those with <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> status), there are special <a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">documents</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[aa]</a> for travel between these territories. Internal border controls in China have also resulted in the creation of special permits allowing Chinese citizens to immigrate to or reside in other immigration areas within the country.<a href="#cite_note-220">[ab]</a> China also maintains distinct, relaxed border control policies in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-voa-221">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[194]</a> Nationals of most countries<a href="#cite_note-224">[ac]</a> can obtain a limited area visa upon arrival in these regions, which permit them to stay within these cities without proceeding further into other parts of Mainland China. Visas for Shenzhen are valid for 5 days, and visas for Xiamen and Zhuhai are valid for 3 days. The duration of stay starts from the next day of arrival.<a href="#cite_note-225">[196]</a> The visa can only be obtained only upon arrival at <a href="/wiki/Luohu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luohu">Luohu Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huanggang_Port_Control_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanggang Port Control Point">Huanggang Port Control Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuyong_Ferry_Terminal" title="Fuyong Ferry Terminal">Fuyong Ferry Terminal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shekou_Passenger_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekou Passenger Terminal">Shekou Passenger Terminal</a> for Shenzhen;<a href="#cite_note-226">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gongbei_Port_of_Entry" title="Gongbei Port of Entry">Gongbei Port of Entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Hengqin</a> Port or <a href="/wiki/Jiuzhou_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiuzhou Port">Jiuzhou Port</a> for Zhuhai;<a href="#cite_note-227">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Gaoqi_International_Airport" title="Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport">Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport</a> for Xiamen.<a href="#cite_note-228">[199]</a> Similarly, China permits nationals of non—visa-exempt <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> countries<a href="#cite_note-229">[ad]</a> to visit <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a> without a visa for a maximum of 6 days if they travel with an approved tour group and enter China from <a href="/wiki/Guilin_Liangjiang_International_Airport" title="Guilin Liangjiang International Airport">Guilin Liangjiang International Airport</a>. They may not visit other cities within <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> or other parts of Mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-230">[200]</a> Neither the People's Republic of China nor the Republic of China recognizes the passports issued by the other and neither considers travel between mainland China and <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">areas controlled by the Republic of China</a><a href="#cite_note-ROC-68">[n]</a> as formal international travel. There are arrangements exist for travel between territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> and territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. <a href="#cite_note-231">[ae]</a> More generally, authorities in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> maintain a system of residency registration known as <a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">hukou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 户口; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'household individual'), by which government permission is needed to formally change one's place of residence. It is enforced with <a href="/wiki/Resident_Identity_Card" title="Resident Identity Card">identity cards</a>. This system of internal border control measures effectively limited internal migration before the 1980s but subsequent market reforms caused it to collapse as a means of migration control. An estimated 150 to 200 million people are part of the "blind flow" and have unofficially migrated, generally from poor, rural areas to wealthy, urban ones. However, unofficial residents are often denied official services such as education and medical care and are sometimes subject to both social and political <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>. In essence, the denial of social services outside an individual's registered area of residence functions as an internal border control measure geared toward dissuading migration within the mainland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bhutan">edit</a>]</div> Meanwhile, in Bhutan, accessible by road only through India, there are interior border checkpoints (primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_Road" title="Lateral Road">Lateral Road</a>) and, additionally, certain areas require <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Bhutan#Restricted_areas_permit" title="Visa policy of Bhutan">special permits</a> to enter, whilst visitors not proceeding beyond the border city of <a href="/wiki/Phuentsholing" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuentsholing">Phuentsholing</a> do not need permits to enter for the day (although such visitors are <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> subject to Indian visa policy since they must proceed through <a href="/wiki/Jaigaon" title="Jaigaon">Jaigaon</a>). Individuals who are not citizens of India, Bangladesh, or the Maldives must obtain both their visa and any regional permits required through a licensed tour operator prior to arriving in the country. Citizens of India, Bangladesh, and the Maldives may apply for regional permits for restricted areas online.<a href="#cite_note-232">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, which have maintained their own border controls<a href="#cite_note-233">[202]</a> since joining Malaysia in 1963. The internal border control is asymmetrical; while Sabah and Sarawak impose immigration control on Malaysian citizens from other states, there is no corresponding border control in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, and Malaysians from Sabah and Sarawak have unrestricted right to live and work in the Peninsular. For social and business visits less than three months, Malaysian citizens may travel between the Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak using the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_identity_card" title="Malaysian identity card">Malaysian identity card</a> (MyKad) or <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_passport" title="Malaysian passport">Malaysian passport</a>, while for longer stays in Sabah and Sarawak they are required to have an Internal Travel Document or a passport with the appropriate residential permit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North Korea">edit</a>]</div> The most restrictive internal border controls are in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Citizens are not allowed to travel outside their areas of residence without explicit authorisation, and access to the capital city of Pyongyang is heavily restricted.<a href="#cite_note-234">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[204]</a> Similar restrictions are imposed on tourists, who are only allowed to leave Pyongyang on government-authorised tours to approved tourist sites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> An example from Europe is the implementation of border controls on travel between <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, which maintains a policy of <a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">free migration</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a> and the Schengen Area, which includes the rest of Norway. Other examples of effective internal border controls in Europe include the <a href="/wiki/Closed_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed cities">closed cities</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> members, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkmenistan#Special_permits" title="Visa policy of Turkmenistan">areas of Turkmenistan</a> that require special permits to enter, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Tajikistan#Gorno-Badakhshan" title="Visa policy of Tajikistan">restrictions</a> on travel to the <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a> in Tajikistan, and (depending on whether Northern and Southern Cyprus are considered separate countries) the Cypriot border. Similarly, Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Kurdistan region</a> maintains a separate and more liberal visa and customs area from the rest of the country, even allowing <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iraq" title="Visa policy of Iraq">visa free entry</a> for Israelis whilst the rest of the country bans them from entering. Denmark also maintains a complex system of subnational countries which, unlike the Danish mainland, are outside the European Union and maintain autonomous customs policies.<a href="#cite_note-236">[af]</a> In addition to the numerous closed cities of Russia,<a href="#cite_note-237">[205]</a> parts of 19 subjects<a href="#cite_note-238">[ag]</a> of the Russian Federation are closed for foreigners without special permits and are consequently subject to internal border controls.<a href="#cite_note-239">[206]</a> Another complex border control situation in Europe pertains to the United Kingdom. Whilst the <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependencies">crown dependencies</a> are within the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>, neither <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> nor the sovereign British military exclaves of <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> are. The former maintains its own <a href="/wiki/Visa_policies_of_British_Overseas_Territories#Gibraltar" title="Visa policies of British Overseas Territories">border control policies</a>, thus requiring physical border security at its border with the Schengen Area as well as the implementation of border controls for travellers proceeding directly between Gibraltar and the British mainland. The latter maintains a relatively open border with Southern Cyprus, though not with Northern Cyprus. Consequently, it is a de facto member of the Schengen Area and travel to or from the British mainland requires border controls. On 31 December 2020, Spain and the United Kingdom reached an agreement in principle under which Gibraltar would join the Schengen Area,<a href="#cite_note-240">[207]</a> clearing the way for the European Union and the UK to start formal negotiations on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-241">[208]</a> In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, border controls for goods flowing between Great Britain and Northern Ireland were introduced in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland</a> agreed to as part of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">withdrawal agreement</a> with the EU.<a href="#cite_note-nipa-242">[209]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">thirty-year internecine conflict</a> in Northern Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">UK-Ireland border</a> has had a special status since that conflict was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Belfast Agreement/Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Peace_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Peace Process">Northern Ireland Peace Process</a>, the border has been largely invisible, without any physical barrier or custom checks on its many crossing points; this arrangement was made possible by both countries' common membership of both the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">EU's Single Market</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a> and of their <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>. Upon the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, the border in Ireland became the only land border between the UK and EU. <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">EU single market</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">UK internal market</a> provisions require certain customs checks and trade controls at their external borders. The Northern Ireland Protocol is intended to protect the EU single market, while avoiding imposition of a '<a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#Hard_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">hard border</a>' that might incite a recurrence of conflict and destabilise the relative peace that has held since the end of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. Under the Protocol, Northern Ireland is formally outside the EU single market, but <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">EU free movement of goods</a> rules and <a href="/wiki/EU_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a> rules still apply; this ensures there are no customs checks or controls between Northern Ireland and the rest of the island. In place of an Ireland/Northern Ireland land border, the protocol has created a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> customs <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">border down the Irish Sea</a> for customs purposes, separating Northern Ireland from the island of Great Britain,<a href="#cite_note-243">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[211]</a> to the disquiet of prominent <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionism">Unionists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_56737351-245">[212]</a> To operate the terms of the protocol, the United Kingdom must provide border control posts at Northern Ireland's ports:<a href="#cite_note-BBC_56737351-245">[212]</a> actual provision of these facilities is the responsibility of Northern Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs">Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a> (DAERA).<a href="#cite_note-BBC_56737351-245">[212]</a> Temporary buildings were put in place for 1 January 2021, but in February 2021, the responsible Northern Ireland minister, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lyons" title="Gordon Lyons">Gordon Lyons</a> (DUP), ordered officials to stop work on new permanent facilities and to stop recruiting staff for them.<a href="#cite_note-246">[213]</a> In its half yearly financial report 26 August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Continental_Group" title="Irish Continental Group">Irish Continental Group</a>, which operates ferries between Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland, expressed concern at the lack of implementation of checks on goods arriving into Northern Ireland from Great Britain, as required under the protocol. The company said that the continued absence of these checks (on goods destined for the Republic of Ireland) is causing a distortion in the level playing field, since goods that arrive directly into Republic of Ireland ports from Great Britain are checked on arrival.<a href="#cite_note-247">[214]</a> The implementation of border controls between Great Britain and Northern Ireland was the primary catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="2021 Northern Ireland riots">2021 Northern Ireland riots</a>. An unusual example of internal border controls pertains to customs enforcement within the Schengen area. Even though borders are generally invisible, the existence of areas within the Schengen area but outside the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Value_Added_Tax_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Value Added Tax Area">European Union Value Added Tax Area</a>, as well as jurisdictions such as Andorra which are not officially a part of the Schengen area but can not be accessed without passing through it, has resulted in the existence of sporadic <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Internal_controls" title="Schengen Area">internal border controls</a> for customs purposes. Additionally, as per Schengen area rules,<a href="#cite_note-248">[215]</a> hotels and other types of commercial accommodation must register all foreign citizens, including citizens of other Schengen states, by requiring the completion of a registration form by their own hand. <a href="#cite_note-250">[ah]</a> The Schengen rules do not require any other procedures; thus, the Schengen states are free to regulate further details on the content of the registration forms, and identity documents which are to be produced, and may also require the persons exempted from registration by Schengen laws to be registered. A Schengen state is also permitted to reinstate border controls with another Schengen country for a short period where there is a serious threat to that state's "public policy or internal security" or when the "control of an external border is no longer ensured due to exceptional circumstances".<a href="#cite_note-251">[217]</a> When such risks arise out of foreseeable events, the state in question must notify the European Commission in advance and consult with other Schengen states.<a href="#cite_note-252">[218]</a> Since the implementation of the Schengen Agreement, this provision has been invoked frequently by member states, especially in response to the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[ai]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli military</a> maintains an intricate network of internal border controls within Israeli and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian territory</a> restricting the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">freedom of movement of Palestinians</a>, composed of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_checkpoint" title="Israeli checkpoint">permanent, temporary, and random manned checkpoints</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>; the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank Barrier">West Bank Barrier</a>; and restrictions on the usage of roads by Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-256">[221]</a> Spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> and the areas of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> under <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> Israeli control, internal border control measures are a key feature of Israeli and Palestinian life and are among the most restrictive in the world. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> results in a de facto domestic customs and immigration border for Palestinians. In order to clear internal border controls, Palestinians are required to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_permit_regime_in_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli permit regime in the West Bank">obtain a variety of permits</a> from Israeli authorities depending on the purpose and area of their travel. The legality and impact of this network of internal border controls is controversial. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>, an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisation</a> that monitors <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in Palestine, argues that they breach the rights guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>—in particular, the right to a livelihood, the right to an acceptable standard of living, the right to satisfactory nutrition, clothing, and housing, and the right to attain the best standard of physical and mental health.<a href="#cite_note-257">[222]</a> B'Tselem also argues that the restrictions on ill, wounded and pregnant Palestinians seeking acute medical care is in contravention of international law that states that medical professionals and the sick must be granted open passage.<a href="#cite_note-258">[223]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Supreme Court">Israeli Supreme Court</a> has deemed the measures acceptable for security reasons, Haaretz's <a href="/wiki/Amira_Hass" title="Amira Hass">Amira Hass</a> argues this policy defies one of the principles of the Oslo Accords, which states that Gaza and the West Bank constitute a single geographic unit.<a href="#cite_note-259">[224]</a> Much like relations between Jewish settlers in Israel and the native Palestinian population, strained intercommunal relations in Northern Ireland between <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">the descendants of Protestant settlers from England and Scotland</a> have resulted in de facto internal checkpoints. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace lines</a> are an internal border security measure to separate predominantly <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a> Catholic neighbourhoods from predominantly <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> Protestant neighbourhoods. They have been in place in some form or another since the end of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in 1998, with the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>. The majority of peace walls are located in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, but they also exist in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NIF-260">[225]</a> with more than 32 kilometres (20 miles) of walls in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-261">[226]</a> The peace lines range in length from a few hundred metres to over 5 kilometres. They may be made of iron, brick, steel or a combination of the three and are up to 8 metres (26 feet) high.<a href="#cite_note-262">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIF-260">[225]</a> Some have gates in them (sometimes staffed by <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">police</a>) that allow passage during daylight but are closed at night. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hyder-Stewart_Border_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyder-Stewart Border Crossing">Hyder-Stewart Border Crossing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Island_(Ontario)" title="Cornwall Island (Ontario)">Cornwall Island (Ontario)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akwesasne" title="Akwesasne">Akwesasne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif/lossless-page1-209px-American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif/lossless-page1-314px-American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif/lossless-page1-418px-American_Samoa_Entry_Stamp.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption>American Samoa entry stamp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyder_AK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hyder_AK.jpg/230px-Hyder_AK.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hyder_AK.jpg/345px-Hyder_AK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hyder_AK.jpg/460px-Hyder_AK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Hyder, Alaska has no border controls for travellers entering from Canada, and travellers flying between Hyder and other Alaskan cities by seaplane undergo internal border control</figcaption></figure> Multiple types of internal border controls exist in the United States. While the American territories of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> follow the <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">same visa policy as the mainland</a>, together, they also maintain their own visa waiver programme for certain nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-263">[228]</a> Since the two territories are outside the <a href="/wiki/Customs_territory_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs territory of the United States">customs territory of the United States</a>, there are customs inspections when travelling between them, and the rest of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> has its own customs and immigration regulations, thus travelling between it and other American jurisdictions involves both customs and immigration inspections. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> are a special case, falling within the American immigration zone and solely following American visa policy, but being a customs free territory. As a result, there are no immigration checks between the two, but travellers arriving in Puerto Rico or the American mainland directly from the Virgin Islands are subject to border control for customs inspection. The United States also maintains <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">interior checkpoints</a>, similar to those maintained by Bhutan, along its borders with Mexico and Canada, subjecting people to border controls even after they have entered the country. The <a href="/wiki/Akwesasne" title="Akwesasne">Akwesasne</a> nation; with territory in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>; features several de facto internal border controls. As a result of protests by Akwesasne residents on their rights to cross the border unimpeded, as provided under the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a> closed its post on <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Island_(Ontario)" title="Cornwall Island (Ontario)">Cornwall Island</a>, instead requiring travellers to proceed to the checkpoint in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a>. As a consequence of the arrangement, residents of the island are required to clear border controls when proceeding North to the Ontarian mainland, as well as when proceeding South to Akwesasne territory in New York, thus constituting internal controls both from a Canadian perspective and from the perspective of the Akwesasne nation. Similarly, travelling between Canada and the Quebec portion of the Akwesasne nation requires driving through the state of New York, meaning that individuals will be required to clear American controls when leaving Quebec proper and to clear Canadian border controls when entering Quebec proper, though Canada does not impose border controls when entering the Quebec portion of the Akwesasne nation. Nevertheless, for residents who assert a <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> national identity distinct from Canadian or American citizenship, the intricate network of Canadian and American border controls are seen as a foreign-imposed system of internal border controls, similar to the Israeli checkpoints in Palestinian territory.<a href="#cite_note-264">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[230]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Hyder,_Alaska" title="Hyder, Alaska">Hyder</a>, Alaska has also been subject to internal border controls since America chose to stop regulating arrivals in Hyder from British Columbia. Since travellers exiting Hyder into Stewart, British Columbia are subject to Canadian border controls, it is theoretically possible for someone to accidentally enter Hyder from Canada without their travel documents and then to face difficulties since both America and Canada would subject them to border controls that require travel documents. At the same time, however, the northern road connecting Hyder to uninhabited mountain regions of British Columbia is equipped with neither American nor Canadian border controls, meaning that tourists from Canada proceeding northwards from Hyder are required to complete Canadian immigration formalities when they return to Stewart despite never having cleared American immigration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historical">edit</a>]</div> Identification and freedom of internal movement have sometimes been instruments of oppression, for example in Canada's <a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">pass system</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid-era South Africa">Apartheid-era South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_requirements">Specific requirements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Specific requirements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_(26003271678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_%2826003271678%29.jpg/220px-CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_%2826003271678%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_%2826003271678%29.jpg/330px-CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_%2826003271678%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_%2826003271678%29.jpg/440px-CBP_International_Travel_Preclearance_Operations_in_Canada_%2826003271678%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>American and Canadian border officers at Vancouver airport</figcaption></figure> The degree of strictness of border controls varies across countries and borders. In some countries, controls may be targeted at the traveller's religion, ethnicity, nationality, or other countries that have been visited. Others may need to be certain the traveller has paid the appropriate fees for their <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> and has future travel planned out of the country. Yet others may concentrate on the contents of the traveller's baggage, and imported goods to ensure nothing is being carried that might bring a <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> risk into the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biometrics">Biometrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Biometrics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Countries_applying_biometrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries applying biometrics">Countries applying biometrics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_(31197598472).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_%2831197598472%29.jpg/220px-161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_%2831197598472%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_%2831197598472%29.jpg/330px-161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_%2831197598472%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_%2831197598472%29.jpg/440px-161129-Dulles-OFO-Ops-GF-129_%2831197598472%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3591" /></a><figcaption>A fingerprint scanner at <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a> collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.</figcaption></figure> Several countries<a href="#cite_note-279">[aj]</a> require all travellers, or all foreign travellers, to be <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprinted</a> on arrival and refuse admission to or arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as America, this may apply even to transit passengers proceeding to a third country.<a href="#cite_note-280">[244]</a> Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. America, which does not fully implement <a href="#Exit_controls">exit control</a> formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by domestic legislation),<a href="#cite_note-281">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[247]</a> intends to implement <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition</a> for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.<a href="#cite_note-284">[248]</a> Together with fingerprint and face recognition, <a href="/wiki/Iris_recognition" title="Iris recognition">iris scanning</a> is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) for use in <a href="/wiki/E-passport" class="mw-redirect" title="E-passport">e-passports</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[249]</a> and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.<a href="#cite_note-286">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[251]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at American borders.<a href="#cite_note-288">[252]</a> In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-289">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_stamps">Immigration stamps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Immigration stamps">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passport_stamp" title="Passport stamp">Passport stamp</a></div> An immigration stamp is an inked impression in a <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a> or other travel document typically made by rubber stamp upon entering or exiting a territory. Depending on the jurisdiction, a stamp can serve different purposes. For example, in the United Kingdom, an immigration stamp in a passport includes the formal <a href="/wiki/Leave_to_enter" title="Leave to enter">leave to enter</a> granted to a person subject to entry control. In other countries, a stamp activates or acknowledges the continuing leave conferred in the passport bearer's <a href="/wiki/Entry_Clearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry Clearance">entry clearance</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen system</a>, a foreign passport is stamped with a date stamp which does not indicate any duration of stay. This means that the person is deemed to have permission to remain either for three months or for the period shown on his visa if specified otherwise. Member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are not permitted to place a stamp in the passport of a person who is not subject to immigration control. Stamping is prohibited because it is an imposition of a control to which the person is not subject. Passport stamps may occasionally take the form of sticker stamps, such as entry stamps from <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Japan" title="Visa policy of Japan">Japan</a>. Depending on nationality, a visitor may not receive a stamp at all (unless specifically requested), such as an <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a> citizen travelling to an <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">EU or EFTA country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Albania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-parlament.al-291">[255]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Visa policy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mvr.gov.mk-292">[256]</a> Most countries issue exit stamps in addition to entry stamps. A few countries issue only entry stamps, including <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Canada" title="Visa policy of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_El_Salvador" title="Visa policy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Ireland" title="Visa policy of Ireland">Ireland</a>, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_New_Zealand" title="Visa policy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Visa policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">United States of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Australia" title="Visa policy of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Israel" title="Visa policy of Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Visa policy of South Korea">South Korea</a> do not stamp passports upon entry nor exit. These countries or regions issue landing slips instead, with the exception of Australia who do not issue any form of physical evidence of entry. <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">Visas</a> may also take the form of passport stamps. Immigration authorities usually have different styles of stamps for entries and exits, to make it easier to identify the movements of people. Ink colour might be used to designate mode of transportation (air, land or sea), such as in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> prior to 1997; while border styles did the same thing in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Other variations include changing the size of the stamp to indicate length of stay, as in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. In many cases passengers on <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> do not receive passport stamps because the entire vessel has been cleared into port. It is often possible to get a souvenir stamp, although this requires finding the immigration office by the dock. In many cases officials are used to such requests and will cooperate.<a href="#cite_note-293">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[258]</a> Also, as noted below, some of the smallest European countries will give a stamp on request, either at their border or tourist office charging, at most, a nominal fee. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry and exit stamps issued at Beijing Capital International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport"><img alt="Entry and exit stamps issued at Beijing Capital International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg/92px-China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg/138px-China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg/183px-China_Immigration_Stramps_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="621" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry and exit stamps issued at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea passport">Republic of Korea passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry stamp issued at Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in a Chinese passport"><img alt="Entry stamp issued at Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in a Chinese passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg/120px-Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg/180px-Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg/240px-Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport_entry_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="219" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry stamp issued at <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport">Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old entry and exit stamps issued at Dongguan in a Chinese passport (Noted that there were no English on stamps)"><img alt="Old entry and exit stamps issued at Dongguan in a Chinese passport (Noted that there were no English on stamps)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg/96px-Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg/144px-Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg/191px-Dongguan_passport_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="589" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old entry and exit stamps issued at <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a> in a Chinese passport (Noted that there were no English on stamps)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuzhou_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry and exit stamps issued at Fuzhou Changle International Airport in a Thai passport"><img alt="Entry and exit stamps issued at Fuzhou Changle International Airport in a Thai passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fuzhou_stamps.jpg/100px-Fuzhou_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fuzhou_stamps.jpg/149px-Fuzhou_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fuzhou_stamps.jpg/199px-Fuzhou_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2088" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry and exit stamps issued at <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Changle_International_Airport" title="Fuzhou Changle International Airport">Fuzhou Changle International Airport</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Thai_passport" title="Thai passport">Thai passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_stamp_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="American stamp from John F. Kennedy International Airport in a U.S. Passport."><img alt="American stamp from John F. Kennedy International Airport in a U.S. Passport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Us_stamp_2.png/120px-Us_stamp_2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Us_stamp_2.png/180px-Us_stamp_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Us_stamp_2.png/240px-Us_stamp_2.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="251" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">American stamp from <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> in a U.S. Passport.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ISR_denied_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An "entry denied" stamp from the Israeli Taba Border Crossing. (Some jurisdictions – such as Germany and Israel – have historically stamped "Entry Denied" on passports.)"><img alt="An "entry denied" stamp from the Israeli Taba Border Crossing. (Some jurisdictions – such as Germany and Israel – have historically stamped "Entry Denied" on passports.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ISR_denied_stamp.jpg/120px-ISR_denied_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ISR_denied_stamp.jpg/180px-ISR_denied_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ISR_denied_stamp.jpg/240px-ISR_denied_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An "entry denied" stamp from the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Taba_Border_Crossing" title="Taba Border Crossing">Taba Border Crossing</a>. (Some jurisdictions – such as Germany and Israel – have historically stamped "Entry Denied" on passports.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BOM_En.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry stamp issued at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in an Indian passport"><img alt="Entry stamp issued at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in an Indian passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BOM_En.JPG/96px-BOM_En.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BOM_En.JPG/144px-BOM_En.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BOM_En.JPG/192px-BOM_En.JPG 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="260" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry stamp issued at <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Indian_passport" title="Indian passport">Indian passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry stamp issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport to a citizen of Germany"><img alt="Entry stamp issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport to a citizen of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg/120px-India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg/180px-India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg/240px-India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry stamp issued at <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Indira Gandhi International Airport">Indira Gandhi International Airport</a> to a citizen of Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DEL_ExO.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Exit stamp in an Indian passport issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport"><img alt="Exit stamp in an Indian passport issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DEL_ExO.JPG/120px-DEL_ExO.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DEL_ExO.JPG/180px-DEL_ExO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DEL_ExO.JPG/240px-DEL_ExO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="181" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exit stamp in an Indian passport issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_e-Visa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Indian e-Visa issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport in a Romanian passport"><img alt="An Indian e-Visa issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport in a Romanian passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/India_e-Visa.jpg/85px-India_e-Visa.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/India_e-Visa.jpg/128px-India_e-Visa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/India_e-Visa.jpg/170px-India_e-Visa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2642" data-file-height="3720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Indian e-Visa issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport in a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_passport" title="Romanian passport">Romanian passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landing slip replacing existent passport stamps, (being unable to present the landing slip on departure does not affect a traveller's ability to clear immigration)"><img alt="Landing slip replacing existent passport stamps, (being unable to present the landing slip on departure does not affect a traveller's ability to clear immigration)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg/120px-Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg/180px-Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg/240px-Hong_Kong_landing_slip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="522" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landing slip replacing existent passport stamps, (being unable to present the landing slip on departure does not affect a traveller's ability to clear immigration)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xijiulong_rujing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry stamp issued at juxtaposed controls at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station"><img alt="Entry stamp issued at juxtaposed controls at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Xijiulong_rujing.jpg/120px-Xijiulong_rujing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Xijiulong_rujing.jpg/180px-Xijiulong_rujing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Xijiulong_rujing.jpg/240px-Xijiulong_rujing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="303" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry stamp issued at <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls" title="Juxtaposed controls">juxtaposed controls</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station">Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exit stamp issued at juxtaposed controls at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a Chinese passport"><img alt="Exit stamp issued at juxtaposed controls at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a Chinese passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg/120px-201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg/180px-201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg/240px-201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="299" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exit stamp issued at juxtaposed controls at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a Chinese passport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Visa_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry and exit stamps issued at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in an Italian passport"><img alt="Entry and exit stamps issued at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in an Italian passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/China_Visa_Stamp.jpg/120px-China_Visa_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/China_Visa_Stamp.jpg/180px-China_Visa_Stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/China_Visa_Stamp.jpg/240px-China_Visa_Stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry and exit stamps issued at <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Italian_passport" title="Italian passport">Italian passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry and exit stamps issued at Hong Kong International Airport and the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in an Italian passport"><img alt="Entry and exit stamps issued at Hong Kong International Airport and the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in an Italian passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg/120px-Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg/180px-Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg/240px-Hong_Kong_passport_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="1822" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry and exit stamps issued at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Ferry_Terminal" title="Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal">Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Italian_passport" title="Italian passport">Italian passport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry stamp issued at Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal in a Thai passport"><img alt="Entry stamp issued at Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal in a Thai passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg/120px-Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg/180px-Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg/240px-Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal_entry_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry stamp issued at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_China_Ferry_Terminal" title="Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal">Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal</a> in a Thai passport</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exit_controls">Exit controls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Exit controls">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:55px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indian entry stamp at New Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg/74px-India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg/111px-India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg/148px-India_passport_entry_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:55px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:India_passport_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indian exit stamp at Indira Gandhi International Airport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/India_passport_stamp.jpg/74px-India_passport_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/India_passport_stamp.jpg/111px-India_passport_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/India_passport_stamp.jpg/148px-India_passport_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:55px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Visa_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chinese entry and exit stamps at Shanghai Pudong International Airport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/China_Visa_Stamp.jpg/132px-China_Visa_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/China_Visa_Stamp.jpg/198px-China_Visa_Stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/China_Visa_Stamp.jpg/264px-China_Visa_Stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">India and China, like most countries, implement border controls at both entry and exit, and consequently stamp passports upon exit</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG/170px-Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG/255px-Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG/340px-Queenston_Bridge_Canada_Passport_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Entry stamp at <a href="/wiki/Lewiston%E2%80%93Queenston_Bridge" title="Lewiston–Queenston Bridge">Lewiston–Queenston Bridge</a>, Ontario. Canada only conducts border control and stamps passports upon entry.</figcaption></figure> Whilst most countries implement border controls both at entry and exit, some jurisdictions do not. For instance, the United States and Canada do not implement exit controls at land borders and collect exit data on foreign nationals through airlines and through information sharing with neighbouring countries' entry border controls. These countries consequently do not issue exit stamps even to travellers who require stamps on entry. Similarly, Australia, Singapore and South Korea have eliminated exit stamps even though they continue to implement brief border control checks upon exit for most foreign nationals. In countries where there is no formal control by immigration officials of travel documents upon departure, exit information may be recorded by immigration authorities using the information provided to them by transport operators. No exit control: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> United States of America<a href="#cite_note-295">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> Mexico (by air, but entrance declaration coupon is collected)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas"><img alt="The Bahamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Bahamas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-297">[ak]</a></li></ul> Formal exit control without passport stamping: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> Albania (Entry & Exit stamp may issued upon request)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> Australia (Exit stamp issued upon explicit request)<a href="#cite_note-Australia's_Arrival_and_Departure_procedures-298">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> China (Exit stamp issued upon request when using e-Gate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Costa Rica (only at Costa Rican airports; different entry and exit stamps are made at the border crossing with <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> El Salvador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Fiji</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Hong Kong (no entry or exit stamps are issued, instead landing slips are issued upon arrival only)<a href="#cite_note-299">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> Iran<a href="#cite_note-300">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> Israel (no entry or exit stamps are issued at <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a>, instead landing slips are issued upon arrival and departure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Japan (Exit stamp issued upon request & when not using e-Gate since July 2019)<a href="#cite_note-Japan_Begin_Screening_Departing_Foreign_Travelers_Facial_Recognition_Technology-301">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Macau (no entry or exit stamps are issued, instead landing slips are issued upon arrival only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> South Korea (since 1 November 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Panama (only at Panamanian airports; stamps are made at the border crossing with <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Republic of China (exit stamp issued upon request & when not using e-Gate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Singapore (no exit stamps since 22 April 2019)<a href="#cite_note-302">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Saint Kitts and Nevis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img alt="Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> countries (when the <a href="/wiki/Entry-Exit-System" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry-Exit-System">Entry Exit System</a> becomes operational in 2022, it is anticipated that the passports of third-country nationals will not be stamped when they enter and leave the Schengen Area)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exit_permits">Exit permits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Exit permits">edit</a>]</div> Some countries in Europe maintain controversial exit visa systems in addition to regular border controls. For instance, Uzbekistan requires its own citizens to obtain exit visas prior to leaving for countries other than <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">fellow CIS</a> nations in eastern Europe. Several <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">countries in the Arabian peninsula</a> require exit visas for foreign workers under the <a href="/wiki/Kafala_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafala System">Kafala System</a> meaning "sponsorship system"). Russia occasionally requires foreigners who overstay to obtain <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Russia#Exit" title="Visa policy of Russia">exit visas</a> since one cannot exit Russia without a valid visa. Czechia has a similar policy.<a href="#cite_note-303">[266]</a> Similarly, a foreign citizen granted a temporary residence permit in Russia needs an exit visa to take a trip abroad (valid for both exit and return). Not all foreign citizens are subject to that requirement. Citizens of Germany, for example, do not require this exit visa. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> maintained strict controls on citizens' ability to travel abroad. Citizens of the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other communist states were typically required to obtain permission prior to engaging in international travel. Unlike most of these states, citizens of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> enjoyed a significant freedom of international movement.<a href="#cite_note-306">[al]</a> Certain Asian countries have policies that similarly require certain categories of citizens to seek official authorisation prior to travelling or emigrating. This is usually either as a way to enforce <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">national service</a> obligations or to protect migrant workers from travelling to places where they may be abused by employers. Singapore, for instance, operates an Exit Permit scheme in order to enforce the <a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">national service</a> obligations of its male citizens and permanent residents.<a href="#cite_note-307">[269]</a> These restrictions vary according to age and status.<a href="#cite_note-308">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[271]</a> have similar policies. India, on the other hand, requires citizens who have not met certain educational requirements (and thus may be targeted by human traffickers or be coerced into <a href="/wiki/Modern_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern slavery">modern slavery</a>) to apply for approval prior to leaving the country and endorses their passports with <a href="/wiki/Emigration_Act,_1983" title="Emigration Act, 1983">"Emigration Check Required"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> similarly requires citizens emigrating to America on an <a href="/wiki/H-1B_visa" title="H-1B visa">H-1B visa</a> to present an exit permit issued by the Ministry of Labour. This document is called a work permit and needs to be presented to immigration to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-310">[272]</a> In a bid to increase protection for the large amount of Indian, Bangladeshi, Chinese, and Nepali citizens smuggled through Indian airports to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> as underpaid labourers, many Indian airline companies require travellers to obtain an 'OK to Board' confirmation sent directly from visa authorities in certain GCC countries directly to the airline and will bar anyone who has not obtained this endorsement from clearing exit immigration. <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> requires the vast majority of its citizens to apply for special authorisation if they wish to leave, or even travel within, the country.<a href="#cite_note-311">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_documents">Travel documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Travel documents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_(echecking_of_passport).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_%28echecking_of_passport%29.jpg/220px-Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_%28echecking_of_passport%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_%28echecking_of_passport%29.jpg/330px-Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_%28echecking_of_passport%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_%28echecking_of_passport%29.jpg/440px-Aeroport_de_dubai_terminal_3_egate_%28echecking_of_passport%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Automated travel document inspection at <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Border control policies typically require travellers to present valid travel documents in order to ascertain their identity, nationality or permanent residence status, and eligibility to enter a given jurisdiction. The most common form of travel document is the passport, a booklet-form identity document issued by national authorities or the governments of certain subnational territories<a href="#cite_note-314">[am]</a> containing an individual's personal information as well as space for the authorities of other jurisdictions to affix stamps, visas, or other permits authorising the bearer to enter, reside, or travel within their territory. Certain jurisdictions permit individuals to clear border controls using identity cards, which typically contain similar personal information. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visas">Visas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Visas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg/139px-Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg/209px-Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg/278px-Indian_Tourist_Visa_2016_stamped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="957" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg/145px-Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg/218px-Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg/290px-Singapore_visa_issued_to_stateless_person.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="922" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tourist visas issued by India (left) and Singapore (right) in a stateless person's travel document.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png/135px-Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png/203px-Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png/270px-Brazil_visa_and_stamps.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="981" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brazilian multiple entry visa in an American passport</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg/149px-Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg/224px-Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg/298px-Tourist_visa_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="776" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tourist entry visa for mainland China</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg/170px-Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg/255px-Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg/340px-Malaysian_ENTRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Sample of printed out eNTRI slip for Indian and mainland Chinese citizens to clear Malaysian border controls without a visa.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FRTD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FRTD.jpg/141px-FRTD.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FRTD.jpg/212px-FRTD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FRTD.jpg/282px-FRTD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Facilitated Rail Transit Document issued in Saint Petersburg for travel to Kaliningrad</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg/143px-Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg/215px-Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg/286px-Thai_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="989" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thai visa issued on arrival in stamp form</div></div></div></div></div> A visa is a travel document issued to foreign nationals enabling them to clear border controls. They traditionally take the form of an adhesive sticker or, occasionally, a stamp affixed to a page in an individual's passport or equivalent document. Visas policies different purposes depending on the priorities of each jurisdiction, ranging from ensuring that visitors do not pose a national security risk or have sufficient financial resources to simply functioning as a tax on tourists, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Mauritius" title="Visa policy of Mauritius">countries like Mauritius</a> and other leisure destinations which issue visas on arrival, electronic visas, or electronic travel authorisations (ETAs) to most or all visitors. Visas may include limits on the duration of the foreigner's stay, areas within the state they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted visits, or an individual's right to work in the state in question. Many countries in Asia have liberalised their visa controls in recent years to encourage transnational business and tourism. For example, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_India" title="Visa policy of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Myanmar" title="Visa policy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visa policy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> have introduced electronic visas to make border control less arduous for business travellers and tourists. <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Visa policy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has introduced similar eVisa facilities, and has also introduced the eNTRI programme to expedite clearance for Indian citizens and Chinese citizens from the mainland. <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Thailand" title="Visa policy of Thailand">Thailand regularly issues</a> visas on arrival to many non-exempt visitors at major ports of entry in order to encourage tourism. Indonesia, in recent years, has progressively liberalised <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Indonesia" title="Visa policy of Indonesia">its visa regime</a>, no longer requiring visas or on-arrival visas from most nationals, while <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Singapore" title="Visa policy of Singapore">Singapore</a> has signed visa waiver agreements with many countries in recent years and has introduced electronic visa facilities for Indians, Eastern Europeans, and mainland Chinese. This trend towards visa liberalisation in Asia is part of the regional trend toward social and economic <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> that has been linked to heightened economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-315">[276]</a> Certain countries, predominantly but not exclusively in western Europe and the Americas, issue <a href="/wiki/Working_holiday_visa" title="Working holiday visa">working holiday visas</a> for younger visitors to supplement their travel funds by working minor jobs. These are especially common in members of the European Union, and elsewhere in Europe. Saudi Arabia issues a <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia#Hajj_visas" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">special category visa</a> for people on religious pilgrimage. Similar policies are in force in other countries with significant religious sites. Certain jurisdictions impose special visa requirements on <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalists</a>. Countries that require such visas include Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">China</a>, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States#I_visa" title="Visa policy of the United States">America</a> and Zimbabwe. As a consequence of awkward border situations created by the fall of the Soviet Union, certain former members of the USSR and their neighbours maintain special visa exemption policies for travellers transiting across international boundaries between two points in a single country. For instance, Russia permits vehicles to transit across the <a href="/wiki/Saatse_Boot" title="Saatse Boot">Saatse Boot</a> between the Estonian villages of <a href="/wiki/Lutep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Lutepää">Lutepää</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesniki" title="Sesniki">Sesniki</a> without any visa or border checkpoint provided that they do not stop. Similar provisions are made for the issuance of Facilitated Rail Transit Documents by Schengen Area members for travel between <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> and the Russian mainland, enabling Russian citizens to travel to and from the exclave without a passport or visa. Many countries let individuals clear border controls using foreign visas.<a href="#cite_note-320">[an]</a> Notably, the Philippines permits nationals of India and China can use any of several foreign visas to clear border controls.<a href="#cite_note-322">[ao]</a> In order to encourage tourism by transit passengers, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Visa policy of South Korea">South Korea</a> permits passengers in transit who would otherwise require a South Korean visa to enter for up to thirty days utilising an Australian, Canadian, American, or Schengen visa. Uniquely, the British territory of Bermuda has ceased to issue its own visas and instead requires that travellers either clear immigration visa-free in one of the three countries (Canada, America, and United Kingdom) to/from which it has direct flights, or hold a visa for one of them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_visas_and_electronic_travel_authorisations">Electronic visas and electronic travel authorisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Electronic visas and electronic travel authorisations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">Electronic visa</a></div> Beginning in the 2000s, many countries introduced e-visas and electronic travel authorisations (ETAs) as an alternative to traditional visas. An ETA is a kind of pre-arrival registration, which may or may not be officially classified as a visa depending on the issuing jurisdiction, required for foreign travellers who are exempted from obtaining a full visa. In contrast to the procedures that typically apply in regard to proper visas, per which the traveller normally has no recourse if rejected, if an ETA is rejected the traveller can choose to apply for a visa instead. In contrast, an e-visa is simply a visa that travellers can apply for and receive online without visiting the issuing state's consular mission or visa agency. The following jurisdictions require certain categories of international travellers to hold an ETA or e-visa in order to clear border controls upon arrival: <ul><li>Australia: <ul><li>Electronic Travel Authority (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Australia#Electronic_visas" title="Visa policy of Australia">ETA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-323">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-ETA-326">[285]</a></li> <li>eVisitor programme<a href="#cite_note-evisitor-327">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[288]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>: From February 2014, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> issue an East African Tourist Visa.<a href="#cite_note-330">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[290]</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Travel_Permit_for_Taiwan_Residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents">Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents</a></li> <li>India: India permits nationals of most jurisdictions<a href="#cite_note-333">[ap]</a> to clear border controls using an e-visa.<a href="#cite_note-334">[aq]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[ar]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[292]</a></li> <li>Kenya: From 1 January 2021, Kenya solely issues e-visas and physical visas are no longer available.<a href="#cite_note-337">[293]</a></li> <li>New Zealand: Electronic Travel Authority (NZeTA)<a href="#cite_note-338">[294]</a></li> <li>North America: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Travel_Authorization_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Travel Authorization (Canada)">Canadian ETA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_System_for_Travel_Authorization" title="Electronic System for Travel Authorization">US Electronic System for Travel Authorisation</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Travel_Authorization_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Travel Authorization (Pakistan)">Pakistani ETA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[as]</a></li> <li>South Korea: eligible visa-free visitors must obtain <a href="/wiki/Korea_Electronic_Travel_Authorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Electronic Travel Authorization">Korea Electronic Travel Authorization</a> (K-ETA).</li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Travel_Authorization_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Travel Authorization (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lankan ETA</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[296]</a></li> <li>Qatar: ETA needed for up to 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-342">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[299]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: Electronic Visa Waiver, or EVW<a href="#cite_note-345">[at]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oman_evisa-346">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nationality_and_Borders_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality and Borders Bill">Nationality and Borders Bill</a>, before the parliament in Spring 2022, includes a proposal to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Travel_Authorisation_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Travel Authorisation (UK)">Electronic Travel Authorisation</a> system for all non-UK and Irish citizens.<a href="#cite_note-347">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-ETA_Gov-348">[302]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_and_travel_history">Nationality and travel history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nationality and travel history">edit</a>]</div> Many nations implement border controls restricting the entry of people of certain nationalities or who have visited certain countries. For instance Georgia refuses entry to holders of passports issued by the Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-timatic-349">[303]</a> Similarly, since April 2017, nationals of Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sudan, Syria, Yemen, and Iran have been banned from entering the parts of eastern Libya under the control of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">Tobruk government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timatic-349">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[305]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> countries, as well as Iran and Malaysia, ban Israeli citizens,<a href="#cite_note-timatic-349">[303]</a> however exceptional entry to Malaysia is possible with approval from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[306]</a> Certain countries may also restrict entry to those with Israeli stamps or visas in their passports. As a result of tension over the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> dispute, Azerbaijan currently forbids entry to Armenian citizens as well as to individuals with proof of travel to Artsakh. Between September 2017 and January 2021, the United States did not issue new visas to nationals of Iran, North Korea, Libya, Somalia, Syria, or Yemen pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780#Presidential_Proclamation_9645" title="Executive Order 13780">restrictions</a> imposed by the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[307]</a> which were subsequently repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> on 20 January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:6-354">[308]</a> While in force, the restrictions were conditional and could be lifted if the countries affected meet the required security standards specified by the Trump administration, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual citizens</a> of these countries could still enter if they presented a passport from a non-designated country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prescreening">Prescreening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Prescreening">edit</a>]</div> A significant number of countries maintain prescreening facilities for passengers departing from other jurisdictions to clear border controls prior to arrival and thereby skip <a href="#Border_checkpoints">checkpoints</a> upon arrival. Aside from simplifying arrival formalities, this enables border control authorities to deny entry to potentially inadmissible travellers prior to their embarking and to reduce congestion at border checkpoints located at ports of arrival. <ul><li>Hong Kong and Mainland China: There are two border crossings between Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland at which border controls imposed by the two jurisdictions are colocated: <ul><li>West Kowloon Railway Station (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 香港西九龙站; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 香港西九龍站): A component of the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 廣深港高速鐵路; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Guǎng–Shēn–Gǎng Gāosù Tiělù), West Kowloon Station contains a "<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station#Mainland_Port_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station">Mainland Port Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 站内地口岸区; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 站內地口岸區)", essentially enabling passengers and goods to clear mainland Chinese immigration on Hong Kong soil.</li> <li>Shenzhen Bay Port (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 深圳湾口岸; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 深圳灣口岸): The land border checkpoint at <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Bay_Port" title="Shenzhen Bay Port">Shenzhen Bay Port</a> in the mainland contains a Hong Kong Port Area (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 港方口岸区; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 港方口岸區) which enables passengers and goods to clear Hong Kong border controls in the mainland. The checkpoint is located in the Chinese mainland on land leased from the city of <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province. By enabling travellers to clear both Chinese and Hong Kong border controls in one place, it eliminates any need for a second checkpoint on the Hong Kong side of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Shenzhen_Western_Corridor" title="Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor">Shenzhen Bay Bridge</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Hong Kong Port Area of the Shenzhen Bay Port Passenger Terminal Building"><img alt="Entrance of the Hong Kong Port Area of the Shenzhen Bay Port Passenger Terminal Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg/120px-Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg/180px-Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg/240px-Shenzhen_Bay_Port_Hong_Kong_Entrance_201703.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1408" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the Hong Kong Port Area of the Shenzhen Bay Port Passenger Terminal Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Mainland Port Area at West Kowloon Station"><img alt="Entrance of the Mainland Port Area at West Kowloon Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg/120px-HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg/180px-HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg/240px-HK_West_Kowloon_Station_Mainland_Port_Area_B3_Entrance_201809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the Mainland Port Area at West Kowloon Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainland Chinese police station in the Mainland Port Area"><img alt="Mainland Chinese police station in the Mainland Port Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg/120px-HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg/180px-HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg/240px-HK_West_Kowloon_Station_B3_Mainland_Port_Area_Police_Station_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mainland Chinese police station in the Mainland Port Area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xijiulong_rujing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainland Chinese entry stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station"><img alt="Mainland Chinese entry stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Xijiulong_rujing.jpg/120px-Xijiulong_rujing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Xijiulong_rujing.jpg/180px-Xijiulong_rujing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Xijiulong_rujing.jpg/240px-Xijiulong_rujing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="303" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mainland Chinese entry stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainland Chinese exit stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a Chinese passport"><img alt="Mainland Chinese exit stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a Chinese passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg/120px-201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg/180px-201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg/240px-201901_Xijiulong_Mainland_Port_Exit_Stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="299" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mainland Chinese exit stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passport</a></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRT_map_SGJB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MRT_map_SGJB.svg/220px-MRT_map_SGJB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MRT_map_SGJB.svg/330px-MRT_map_SGJB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MRT_map_SGJB.svg/440px-MRT_map_SGJB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Map of the upcoming Rapid Transit system.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Singapore and Malaysia: <ul><li>Woodlands Train Checkpoint (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: Pusat Pemeriksaan Kereta Api Woodlands, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 兀兰火车关卡, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: ஊட்லண்ட்ஸ் இரயில் மசாதலைச்சாவடிப): For cross-border rail passengers, Singaporean exit and Malaysian entry preclearance border controls are co-located at the <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_Train_Checkpoint" title="Woodlands Train Checkpoint">Woodlands Train Checkpoint</a> in Singapore, whilst Malaysian exit controls are located separately at <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Johor Bahru Sentral railway station">Johor Bahru Sentral railway station</a> in Malaysia.</li> <li>Johor Bahru – Singapore Rapid Transit System (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: Sistem Transit Aliran Johor Bahru–Singapura, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 新山－新加坡捷运系统, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: ஜோகூர் பாரு – சிங்கப்பூர் விரைவான போக்குவரத்து அமைப்பு, RTS): The upcoming <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru%E2%80%93Singapore_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System">RTS</a> connecting Singapore and Johor Bahru will feature border control preclearance both on the Singaporean side and on the Malaysian side. This will enable passengers arriving in Singapore from Malaysia or vice versa to proceed straight to their connecting transport, since the RTS will link to both the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Singapore MRT system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line" title="Thomson–East Coast MRT line">Thomson–East Coast Line</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Johor Bahru Sentral railway station">Johor Bahru Sentral</a>. Unlike the preclearance systems adopted in America and Hong Kong, but similar to the United Kingdom's juxtaposed controls, this system will mitigate arrival border controls on both sides of the border.<a href="#cite_note-iskandar-355">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[310]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia and Thailand: <ul><li>Padang Besar railway station (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: สถานีรถไฟปาดังเบซาร์, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: Stesen keretapi Padang Besar): The <a href="/wiki/Padang_Besar_railway_station" title="Padang Besar railway station">Padang Besar railway station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padang_Besar,_Malaysia" title="Padang Besar, Malaysia">Padang Besar, Malaysia</a> has co-located border control facilities for both Malaysia and Thailand, although the station is wholly located inside Malaysian territory (albeit just 200 metres south of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia-Thailand_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysia-Thailand border">Malaysia-Thailand border</a>). The facilities for each country operate from separate counters inside the railway station building at the platform level.<a href="#cite_note-357">[311]</a> Passengers entering Thailand clear Malaysian and Thai border formalities here in Malaysian territory before boarding their <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a> trains which then cross the actual borderline several minutes after departing the station. Passengers from Thailand entering Malaysia are also processed here, using the same counters as there are no separate counters for processing entries and exits for either country.</li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom and the Schengen Area: Border control for travel between the United Kingdom and the Schengen Area features significant prescreening under the <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls" title="Juxtaposed controls">juxtaposed controls</a> programme for travel both by ferry and rail. This includes customs and immigration prescreening on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[au]</a> and immigration-only prescreening for ferry passengers and on the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> between the United Kingdom and stations located in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Eurostar and Eurotunnel passengers departing from the Schengen area go through both French, Dutch, or Belgian exit border control and British entry border controls before departures, while passengers departing from the United Kingdom, including those departing for Belgium or the Netherlands, undergo French border controls on British soil. For travel by ferry, French entry border control for ferries between Dover and Calais or <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkerque</a> takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dover" title="Port of Dover">Port of Dover</a>, whilst French exit and British entry border control takes place at <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and Dunkerque. For travel by rail, twelve juxtaposed border control checkpoints are currently in operation.<a href="#cite_note-363">[av]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry stamp into the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at St Pancras International station ('LFT' stands for 'Liaison fixe transmanche' (literally: cross-Channel fixed link))"><img alt="Entry stamp into the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at St Pancras International station ('LFT' stands for 'Liaison fixe transmanche' (literally: cross-Channel fixed link))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg/120px-France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg/180px-France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg/240px-France_LFT_Londres_passport_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="198" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Passport_stamp" title="Passport stamp">Entry stamp</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Direction_centrale_de_la_police_aux_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction centrale de la police aux frontières">French Border Police</a> at St Pancras International station ('LFT' stands for 'Liaison fixe transmanche' (literally: cross-Channel fixed link))</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exit stamp from the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at Gare du Nord"><img alt="Exit stamp from the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at Gare du Nord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg/120px-France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg/180px-France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg/240px-France_LFT_Paris_Nord_passport_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Passport_stamp" title="Passport stamp">Exit stamp</a> from the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at Gare du Nord</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk_paris_entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British entry stamp issued by the UK Border Force at Gare du Nord."><img alt="British entry stamp issued by the UK Border Force at Gare du Nord." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Uk_paris_entry.jpg/114px-Uk_paris_entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Uk_paris_entry.jpg/171px-Uk_paris_entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Uk_paris_entry.jpg/228px-Uk_paris_entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="391" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">British <a href="/wiki/Passport_stamp" title="Passport stamp">entry stamp</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Border Force">UK Border Force</a> at Gare du Nord.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Juxtaposed immigration controls at Brussel-Zuid/Bruxelles-Midi railway station, with the Belgian Federal Police carrying out exit immigration checks from the Schengen Area in front, and the UK Border Force carrying UK entry immigration checks behind."><img alt="Juxtaposed immigration controls at Brussel-Zuid/Bruxelles-Midi railway station, with the Belgian Federal Police carrying out exit immigration checks from the Schengen Area in front, and the UK Border Force carrying UK entry immigration checks behind." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG/120px-Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG/180px-Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG/240px-Bruxelles-Midi-Eurostar-Check-in-and-Passport-Control03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juxtaposed immigration controls at <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Brussel-Zuid/Bruxelles-Midi railway station</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Belgium)" title="Federal Police (Belgium)">Belgian Federal Police</a> carrying out exit immigration checks from the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> in front, and the <a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">UK Border Force</a> carrying UK entry immigration checks behind.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UK Border Force checkpoint at the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal, where entry checks are carried out before boarding the train to the UK."><img alt="UK Border Force checkpoint at the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal, where entry checks are carried out before boarding the train to the UK." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg/120px-Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg/180px-Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg/240px-Eurotunnel_Coquelles_UK_Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">UK Border Force</a> checkpoint at the <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Calais_Terminal" title="Eurotunnel Calais Terminal">Eurotunnel Calais Terminal</a>, where entry checks are carried out before boarding the train to the UK.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="French Border Police checkpoint at London St Pancras International station, where entry immigration checks to the Schengen Area are carried out before boarding the train."><img alt="French Border Police checkpoint at London St Pancras International station, where entry immigration checks to the Schengen Area are carried out before boarding the train." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG/120px-London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG/180px-London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG/240px-London-St_Pancras-French-immigration-control.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/French_Border_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="French Border Police">French Border Police</a> checkpoint at <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">London St Pancras International station</a>, where entry immigration checks to the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> are carried out before boarding the train.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>United States: The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> operates <a href="/wiki/United_States_border_preclearance" title="United States border preclearance">border preclearance facilities</a> at a number of ports and airports in foreign territory. They are staffed and operated by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> officers. Travellers pass through the U.S. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a> inspections before boarding their aircraft, ship, or train. This process is intended to streamline border procedures, reduce congestion at ports of entry, and facilitate travel between the preclearance location and American airports unequipped to handle international travellers. These facilities are present at the majority of major Canadian airports, as well as selected airports in Bermuda, Aruba, the Bahamas, Abu Dhabi<a href="#cite_note-364">[316]</a> and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-365">[317]</a> Facilities located in Canada accept <a href="/wiki/NEXUS" title="NEXUS">NEXUS</a> cards and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Passport_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Passport Card">United States Passport cards</a> (land/sea entry only) in lieu of passports. A preclearance facility is currently being planned at <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[318]</a> Citizens of the Bahamas who enter United States through either of the two preclearance facilities in that country enjoy an exemption from the general requirement to hold a visa as long as they can sufficiently prove that they do not have a significant criminal record in either the Bahamas or the U.S. All Bahamians applying for admission at a port-of-entry other than the preclearance facilities located in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau International Airport">Nassau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freeport_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeport International Airport">Freeport International</a> airports are required to be in possession of a valid visa.<a href="#cite_note-367">[319]</a> Preclearance facilities are also operated at <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Central_Station" title="Pacific Central Station">Pacific Central Station</a>, the Port of Vancouver, and the Port of Victoria in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and there are plans to open one at <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Central_Station" title="Montreal Central Station">Montreal Central Station</a> in Quebec.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior of the U.S. preclearance departures at Montréal."><img alt="The interior of the U.S. preclearance departures at Montréal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG/120px-YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG/180px-YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG/240px-YUL_U.S._Departures_Sector.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior of the U.S. preclearance departures at Montréal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shannon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shannon Airport preclearance"><img alt="Shannon Airport preclearance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shannon2.jpg/120px-Shannon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shannon2.jpg/180px-Shannon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shannon2.jpg/240px-Shannon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a> preclearance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian and U.S. stamps in an U.S. passport, both issued in Montréal"><img alt="Canadian and U.S. stamps in an U.S. passport, both issued in Montréal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG/120px-Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG/180px-Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG/240px-Stamps_in_a_United_States_passport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canadian and U.S. stamps in an <a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">U.S. passport</a>, both issued in <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport">Montréal</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Informal prescreening: In some cases countries can introduce controls that function as border controls but are not border controls legally and do not need to be performed by government agencies. Normally they are performed and organised by private companies, based on a law that they have to check that passengers do not travel into a specific country if they are not allowed to. Such controls can take effect in one country based on the law of another country without any formalised border control prescreening agreement in force. Even if they are not border controls function as such. The most prominent example is airlines which check passports and visas before passengers are allowed to board the aircraft. Also for some passenger boats, such checks are performed before boarding.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedited_border_controls">Expedited border controls</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Expedited border controls">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automated_border_control_system" title="Automated border control system">Automated border control system</a></div> Certain countries and trade blocs establish programmes for high-frequency and/or low risk travellers to expedite border controls, subjecting them to lighter or automated checks, or priority border control facilities. In some countries, citizens or residents have access to automated facilities not available to foreigners. The following expedited border control programmes are currently in effect: <ul><li>APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC): The <a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a>, or ABTC, is an expedited border control programme for business travellers from <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> economies (excluding Canada and America). It provides visa exemptions and access to expedited border control facilities. ABTC holders are eligible for expedited border control at Canadian airports but not for any visa exemptions. ABTCs are generally issued only to citizens of APEC member countries, however Hong Kong issues them to Permanent Residents who are not Chinese citizens, a category primarily consisting of British, Indian, and Pakistani citizens. The use of ABTCs in China is restricted as a result of the <a href="/wiki/One_Country,_Two_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="One Country, Two Systems">One Country, Two Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_China_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One China Policy">One China</a> policies. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationals</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong residents">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau_Resident_Identity_Card" title="Macau Resident Identity Card">Macau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Republic of China</a><a href="#cite_note-ROC-68">[n]</a> are required to use special internal travel documents to enter <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">the mainland</a>. Similar restrictions exist on the use of ABTC for Chinese citizens of other regions entering areas administered by the Republic of China. (see: <a href="#Internal_border_controls">Internal border controls</a>).</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: <a href="/wiki/SmartGate" title="SmartGate">SmartGates</a> located at major Australian airports allow <a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Australian ePassport</a> holders and <a href="/wiki/EPassport" class="mw-redirect" title="EPassport">ePassport</a> holders of a number of other countries to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and to enhance travel security by performing passport control checks electronically.<a href="#cite_note-newshub-368">[320]</a> SmartGate uses <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a> to verify the traveller's identity against the data stored in the chip in their <a href="/wiki/Biometric_passport" title="Biometric passport">biometric passport</a>, as well as checking against immigration databases. Travellers require a biometric passport to use SmartGate as it uses information from the passport (such as photograph, name and date of birth) and in the respective countries' databases (i.e. banned travellers database) to decide whether to grant entry or departure from Australia or to generate a referral to a customs agent.<a href="#cite_note-369">[321]</a> These checks would otherwise require manual processing by a human which is time-consuming, costly and potentially error-prone.<a href="#cite_note-oag.govt.nz-370">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> British Isles: <a href="/wiki/EPassport_gates" title="EPassport gates">ePassport gates</a> in the British Isles are operated by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Border Force">UK Border Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a>, and are located at immigration checkpoints in the arrival halls of some airports across the British Isles, offering an alternative to using desks staffed by immigration officers. The gates use <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a> to verify the user's identity by comparing the user's facial features to those recorded in the photograph stored in the chip in their <a href="/wiki/Biometric_passport" title="Biometric passport">biometric passport</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British</a> citizens, <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> citizens and citizens of <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese</a> citizens of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> who are enrolled in the Registered Traveller Service,<a href="#cite_note-371">[323]</a> can use ePassport gates at 14 ports of entry in the United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-372">[aw]</a> provided that they are aged either 18 and over or 12 and over travelling with an adult and holding valid <a href="/wiki/Biometric_passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric passports">biometric passports</a>. In Ireland, eGates are available at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a> for arrivals at Terminal 1 (Piers 1 and 2) and Terminal 2 and, in addition to Irish and British citizens, they are currently available to citizens of Switzerland and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> with electronic passports aged 18 or over though there are proposals to extend the service to non-European citizens. Irish Passport Cards can not be used at eGates.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/23px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/35px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/45px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a>: <a href="/wiki/CARIPASS" title="CARIPASS">CARIPASS</a> is a voluntary travel card programme that will provide secure and simple border crossings for citizens and legal residents of participating<a href="#cite_note-374">[ax]</a> Caribbean Community jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-375">[325]</a> The CARIPASS initiative is coordinated by the Implementation Agency for Crime and Security (CARICOM IMPACS), and seeks to provide standardised border control facilities within participating Caribbean communities.<a href="#cite_note-376">[326]</a> CARIPASS is accepted as a valid travel document within and between participating member states and will allow cardholders to access automated gate facilities at immigration checkpoints that will use biometric technology to verify the user.<a href="#cite_note-377">[327]</a></li> <li>China: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Mainland China: Residents in the PRC, both Chinese citizens and foreign residents (not tourists) can use the Chinese E-Channel after registration, which is done at the border, before leaving the Mainland. Chinese citizens with Hong Kong or Macau Permanent Residence can use their Home Return Permit instead of their passport to enter and leave the Mainland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Hong Kong & Macau: The <a href="/wiki/E-Channel" title="E-Channel">Automated Passenger Clearance System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 自助出入境檢查閘機), colloquially known as the e-Channel) is an automated border control facility available at airports in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau_International_Airport" title="Macau International Airport">Macau</a>, and at land borders between the mainland and the Special Administrative Regions. It is open to residents in the appropriate regions, and to selected foreign nationals.<a href="#cite_note-379">[ay]</a> In Hong Kong, the eChannel is also available to non-residents on departure, without registration, and to registered non-residents who qualify as "frequent travellers", including Chinese citizens from the Mainland, for both arrival and departure. Finally, Hong Kong's and Macau's eChannel systems recognise each other's Permanent Resident ID card, after registration in an automated kiosk at the ferry terminal.</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Along with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/J-BIS" title="J-BIS">J-BIS</a>, an "Automated gate" (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 自動化ゲート) was set up at Terminal 1 and 2 at <a href="/wiki/Narita_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Narita Airport">Narita Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Haneda Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chubu_Centrair_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chubu Centrair Airport">Chubu Centrair Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai Airport">Kansai Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-his-380">[329]</a> With this system, when a person enters or leaves the country, rather than having to be processed by an examiner there, a person can use a machine at the gate, thereby making both entry and departure simpler and easier, as well as more convenient.<a href="#cite_note-moj-381">[330]</a> Japanese people with valid passports, foreigners with both valid passports (this includes refugees with valid travel certificates and re-entry permits) and re-entry permits can use this system.<a href="#cite_note-moj-381">[330]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Viajero_Confiable" title="Viajero Confiable">Viajero Confiable</a> is a Mexican trusted traveller programme which allows members to pass securely through customs and immigration controls in reduced time,<a href="#cite_note-382">[331]</a> using automated kiosks at participating airports. Viajero Confiable was introduced in three airports in 2014 and has since expanded to additional sites. Like the NEXUS, Global Entry, and TSA PreCheck programs, Viajero Confiable members traveling via participating airports may use designated lanes which allow them to speedily and securely clear customs, because the Mexican government has already performed a background check on them, and they are considered a trusted traveller. At the participating airports, members may use automated kiosks to scan their passport and fingerprints, and complete an electronic immigration form.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The programme is targeted at Mexican citizens, as well as U.S. or Canadian citizens who are members of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Entry" title="Global Entry">Global Entry</a> or <a href="/wiki/NEXUS" title="NEXUS">NEXUS</a> programme and are lawful permanent residents of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-383">[332]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>: In New Zealand, a <a href="/wiki/SmartGate" title="SmartGate">SmartGate</a> system exists at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Queenstown airports,<a href="#cite_note-384">[333]</a> enabling holders of biometric passports issued by New Zealand, Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and America to clear border controls using automated facilities. The system can currently only be used by travellers 12 years of age or older, however a trial is under way that may potentially lower the age of eligibility to use eGate for people with an eligible ePassport from 12 years of age to 10 years of age. New Zealand eGates utilise biometric technology, comparing the picture of your face in your ePassport with the picture it takes of you at the gate in order to confirm your identity. To make sure eGate can do this, travellers must make sure they look as similar to their ePassport photos as possible and remove glasses, scarves and hats that they were not wearing when their passport picture was taken. eGate can handle minor changes in your face, for example if the travellers' weight or hair has changed. Customs, Biosecurity and Immigration officials utilise information provided at eGates, including photos, to clear travellers and their items across New Zealand's border. Biometric information is kept for three months before destruction but other information, including about movements across New Zealand's border is kept indefinitely and handled in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy_in_New_Zealand#Privacy_Act_1993" title="Right to privacy in New Zealand">Privacy Act 1993</a>, or as the law authorises. This might include information being used by or shared with other law enforcement or border control authorities. Since 1 July 2019, visitors from the 60 Visa Waiver countries require a New Zealand electronic Travel Authority (NZeTA). This is an online application and a further toolkit and requirements for airlines and travel agents can be downloaded from the New Zealand Immigration website.<a href="#cite_note-385">[334]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: The enhanced-Immigration Automated Clearance System (eIACS) is available at all checkpoints for Singapore citizens, permanent residents, foreign residents with long-term passes, <a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a> holders, and other registered travellers. Foreign visitors whose fingerprints are registered on arrival may use the eIACS lanes for exit clearance. In addition, the Biometric Identification of Motorbikers (BIKES) System is available for eligible motorcyclists at the land border crossings with Malaysia. Meanwhile, all visitors who have been fingerprinted on entry at a manned counter can use the eIACS to leave Singapore by air. Additionally, nationals of certain countries<a href="#cite_note-386">[az]</a> may register to use the eIACS system on entry, provided they meet prescribed conditions.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: South Korea maintains a programme known as the Smart Entry Service, open for registration by <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Koreans</a> aged 7 or above and by registered foreigners<a href="#cite_note-388">[ba]</a> aged 17 or above.<a href="#cite_note-389">[336]</a> Furthermore, visitors aged 17 or older may use the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airport.kr/ap_lp/en/arr/process/autimm/autimm.do">Smart Entry Service</a> on exit at international airports, as long as they have provided their biometrics on arrival.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>: An automated entry system, eGate, exists in areas administered by the Republic of China<a href="#cite_note-ROC-68">[n]</a> providing expedited border control for <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">ROC nationals</a> as well as certain classes of residents and frequent visitors. Users simply scan their travel documents at the gate and are passed through for facial recognition.<a href="#cite_note-390">[337]</a> As of 2019, there have been instances of foreign non-registered travellers allowed to use the eGate system to depart, notably at Taipei Taoyuan Airport Terminal 1, but not Terminal 2, using a passport scan and fingerprints.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: The automated passport control (APC) system, which uses a <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a>, has been available for Thai nationals since 2012 and more than 20 million have used it. <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a> opened 8 automated immigration lanes for foreigners, but only Singaporeans were allowed to use the system initially. Since then, Singaporeans and holders of the Hong Kong SAR passport have been allowed to use the system.<a href="#cite_note-HK-378">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[338]</a> Once processed, the foreign travellers can leave the automatic channel and present their passport to a Thai immigration officer to be stamped.<a href="#cite_note-HK-378">[328]</a></li> <li>North America: North America has a wide variety of expedited border control programmes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Global Entry: <a href="/wiki/Global_Entry" title="Global Entry">Global Entry</a> is a programme for frequent travellers that enables them to utilise automated border control facilities and priority security screening. In addition to U.S. citizens and Permanent Residents, the programme is open to Indian,<a href="#cite_note-392">[339]</a> Singaporean,<a href="#cite_note-393">[340]</a> and South Korean citizens among others. Global Entry members are eligible to use automated Global Entry facilities at certain airports to clear border control more efficiently. Enrolled users must present their <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable medium">machine-readable</a> passport or <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">permanent residency card</a>, and submit their fingerprints to establish identity. Users then complete an electronic <a href="/wiki/Customs_declaration" title="Customs declaration">customs declaration</a>, and are issued a receipt instructing them to either proceed to <a href="/wiki/Baggage_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggage claim">baggage claim</a>, or to a normal inspection booth for an interview.<a href="#cite_note-394">[341]</a> Participants may utilise automated kiosks to clear U.S. border controls at participating airports.<a href="#cite_note-USkiosk-396">[bb]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> CANPASS: Canadian citizens and Permanent Residents can apply for <a href="/wiki/CANPASS" title="CANPASS">CANPASS</a> which, in its present form, provides expedited border controls for individuals entering Canada on <a href="/wiki/Corporate_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate jet">corporate and private aircraft</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> NEXUS and FAST: <a href="/wiki/NEXUS_(frequent_traveler_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="NEXUS (frequent traveler program)">NEXUS</a> is a joint Canadian-U.S. expedited border control programme for low risk travellers holding Canadian or U.S. citizenship or permanent residence. Membership requires approval by Canadian and U.S. authorities and entitles members to dedicated RFID-enabled lanes when crossing the land border. A NEXUS card can also be utilised as a travel document between the two countries and entitles passengers to priority border control facilities in Canada and Global Entry facilities in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Secure_Trade" title="Free and Secure Trade">Free and Secure Trade</a> (FAST) is a similar programme for commercial drivers and approved importers, reducing the amount of customs checks conducted at the border and expediting the border control process. When entering the U.S. by air, holders of NEXUS cards may use Global Entry kiosks to clear border controls at participating airports<a href="#cite_note-USkiosk-396">[bb]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> SENTRI: <a href="/wiki/SENTRI" title="SENTRI">SENTRI</a> is a programme similar to NEXUS for U.S. and Mexican citizens that additionally allows members to register their cars for expedited land border controls. Unlike NEXUS, SENTRI is administered solely by the American government and does not provide expedited controls when entering Mexico. When entering United States by land from Canada, it can be used as a NEXUS card, but not the other way around. Individuals holding a NEXUS card may additionally register their cars for expedited land border controls under SENTRI. When entering United States by air, holders of SENTRI cards may use Global Entry kiosks to clear border controls at participating airports<a href="#cite_note-USkiosk-396">[bb]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> TSA PreCheck: <a href="/wiki/TSA_PreCheck" title="TSA PreCheck">TSA PreCheck</a> is a trusted traveller programme initiated in December 2013 and administered by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> that allows selected members of select <a href="/wiki/Frequent_flyer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequent flyer programs">frequent flyer programs</a>, members of <a href="/wiki/Global_Entry" title="Global Entry">Global Entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXUS" title="NEXUS">NEXUS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SENTRI" title="SENTRI">SENTRI</a>, members of the armed forces, and cadets and midshipmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States service academies</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[343]</a> After completing a background check, being fingerprinted,<a href="#cite_note-398">[344]</a> and paying an $85 fee, travellers will get a Known Traveler Number. TSA does not issue an ID card like Global Entry, NEXUS, and SENTRI do.<a href="#cite_note-PreCheck_FAQ-399">[345]</a> Travelers are notified if they have PreCheck by having an indicator printed on their boarding pass that may say "TSAPRECHK", "TSA PRE", or "TSA Pre✓®" depending on the airline and type of boarding pass.<a href="#cite_note-PreCheck_FAQ-399">[345]</a> As of December 2019, a total of 73 airlines were participating in the program.<a href="#cite_note-400">[346]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_border_traffic">Local border traffic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Local border traffic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_border_traffic" title="Local border traffic">Local border traffic</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Local_border_traffic" title="Local border traffic">local border traffic</a> is the flow of travellers that reside within the area surrounding a controlled international or internal border. In many cases local border traffic is subject to special regulations to expedite local border traffic.<a href="#cite_note-401">[347]</a> Depending on the particular border in question, these measures may be restricted to local residents, implemented as a blanket regional visa waiver by one jurisdiction for nationals of the other, restricted to frequent cross-border travellers, or available to individuals lawfully present in one jurisdiction seeking to visit the other. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> Schengen Area: Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-Schengen state are authorised by EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude bilateral agreements with neighbouring countries implementing a simplified local border traffic regime.<a href="#cite_note-402">[348]</a> Such agreements define a <a href="/wiki/Border_area" title="Border area">border area</a> and provide for the issuance of local border traffic permits to residents of the border area that may be used to cross the EU external border within the border area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relaxed_control_in_near-border_areas">Relaxed control in near-border areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Relaxed control in near-border areas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>: For example, the relaxed border controls maintained by Bhutan for those not proceeding past Phuentsholing and certain other border cities enable travellers to enter without going through any document check whatsoever.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> America: The <a href="/wiki/Border_Crossing_Card" title="Border Crossing Card">Border Crossing Card</a> issued by American authorities to Mexican nationals enables Mexicans to enter border areas without a passport.<a href="#cite_note-405">[bc]</a> Both United States and Bhutan maintain <a href="#Internal_borders">interior checkposts</a> to enforce compliance.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: China maintains relaxed border controls for individuals lawfully in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> to visit the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> visa-free provided that certain conditions are met.<a href="#cite_note-407">[bd]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> The "Brest – Grodno" visa free territory, established by a presidential decree signed in August 2019 has permitted local visa free access to most visitors lawfully present in the neighbouring Schengen Area since 10 November 2019.<a href="#cite_note-408">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[353]</a> Visitors are allowed to stay without a visa for 15 days. Entry is possible through designated checkpoints with Poland and Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-410">[be]</a> Brest-Uschodni Railway Station, Grodno Railway Station, <a href="/wiki/Brest_Airport" title="Brest Airport">Brest Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hrodna_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna Airport">Grodno Airport</a>. Prior to travel, visitors must obtain authorisation from a local travel agency in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-411">[354]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ePassport gates in Heathrow Airport (Terminal 4)"><img alt="ePassport gates in Heathrow Airport (Terminal 4)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg/120px-Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg/180px-Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg/240px-Heathrow_Terminal_4_ePassport_gates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="953" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">ePassport gates in <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> (Terminal 4)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ePassport gates in Heathrow Airport (Terminal 5)"><img alt="ePassport gates in Heathrow Airport (Terminal 5)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg/120px-Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg/180px-Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg/240px-Heathrow_Terminal_5_ePassport_gates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">ePassport gates in <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> (Terminal 5)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkairport_echannel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="e-Channel machines at Hong Kong International Airport"><img alt="e-Channel machines at Hong Kong International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hkairport_echannel.JPG/120px-Hkairport_echannel.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hkairport_echannel.JPG/180px-Hkairport_echannel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hkairport_echannel.JPG/240px-Hkairport_echannel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">e-Channel machines at Hong Kong International Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smartgate Departures at Sydney Airport"><img alt="Smartgate Departures at Sydney Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg/120px-SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg/180px-SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg/240px-SmartGateDeparturesSYD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smartgate Departures at Sydney Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:J-VIS_gate_E.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Automated immigration at Narita Airport"><img alt="Automated immigration at Narita Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/J-VIS_gate_E.svg/120px-J-VIS_gate_E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/J-VIS_gate_E.svg/180px-J-VIS_gate_E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/J-VIS_gate_E.svg/240px-J-VIS_gate_E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="363" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Automated immigration at Narita Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Entry_participants.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Countries whose citizens are eligible for Global Entry"><img alt="Countries whose citizens are eligible for Global Entry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Global_Entry_participants.svg/120px-Global_Entry_participants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Global_Entry_participants.svg/180px-Global_Entry_participants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Global_Entry_participants.svg/240px-Global_Entry_participants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1399" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Countries whose citizens are eligible for Global Entry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NEXUSCard.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample NEXUS card"><img alt="Sample NEXUS card" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NEXUSCard.png/120px-NEXUSCard.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NEXUSCard.png/180px-NEXUSCard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NEXUSCard.png/240px-NEXUSCard.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="221" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sample NEXUS card</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NexusLane.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A NEXUS lane at the American side of the Ambassador Bridge"><img alt="A NEXUS lane at the American side of the Ambassador Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/NexusLane.JPG/120px-NexusLane.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/NexusLane.JPG/180px-NexusLane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/NexusLane.JPG/240px-NexusLane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A NEXUS lane at the American side of the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="  Full members of the scheme   Transitional members (America and Canada)"><img alt="Full members of the scheme  Transitional members (America and Canada)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg/120px-APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg/180px-APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg/240px-APEC_Business_Travel_Card_Member_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Full members of the scheme</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Transitional members (America and Canada)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_Crossing_Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The front of the updated version of the Border Crossing Card issued to Mexican nationals"><img alt="The front of the updated version of the Border Crossing Card issued to Mexican nationals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Border_Crossing_Card.jpg/120px-Border_Crossing_Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Border_Crossing_Card.jpg/180px-Border_Crossing_Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Border_Crossing_Card.jpg/240px-Border_Crossing_Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="635" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front of the updated version of the Border Crossing Card issued to Mexican nationals</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Border_control_organisations_by_country">Border control organisations by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Border control organisations by country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (March 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Border_control_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Border control organisations">List of Border control organisations</a></div> Border control is generally the responsibility of specialised government organisations which oversee various aspects their jurisdiction's border control policies, including <a href="#Customs">customs</a>, <a href="#Immigration_law_and_policy">immigration policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border guard</a>, <a href="#Biosecurity">biosecurity measures</a>. Official designations, division of responsibilities, and command structures of these organisations vary considerably and some countries split border control functions across multiple agencies. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg/220px-CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg/330px-CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg/440px-CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4064" /></a><figcaption> US customs and border officers boarding a ship at the border.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Border_Force" title="Australian Border Force">Australian Border Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship_Canada" title="Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada">Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/Canada_Customs_and_Revenue_Agency" title="Canada Customs and Revenue Agency">Canada Customs and Revenue Agency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Transport_Security_Authority" title="Canadian Air Transport Security Authority">Canadian Air Transport Security Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration Department (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Security Police Force of Macau">Public Security Police Force of Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Assam_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assam Rifles">The Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Immigration_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General of Immigration (Indonesia)">Directorate General of Immigration (Indonesia)</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Immigration_Bureau" title="Garda National Immigration Bureau">Garda National Immigration Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Commissioners" title="Revenue Commissioners">Revenue Commissioners</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li>The Immigration & Passport Police Office, a subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran">Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li>Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command ("NAJA Border Guard"), a subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran">Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_of_Malaysia" title="Immigration Department of Malaysia">Immigration Department of Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> <ul><li>Border Security Command</li> <li>Coastal Security Bureau</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Corps" title="Frontier Corps">Frontier Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%88%92Baltistan_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts">Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Customs" title="Pakistan Customs">Pakistan Customs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Border_and_Coast_Guard_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Border and Coast Guard Agency">European Border and Coast Guard Agency</a> (Frontex)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direction_centrale_de_la_police_aux_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction centrale de la police aux frontières">Direction centrale de la police aux frontières</a> (a directorate of the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_(France)" title="National Police (France)">French National Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_douanes_et_droits_indirects" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects">Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects</a> (DGDDI)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Border_Guard" title="Finnish Border Guard">Finnish Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Customs" title="Finnish Customs">Finnish Customs</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">Federal Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeszollverwaltung" title="Bundeszollverwaltung">Bundeszollverwaltung</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato" title="Polizia di Stato">Polizia di Stato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arma_dei_Carabinieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arma dei Carabinieri">Arma dei Carabinieri</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marechaussee" title="Royal Marechaussee">Koninklijke Marechaussee</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: Royal Military Constabulary), a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Dutch Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">Fiscal Information and Investigation Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Corps_(Spain)" title="National Police Corps (Spain)">Cuerpo Nacional de Policia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Customs Surveillance Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Federal Department of Justice and Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Police" title="Federal Office of Police">Federal Office of Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Federal Department of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Border_Guard" title="Swiss Border Guard">Swiss Border Guard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Police_Authority" title="Swedish Police Authority">Swedish Border Police</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li>Korean Immigration Service, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Justice (South Korea)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Customs_Service" title="Korea Customs Service">Korea Customs Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Checkpoints_Authority" title="Immigration and Checkpoints Authority">Immigration and Checkpoints Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Agency" title="National Immigration Agency">National Immigration Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Administration,_Ministry_of_Finance" title="Customs Administration, Ministry of Finance">Customs Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Border Force">UK Border Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Enforcement" title="Immigration Enforcement">Immigration Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> (CBP), a division of the <a href="/wiki/DHS" class="mw-redirect" title="DHS">DHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a>, or ICE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian Border Security Agency officers and police in Vancouver"><img alt="Canadian Border Security Agency officers and police in Vancouver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg/120px-CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg/180px-CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg/240px-CBSA_and_Vancouver_Police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="319" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canadian Border Security Agency officers and police in Vancouver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Automated passport control kiosks at Toronto Pearson International Airport"><img alt="Automated passport control kiosks at Toronto Pearson International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png/120px-Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png/180px-Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png/240px-Self_service_kiosks_yyz.png 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1340" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Automated passport control kiosks at Toronto Pearson International Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Immigration Agency headquarters in Taipei."><img alt="National Immigration Agency headquarters in Taipei." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg/120px-ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg/180px-ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg/240px-ROC-MOI_National_Immigration_Agency_entry_20170107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">National Immigration Agency headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BSF_Insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of the Indian Border Security Force"><img alt="Insignia of the Indian Border Security Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BSF_Insignia.svg/120px-BSF_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BSF_Insignia.svg/180px-BSF_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BSF_Insignia.svg/240px-BSF_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="396" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of the Indian Border Security Force</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protests against Frontex in Warsaw in 2008"><img alt="Protests against Frontex in Warsaw in 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg/120px-Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg/180px-Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg/240px-Migrant_hunting_EU_agency_-_Shut_Down_FRONTEX_Warsaw_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protests against Frontex in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Department of Homeland Security, the umbrella agency responsible for border control in the United States"><img alt="Emblem of the Department of Homeland Security, the umbrella agency responsible for border control in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="247" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the Department of Homeland Security, the umbrella agency responsible for border control in the United States</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> Certain border control policies of various countries have been the subject of controversy and public debate. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> Australia: <ul><li>Offshore detention centres: Beginning in 2001, Australia implemented border control policies featuring the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Solution" title="Pacific Solution">detention of asylum seekers and economic migrants</a> who arrived unlawfully by boat in nearby islands in the Pacific. These policies are controversial and in 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea">Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea</a> declared the detention centre at <a href="/wiki/Manus_Regional_Processing_Centre" title="Manus Regional Processing Centre">Manus Island</a> to be unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-412">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[356]</a> The adherence of these policies to international human rights law is a matter of controversy.</li> <li>Travel restrictions on Australian citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia adopted a policy of denying entry to its own citizens arriving from jurisdictions perceived to pose a high risk of COVID-19 transmission.<a href="#cite_note-abcAUSban-414">[357]</a> Additionally, Australia adopted a broad policy of restricting entry to the country for all individuals located overseas, including Australian citizens, resulting in a large number of Australian citizens stranded abroad.<a href="#cite_note-f24AUSban-415">[358]</a> Australia's policies with regard to its own citizens undermined the principle in international law that a state must permit entry to its own citizens, as enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. At the same time, the Australian government prohibited the majority of Australian citizens from exiting the country, even if they ordinarily reside overseas.<a href="#cite_note-416">[359]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/220px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/330px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/440px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Lhotshampa refugees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beldangi_refugee_camps" title="Beldangi refugee camps">Beldangi camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The man is holding a <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_passport" title="Bhutanese passport">Bhutanese passport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Bhutan: Starting primarily in the 1990s, the Bhutanese government implemented strict restrictions on the country's ethnically Nepali <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a> population and implemented internal border control policies to restrict immigration or return of ethnic Nepalis, creating a <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">refugee crisis</a>. This policy shift effectively ended previously liberal immigration policies with regards to Nepalis and counts among the most racialised border control policies in Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> China: China does not currently <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors#China" title="North Korean defectors">recognise North Korean defectors</a> as refugees and subjects them to immediate deportation if caught. The China-DPRK border is fortified and both sides aim to deter refugees from crossing. This aspect of Chinese border control policy has been criticised by human rights organisations.<a href="#cite_note-417">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[361]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Cyprus: As a result of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>'s sovereignty dispute with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Southern Cyprus</a>, the South (a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) has imposed restrictions on the North's airports, and pressure from the European Union has resulted in all countries other than Turkey recognising the South's ability to impose a border shutdown on the North, thus negating the right to <a href="/wiki/Self_determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Self determination">self determination</a> of the predominantly Turkish Northern Cypriot population and subjecting their airports to border controls imposed by the predominantly Greek South.<a href="#cite_note-419">[362]</a> As a result, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic support and is unable to develop a functioning economy.<a href="#cite_note-indepuni-420">[363]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> Israel: Border control, both on entry and on exit, at Israeli airports rate passengers' potential threat to security using factors including nationality, ethnicity, and race.<a href="#cite_note-421">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[365]</a> Instances of discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, people perceived to be Muslim, and Russian Jews among others have been reported in the media.<a href="#cite_note-423">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[367]</a> Security at Tel Aviv's <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a> relies on a number of fundamentals, including a heavy focus on what Raphael Ron, former director of security at Ben Gurion, terms the "human factor", which he generalised as "the inescapable fact that <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack">terrorist attacks</a> are carried out by people who can be found and stopped by an effective security methodology."<a href="#cite_note-425">[368]</a> As part of its focus on this so-called "human factor", Israeli security officers interrogate travellers, <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">profiling</a> those who appear to be Arab based on name or physical appearance.<a href="#cite_note-426">[369]</a> Even as Israeli authorities argue that <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racist, ethnic, and religious profiling</a> are effective security measures, according to <a href="/wiki/Boaz_Ganor" title="Boaz Ganor">Boaz Ganor</a>, Israel has not undertaken any known empirical studies on the efficacy of the technique of racial profiling.<a href="#cite_note-427">[370]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula_(detention_center)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ursula_%28detention_center%29_2.jpg/220px-Ursula_%28detention_center%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ursula_%28detention_center%29_2.jpg/330px-Ursula_%28detention_center%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ursula_%28detention_center%29_2.jpg/440px-Ursula_%28detention_center%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Children detained by the American government pictured in a wire-mesh cage. (Photo taken by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_and_Border_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Customs and Border Protection">United States Customs and Border Protection</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm/220px-seek%3D2-Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="468" data-mwtitle="Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm/Crying_children_who_have_been_separated_from_their_families_at_the_U.S._border.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> recording of crying children separated from their families.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> United States <ul><li>Policies targeting Muslims: Since the implementation of added security measures in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">2001 World Trade Centre attacks</a>, reports of discrimination against people perceived to be Muslim by American border security officers have been prevalent in the media.<a href="#cite_note-428">[371]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">travel restrictions</a> implemented during the Trump presidency primarily against Muslim majority countries have provoked controversy over whether such measures are a legitimate <a href="#Border_security">Border security</a> measure or unethically discriminatory.</li> <li>Separation of families seeking asylum: In April 2018, as part of its "<a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a>" policy, the American government ordered the separation of the children of refugees and asylum seekers from their parents. As a consequence of popular outrage,<a href="#cite_note-432">[bf]</a> and criticism from the medical<a href="#cite_note-437">[bg]</a> and religious<a href="#cite_note-441">[bh]</a> communities, the policy was put on hold by an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> signed by Trump on 20 June 2018. Under the policy, federal authorities separated children from their parents, relatives, or other adults who accompanied them in crossing the border, whether apprehended during an illegal crossing or, in numerous reported cases, legally presenting themselves for <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">asylum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[382]</a> The policy involved prosecuting all adults detained at the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexican border</a>, imprisoning parents, and handing minors to the American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Departamento de Salud y Servicios Sociales de los Estados Unidos).<a href="#cite_note-443">[383]</a> The federal government reported that the policy resulted in the separation of over 2300 children from their parents.<a href="#cite_note-444">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[385]</a> The Trump administration blamed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> for the atrocity and labelled the change in policy as "the Democrats' law", even though Congress had been overwhelmingly dominated by Republicans since 2016. Regardless, members of both parties criticised the policy and detractors of the Trump administration emphasise the fact there does not seem to be any written law that required the government to implement such a policy.<a href="#cite_note-446">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-Long-447">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, in defending the policy, quoted a passage from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, notwithstanding the fact that religious doctrine carries absolutely no weight in American law.<a href="#cite_note-Long-447">[387]</a> Other officials praised the policy as a deterrent to unlawful immigration.<a href="#cite_note-448">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[389]</a> The costs of separating migrant children from their parents and keeping them in "tent cities" are higher than keeping them with their parents in detention centres.<a href="#cite_note-Ainsley-450">[390]</a> To handle the large amount of immigration charges brought by the Trump administration, federal prosecutors had to divert resources from other crime cases.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-451">[391]</a> It costs $775 per person per night to house the children when they are separated but $256 per person per night when they are held in permanent HHS facilities and $298 per person per night to keep the children with their parents in immigration detention centres.<a href="#cite_note-Ainsley-450">[390]</a> The head of the Justice Department's major crimes unit in San Diego diverted staff from drug smuggling cases.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-451">[391]</a> Drug smuggling cases were also increasingly pursued in state courts rather than federal courts, as federal prosecutor were increasingly preoccupied with pursuing charges against illegal border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-451">[391]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a> said that costs associated with the policy may also divert resources from programmes within the Department of Health and Human Services.<a href="#cite_note-452">[392]</a> In July 2018, it was reported that HHS had diverted at least $40 million from its health programs to care for and reunify migrant children, and that the HHS was preparing to shift more than $200 million from other HHS accounts.<a href="#cite_note-453">[393]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_no_return.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean border"><img alt="Korean border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bridge_of_no_return.jpg/120px-Bridge_of_no_return.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bridge_of_no_return.jpg/180px-Bridge_of_no_return.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bridge_of_no_return.jpg/240px-Bridge_of_no_return.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1196" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korean border</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night."><img alt="The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg/120px-India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg/180px-India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg/240px-India-Pakistan_Border_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_Arch,_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Peace Arch at the Canada–United States border, the longest common border in the world."><img alt="The Peace Arch at the Canada–United States border, the longest common border in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peace_Arch%2C_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg/120px-Peace_Arch%2C_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peace_Arch%2C_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg/180px-Peace_Arch%2C_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peace_Arch%2C_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg/240px-Peace_Arch%2C_U.S.-Canada_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1542" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Arch" title="Peace Arch">Peace Arch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>, the longest common border in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aranyaprathet_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thailand-Cambodia"><img alt="Thailand-Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aranyaprathet_border.jpg/120px-Aranyaprathet_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aranyaprathet_border.jpg/180px-Aranyaprathet_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aranyaprathet_border.jpg/240px-Aranyaprathet_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="519" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thailand-Cambodia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wagah border crossing between India and Pakistan along the Radcliffe Line."><img alt="The Wagah border crossing between India and Pakistan along the Radcliffe Line." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/120px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/180px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/240px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a> border crossing between India and Pakistan along the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Ysidro, California, United States with memorial coffins for those killed crossing this border. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated."><img alt="Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Ysidro, California, United States with memorial coffins for those killed crossing this border. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/120px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/180px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/240px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Border at <a href="/wiki/Tijuana,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana, Mexico">Tijuana</a>, Mexico and <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ysidro, California">San Ysidro</a>, California, United States with memorial coffins for those killed crossing this border. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Schmilka_021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbe at the German-Czech border crossing"><img alt="Elbe at the German-Czech border crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2016_Schmilka_021.jpg/120px-2016_Schmilka_021.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2016_Schmilka_021.jpg/180px-2016_Schmilka_021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2016_Schmilka_021.jpg/240px-2016_Schmilka_021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3743" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elbe at the German-Czech border crossing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaalimaa_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaalimaa's border crossing along the European route E18 on the Finnish side of the Russian border in Virolahti, Finland"><img alt="Vaalimaa's border crossing along the European route E18 on the Finnish side of the Russian border in Virolahti, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vaalimaa_1.jpg/120px-Vaalimaa_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vaalimaa_1.jpg/180px-Vaalimaa_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vaalimaa_1.jpg/240px-Vaalimaa_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vaalimaa" title="Vaalimaa">Vaalimaa</a>'s border crossing along the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">European route E18</a> on the Finnish side of the <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Finland–Russia border">Russian border</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virolahti" title="Virolahti">Virolahti</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Huis_Baarle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House on Chaamseweg street in Baarle, village that is divided between Belgium and Netherlands. State border is marked by the line of white plates on the sidewalk"><img alt="House on Chaamseweg street in Baarle, village that is divided between Belgium and Netherlands. State border is marked by the line of white plates on the sidewalk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Huis_Baarle.jpg/120px-Huis_Baarle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Huis_Baarle.jpg/180px-Huis_Baarle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Huis_Baarle.jpg/240px-Huis_Baarle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="415" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">House on Chaamseweg street in Baarle, village that is divided between Belgium and Netherlands. State border is marked by the line of white plates on the sidewalk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jordan-Israel (Aquaba-Arava)"><img alt="Jordan-Israel (Aquaba-Arava)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg/120px-Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg/180px-Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg/240px-Arava_Aquaba_Border_-_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1387" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jordan-Israel (Aquaba-Arava)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Car of the German Border Patrol"><img alt="Car of the German Border Patrol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG/120px-2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG/180px-2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG/240px-2006-08_Bundespolizei_VW_Transporter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="1261" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Car of the German Border Patrol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyclepath on the border of The Netherlands (cyclepath) and Germany (gravelroad)"><img alt="Cyclepath on the border of The Netherlands (cyclepath) and Germany (gravelroad)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Fietspad_op_de_grens_Nederland-Duitsland_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cyclepath on the border of The Netherlands (cyclepath) and Germany (gravelroad)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">Asylum seeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">Airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_sovereignty" title="Air sovereignty">Air sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_entry" title="Illegal entry">Illegal entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">Maritime boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 36em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dummett" title="Ann Dummett">Ann Dummett</a>, an activist for racial equality, criticised the legislation, saying that "there is no indication at all in our nationality law of ethnic origin being a criterion. But the purpose of the law since 1981, and the manner in which it is implemented, make sure that ethnic origin is in fact and in practice a deciding factor."<a href="#cite_note-statewatch-19">[19]</a> Ms Dummett also said that "the 1981 Nationality Act in effect gave full British citizenship to a group of whom at least 96% are white people, and the other, less favourable forms of British nationality to groups who are at least 98% non-white"<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> In March 1996, there was a submission to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination of United Nations. The committee criticised the arrangements of the BN(O) nationality under "Principal subjects of concern": "The Government's statement that South Asian residents of Hong Kong are granted some form of British nationality, whether that of a British National Overseas (BNO) or a British Overseas Citizen (BOC), so that no resident of Hong Kong would be left stateless following the transfer of sovereignty is noted with interest. It is, however, a matter of concern that such status does not grant the bearer the right of abode in the United Kingdom and contrasts with the full citizenship status conferred upon a predominantly white population living in another dependent territory. It is noted that most of the persons holding BNO or BOC status are Asians and that judgements on applications for citizenship appear to vary according to the country of origin, which leads to the assumption that this practice reveals elements of racial discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-unhchr-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> For example, the legislative councilor <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Ip_Man-Hing" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Ip Man-Hing">Henrietta Ip</a> criticised the idea of British National (Overseas) and again urged the UK Parliament, to grant full British citizenship to Hong Kong's British nationals in the council meeting held on 5 July 1989, saying that "we were born and live under British rule on British land.... It is therefore... our right to ask that you should give us back a place of abode so that we can continue to live under British rule on British land if we so wish.... I represent most of all those who live here to firmly request and demand you to grant us the right to full British citizenship so that we can, if we so wish, live in the United Kingdom, our Motherland... I say to you that the right of abode in the United Kingdom is the best and the only definitive guarantee.... With your failure to give us such a guarantee, reluctant as I may, I must advise the people of Hong Kong, and urgently now, each to seek for themselves a home of last resort even if they have to leave to do so. I do so because, as a legislator, my duty is with the people first and the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong second, although the two are so interdependent on each other...." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The legislation is sometimes compared with <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, a former colony of Portugal, where many residents of Chinese descent were granted right of abode in Portugal when Macau was still under colonial rule. They were not deprived of their right of abode after the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">transfer of sovereignty over Macau</a> in 1999, their <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_passport" title="Portuguese passport">Portuguese passports</a> and citizenship are valid and inheritable, and it turned out that many of them still choose to stay in Macau. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Then <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Home_Secretary" title="Shadow Home Secretary">Shadow Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Straw (politician)">Jack Straw</a>, said in a letter to the then <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a> dated 30 January 1997 that a claim that British National (Overseas) status amounts to British nationality "is pure <a href="/wiki/Sophistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophistry">sophistry</a>".<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The Economist also wrote critically in an article published on 3 July 1997 that "the failure to offer citizenship to most of Hong Kong's residents was shameful", and "it was the height of cynicism to hand 6m people over to a regime of proven brutality without allowing them any means to move elsewhere." The article commented that the real reason that the new <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour government</a> still refused to give full British citizenship to other British Dependent Territories Citizens in around 1997 – because the United Kingdom was waiting until Hong Kong had been disposed of – "would be seen as highly cynical", as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Symons,_Baroness_Symons_of_Vernham_Dean" title="Elizabeth Symons, Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean">Baroness Symons</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> minister, has conceded.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Bantustans within the borders of South Africa were classified as "self-governing" or "independent" and theoretically had some sovereign powers. Independent Bantustans (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei; also known as the TBVC states) were intended to be fully sovereign. In reality, they had no economic infrastructure worth mentioning and with few exceptions encompassed swaths of disconnected territory. This meant all the Bantustans were little more than puppet states controlled by South Africa. Throughout the existence of the independent Bantustans, South Africa remained the only country to recognise their independence. Nevertheless, internal organisations of many countries, as well as the South African government, lobbied for their recognition. For example, upon the foundation of Transkei, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss-South_African_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-South African Association">Swiss-South African Association</a> encouraged the Swiss government to recognise the new state. In 1976, leading up to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> resolution urging the President to not recognise Transkei, the South African government intensely lobbied lawmakers to oppose the bill. While the bill fell short of its needed two-thirds vote, a simple majority of lawmakers nevertheless supported the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> Each TBVC state extended recognition to the other independent Bantustans while South Africa showed its commitment to the notion of TBVC sovereignty by building embassies in the TBVC capitals. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> In South Africa, pass laws were designed to segregate the population, manage urbanisation, and allocate migrant labour. Also known as the natives law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only blacks, but other peoples as well (e.g. Asians) by requiring them to carry pass books when outside their homelands or designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws would be one of the dominant features of the country's <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system, until it was effectively ended in 1986. The first internal passports in South Africa were introduced on 27 June 1797 by the <a href="/wiki/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney" title="George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney">Earl Macartney</a> in an attempt to prevent natives from entering the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-report-1920-39">[32]</a> In 1896 the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> brought in two pass laws which required Africans to carry a metal badge and only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand. Those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass which entitled them to remain for three days.<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as "white" and required all black African men in cities and towns to carry around permits called "passes" at all times. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested immediately and sent to a rural area. It was replaced in 1945 by the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, which imposed "influx control" on black men, and also set up guidelines for removing people deemed to be living idle lives from urban areas. This act outlined requirements for African peoples' "qualification" to reside legally in white metropolitan areas.<a href="#cite_note-OMalley-41">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Thousands of Gujaratis returned to Uganda after Yoweri Museveni, the subsequent head of state of Uganda, criticised Idi Amin's policies and invited them to return.<a href="#cite_note-toi-36">[30]</a> According to Museveni, "Gujaratis have played a lead role in Uganda's social and industrial development. I knew that this community can do wonders for my country and they have been doing it for last many decades." The Gujaratis have resurfaced in Uganda and helped rebuild the economy of East Africa, and are financially well settled.<a href="#cite_note-toi-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The 145 states which are parties to the convention are required to provide travel documents to refugees lawfully residing within their territory as per Article 28 of the convention. Refugee travel documents issued pursuant to Article 28 by certain states cannot be used for travel to the bearer's country of citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-45">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-baseline-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baseline_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baseline_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baseline_55-2">c</a> Normally, the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognised by the coastal state. This is either the low-water mark closest to the shore, or alternatively it may be an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land, provided that some portion of elevations exposed at low tide but covered at high tide (like mud flats) is within 5.6 km of permanently exposed land. Straight baselines can alternatively be defined connecting fringing islands along a coast, across the mouths of rivers, or with certain restrictions across the mouths of bays. In this case, a bay is defined as "a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation". The baseline across the bay must also be no more than 44 km in length. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> All "archipelagic waters" within the outermost islands of an <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic state</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> are also considered internal waters, and are treated the same with the exception that innocent passage through them must be allowed. However, archipelagic states may designate certain sea lanes through these waters. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> All goods transported by water between American ports must be carried on ships that have been constructed in the United States and that fly the American flag, are owned by American citizens, and are crewed by American citizens and/or permanent residents </li> <li id="cite_note-ROC-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROC_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC_68-4">e</a> The area under the definition consists of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 台灣)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 澎湖)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 金門; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Jīnmén)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 馬祖列島; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Other nearby islands</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Defined as: the carriage of goods or passengers from any port or place in India to any other port or place in India or Sri Lanka<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-67">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> For instance, a Boston-Toronto-Seattle itinerary.<a href="#cite_note-71">[56]</a> Such services are currently considered to constitute cabotage and are not permitted.<a href="#cite_note-72">[57]</a> In 2002, American authorities fined <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines" title="Asiana Airlines">Asiana Airlines</a> for selling tickets from the mainland US to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> via Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-73">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> About 20 countries and regions now have such zones including <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> have unofficial ADIZs as well.<a href="#cite_note-Abeyratne-75">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJNov13-76">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Hungary completed the construction of 175 kilometres of fencing between with Serbia in September 2015 and on the border with Croatia in October 2015 to stop unauthorised border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a> In April 2016, Hungarian government announced construction of reinforcements of the barrier, which it described as "temporary".<a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a> In July 2016, nearly 1,300 migrants were "stuck" on the Serbian side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a> In August 2016, Orbán announced that Hungary will build another larger barrier on its southern border.<a href="#cite_note-136">[119]</a> On 28 April 2017, the Hungarian government announced it had completed a second fence, 155 kilometres long with Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[121]</a> On 24 September 2015, Hungary began building fence on its border with <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, in the area around <a href="/wiki/Tornyiszentmikl%C3%B3s" title="Tornyiszentmiklós">Tornyiszentmiklós</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pince" title="Pince">Pince</a> border crossing.<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> The razor wire obstacle was removed two days later.<a href="#cite_note-140">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> According to the July 1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> civil <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> was supposed to be permissible in the Han River estuary and allow Seoul to be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> (West Sea) via the Han River.<a href="#cite_note-155">[137]</a> However, both Koreas and the UNC failed to make this happen. The South Korean government ordered the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Canal" title="Ara Canal">Ara Canal</a> to finally connect <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> to the Yellow Sea, which was completed in 2012. Seoul was effectively landlocked from the ocean until 2012. The biggest limitation of the Ara Canal is it is too narrow to handle any vessels except small tourist boats and recreational boats, so Seoul still cannot receive large commercial ships or passenger ships in its port. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> The peacekeeping force currently has its headquarters at the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Nicosia_International_Airport" title="Nicosia International Airport">Nicosia International Airport</a>, where the majority of peacekeepers are based and where talks between the two governments are held. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> region, a large portion of the Singaporean, Malaysian, and Bruneian population hold OCI status. Large OCI communities also exist in North America, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as in many African nations (particularly South Africa, Madagascar, and members of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>). OCI status exempts holders from immigration controls generally imposed upon others of the same nationality. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> It is issued by the United Kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizens</a> with a grandparent born in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> who wish to work in the United Kingdom. It is used mainly by Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians, and South Africans of <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British descent</a> working or studying in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-tele-171">[150]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> follows the visa policy applicable in the mainland but is a customs-free area meaning that there are customs checks for passengers travelling from the islands to the mainland or Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Marianas">Northern Marianas</a> maintain their own customs and <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States#Visa_waiver_programs_of_Guam_and_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Visa policy of the United States">visa waiver policies</a>, meaning that flights between Guam and Honolulu, the only air link to an American state, require immigration checks which are conducted prior to departure. <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> maintains a distinct visa and customs policy meaning that flights to Honolulu are treated as international arrivals. Access to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a> is governed by a variety of permits issued by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of Insular Affairs</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> depending on the territory </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> While Hawaii is subject to the same visa and customs controls as the mainland and Puerto Rico, controls are imposed on passengers travelling to and from the state for the purpose of agricultural policy<a href="#cite_note-183">[160]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> For example, inter-state travel in Australia was restricted in 2020 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> epidemic, for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> In India, special permits are required to travel across much of the country's north-east and requirements may vary within a given state. Special provisions are occasionally made for individuals from <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> proceeding to or from their home country. Additionally, individuals arriving in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from elsewhere in India receive passport stamps (see gallery at end of the section), even though only foreigners are typically subject to permit requirements. Permits issued for minority regions in India include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreigners_(Protected_Areas)_Order_1958_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)">Restricted Area Permits and Protected Area Permits</a> for foreigners in portions of north-eastern India and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Line_Permit" title="Inner Line Permit">Inner Line Permits</a> for Indian citizens</li></ul> In the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 西藏自治区), <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China#Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">two categories</a> of permits are issued: <ul><li>The Tibet Travel Permits (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 外国人入藏函 foreigners' entrance letter) required for all foreigners (as well as Taiwanese nationals from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>) to enter the region</li> <li>The Alien Travel Permit required for holders of the Tibet Travel Permit to travel outside major urban and tourist areas of the region</li> <li>The Military Permit (or Border Permit)<a href="#cite_note-AITtpp-217">[192]</a> is required for travel to <a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ་; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 阿里), <a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: ཉིང་ཁྲི་ས།; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 林芝), and <a href="/wiki/Nagqu" title="Nagqu">Nagqu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: ནག་ཆུ།; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 那曲)</li></ul> Additionally, special permits are issued to nationals of India and Bhutan for religious pilgrimages to Hindu and Buddhist holy sites in the Tibet Autonomous Region.<a href="#cite_note-AITtpp-217">[192]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Permanent_Identity_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card">Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card</a> or <a href="/wiki/Macau_Identity_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Identity Card">Macau Identity Card</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Return_Permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Return Permit">Home Return Permit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 回乡证; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 回鄉證; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Huíxiāngzhèng) are required for Hong Kong or Macau Permanent Residents who are Chinese citizens to cross the border, whilst mainlanders require a <a href="/wiki/Exit-Entry_Permit_for_Travelling_to_and_from_Hong_Kong_and_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau">Two-Way Permit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 双程证). </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> The following documents are currently issued for this purpose: <ul><li>For mainlanders emigrating to either of the two Special Administrative Regions, authorities in the mainland issue the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China_Permit_for_Proceeding_to_Hong_Kong_and_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao">One Way Travel Permit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 单程证; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dānchéngzhèng). As the policy is designed to curtail <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> from the mainland rather than immigration to either SAR, issuance is exclusively the responsibility of authorities on the mainland.</li> <li>Since September 2018, authorities in the mainland have issued the <a href="/wiki/Residence_Permit_for_Hong_Kong,_Macao,_and_Taiwan_Residents" title="Residence Permit for Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Residents">Residence Permit for Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Residents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 港澳台居民居住证; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Gǎng-Aò-Tái Jūmín Jūzhùzhèng) authorising Chinese citizens from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwanese nationals to reside in the mainland. The permit is designed to resemble the national identity card issued to individuals with <a href="/wiki/Hukou" title="Hukou">household registration</a> on the mainland and enables holders to access public and private sector services that require a national identity card number.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Nationals of the following countries are ineligible for the SEZ visa:<a href="#cite_note-223">[195]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Non-visa-exempt ASEAN countries are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Documents required for travel between the PRC and ROC are: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Travel_Permit_for_Taiwan_Residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents">Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 台胞证; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 臺胞證; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Táibāozhèng) issued by the PRC for entry to the mainland, which is also valid but not mandatory for entry to Hong Kong and Macau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Exit_%26_Entry_Permit_for_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit & Entry Permit for Taiwan">Taiwan Entry Permit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 入臺證; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Rùtáizhèngg) issued to mainlanders by the ROC</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Exit_%26_Entry_Permit_for_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit & Entry Permit for Taiwan">Kinmen-Matsu Permit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 金馬證; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 金马证; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: JīnMǎ zhèng; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: Kim-Má-chèng) issued to residents of <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu</a> (ROC-administered territories in <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Province,_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Province, Republic of China">Fujian</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> for travel to and from the mainland.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> These are <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>. These areas do not maintain strict immigration controls with the Schengen Area, but border controls are sporadically enforced for customs purposes. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a>, all</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> – all Russian islands of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Gogland" title="Gogland">Gogland</a>, and 20-km strip along South coast of Gulf of Finland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania</a>, 85% of territory. Transit to border with Georgia and to border with South Ossetia are possible along the main roads. <a href="/wiki/Tsey" title="Tsey">Tsey Gorge</a> is opened for foreigners from 2012.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, approx. 15%.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, approx. 10%.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>, approx. 30%.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a>, approx. 15%. Transit to/from Norway is possible by main road.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka Krai</a>.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> This does not apply to accompanying spouses and minor children or members of travel groups. In addition, a valid identification document has to be produced to the hotel manager or staff.<a href="#cite_note-249">[216]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> For example, in April 2010, Malta introduced temporary checks due to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>'s visit.<a href="#cite_note-253">[219]</a> It reimposed checks in 2015 in the weeks surrounding the <a href="/wiki/CHOGM_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="CHOGM 2015">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a>. In response to the European migrant crisis, several countries set up internal controls. In 2019, Denmark, worried about the <a href="/wiki/Bombings_in_Sweden" title="Bombings in Sweden">bombings in Sweden</a>, introduced passport controls to Swedish citizens for the first time since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-254">[220]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Countries collecting fingerprints at checkpoints include America, Argentina,<a href="#cite_note-266">[231]</a> Brunei, Cambodia,<a href="#cite_note-267">[232]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-268">[233]</a> Ethiopia,<a href="#cite_note-auswaertiges-amt.de-269">[234]</a> Ghana, Guinea,<a href="#cite_note-270">[235]</a> India, Japan,<a href="#cite_note-271">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[237]</a> Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),<a href="#cite_note-273">[238]</a> Malaysia upon entry and departure,<a href="#cite_note-countryrep1-274">[239]</a> Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-275">[240]</a> Singapore, South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-276">[241]</a> Taiwan, Thailand,<a href="#cite_note-277">[242]</a> and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-278">[243]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Border Force">Border Force</a> officers do not carry out systematic checks of travel documents on passengers travelling to a destination outside the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> by air, rail or sea (though from time to time spot checks are carried out – in this case passports are not stamped); instead, airline/rail/ferry companies obtain passengers' travel document information at check-in or on departure and transmit the information electronically to the UK Border Force<a href="#cite_note-UKExitChecks-296">[260]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> In 1960, local border traffic on the Yugoslavia — Italy border in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> registered almost seven million crossings in both directions.<a href="#cite_note-304">[267]</a> In 1977 Yugoslavia had 55 local border traffic agreements with the neighboring countries, including 7 with Italy, 11 with Austria, 8 with Hungary, 10 with Romania, 8 with Bulgaria, 5 with Greece.<a href="#cite_note-305">[268]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> The local governments of most inhabited <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> issue passports to <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizens</a> resident holding <a href="/wiki/Belonger_status" title="Belonger status">belonger status</a> in the territory concerned, while the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region">Special Administrative Regions</a> of Hong Kong and Macau issue passports to Chinese citizens holding permanent residence in the region concerned. </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> For instance, the following jurisdictions permit visitors to use American visas to clear border controls: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — 90 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> — 30 days; USD 100 visa waiver fee applies.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> — 30 days; USD 50 visa waiver fee applies.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — 30 days;<a href="#cite_note-316">[277]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — up to 6 months; only for citizens of Brazil, arriving by air with Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA).</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> — 90 days; for nationals of China only.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — 90 days; applicable to certain nationalities only.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — 30 days or less if the visa is about to expire; must hold a multiple entry visa.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> — 90 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — 90 days; not applicable to all nationalities.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — 90 days within any 180-day period;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> — 90 days; not applicable to all nationalities.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> — 90 days; not applicable to all nationalities.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — 30 days; not applicable to all nationalities.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — 180 days;<a href="#cite_note-317">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[279]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> — 30 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — 90 days; not applicable to all nationalities.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — 15 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — certain nationalities can obtain an electronic Omani visa if holding a valid American visa.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — 30/180 days; must hold a visa valid for at least 2 more entries.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — 180 days; applicable to nationals of China and India only.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — 7 days for nationals of China from the mainland; 14 days for nationals of India.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — Non-visa-free nationals can obtain an ETA for 30 days if holding a valid American visa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a><a href="#cite_note-ROC-68">[n]</a> (Taiwan) — certain nationalities can obtain an online travel authorisation if holding a valid American visa.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> — 15 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — 90 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — 30 days;</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — certain nationalities can obtain an electronic Turkish visa if holding a valid American visa.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> — Visa on arrival for 14 days; for nationals of India only. (Applicable for Indian citizens holding American Green Card.)<a href="#cite_note-319">[280]</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Nationals of China from the Mainland travelling as tourists and holding a valid visa issued by Australia, Canada, Japan, America, or a Schengen Area state may enter and stay without a visa for up to 7 days. Nationals of India holding a valid tourist, business or resident visa issued by Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, United Kingdom, America, or a Schengen Area state may enter and stay without a visa for up to 14 days. They may enter from any port of entry.<a href="#cite_note-321">[281]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> This includes nationals of:<a href="#cite_note-332">[291]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> All <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union citizens</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizens</a> of: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaluru International Airport">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandigarh International Airport">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_International_Airport" title="Coimbatore International Airport">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi International Airport">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Airport" title="Gaya Airport">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabolim_Airport" title="Dabolim Airport">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokpriya_Gopinath_Bordoloi_International_Airport" title="Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad International Airport">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur Airport">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata International Airport">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Charan_Singh_International_Airport" title="Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Airport" title="Madurai Airport">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangaluru_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaluru Airport">Mangaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai International Airport">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_International_Airport" title="Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune_Airport" title="Pune Airport">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_International_Airport" title="Tiruchirappalli International Airport">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Airport" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport">Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Airport" title="Visakhapatnam Airport">Visakhapatnam</a></li></ul></div></li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port" title="Cochin Port">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormugao" title="Mormugao">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">Mangalore</a></li></ul></div></li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Eligible jurisdictions are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-339">[295]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> A holder of an EVW authorisation can visit and/or study in the UK for up to 6 months without a visa. An EVW is only valid for one entry, and a new EVW must be obtained each time an eligible person wishes to enter the UK to visit and/or study for up to 6 months without a visa. The EVW is valid for visits up to 90 days to Ireland once a holder has cleared immigration in the United Kingdom. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> In order to facilitate juxtaposed controls, the United Kingdom and France established or "control zones" at both ends of the Channel Tunnel, per which British authorities exercise authority within the control zone on the French side, and French authorities exercise authority within the control zone on the UK side, under a system of <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls" title="Juxtaposed controls">juxtaposed controls</a>. Violations in the control zone are treated as if they occurred within the territory of the adjoining state within that zone, and extradition is not required to remove a violator to the operating state for prosecution. Officers of the adjoining state may carry firearms within the control zone.<a href="#cite_note-358">[312]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Currently operational rail checkpoints include:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>In Belgium<a href="#cite_note-360">[313]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Brussel-Zuid/Bruxelles-Midi</a></li></ul></li> <li>In France<a href="#cite_note-2015/C_229/06-361">[314]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourg-Saint-Maurice_station" title="Bourg-Saint-Maurice station">Bourg-Saint-Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calais-Fr%C3%A9thun_station" title="Calais-Fréthun station">Calais-Fréthun</a></li> <li>Coquelles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille-Europe_station" title="Lille-Europe station">Lille-Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%BBtiers" title="Moûtiers">Moûtiers</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the Netherlands:<a href="#cite_note-362">[315]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station" title="Rotterdam Centraal station">Rotterdam Centraal station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_station" title="Amsterdam Centraal station">Amsterdam Centraal station</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the UK<a href="#cite_note-2015/C_229/06-361">[314]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashford_International_railway_station" title="Ashford International railway station">Ashford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet_International_railway_station" title="Ebbsfleet International railway station">Ebbsfleet International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras International</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Airport" title="Bristol Airport">Bristol Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">Eurostar St Pancras Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Eurostar Brussels-Zuid Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> (North and South Terminals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Airport" title="Glasgow Airport">Glasgow Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> (Terminals 2, 3, 4 and 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> (Terminals 1, 2 and 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> The following CARICOM jurisdictions are participating in the programme:<a href="#cite_note-373">[324]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> Holders of the following foreign passports are eligible:<a href="#cite_note-HK-378">[328]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Australian passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">German passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea passport">Republic of Korea passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_passport" title="Singapore passport">Singapore passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thai_passport" title="Thai passport">Thai passport</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Australian passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan passport">Japan passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysia passport">Malaysia passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_passport" title="New Zealand passport">New Zealand passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China passport">People's Republic of China passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea passport">Republic of Korea passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Thailand passport">Thailand passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom passport">United Kingdom passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">United States passport</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> Foreign passport holders eligible to register include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macao Special Administrative Region passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_passport" title="Singapore passport">Singapore passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China passport">Republic of China passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">United States passport</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[335]</a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-USkiosk-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USkiosk_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USkiosk_396-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USkiosk_396-2">c</a> The following airports are equipped with automated kiosks (except where otherwise stated, all participating airports are located in United States or its territories):[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-395">[342]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi International Airport">Abu Dhabi International Airport</a> (AUH)‡</li> <li>Anchorage – <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens_Anchorage_International_Airport" title="Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport">Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport</a> (ANC)</li> <li>Atlanta – <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport</a> (ATL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin-Bergstrom_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin-Bergstrom International Airport">Austin-Bergstrom International Airport</a> (AUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Thurgood_Marshall_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport">Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport</a> (BWI)</li> <li>Boston – <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> (BOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington International Airport">Burlington International Airport</a> (BTV)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a> (YYC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte-Douglas_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte-Douglas International Airport">Charlotte-Douglas International Airport</a> (CLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Midway International Airport">Chicago Midway International Airport</a> (MDW)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago O'Hare International Airport">Chicago O'Hare International Airport</a> (ORD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati/Northern_Kentucky_International_Airport" title="Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport">Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport</a> (CVG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Cleveland Hopkins International Airport</a> (CLE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a> (DFW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye_International_Airport" title="Daniel K. Inouye International Airport">Daniel K. Inouye International Airport</a> (HNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver International Airport</a> (DEN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Detroit Metropolitan Airport">Detroit Metropolitan Airport</a> (DTW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a> (DUB)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">Edmonton International Airport</a> (YEG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_International_Airport" title="Fairbanks International Airport">Fairbanks International Airport</a> (FAI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale/Hollywood_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport">Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport</a> (FLL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam International Airport">Guam International Airport</a> (GUM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport" title="Halifax Stanfield International Airport">Halifax Stanfield International Airport</a> (YHZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport">Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> (IAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (JFK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne_Airport" title="John Wayne Airport">John Wayne Airport</a> (SNA)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert-St._Louis_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert-St. Louis International Airport">Lambert-St. Louis International Airport</a> (STL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> (LAX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn_International_Airport" title="Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport">Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport</a> (SJU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas"><img alt="The Bahamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lynden_Pindling_International_Airport" title="Lynden Pindling International Airport">Lynden Pindling International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (NAS)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarran International Airport">McCarran International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> (LAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami International Airport</a> (MIA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport" title="Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport">Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> (MKE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis/St._Paul_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport">Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport</a> (MSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport">Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport</a> (YUL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a> (EWR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_International_Airport" title="Oakland International Airport">Oakland International Airport</a> (OAK)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport" title="Orlando International Airport">Orlando International Airport</a> (MCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando-Sanford_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando-Sanford International Airport">Orlando-Sanford International Airport</a> (SFB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport</a> (YOW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a> (PHL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport</a> (PHX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a> (PIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_International_Airport" title="Portland International Airport">Portland International Airport</a> (PDX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba"><img alt="Aruba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix_International_Airport" title="Queen Beatrix International Airport">Queen Beatrix International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> (AUA)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh-Durham_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh-Durham International Airport">Raleigh-Durham International Airport</a> (RDU)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipan_International_Airport" title="Saipan International Airport">Saipan International Airport</a> (SPN)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport" title="Salt Lake City International Airport">Salt Lake City International Airport</a> (SLC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_International_Airport" title="San Antonio International Airport">San Antonio International Airport</a> (SAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_International_Airport" title="San Diego International Airport">San Diego International Airport</a> (SAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a> (SFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_International_Airport" title="San Jose International Airport">San Jose International Airport</a> (SJC)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle-Tacoma_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle-Tacoma International Airport">Seattle-Tacoma International Airport</a> – SeaTac (SEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a> (SNN)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_International_Airport" title="Tampa International Airport">Tampa International Airport</a> (TPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a> (YYZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver International Airport</a> (YVR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington-Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington-Dulles International Airport">Washington-Dulles International Airport</a> (IAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_James_Armstrong_Richardson_International_Airport" title="Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport">Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport</a> (YWG)</li></ul> </div> The ‡ indicates there are no Global Entry enrollment centres at these sites. Enrolment centres in Canada are NEXUS enrolment centres staffed by U.S. and Canadian border control officers </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> As a standalone document, the BCC allows Mexican citizens to visit border areas in the U.S. when entering by land or sea directly from Mexico for less than 72 hours.<a href="#cite_note-403">[349]</a> The document also functions as a full B1/B2 visa when presented with a valid Mexican passport.<a href="#cite_note-BCC1-404">[350]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <ul><li><ul><li>The visitor is a national of a country which <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">has diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li>The visitor is visiting the Pearl River Delta as part of a tour group organised by a Hong Kong or Macau based travel agency</li> <li>The stay is for six days or less</li> <li>The visitor stays only within the cities of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[351]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terespol" title="Terespol">Terespol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruzgi">Bruzgi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%BAnica,_Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Kuźnica, Podlaskie Voivodeship">Kuźnica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dama%C4%8Dava" class="mw-redirect" title="Damačava">Damačava</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awatycze" title="Sławatycze">Sławatycze</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bieniakoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bieniakoni (page does not exist)">Bieniakoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0al%C4%8Dininkai" title="Šalčininkai">Šalčininkai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyalikaya_Byerastavitsa" title="Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa">Bierastavica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bobrowniki,_Bia%C5%82ystok_County" title="Bobrowniki, Białystok County">Bobrowniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pias%C4%8Datka" class="mw-redirect" title="Piasčatka">Piasčatka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Po%C5%82owce" title="Połowce">Połowce</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pryvalka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pryvalka (page does not exist)">Pryvalka</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Raigardas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raigardas (page does not exist)">Raigardas</a>)</li> <li>Piareraŭ (Białowieża)</li> <li>Liasnaja (Rudawka)</li> <li>Pryvalka (Švendubrė)</li></ul></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> The policy proved extremely unpopular with the public, with approximately 25% of Americans supporting the policy, less than any recent major piece of legislation.<a href="#cite_note-429">[372]</a> The detainment of children by the U.S. government has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> by some observers and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-430">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[374]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> The policy has been condemned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[375]</a> Together, they represent more than 250,000 doctors in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-434">[376]</a> Irwin Redlener, who co-founded <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Health_Fund" title="Children's Health Fund">Children's Health Fund</a>, called the policy "dehumanising" and described it as a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-435">[377]</a> A number of concerned researchers and clinicians signed an open letter to Homeland Security Secretary Nielsen calling on her to end the migrant child separations, writing, "Decades of psychological and brain research have demonstrated that forced parental separation and placement in incarceration-like facilities can have profound immediate, long-term, and irreparable harm on infant and child development."<a href="#cite_note-436">[378]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> The policy has been condemned or criticised by: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[379]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[380]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church)<a href="#cite_note-440">[381]</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definitions.uslegal.com/b/border-control/">"Border Control Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321031712/https://definitions.uslegal.com/b/border-control/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Control+Law+and+Legal+Definition+%26%23124%3B+USLegal%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fb%2Fborder-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/research/do-global-migration-barriers-cost-trillions">"Do global migration barriers cost trillions?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115185058/https://www.aeaweb.org/research/do-global-migration-barriers-cost-trillions">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=Do+global+migration+barriers+cost+trillions%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Fresearch%2Fdo-global-migration-barriers-cost-trillions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes, John Maynard</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15776/15776-h/15776-h.htm#CHAPTER_II">"II Europe Before the War"</a>. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York: Harcourt Brace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019075647/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15776/15776-h/15776-h.htm#CHAPTER_II">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II+Europe+Before+the+War&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Consequences+of+the+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F15776%2F15776-h%2F15776-h.htm%23CHAPTER_II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/matt-carr/beyond-border">"Beyond the Border | History Today"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Border+%26%23124%3B+History+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fmatt-carr%2Fbeyond-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoesche2003" class="citation book cs1">Boesche, Roger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K85NA7Rg67wC&q=kautilya+city+superintendent&pg=PA63">The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 62 A superintendent must issue sealed passes before one could enter or leave the countryside(A.2.34.2, 181) a practice that might constitute the first passbooks and passports in world history. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739106075" title="Special:BookSources/9780739106075"><bdi>9780739106075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Great+Political+Realist%3A+Kautilya+and+His+Arthashastra&rft.pages=62+A+superintendent+must+issue+sealed+passes+before+one+could+%27%27enter+or+leave+the+countryside%27%27%28A.2.34.2%2C+181%29+a+practice+that+might+constitute+the+first+passbooks+and+passports+in+world+history&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780739106075&rft.aulast=Boesche&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK85NA7Rg67wC%26q%3Dkautilya%2Bcity%2Bsuperintendent%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNylanLoewe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nylan" title="Michael Nylan">Nylan, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>, eds. (2010). China's early empires: a re-appraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 297, 317–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521852975" title="Special:BookSources/9780521852975"><bdi>9780521852975</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011378715">2011378715</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428776512">428776512</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24864515M">24864515M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+early+empires%3A+a+re-appraisal&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=297%2C+317-318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428776512&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011378715&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24864515M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780521852975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1995" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Daniel (1995). The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society, and Identity. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10404-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10404-6"><bdi>90-04-10404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Medieval+Islam%3A+Community%2C+Society%2C+and+Identity&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10404-6&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief_history-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/nov/17/travelnews">"A brief history of the passport"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009193215/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/nov/17/travelnews">Archived</a> 9 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasciani2008" class="citation news cs1">Casciani, Dominic (25 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7634744.stm">"Analysis: The first ID cards"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215125305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7634744.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+The+first+ID+cards&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft.aulast=Casciani&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7634744.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Torpey" title="John Torpey">John Torpey</a>, "Le contrôle des passeports et la liberté de circulation. Le cas de l'Allemagne au XIXe siècle", Genèses, 1998, n° 1, pp. 53–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Marrus, Michael, The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press (1985), p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Robarts" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Robarts. Varlik, Nukhet (ed.). Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean. Arc Humanities Press. pp. 236–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague+and+Contagion+in+the+Islamic+Mediterranean&rft.pages=236-7&rft.pub=Arc+Humanities+Press&rft.au=Andrew+Robarts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodenner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bodenner, Chris (6 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122340/http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/issues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_chinese_exclusion_act.pdf?sessionid=7aa0a591-8d60-4578-ba02-e7cfe36e74ab&cc=1">"Chinese Exclusion Act"</a> (PDF). Issues and Controversies in American History: 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/issues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_chinese_exclusion_act.pdf?sessionid=7aa0a591-8d60-4578-ba02-e7cfe36e74ab&cc=1">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+and+Controversies+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Chinese+Exclusion+Act&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft.aulast=Bodenner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndhs.org%2Fs%2F1012%2Fimages%2Feditor_documents%2Flibrary%2Fissues_and_controversies_in_american_history_-_chinese_exclusion_act.pdf%3Fsessionid%3D7aa0a591-8d60-4578-ba02-e7cfe36e74ab%26cc%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> R. Lockwood, "British Imperial Influences in the Foundation of the White Australia Policy", Labour History, No. 7 (November 1964), pp. 23–33 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27507761">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021174146/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27507761">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2002" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, Phil (4 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philgriffiths.id.au/writings/articles/Shadow%20of%20mill.rtf">"Towards White Australia: The shadow of Mill and the spectre of slavery in the 1880s debates on Chinese immigration"</a> (RTF). 11th Biennial National Conference of the Australian Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214224516/http://www.philgriffiths.id.au/writings/articles/Shadow%20of%20mill.rtf">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+White+Australia%3A+The+shadow+of+Mill+and+the+spectre+of+slavery+in+the+1880s+debates+on+Chinese+immigration&rft.pub=11th+Biennial+National+Conference+of+the+Australian+Historical+Association&rft.date=2002-07-04&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philgriffiths.id.au%2Fwritings%2Farticles%2FShadow%2520of%2520mill.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markey-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Markey_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey1996" class="citation web cs1">Markey, Raymond (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019161339/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18167215.html">"Race and organized labor in Australia, 1850–1901"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:18167215&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20c%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+organized+labor+in+Australia%2C+1850%E2%80%931901&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Flibrary%2Fdocfree.asp%3FDOCID%3D1G1%3A18167215%26ctrlInfo%3DRound20%253AMode20c%253ADocG%253AResult%26ao%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes, John Maynard</a> (1920). "2". <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace">The Economic Consequences of the Peace</a>. New York: Harcourt Brace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Consequences+of+the+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newint-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newint_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newint_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/features/1991/09/05/simply">"Simply... The History of Borders"</a>. 5 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092858/https://newint.org/features/1991/09/05/simply">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simply...+The+History+of+Borders&rft.date=1991-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Ffeatures%2F1991%2F09%2F05%2Fsimply&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statewatch-19"><a href="#cite_ref-statewatch_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/oct/eu-meijers-cttee-vis-proposal.pdf">"Letter to Franco FRATTINI, Standing committee of experts on international immigration, refugee and criminal law"</a> (PDF). 25 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211143/http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/oct/eu-meijers-cttee-vis-proposal.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Franco+FRATTINI%2C+Standing+committee+of+experts+on+international+immigration%2C+refugee+and+criminal+law&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statewatch.org%2Fnews%2F2006%2Foct%2Feu-meijers-cttee-vis-proposal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911063159/http://www.britishhongkong.com/main/2009/01/latest-letter-to-the-houses-of-parliament-lack-of-basic-human-rights-in-the-borders-citizenship-and-immigration-bill/">"britishhongkong.com"</a>. britishhongkong.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhongkong.com/main/2009/01/latest-letter-to-the-houses-of-parliament-lack-of-basic-human-rights-in-the-borders-citizenship-and-immigration-bill/">the original</a> on 11 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishhongkong.com&rft.atitle=britishhongkong.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhongkong.com%2Fmain%2F2009%2F01%2Flatest-letter-to-the-houses-of-parliament-lack-of-basic-human-rights-in-the-borders-citizenship-and-immigration-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unhchr-22"><a href="#cite_ref-unhchr_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/5ff3d725d136a1fcc12563e0003dbc08?Opendocument">"Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 28/03/96"</a>. unhchr.ch. 28 March 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728190912/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/5ff3d725d136a1fcc12563e0003dbc08?Opendocument">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unhchr.ch&rft.atitle=Concluding+observations+of+the+Committee+on+the+Elimination+of+Racial+Discrimination%3A+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland.+28%2F03%2F96&rft.date=1996-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhchr.ch%2Ftbs%2Fdoc.nsf%2F%28Symbol%29%2F5ff3d725d136a1fcc12563e0003dbc08%3FOpendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=48962">"Labour call for British citizenship for Hong Kong ethnic Asians"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426104019/http://www2.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=48962">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PR Newswire Europe Ltd., 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "Britain's colonial obligations", The Economist, 3 July 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-GovUK20200701-30"><a href="#cite_ref-GovUK20200701_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701123253/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-extend-residence-rights-for-british-nationals-overseas-citizens-in-hong-kong">"UK to extend residence rights for British Nationals (Overseas) citizens in Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. 1 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-extend-residence-rights-for-british-nationals-overseas-citizens-in-hong-kong">the original</a> on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+to+extend+residence+rights+for+British+Nationals+%28Overseas%29+citizens+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fuk-to-extend-residence-rights-for-british-nationals-overseas-citizens-in-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNOvisa-31"><a href="#cite_ref-BNOvisa_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210062627/https://www.gov.uk/british-national-overseas-bno-visa">"British National (Overseas) visa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/british-national-overseas-bno-visa">the original</a> on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=British+National+%28Overseas%29+visa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fbritish-national-overseas-bno-visa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNOvisafamily-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BNOvisafamily_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721093356/https://www.gov.uk/british-national-overseas-bno-visa/your-family-members">"British National (Overseas) visa: Your family members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/british-national-overseas-bno-visa/your-family-members">the original</a> on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=British+National+%28Overseas%29+visa%3A+Your+family+members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fbritish-national-overseas-bno-visa%2Fyour-family-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714020822/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/977103/hong-kong-bn_o_-v2.0-ext.pdf">"Hong Kong British National (Overseas) route"</a> (PDF). 2.0. <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. 8 April 2021. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/977103/hong-kong-bn_o_-v2.0-ext.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+British+National+%28Overseas%29+route&rft.series=2.0&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F977103%2Fhong-kong-bn_o_-v2.0-ext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDathan2021" class="citation news cs1">Dathan, Matt (18 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thousands-in-hong-kong-sign-up-to-bno-visa-scheme-for-uk-citizenship-jbgffszbn">"Thousands in Hong Kong sign up to BNO visa scheme for UK citizenship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210218011533/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thousands-in-hong-kong-sign-up-to-bno-visa-scheme-for-uk-citizenship-jbgffszbn">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Thousands+in+Hong+Kong+sign+up+to+BNO+visa+scheme+for+UK+citizenship&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft.aulast=Dathan&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthousands-in-hong-kong-sign-up-to-bno-visa-scheme-for-uk-citizenship-jbgffszbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivas2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Srinivas, K (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19790515-hopes-soar-among-ugandan-asians-as-idi-amin-dictatorial-regime-falls-822011-2014-02-28">"Hopes soar among Ugandan Asians as Idi Amin's dictatorial regime falls"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524030733/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19790515-hopes-soar-among-ugandan-asians-as-idi-amin-dictatorial-regime-falls-822011-2014-02-28">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Hopes+soar+among+Ugandan+Asians+as+Idi+Amin%27s+dictatorial+regime+falls&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Srinivas&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F19790515-hopes-soar-among-ugandan-asians-as-idi-amin-dictatorial-regime-falls-822011-2014-02-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toi_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVashiJain2008" class="citation news cs1">Vashi, Ashish; Jain, Ankur (22 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy/articleshow/3625352.cms">"Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508034945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy/articleshow/3625352.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Gujaratis+survived+Idi+Amin%2C+fuelled+East+Africa%27s+economy&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft.aulast=Vashi&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft.au=Jain%2C+Ankur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FGujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy%2Farticleshow%2F3625352.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitterman" class="citation web cs1">Pitterman, Shelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf">"A Fine Face for Apartheid"</a> (PDF). Southern Africa Perspectives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218200853/http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Africa+Perspectives&rft.atitle=A+Fine+Face+for+Apartheid&rft.aulast=Pitterman&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkora.matrix.msu.edu%2Ffiles%2F50%2F304%2F32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-1920-39"><a href="#cite_ref-report-1920_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reportofinterdep00sout#page/2/mode/1up/search/pass">"Part II – Historical"</a>. Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws. Union of South Africa. 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 12 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II+%E2%80%93+Historical&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Inter-departmental+committee+on+the+native+pass+laws&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Union+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freportofinterdep00sout%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fpass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilohSibeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). A Fighting Union. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86975-527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86975-527-7"><bdi>0-86975-527-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fighting+Union&rft.place=Randburg&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-86975-527-7&rft.aulast=Kiloh&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Sibeko%2C+Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMalley-41"><a href="#cite_ref-OMalley_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley" class="citation web cs1">O'Malley, Padraig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01646/05lv01810.htm">"1945. Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act No. 25"</a>. O'Malley: The Heart of Hope. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073302/https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01646/05lv01810.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%27Malley%3A+The+Heart+of+Hope&rft.atitle=1945.+Native+Urban+Areas+Consolidation+Act+No.+25&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelsonmandela.org%2Fomalley%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Fq%2F03lv01538%2F04lv01646%2F05lv01810.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Didar_SinghS._Irudaya_Rajan2015" class="citation book cs1">A. Didar Singh; S. Irudaya Rajan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-ffCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT180">Politics of Migration: Indian Emigration in a Globalised World</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 180–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41223-6"><bdi>978-1-317-41223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Migration%3A+Indian+Emigration+in+a+Globalised+World&rft.pages=180-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-41223-6&rft.au=A.+Didar+Singh&rft.au=S.+Irudaya+Rajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-ffCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/passport/travel-documents/types.asp">"Types of passports and travel documents"</a>. Government of Canada. 26 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115001434/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/passport/travel-documents/types.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+passports+and+travel+documents&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cic.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fpassport%2Ftravel-documents%2Ftypes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlitzLynch2009" class="citation book cs1">Blitz, Brad K.; Lynch, Maureen, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171613/http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf">Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study</a> (PDF). Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and International Observatory on Statelessness. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9563275-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9563275-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9563275-1-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2018. <q>[T]he Convention also provides for the issuance of travel documents, this time to stateless persons who are lawfully staying in the territory of a contracting state. The so-called Convention Travel Document (CTD) is designed to function in lieu of a passport—a document that is generally unavailable to stateless persons since it is usually issued by the country of nationality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statelessness+and+the+Benefits+of+Citizenship%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Geneva+Academy+of+International+Humanitarian+Law+and+Human+Rights+and+International+Observatory+on+Statelessness&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9563275-1-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udhr60.ch%2Freport%2Fstatelessness_paper0609.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html">"Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe"</a>. The New York Times. 26 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612021308/https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+Travel+Restrictions%2C+Across+the+Globe&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Farticle%2Fcoronavirus-travel-restrictions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/COVID-19">"Coronavirus (COVID-19) – information for Australian travellers"</a>. Australian Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904042001/https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/COVID-19">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronavirus+%28COVID-19%29+%E2%80%93+information+for+Australian+travellers&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartraveller.gov.au%2FCOVID-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Gowreesunkar V. et al. (2020). Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context: Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions. In Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations, Bingley, Emerald. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Chaya Hurnath and Kiran Dookhony-Ramphul. (2020). Exploring impacts of a Health crisis on emotional solidarity and support for tourism: Case of Mauritius. Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context: Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions. Emerald, Bingley UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-long-term-effects-of-the-coronavirus-619118">"The long-term effects of the coronavirus"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414175246/https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-long-term-effects-of-the-coronavirus-619118">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+long-term+effects+of+the+coronavirus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FThe-long-term-effects-of-the-coronavirus-619118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNsikan2020" class="citation news cs1">Nsikan, Akpan (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221193730/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/">"Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/">the original</a> on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+spikes+outside+China+show+travel+bans+aren%27t+working&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.aulast=Nsikan&rft.aufirst=Akpan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2F02%2Fwhy-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm">"UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523020808/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNITED+NATIONS+CONVENTION+ON+THE+LAW+OF+THE+SEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fpart2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412215203/http://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/990902a.html">"New Action to Protect & Preserve U.S. Shores & Oceans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/990902a.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Action+to+Protect+%26+Preserve+U.S.+Shores+%26+Oceans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclinton4.nara.gov%2FCEQ%2F990902a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/eez.html">"What is the EEZ"</a>. National Ocean Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602092829/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/eez.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+EEZ&rft.pub=National+Ocean+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Feez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/28/world/europe/france-detains-british-boat.html">"France Detains British Boat as a Fight Over Fishing Rights Escalates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 28 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029231605/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/28/world/europe/france-detains-british-boat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=France+Detains+British+Boat+as+a+Fight+Over+Fishing+Rights+Escalates&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffrance-detains-british-boat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59073715">"UK boat detained by France amid fishing rights row"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World News">BBC World News</a>. 28 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029222606/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59073715">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+News&rft.atitle=UK+boat+detained+by+France+amid+fishing+rights+row&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-59073715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singaporean-fishing-boat-captain-ricky-tan-returns-home-after-being-detained-in-indonesia">"Singaporean fishing boat captain Ricky Tan returns home after being detained in Indonesia for 8 months"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. 5 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031025003/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singaporean-fishing-boat-captain-ricky-tan-returns-home-after-being-detained-in-indonesia">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Singaporean+fishing+boat+captain+Ricky+Tan+returns+home+after+being+detained+in+Indonesia+for+8+months&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fsingaporean-fishing-boat-captain-ricky-tan-returns-home-after-being-detained-in-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/texts/high.seas.1958.html">Convention on the High Seas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222040400/http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/texts/high.seas.1958.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (U.N.T.S. No. 6465, vol. 450, pp. 82–103) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> UNCLOS article 92(1) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> UNCLOS article 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226093328/http://www.naiko-kaiun.or.jp/e/union/union10.html">"Adherence to the cabotage system"</a>. Japan Federation of Coastal Shipping Associations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naiko-kaiun.or.jp/e/union/union10.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adherence+to+the+cabotage+system&rft.pub=Japan+Federation+of+Coastal+Shipping+Associations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naiko-kaiun.or.jp%2Fe%2Funion%2Funion10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukpandi-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ukpandi_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukpandi_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukpandi_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukpandi_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukpandi_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukpandi_67-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukpandi.com/-/media/files/imports/13108/briefings/33224---uk_legal_briefing_cabotage_web.pdf">"Legal Briefing: A Quick Overview of Maritime Cabotage Regimes"</a> (PDF). UK P&I Club. August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104125647/https://www.ukpandi.com/-/media/files/imports/13108/briefings/33224---uk_legal_briefing_cabotage_web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Briefing%3A+A+Quick+Overview+of+Maritime+Cabotage+Regimes&rft.pub=UK+P%26I+Club&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukpandi.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fimports%2F13108%2Fbriefings%2F33224---uk_legal_briefing_cabotage_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/road/haulage/cabotage_en">"Cabotage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016103430/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/road/haulage/cabotage_en">Archived</a> 16 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> European Commission. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasigh2008" class="citation book cs1">Vasigh, Bijan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzPekWiS9I0C&q=qantas%20new%20york%20cabotage&pg=PA157">Introduction to Air Transport Economics: From Theory to Applications</a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754670797" title="Special:BookSources/9780754670797"><bdi>9780754670797</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Air+Transport+Economics%3A+From+Theory+to+Applications&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780754670797&rft.aulast=Vasigh&rft.aufirst=Bijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzPekWiS9I0C%26q%3Dqantas%2520new%2520york%2520cabotage%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110173318/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=283149">"Canada's new government delivers greater Air Travel choice through Open Skies agreement with the United States"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. 12 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=283149">the original</a> on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+new+government+delivers+greater+Air+Travel+choice+through+Open+Skies+agreement+with+the+United+States&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gc.ca%2Fweb%2Farticle-en.do%3Fnid%3D283149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompart2002" class="citation news cs1">Compart, Andrew (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/DOT-fines-Asiana-for-violating-cabotage-laws/">"DOT fines Asiana for violating cabotage laws"</a>. Travel Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226063142/http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/DOT-fines-Asiana-for-violating-cabotage-laws/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travel+Weekly&rft.atitle=DOT+fines+Asiana+for+violating+cabotage+laws&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.aulast=Compart&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelweekly.com%2FTravel-News%2FAirline-News%2FDOT-fines-Asiana-for-violating-cabotage-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abeyratne-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abeyratne_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abeyratne_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeyratne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abeyratne, Ruwantissa (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709162934/http://aviationdevelopment.org/eng/sites/default/files/2011111501_Publication.pdf">"In search of theoretical justification for air defence identification zones"</a> (PDF). Journal of Transportation Security. 5 (1). Springer Nature: 87–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12198-011-0083-2">10.1007/s12198-011-0083-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-7741">1938-7741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153873530">153873530</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationdevelopment.org/eng/sites/default/files/2011111501_Publication.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transportation+Security&rft.atitle=In+search+of+theoretical+justification+for+air+defence+identification+zones&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-94&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153873530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1938-7741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12198-011-0083-2&rft.aulast=Abeyratne&rft.aufirst=Ruwantissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationdevelopment.org%2Feng%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2011111501_Publication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJNov13-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJNov13_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJNov13_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJNov13_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2013" class="citation news cs1">Page, Jeremy (27 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/11/27/the-a-to-z-on-chinas-air-defense-identification-zone/">"The A to Z on China's Air Defense Identification Zone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504094959/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/11/27/the-a-to-z-on-chinas-air-defense-identification-zone/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+A+to+Z+on+China%27s+Air+Defense+Identification+Zone&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fchinarealtime%2F2013%2F11%2F27%2Fthe-a-to-z-on-chinas-air-defense-identification-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobSec-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobSec_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobSec_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/adiz.htm">"Air Defense Identification Zone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org" title="GlobalSecurity.org">GlobalSecurity.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610010913/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/adiz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Defense+Identification+Zone&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fadiz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314082829/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Navy-Closely-Watching-China-Claims/2013/12/07/article1932211.ece">"Navy Closely Watching China Claims"</a>. New Indian Express. 7 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Navy-Closely-Watching-China-Claims/2013/12/07/article1932211.ece">the original</a> on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Navy+Closely+Watching+China+Claims&rft.date=2013-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2FNavy-Closely-Watching-China-Claims%2F2013%2F12%2F07%2Farticle1932211.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Jane Perlez (27 November 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/asia/china-explains-handling-of-b-52-flight-as-tensions-escalate.html">China Explains Handling of B-52 Flight as Tensions Escalate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207224210/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/asia/china-explains-handling-of-b-52-flight-as-tensions-escalate.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Rick Gladstone and Matthew L. Wald (27 November 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/asia/chinas-move-puts-airspace-in-spotlight.html">China's Move Puts Airspace in Spotlight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722035022/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/asia/chinas-move-puts-airspace-in-spotlight.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Champion P.D.; Hofstra D.E.; Clayton J.S. (2007) Border control for potential aquatic weeds. Stage 3. Weed risk assessment. Science for Conservation 271. p. 41. Department of Conservation, New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/sfc271.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926131809/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/sfc271.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/take-pet-abroad#countries-and-territories">Bringing your pet dog, cat or ferret to the UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803113924/https://www.gov.uk/take-pet-abroad#countries-and-territories">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.gov.uk, accessed 27 January 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1710" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Anne (1710). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/420/">Quarantine Act 1710</a> [9 Ann. Chapter II A.D. 1710]. The Statutes at Large: from Magna Charta to the End of the Last Parliament, 1761. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: Mark Baskett, Henry Woodfall, and William Strahan. pp. 420–421. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228755149">228755149</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarantine+Act+1710&rft.place=London%2C+Great+Britain&rft.series=The+Statutes+at+Large%3A+from+Magna+Charta+to+the+End+of+the+Last+Parliament%2C+1761&rft.pages=420-421&rft.pub=Mark+Baskett%2C+Henry+Woodfall%2C+and+William+Strahan&rft.date=1710&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228755149&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesatlargef04grea%2Fpage%2F420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booker-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Booker_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2016" class="citation book cs1">Booker, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7OoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT5">"Maritime Quarantine: The British Experience, c.1650–1900"</a>. The History of Medicine in Context. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351919845" title="Special:BookSources/9781351919845"><bdi>9781351919845</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maritime+Quarantine%3A+The+British+Experience%2C+c.1650%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medicine+in+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351919845&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7OoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xf~q.html">"Quarantine Flag"</a>. crwflags.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020145426/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xf~q.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quarantine+Flag&rft.pub=crwflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fxf~q.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/border-health/maritime-border-control/health-quarantine-inspection-places-notice-2014">Health (Quarantine Inspection Places) Notice 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019021417/https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/border-health/maritime-border-control/health-quarantine-inspection-places-notice-2014">Archived</a> 19 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.health.govt.nz </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayne2020" class="citation news cs1">Hayne, Jordan (18 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-18/coronavirus-ruby-princess-agriculture-inquiry/12568798">"Agriculture officers did not conduct coronavirus health checks as required on Ruby Princess"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019021408/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-18/coronavirus-ruby-princess-agriculture-inquiry/12568798">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agriculture+officers+did+not+conduct+coronavirus+health+checks+as+required+on+Ruby+Princess&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Hayne&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-08-18%2Fcoronavirus-ruby-princess-agriculture-inquiry%2F12568798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Lewis Joel, A consul's manual and shipowner's and shipmaster's practical guide in their transactions abroad, 1879 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94wBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA239">text at Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Sharad Kumar Kulshreshtha. (2021). Virus Outbreaks and Tourism Mobility: Strategies to Counter Global Health Hazards. Emerald, New York, UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlusac2021" class="citation news cs1">Glusac, Elaine (12 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/travel/who-needs-a-whirlwind-trip-when-you-can-take-it-slow.html">"Who Needs a Whirlwind Trip When You Can Take It Slow?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903022055/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/travel/who-needs-a-whirlwind-trip-when-you-can-take-it-slow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Needs+a+Whirlwind+Trip+When+You+Can+Take+It+Slow%3F&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft.aulast=Glusac&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F12%2Ftravel%2Fwho-needs-a-whirlwind-trip-when-you-can-take-it-slow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2021" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Sarah (7 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/08/07/the-rise-of-slow-travel-what-is-it-and-who-is-it-for">"The rise of 'slow travel': What is it and who is it for?"</a>. euronews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903152807/https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/08/07/the-rise-of-slow-travel-what-is-it-and-who-is-it-for">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+%27slow+travel%27%3A+What+is+it+and+who+is+it+for%3F&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Ftravel%2F2021%2F08%2F07%2Fthe-rise-of-slow-travel-what-is-it-and-who-is-it-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsMovsisyanStratilBiallas2021" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Jacob; Movsisyan, Ani; Stratil, Jan M; Biallas, Renke Lars; Coenen, Michaela; Emmert-Fees, Karl MF; Geffert, Karin; Hoffmann, Sabine; Horstick, Olaf; Laxy, Michael; Klinger, Carmen (25 March 2021). Cochrane Public Health Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406796">"International travel-related control measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (3). CD013717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013717.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD013717.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406796">8406796</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33763851">33763851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232356197">232356197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=International+travel-related+control+measures+to+contain+the+COVID-19+pandemic%3A+a+rapid+review&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD013717&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8406796%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232356197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33763851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013717.pub2&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Movsisyan%2C+Ani&rft.au=Stratil%2C+Jan+M&rft.au=Biallas%2C+Renke+Lars&rft.au=Coenen%2C+Michaela&rft.au=Emmert-Fees%2C+Karl+MF&rft.au=Geffert%2C+Karin&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Horstick%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Laxy%2C+Michael&rft.au=Klinger%2C+Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8406796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinazziDavisAjelliGioannini2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chinazzi, Matteo; Davis, Jessica T.; Ajelli, Marco; Gioannini, Corrado; Litvinova, Maria; Merler, Stefano; Pastore y Piontti, Ana; Mu, Kunpeng; Rossi, Luca; Sun, Kaiyuan; <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Viboud" title="Cécile Viboud">Viboud, Cécile</a>; Xiong, Xinyue; Yu, Hongjie; Halloran, M. Elizabeth; <a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Longini,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ira M. Longini, Jr.">Longini, Jr., Ira M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vespignani" title="Alessandro Vespignani">Vespignani, Alessandro</a> (6 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164386">"The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 368 (6489): 395–400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...368..395C">2020Sci...368..395C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aba9757">10.1126/science.aba9757</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164386">7164386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144116">32144116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+travel+restrictions+on+the+spread+of+the+2019+novel+coronavirus+%28COVID-19%29+outbreak&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=6489&rft.pages=395-400&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7164386%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32144116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aba9757&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...368..395C&rft.aulast=Chinazzi&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Davis%2C+Jessica+T.&rft.au=Ajelli%2C+Marco&rft.au=Gioannini%2C+Corrado&rft.au=Litvinova%2C+Maria&rft.au=Merler%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Pastore+y+Piontti%2C+Ana&rft.au=Mu%2C+Kunpeng&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Luca&rft.au=Sun%2C+Kaiyuan&rft.au=Viboud%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Xinyue&rft.au=Yu%2C+Hongjie&rft.au=Halloran%2C+M.+Elizabeth&rft.au=Longini%2C+Jr.%2C+Ira+M.&rft.au=Vespignani%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7164386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusOteteBeckDolan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mateus, Ana LP; Otete, Harmony E; Beck, Charles R; Dolan, Gayle P; Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/92/12/14-135590.pdf">"Effectiveness of travel restrictions in the rapid containment of human influenza: a systematic review"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 92 (12): 868–880D. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.14.135590">10.2471/BLT.14.135590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-9686">0042-9686</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264390">4264390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25552771">25552771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+travel+restrictions+in+the+rapid+containment+of+human+influenza%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=868-880D&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264390%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0042-9686&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25552771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2471%2FBLT.14.135590&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=Ana+LP&rft.au=Otete%2C+Harmony+E&rft.au=Beck%2C+Charles+R&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Gayle+P&rft.au=Nguyen-Van-Tam%2C+Jonathan+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Fbulletin%2Fvolumes%2F92%2F12%2F14-135590.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2021" class="citation web cs1">Kenny, Charles (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2021/01/plague-cycle-excerpt-coronavirus-covid-travel-bans.html">"At Best, Travel Bans to Stop Infectious Diseases Merely Delay the Inevitable"</a>. Slate Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313175552/https://slate.com/technology/2021/01/plague-cycle-excerpt-coronavirus-covid-travel-bans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=At+Best%2C+Travel+Bans+to+Stop+Infectious+Diseases+Merely+Delay+the+Inevitable&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2F01%2Fplague-cycle-excerpt-coronavirus-covid-travel-bans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chowdhury_1992-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Chowdhury_1992_97-0">^</a> Chowdhury, F. L. (1992) Evasion of Customs Duty in Bangladesh, unpublished MBA dissertation submitted to Monash University, Australia. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070322/http://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=98#red-or-green">"Dual-Channel System (Customs Clearance)"</a>. Ica.gov.sg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=98#red-or-green">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ica.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Dual-Channel+System+%28Customs+Clearance%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.gov.sg%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpageid%3D98%23red-or-green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202853/http://www.toll.no/upload/Dokumenter/brosjyrer_veiledere/Reisende_ENG.pdf">"Customs regulations for travellers to and from Norway"</a> (PDF). Norwegian Customs Service. July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toll.no/upload/Dokumenter/brosjyrer_veiledere/Reisende_ENG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customs+regulations+for+travellers+to+and+from+Norway&rft.pub=Norwegian+Customs+Service&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toll.no%2Fupload%2FDokumenter%2Fbrosjyrer_veiledere%2FReisende_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_controls/baggage_controls/index_en.htm#exit">"EUROPA – Taxation and Customs Union / Baggage controls"</a>. ec.europa.eu. 21 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817165237/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_controls/baggage_controls/index_en.htm#exit">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUROPA+%E2%80%93+Taxation+and+Customs+Union+%2F+Baggage+controls&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftaxation_customs%2Fcustoms%2Fcustoms_controls%2Fbaggage_controls%2Findex_en.htm%23exit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328205916/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/images/etiquette_verte.gif">"XB Airlines"</a>. ec.europa.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/images/etiquette_verte.gif">the original</a> on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=XB+Airlines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftaxation_customs%2Fresources%2Fimages%2Fetiquette_verte.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANTW-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANTW_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANTW_102-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haven.antwerpen.be/html/17_FAQ/page_FAQ_00.html">Port of Antwerp FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030517113119/http://www.haven.antwerpen.be/html/17_FAQ/page_FAQ_00.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a>. Accessed 16 June 2008.) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chennaicustoms.gov.in/note2001/PN003_2001.htm">Public Notice No. 03 /2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828071637/http://www.chennaicustoms.gov.in/note2001/PN003_2001.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from the 'Office of the Commissioner of Customs', Customs House, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India. Retrieved 12 October 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agriculture.gov.au/travelling/arriving-in-australia">"Department of Agriculture Fact sheet – Travelling or returning to Australia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312101833/http://agriculture.gov.au/travelling/arriving-in-australia">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Agriculture+Fact+sheet+%E2%80%93+Travelling+or+returning+to+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.gov.au%2Ftravelling%2Farriving-in-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newzealand.embassy.gov.au/wltn/customsfaq.html">"Australian High Commission in"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014426/http://newzealand.embassy.gov.au/wltn/customsfaq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+High+Commission+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewzealand.embassy.gov.au%2Fwltn%2Fcustomsfaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907224853/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/busi/cargo-support-trade-and-goods/importing-goods/prohibited-and-restricted">"Importing prohibited and restricted goods"</a>. Department of Home Affairs, Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/busi/cargo-support-trade-and-goods/importing-goods/prohibited-and-restricted">the original</a> on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Importing+prohibited+and+restricted+goods&rft.pub=Department+of+Home+Affairs%2C+Australian+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeaffairs.gov.au%2Fbusi%2Fcargo-support-trade-and-goods%2Fimporting-goods%2Fprohibited-and-restricted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/04/economist-explains-28">Which countries have the death penalty for drug smuggling?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618124037/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/04/economist-explains-28">Archived</a> 18 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 29 April 2015. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://str.sg/4u3w">"Singaporean drug trafficker executed at Changi Prison for heroin offence"</a>. The Straits Times. 19 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327235759/http://str.sg/4u3w">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Singaporean+drug+trafficker+executed+at+Changi+Prison+for+heroin+offence&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstr.sg%2F4u3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawyerscollective.org/news/archived-news-a-articles/119-bombay-high-court-overturns-mandatory-death-penalty-for-drug-offences-first-in-the-world-to-do-so.html">Bombay High Court overturns mandatory death penalty for drug offences; first in the world to do so</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522223452/http://www.lawyerscollective.org/news/archived-news-a-articles/119-bombay-high-court-overturns-mandatory-death-penalty-for-drug-offences-first-in-the-world-to-do-so.html">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 17 June 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Lawyers_Collective" title="Lawyers Collective">Lawyers Collective</a>. "Consequently, the sentencing Court will have the option and not obligation, to impose capital punishment on a person convicted a second time for drugs in quantities specified under Section 31A. ... Across the world, 32 countries impose capital punishment for offenses involving narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances." </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaobserver.com/drug-smuggling-reaches-a-record-high-in-south-korea-26160">Drug smuggling reaches a record-high in South Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314034557/http://www.koreaobserver.com/drug-smuggling-reaches-a-record-high-in-south-korea-26160">Archived</a> 14 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Feb. 6, 2015. By Chung Hye-min. The Korea Observer. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=South+Korea">The Death Penalty in South Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210074322/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=South+Korea">Archived</a> 10 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/about.cfm">Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205141328/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/about.cfm">Archived</a> 5 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327050413/https://www.dhs.gov/border-security">"Border Security"</a>. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/border-security">the original</a> on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.atitle=Border+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fborder-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-channel4-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-channel4_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-channel4_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228183555/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/indiabangladesh+apossecurityapos+fence/3281357">"Channel 4 News"</a>. channel4.com. 24 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/indiabangladesh+apossecurityapos+fence/3281357">the original</a> on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=channel4.com&rft.atitle=Channel+4+News&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Finternational_politics%2Findiabangladesh%2Bapossecurityapos%2Bfence%2F3281357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/life-of-myanmar-refugees-in-an-indian-border-village/a-59361986">"Life of Myanmar refugees in an Indian border village"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045745/https://www.dw.com/en/life-of-myanmar-refugees-in-an-indian-border-village/a-59361986">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Life+of+Myanmar+refugees+in+an+Indian+border+village&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Flife-of-myanmar-refugees-in-an-indian-border-village%2Fa-59361986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/08/india-detains-rohingya-refugees-and-threatens-to-deport-them-to-myanmar">"India detains Rohingya refugees and threatens to deport them to Myanmar"</a>. The Guardian. 8 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011024718/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/08/india-detains-rohingya-refugees-and-threatens-to-deport-them-to-myanmar">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=India+detains+Rohingya+refugees+and+threatens+to+deport+them+to+Myanmar&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmar%2F08%2Findia-detains-rohingya-refugees-and-threatens-to-deport-them-to-myanmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonee2016" class="citation news cs1">Mallonee, Laura (4 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2016/04/invisible-security-canadas-seemingly-chill-border/">"The Invisible Security of Canada's Seemingly Chill Border"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528175246/https://www.wired.com/2016/04/invisible-security-canadas-seemingly-chill-border/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Invisible+Security+of+Canada%27s+Seemingly+Chill+Border&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft.aulast=Mallonee&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2016%2F04%2Finvisible-security-canadas-seemingly-chill-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schengen_borders_code-117"><a href="#cite_ref-schengen_borders_code_117-0">^</a> Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT">OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114121129/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT">Archived</a> 14 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 5.8 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/e-library/documents/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/docs/c2019-7131-annex.pdf">C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230025715/https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/e-library/documents/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/docs/c2019-7131-annex.pdf">Archived</a> 30 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Annex VII of the Schengen Borders Code (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT">OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114121129/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT">Archived</a> 14 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Annex VII, Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32016R0399">OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, p. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105080924/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32016R0399">Archived</a> 5 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/border-security-market">"Mordor Intelligence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101554/https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/border-security-market">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mordor+Intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mordorintelligence.com%2Findustry-reports%2Fborder-security-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tni.org/en/publication/border-wars">"Border Wars"</a>. Transnational Institute. 4 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101604/https://www.tni.org/en/publication/border-wars">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transnational+Institute&rft.atitle=Border+Wars&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tni.org%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fborder-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tni.org/en/publication/smoking-guns">"Smoking guns"</a>. Transnational Institute. 28 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101615/https://www.tni.org/en/publication/smoking-guns">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transnational+Institute&rft.atitle=Smoking+guns&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tni.org%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fsmoking-guns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centre_has_fenced_3406_km_along_Indo-Bangladesh_border-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_has_fenced_3406_km_along_Indo-Bangladesh_border_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_has_fenced_3406_km_along_Indo-Bangladesh_border_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128074028/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/centre-has-fenced-3406-km-along-indo-bangladesh-border_1006842.html">"Centre has fenced 3406 km along Indo-Bangladesh border"</a>. Thaindian news. 27 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/centre-has-fenced-3406-km-along-indo-bangladesh-border_1006842.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Centre+has+fenced+3406+km+along+Indo-Bangladesh+border&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Findia-news%2Fcentre-has-fenced-3406-km-along-indo-bangladesh-border_1006842.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=357668&sid=SAS&ssid=">"Iran erecting wall along the border with Pakistan"</a>. The Hindu. March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185510/http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=357668&sid=SAS&ssid=">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Iran+erecting+wall+along+the+border+with+Pakistan&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeenews.com%2Farticles.asp%3Faid%3D357668%26sid%3DSAS%26ssid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2007" class="citation news cs1">Dahl, Fredrik (13 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706034537/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DAH337249.htm">"Interview – "Iranian wall" seen hindering drug smugglers-UN"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DAH337249.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+%E2%80%93+%22Iranian+wall%22+seen+hindering+drug+smugglers-UN&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FDAH337249.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C05%5C19%5Cstory_19-5-2007_pg7_15">"Pakistan and Iran blame Afghanistan for unrest"</a>. Daily Times (Pakistan). 19 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418212445/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C05%5C19%5Cstory_19-5-2007_pg7_15">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=Pakistan+and+Iran+blame+Afghanistan+for+unrest&rft.date=2007-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2007%255C05%255C19%255Cstory_19-5-2007_pg7_15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649">"Trump wall: How much has he actually built?"</a>. BBC World News. 31 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515110129/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+News&rft.atitle=Trump+wall%3A+How+much+has+he+actually+built%3F&rft.date=2020-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-46824649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2018" class="citation news cs1">Nixon, Ron (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/08/us/politics/trump-border-wall-funding-surveillance.html">"To Pay for Wall, Trump Would Cut Proven Border Security Measures"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109022244/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/08/us/politics/trump-border-wall-funding-surveillance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Pay+for+Wall%2C+Trump+Would+Cut+Proven+Border+Security+Measures&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-border-wall-funding-surveillance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2020" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Patrick (20 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/border-fence-south-of-aldergrove-simply-a-road-safety-measure-officials-claim">"'Fence' south of Aldergrove about road safety and border security, U.S. officials say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803232512/https://vancouversun.com/news/border-fence-south-of-aldergrove-simply-a-road-safety-measure-officials-claim">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=%27Fence%27+south+of+Aldergrove+about+road+safety+and+border+security%2C+U.S.+officials+say&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Fborder-fence-south-of-aldergrove-simply-a-road-safety-measure-officials-claim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/30/danger-hungary-verge-full-blown-autocracy-viktor-orban-vengeance">"Here lies danger. Hungary is on the verge of full-blown autocracy | George Szirtes"</a>. The Guardian. 30 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106151931/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/30/danger-hungary-verge-full-blown-autocracy-viktor-orban-vengeance">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Here+lies+danger.+Hungary+is+on+the+verge+of+full-blown+autocracy+%26%23124%3B+George+Szirtes&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fmar%2F30%2Fdanger-hungary-verge-full-blown-autocracy-viktor-orban-vengeance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lloyd-hungary-commentary/commentary-orban-and-the-autocratic-spring-idUSKBN1HK2F2">"Commentary: Orban and the autocratic spring"</a>. Reuters. 13 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223428/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lloyd-hungary-commentary/commentary-orban-and-the-autocratic-spring-idUSKBN1HK2F2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Orban+and+the+autocratic+spring&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-lloyd-hungary-commentary%2Fcommentary-orban-and-the-autocratic-spring-idUSKBN1HK2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220554/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/17/us-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617">"Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants"</a>. Reuters. 17 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hungary+to+fence+off+border+with+Serbia+to+stop+migrants&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729115815/https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-defence/news/reinforcement-of-temporary-security-barrier-starts-on-the-hungarian-serbian-border">"Reinforcement of temporary border barrier starts on the Hungarian–Serbian border"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-defence/news/reinforcement-of-temporary-security-barrier-starts-on-the-hungarian-serbian-border">the original</a> on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reinforcement+of+temporary+border+barrier+starts+on+the+Hungarian%E2%80%93Serbian+border&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kormany.hu%2Fen%2Fministry-of-defence%2Fnews%2Freinforcement-of-temporary-security-barrier-starts-on-the-hungarian-serbian-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36753648">Migrant crisis: UN criticises Hungary over border controls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803012030/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36753648">Archived</a> 3 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 9 July 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/26/hungarys-pm-plans-more-massive-fence-to-keep-out-migrants">Hungary's PM plans 'more massive' fence to keep out migrants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131081453/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/26/hungarys-pm-plans-more-massive-fence-to-keep-out-migrants">Archived</a> 31 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. theguardian.com. 26 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/hungary-completes-2nd-border-fence-meant-to-stop-migrants">"Hungary Completes 2nd Border Fence Meant to Stop Migrants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>). 28 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914130303/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/28/hungary-completes-2nd-border-fence-meant-to-stop-migrants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary+Completes+2nd+Border+Fence+Meant+to+Stop+Migrants&rft.pub=Fox+News+%28from+the+Associated+Press%29&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fhungary-completes-2nd-border-fence-meant-to-stop-migrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://p.dw.com/p/2c64B">"Hungary Completes Second Fence to Keep Out Migrants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary+Completes+Second+Fence+to+Keep+Out+Migrants&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fp.dw.com%2Fp%2F2c64B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hirado.hu/2015/09/24/a-szloven-hatarnal-is-keszul-a-drotakadaly/">A szlovén határnál is készül drótakadály</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115956/http://www.hirado.hu/2015/09/24/a-szloven-hatarnal-is-keszul-a-drotakadaly/">Archived</a> 1 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADrad%C3%B3" title="Híradó">Híradó</a>, 24 September 2015 (in Hungarian) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blikk.hu/blikk_aktualis/tekercsekben-all-a-lebontott-drotakadaly-a-magyar-szloven-hataron-2403475">Tekercsekben áll a lebontott drótakadály a magyar-szlovén határon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012151229/http://www.blikk.hu/blikk_aktualis/tekercsekben-all-a-lebontott-drotakadaly-a-magyar-szloven-hataron-2403475">Archived</a> 12 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Blikk" title="Blikk">Blikk</a>, 26 September 2015 (in Hungarian) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929222846/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7374-2126835,00.html/">"The Times & The Sunday Times"</a>. Timesonline.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7374-2126835,00.html/">the original</a> on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Timesonline.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Times+%26+The+Sunday+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C7374-2126835%2C00.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoprod-143"><a href="#cite_ref-infoprod_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investmentfraudlawyers.com/">"security fraud"</a>. infoprod.co.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817180100/https://investmentfraudlawyers.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infoprod.co.il&rft.atitle=security+fraud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestmentfraudlawyers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2015" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/11344116/Revealed-Saudi-Arabias-Great-Wall-to-keep-out-Isil.html">"Revealed: Saudi Arabia's 'Great Wall' to keep out Isil"</a>. Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/11344116/Revealed-Saudi-Arabias-Great-Wall-to-keep-out-Isil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Saudi+Arabia%27s+%27Great+Wall%27+to+keep+out+Isil&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudiarabia%2F11344116%2FRevealed-Saudi-Arabias-Great-Wall-to-keep-out-Isil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrakis2015" class="citation news cs1">Behrakis, Yannis (28 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202235719/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/28/us-europe-migrants-macedonia-idUSKBN0TH04M20151128">"Police, migrants clash on Macedonia border; soldiers build fence"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-macedonia-idUSKBN0TH04M20151128">the original</a> on 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police%2C+migrants+clash+on+Macedonia+border%3B+soldiers+build+fence&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.aulast=Behrakis&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-europe-migrants-macedonia-idUSKBN0TH04M20151128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2004" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Barnaby (30 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3582459.stm">"Zimbabwe crisis spills over border"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312123932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3582459.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+crisis+spills+over+border&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3582459.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/interactive/causewayjam/index.html">"Clearing the Causeway"</a>. 9 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702024524/https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/interactive/causewayjam/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clearing+the+Causeway&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfographics.channelnewsasia.com%2Finteractive%2Fcausewayjam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2013" class="citation news cs1">Lim, Yan Liang (13 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-look-at-woodlands-checkpoint-singapores-first-and-last-line-of-defence">"A Look at Woodlands Checkpoint"</a>. The Straits Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323041636/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-look-at-woodlands-checkpoint-singapores-first-and-last-line-of-defence">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+Woodlands+Checkpoint&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Yan+Liang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fa-look-at-woodlands-checkpoint-singapores-first-and-last-line-of-defence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Already-Present-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Already-Present_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Already-Present_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Already-Present_149-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>This review...</li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonesBebberChalonerKay2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fones, Helen; Bebber, Daniel; Chaloner, Thomas; Kay, William; Steinberg, Gero; Gurr, Sarah (2020). "Threats to global food security from emerging fungal and omycete crop pathogens". Review Article. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a>. 1 (6). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a>: 332–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-020-0075-0">10.1038/s43016-020-0075-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-1355">2662-1355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37128085">37128085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257160533">257160533</a>. HF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9914-4885">0000-0002-9914-4885</a>. DB <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-1482">0000-0003-4440-1482</a>. WK <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-4856">0000-0002-2561-4856</a>. SG <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-0635">0000-0002-4821-0635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Threats+to+global+food+security+from+emerging+fungal+and+omycete+crop+pathogens&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=332-342&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2662-1355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257160533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37128085&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-020-0075-0&rft.aulast=Fones&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Bebber%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Chaloner%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Kay%2C+William&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Gero&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"></li><li>...cites this study:</li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebberFieldGuiMortimer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bebber, Daniel; Field, Elsa; Gui, Heng; Mortimer, Peter; Holmes, Timothy; Gurr, Sarah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14698">"Many unreported crop pests and pathogens are probably already present"</a>. Primary Research Article. <a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Biology" title="Global Change Biology">Global Change Biology</a>. 25 (8). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons Ltd.">John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</a>: 2703–2713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GCBio..25.2703B">2019GCBio..25.2703B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14698">10.1111/gcb.14698</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F128845">10871/128845</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013">1354-1013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31237022">31237022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195355553">195355553</a>. DB <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-1482">0000-0003-4440-1482</a>. SG <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-0635">0000-0002-4821-0635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Many+unreported+crop+pests+and+pathogens+are+probably+already+present&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2703-2713&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F128845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195355553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GCBio..25.2703B&rft.issn=1354-1013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.14698&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31237022&rft.aulast=Bebber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Field%2C+Elsa&rft.au=Gui%2C+Heng&rft.au=Mortimer%2C+Peter&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fgcb.14698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite>Matter of Graciela QUILANTAN, Respondent</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/07/25/3688.pdf"> A095 426 631</a> (Board of Immigration Appeals 28 July 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kowalski, Daniel M. (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/immigration/b/insidenews/archive/2012/01/17/matter-of-quilantan-helps-immigrant.aspx?Redirected=true">"Matter of Quilantan helps immigrant"</a>. Lexis/Nexis. Retrieved 7 December 2017. <q>Because she wasn't trying to sneak across and hadn't been questioned by the immigration officer who waved them into Texas, the court found she had been "inspected and admitted" legally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexis%2FNexis&rft.atitle=Matter+of+Quilantan+helps+immigrant&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%2Flegalnewsroom%2Fimmigration%2Fb%2Finsidenews%2Farchive%2F2012%2F01%2F17%2Fmatter-of-quilantan-helps-immigrant.aspx%3FRedirected%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kowalski, Daniel M. (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/immigration/b/insidenews/archive/2012/01/17/matter-of-quilantan-helps-immigrant.aspx?Redirected=true">"Matter of Quilantan helps immigrant"</a>. Lexis/Nexis. Retrieved 7 December 2017. <q>The case doesn't apply to millions of undocumented immigrants who crossed rivers, mountains and deserts, evading U.S. immigration officials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexis%2FNexis&rft.atitle=Matter+of+Quilantan+helps+immigrant&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%2Flegalnewsroom%2Fimmigration%2Fb%2Finsidenews%2Farchive%2F2012%2F01%2F17%2Fmatter-of-quilantan-helps-immigrant.aspx%3FRedirected%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210740/http://www.minilex.fi/a/valtionrajarikos-koskee-suomen-rajaa">"Valtionrajarikos koskee Suomen rajaa – Minilex"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minilex.fi/a/valtionrajarikos-koskee-suomen-rajaa">the original</a> on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valtionrajarikos+koskee+Suomen+rajaa+%E2%80%93+Minilex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minilex.fi%2Fa%2Fvaltionrajarikos-koskee-suomen-rajaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanmunjom_tour" class="citation web cs1">Panmunjom tour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210517/http://tourdmz.com/english/02dmz/p2-1.php">"DMZ – Terminology"</a>. tourdmz.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tourdmz.com/english/02dmz/p2-1.php">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tourdmz.com&rft.atitle=DMZ+%E2%80%93+Terminology&rft.au=Panmunjom+tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftourdmz.com%2Fenglish%2F02dmz%2Fp2-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164517/http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html">"FindLaw Legal Blogs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FindLaw+Legal+Blogs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.findlaw.com%2Fcnn%2Fdocs%2Fkorea%2Fkwarmagr072753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> Article 1, Section 5. Retrieved 11 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312070836/http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/south-korea-to-respond-to-illegal-fishing-with-force">"South Korea to Respond to Illegal Fishing with Force"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/south-korea-to-respond-to-illegal-fishing-with-force">the original</a> on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea+to+Respond+to+Illegal+Fishing+with+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fsouth-korea-to-respond-to-illegal-fishing-with-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 11 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312060747/http://www.fiskerforum.dk/en/news/b/han-river-crackdown">"Han River crackdown – FiskerForum"</a>. 13 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiskerforum.dk/en/news/b/han-river-crackdown">the original</a> on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Han+River+crackdown+%E2%80%93+FiskerForum&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiskerforum.dk%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fb%2Fhan-river-crackdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 11 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/880735.html">"S. Korea shares nautical charts of Han River estuary with N. Korea"</a>. English Edition. 31 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011808/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/880735.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Edition&rft.atitle=S.+Korea+shares+nautical+charts+of+Han+River+estuary+with+N.+Korea&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_national%2F880735.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF송상호2019" class="citation news cs1">송상호 (30 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190130008700315">"Koreas to open Han River estuary to civilian ships in April"</a>. Yonhap News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011848/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190130008700315">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Koreas+to+open+Han+River+estuary+to+civilian+ships+in+April&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft.au=%EC%86%A1%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20190130008700315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/914743.html">"[Reportage] the DMZ that's not on land"</a>. english.hani.co.kr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802232537/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/914743.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.hani.co.kr&rft.atitle=%26%2391%3BReportage%26%2393%3B+the+DMZ+that%27s+not+on+land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_northkorea%2F914743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Schiff" title="Stacy Schiff">Schiff, Stacy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/opinion/22schiff.html">"Politics Starts at the Border"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802230533/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/opinion/22schiff.html">Archived</a> 2 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times. 22 July 2007. Accessed 3 August 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosgranitsa.ru/ru/node/3140">Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the management of the Russia-China international border</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709062825/http://www.rosgranitsa.ru/ru/node/3140">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, rosgranitsa.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/16/middleeast/egypt-wall-buffer-zone-gaza-border-intl-hnk/index.html#:~:text=Egypt%20is%20building%20a%20massive,of%20Gaza%27s%20population%20is%20sheltering.">"Egypt is building a new walled buffer zone more than 2 miles wide on Gaza border, satellite images show"</a>. 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+is+building+a+new+walled+buffer+zone+more+than+2+miles+wide+on+Gaza+border%2C+satellite+images+show&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F02%2F16%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-wall-buffer-zone-gaza-border-intl-hnk%2Findex.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEgypt%2520is%2520building%2520a%2520massive%2Cof%2520Gaza%2527s%2520population%2520is%2520sheltering.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/15/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/">"Egypt clearing land, building wall near Gaza border, satellite imagery shows"</a>. Washington Post. 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Egypt+clearing+land%2C+building+wall+near+Gaza+border%2C+satellite+imagery+shows&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2F02%2F15%2Fisrael-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> art 12(4) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926231018/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=553">"Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)"</a>. Government of India website. Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=553">the original</a> on 26 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+India+website&rft.atitle=Overseas+Citizenship+of+India+%28OCI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Funiquepage.asp%3FId_Pk%3D553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504131659/http://moia.gov.in/services.aspx?id1=35&id=m3&idp=35&mainid=23">"Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme"</a>. Diaspora Services. Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moia.gov.in/services.aspx?id1=35&id=m3&idp=35&mainid=23">the original</a> on 4 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diaspora+Services&rft.atitle=Overseas+Citizenship+of+India+Scheme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moia.gov.in%2Fservices.aspx%3Fid1%3D35%26id%3Dm3%26idp%3D35%26mainid%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tele-171"><a href="#cite_ref-tele_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Philip (21 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080326202004/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2F21%2Fnvisa121.xml">"Britain may abolish ancestry visa"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/21/nvisa121.xml">the original</a> on 26 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain+may+abolish+ancestry+visa&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2F21%2Fnvisa121.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDovi2015" class="citation web cs1">Dovi, Efam (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/ghana-a-place-for-african-americans-to-resettle.html">"Ghana, a place for African Americans to resettle"</a>. The Africa Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110738/http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/ghana-a-place-for-african-americans-to-resettle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Ghana%2C+a+place+for+African+Americans+to+resettle&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.aulast=Dovi&rft.aufirst=Efam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2FWest-Africa%2Fghana-a-place-for-african-americans-to-resettle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wolman, Andrew (18 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/20528/1/KLRI%20nk%20escapee%20prepublication.pdf">"The South Korean Citizenship of North Korean Escapees in Law and Practice"</a> (PDF). KLRI Journal of Law and Legislation. 4 (2): 7–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203315/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/20528/1/KLRI%20nk%20escapee%20prepublication.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KLRI+Journal+of+Law+and+Legislation&rft.atitle=The+South+Korean+Citizenship+of+North+Korean+Escapees+in+Law+and+Practice&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-34&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.aulast=Wolman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F20528%2F1%2FKLRI%2520nk%2520escapee%2520prepublication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206162309/http://www.voanews.com/content/north-korean-refugees-seek-freedom-via-thailand-136370353/150081.html">"North Korean Refugees Seek Freedom Via Thailand"</a>. Voice of America. 28 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/north-korean-refugees-seek-freedom-via-thailand-136370353/150081.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korean+Refugees+Seek+Freedom+Via+Thailand&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Fnorth-korean-refugees-seek-freedom-via-thailand-136370353%2F150081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> Voice of America </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133451/http://www.pol.cmu.ac.th/proceedings-download.php?proceedings_id=91"><bdi lang="th">ประเทศไทยกับการจัดการผูPลี้ภัยชาวเกาหลีเหนือ</bdi></a> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pol.cmu.ac.th/proceedings-download.php?proceedings_id=91">the original</a> on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9P%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pol.cmu.ac.th%2Fproceedings-download.php%3Fproceedings_id%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> Chiang Mai University, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2009" class="citation magazine cs1">O'Neill, Tom (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228023037/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/02/north-korea/oneill-text/2">"North Korea"</a>. National Geographic. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/02/north-korea/oneill-text/2">the original</a> on 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=North+Korea&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009-02&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fnorth-korea%2Foneill-text%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Odagawa, Ayana; Seki, Sosuke; Akiyama, Hajime; Azukizawa, Fumie; Kato, Keiko; Nakamura, Anna; Fu, Yue; Honda, Manami (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/jp/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2018/01/TYPOLOGY-OF-STATELESS-PERSONS-IN-JAPAN_webEnglish.pdf">Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319222517/https://www.unhcr.org/jp/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2018/01/TYPOLOGY-OF-STATELESS-PERSONS-IN-JAPAN_webEnglish.pdf">Archived</a> 19 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) (Report). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. pp. 1–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503193452/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/open-border">"open border Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. 3 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/open-border">the original</a> on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=open+border+Definition+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fopen-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2016" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous (6 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en">"Schengen Area – Migration and Home Affairs – European Commission"</a>. Migration and Home Affairs – European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812074419/https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migration+and+Home+Affairs+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Schengen+Area+%E2%80%93+Migration+and+Home+Affairs+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fhome-affairs%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fpolicies%2Fborders-and-visas%2Fschengen_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140801080227/http://www.populationenvironmentresearch.org/papers/Colemanmigration.pdf">"International Union for the Scientific Study of Population : XXIV General Population Conference, Salvador da Bahia, Brazil : Plenary Debate no 4"</a>(PDF). Web.archive.org. 24 August 2001. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSDA2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/traveler/hawaii/hawaiian_products">"Information for Travelers Coming to the U.S. Mainland from Hawaii"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104123015/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/traveler/hawaii/hawaiian_products">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+for+Travelers+Coming+to+the+U.S.+Mainland+from+Hawaii&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=USDA&rft.aufirst=Animal+and+Plant+Health+Inspection+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Faphis%2Fresources%2Ftraveler%2Fhawaii%2Fhawaiian_products&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationmultimedia-186"><a href="#cite_ref-nationmultimedia_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622221539/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Single-entry-visa-for-Thailand-Cambodia-30196863.html">"national/Single-entry-visa-for-Thailand-Cambodia-30196863"</a>. nationmultimedia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Single-entry-visa-for-Thailand-Cambodia-30196863.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nationmultimedia.com&rft.atitle=national%2FSingle-entry-visa-for-Thailand-Cambodia-30196863&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fnational%2FSingle-entry-visa-for-Thailand-Cambodia-30196863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaiembassy.sg/announcements/acmecs-single-visa-application-now-opens-for-citizen-of-35-countries-wishing-to-enter-0">"ACMECS Single Visa application now opens for citizen of 35 countries wishing to enter Thailand and Cambodia for tourism purposes | Royal Thai Embassy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015653/https://www.thaiembassy.sg/announcements/acmecs-single-visa-application-now-opens-for-citizen-of-35-countries-wishing-to-enter-0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACMECS+Single+Visa+application+now+opens+for+citizen+of+35+countries+wishing+to+enter+Thailand+and+Cambodia+for+tourism+purposes+%26%23124%3B+Royal+Thai+Embassy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaiembassy.sg%2Fannouncements%2Facmecs-single-visa-application-now-opens-for-citizen-of-35-countries-wishing-to-enter-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-listing/special-category-visa-subclass-444">"Subclass 444 Special Category visa (SCV)"</a>. immi.homeaffairs.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527110702/https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-listing/special-category-visa-subclass-444">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immi.homeaffairs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Subclass+444+Special+Category+visa+%28SCV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimmi.homeaffairs.gov.au%2Fvisas%2Fgetting-a-visa%2Fvisa-listing%2Fspecial-category-visa-subclass-444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/australian-resident-visa">"Information about: Australian Resident Visa"</a>. Immigration New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516072525/https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/australian-resident-visa">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Immigration+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Information+about%3A+Australian+Resident+Visa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration.govt.nz%2Fnew-zealand-visas%2Fapply-for-a-visa%2Fabout-visa%2Faustralian-resident-visa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516072527/https://belarusfeed.com/ratification-agreement-belarus-russia-mutual-visa/">"Lukashenko Signs Law To Ratify Agreement With Russia On Mutual Visa Recognition"</a>. BelarusFeed. 11 December 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belarusfeed.com/ratification-agreement-belarus-russia-mutual-visa/">the original</a> on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelarusFeed&rft.atitle=Lukashenko+Signs+Law+To+Ratify+Agreement+With+Russia+On+Mutual+Visa+Recognition&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelarusfeed.com%2Fratification-agreement-belarus-russia-mutual-visa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2017" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Amelia (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/28/hostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart">"'Hostile environment': the hardline Home Office policy tearing families apart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423191330/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/28/hostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Hostile+environment%27%3A+the+hardline+Home+Office+policy+tearing+families+apart&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fnov%2F28%2Fhostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/2017/12/how-theresa-may-s-hostile-environment-created-underworld">"How Theresa May's "hostile environment" created an underworld"</a>. Newstatesman.com. 19 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725231343/https://www.newstatesman.com/2017/12/how-theresa-may-s-hostile-environment-created-underworld">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newstatesman.com&rft.atitle=How+Theresa+May%27s+%22hostile+environment%22+created+an+underworld&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F2017%2F12%2Fhow-theresa-may-s-hostile-environment-created-underworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inspection-report-of-hostile-environment-measures-october-2016">"Inspection report of hostile environment measures, October 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423235909/http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inspection-report-of-hostile-environment-measures-october-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inspection+report+of+hostile+environment+measures%2C+October+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Finspection-report-of-hostile-environment-measures-october-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/15/a-home-office-humanity-test">"A Home Office humanity test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 15 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107172826/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/15/a-home-office-humanity-test">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+Home+Office+humanity+test&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Fapr%2F15%2Fa-home-office-humanity-test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83RfJiuuN2I">Highly-skilled migrants told to leave UK under 'hostile environment' policy</a> (News). Channel 4 News. 20 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106051026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83RfJiuuN2I">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highly-skilled+migrants+told+to+leave+UK+under+%27hostile+environment%27+policy&rft.pub=Channel+4+News&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D83RfJiuuN2I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkup2012" class="citation news cs1">Kirkup, James (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/9291483/Theresa-May-interview-Were-going-to-give-illegal-migrants-a-really-hostile-reception.html">"Theresa May interview: 'We're going to give illegal migrants a really hostile reception'"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/9291483/Theresa-May-interview-Were-going-to-give-illegal-migrants-a-really-hostile-reception.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+interview%3A+%27We%27re+going+to+give+illegal+migrants+a+really+hostile+reception%27&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Kirkup&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fimmigration%2F9291483%2FTheresa-May-interview-Were-going-to-give-illegal-migrants-a-really-hostile-reception.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2017" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Amelia (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/28/hostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart">"'Hostile environment': the hardline Home Office policy tearing families apart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423191330/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/28/hostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Hostile+environment%27%3A+the+hardline+Home+Office+policy+tearing+families+apart&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fnov%2F28%2Fhostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/15/observer-view-uk-immigration-policy">"The Observer view on the UK's increasingly harsh immigration policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 15 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231110/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/15/observer-view-uk-immigration-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Observer+view+on+the+UK%27s+increasingly+harsh+immigration+policy&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fapr%2F15%2Fobserver-view-uk-immigration-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-43831563/windrush-what-is-the-hostile-environment-immigration-policy">"What is the 'hostile environment' policy?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701101559/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-43831563/windrush-what-is-the-hostile-environment-immigration-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27hostile+environment%27+policy%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fuk-politics-43831563%2Fwindrush-what-is-the-hostile-environment-immigration-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/government-s-hostile-environment-policy-too-open-to-error-and-risks-undermining-credibility-of-a8158656.html">"Britain's immigration system 'too open to error', MPs warn"</a>. The Independent. 14 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211014858/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/government-s-hostile-environment-policy-too-open-to-error-and-risks-undermining-credibility-of-a8158656.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+immigration+system+%27too+open+to+error%27%2C+MPs+warn&rft.date=2018-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fgovernment-s-hostile-environment-policy-too-open-to-error-and-risks-undermining-credibility-of-a8158656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/home-office-immigration-checks-bank-accounts-mps-campaign-groups-urge-stop-caroline-lucas-david-a8118251.html">"Home Office urged to stop 'inhumane' immigration checks on bank accounts"</a>. The Independent. 19 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814060614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/home-office-immigration-checks-bank-accounts-mps-campaign-groups-urge-stop-caroline-lucas-david-a8118251.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Home+Office+urged+to+stop+%27inhumane%27+immigration+checks+on+bank+accounts&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fhome-office-immigration-checks-bank-accounts-mps-campaign-groups-urge-stop-caroline-lucas-david-a8118251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the3million.org.uk/hostile-environment">"The phrase 'Hostile Environment' is used a lot. But what does it mean exactly?"</a>. The3million.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106051023/https://www.the3million.org.uk/hostile-environment">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The3million.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+phrase+%27Hostile+Environment%27+is+used+a+lot.+But+what+does+it+mean+exactly%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the3million.org.uk%2Fhostile-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Diane (4 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/04/disabled-briton-held-immigration-removal-centre-four-months">"Disabled Briton held in immigration removal centre for four months"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106051023/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/04/disabled-briton-held-immigration-removal-centre-four-months">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Disabled+Briton+held+in+immigration+removal+centre+for+four+months&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Fapr%2F04%2Fdisabled-briton-held-immigration-removal-centre-four-months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/blog/home-office-must-drop-hostile-environment-approach-brexit">"The Home Office must drop 'hostile environment' approach for Brexit"</a>. The Institute for Government. 13 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106051023/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/blog/home-office-must-drop-hostile-environment-approach-brexit">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+for+Government&rft.atitle=The+Home+Office+must+drop+%27hostile+environment%27+approach+for+Brexit&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforgovernment.org.uk%2Fblog%2Fhome-office-must-drop-hostile-environment-approach-brexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710154348/https://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2017/11/22/the-fightback-against-may-s-hostile-environment-has-begun">"The fightback against May's hostile environment has begun"</a>. politics.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2017/11/22/the-fightback-against-may-s-hostile-environment-has-begun">the original</a> on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=politics.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+fightback+against+May%27s+hostile+environment+has+begun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.co.uk%2Fcomment-analysis%2F2017%2F11%2F22%2Fthe-fightback-against-may-s-hostile-environment-has-begun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Colin Yeo, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemovement.org.uk/how-complex-are-the-uk-immigration-rules-and-is-this-a-problem/">How complex is UK immigration law and is this a problem?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106051025/https://www.freemovement.org.uk/how-complex-are-the-uk-immigration-rules-and-is-this-a-problem/">Archived</a> 6 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>' (24/01/18) on Free Movement </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath2019" class="citation web cs1">Nath, Akshaya (20 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/protests-continue-tamil-nadu-against-caa-nrc-1630224-2019-12-20">"Protests continue in Tamil Nadu against CAA, NRC"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109235639/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/protests-continue-tamil-nadu-against-caa-nrc-1630224-2019-12-20">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Protests+continue+in+Tamil+Nadu+against+CAA%2C+NRC&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Akshaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fprotests-continue-tamil-nadu-against-caa-nrc-1630224-2019-12-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/938-persons-detained-in-6-detention-centres-in-assam-823-declared-as-foreigners-centre-tells-supreme-court/articleshow/68062067.cms">"938 persons detained in 6 detention centres in Assam, 823 declared as foreigners: Centre to SC"</a>. The Economic Times. 19 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106051023/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/938-persons-detained-in-6-detention-centres-in-assam-823-declared-as-foreigners-centre-tells-supreme-court/articleshow/68062067.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=938+persons+detained+in+6+detention+centres+in+Assam%2C+823+declared+as+foreigners%3A+Centre+to+SC&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2F938-persons-detained-in-6-detention-centres-in-assam-823-declared-as-foreigners-centre-tells-supreme-court%2Farticleshow%2F68062067.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanapatye2019" class="citation news cs1">Ganapatye, Shruti (7 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/coming-up-in-nerul-1st-detention-centre-for-illegal-immigrants/articleshow/71018439.cms">"Coming up in Nerul: 1st detention centre for illegal immigrants"</a>. Mumbai Mirror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222151746/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/coming-up-in-nerul-1st-detention-centre-for-illegal-immigrants/articleshow/71018439.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Mirror&rft.atitle=Coming+up+in+Nerul%3A+1st+detention+centre+for+illegal+immigrants&rft.date=2019-09-07&rft.aulast=Ganapatye&rft.aufirst=Shruti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmumbaimirror.indiatimes.com%2Fmumbai%2Fcover-story%2Fcoming-up-in-nerul-1st-detention-centre-for-illegal-immigrants%2Farticleshow%2F71018439.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2019" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, Zeba (8 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214135306/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-politics-citizenship-camp/as-they-build-indias-first-camp-for-illegals-some-workers-fear-detention-there-idINKCN1VT01I">"As they build India's first camp for illegals, some workers fear detention there"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.reuters.com/article/india-politics-citizenship-camp/as-they-build-indias-first-camp-for-illegals-some-workers-fear-detention-there-idINKCN1VT01I">the original</a> on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=As+they+build+India%27s+first+camp+for+illegals%2C+some+workers+fear+detention+there&rft.date=2019-09-08&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Zeba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Findia-politics-citizenship-camp%2Fas-they-build-indias-first-camp-for-illegals-some-workers-fear-detention-there-idINKCN1VT01I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Vijaita (29 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-is-the-directive-on-detention-centres/article30421358.ece">"Explained What is the directive on detention centres?"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229162249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-is-the-directive-on-detention-centres/article30421358.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Explained+What+is+the+directive+on+detention+centres%3F&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vijaita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fwhat-is-the-directive-on-detention-centres%2Farticle30421358.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interstatequarantine.org.au/state-and-territory-border-closures/">"State and territory border closures – Australian Interstate Quarantine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024201221/https://www.interstatequarantine.org.au/state-and-territory-border-closures/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+and+territory+border+closures+%E2%80%93+Australian+Interstate+Quarantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interstatequarantine.org.au%2Fstate-and-territory-border-closures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/covid-communications/covid-19-coronavirus-controlled-border">"COVID-19 coronavirus: Travel to WA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024201220/https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/covid-communications/covid-19-coronavirus-controlled-border">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COVID-19+coronavirus%3A+Travel+to+WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa.gov.au%2Forganisation%2Fcovid-communications%2Fcovid-19-coronavirus-controlled-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao2021" class="citation web cs1">Mao, Frances (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906112658/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-58406526">"Why has Australia switched tack on Covid zero?"</a>. BBC News. Sydney. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-58406526">the original</a> on 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+has+Australia+switched+tack+on+Covid+zero%3F&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-58406526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811">"Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 24 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313142436/https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coronavirus%3A+EU+rules+out+Schengen+border+closures+amid+Italy+outbreak&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcoronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak%2Fa-52497811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/">"Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EURACTIV" class="mw-redirect" title="EURACTIV">EURACTIV</a>. 13 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318195056/https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV&rft.atitle=Commission+chief+warns+against+unilateral+virus+travel+bans&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fjustice-home-affairs%2Fnews%2Fcommission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AITtpp-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AITtpp_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AITtpp_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adventuresintibet.com/travel-permit-pilgrims/">"Apply Tibet Travel Permit for Indians & Bhutanese - Adventures in Tibet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028035124/https://www.adventuresintibet.com/travel-permit-pilgrims/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apply+Tibet+Travel+Permit+for+Indians+%26+Bhutanese+-+Adventures+in+Tibet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventuresintibet.com%2Ftravel-permit-pilgrims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-voa-221"><a href="#cite_ref-voa_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102000121/http://crj.gdga.gov.cn/zjzs/201102/t20110216_1462.htm"><bdi lang="zh">广东省公安厅出入境政务服务网</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crj.gdga.gov.cn/zjzs/201102/t20110216_1462.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%85%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrj.gdga.gov.cn%2Fzjzs%2F201102%2Ft20110216_1462.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-05/31/content_2396.htm"><bdi lang="zh">签证</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016201605/http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-05/31/content_2396.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AD%BE%E8%AF%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fbanshi%2F2005-05%2F31%2Fcontent_2396.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/guangdong/shenzhen/visa-on-arrival.htm">"Shenzhen 5-Day Visa on Arrival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016201605/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/guangdong/shenzhen/visa-on-arrival.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shenzhen+5-Day+Visa+on+Arrival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fcityguides%2Fguangdong%2Fshenzhen%2Fvisa-on-arrival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116101540/http://www.gdcrj.com/bszn/wgrcrj/200211/t20021118_1712.htm"><bdi lang="zh">广东省公安厅出入境政务服务网</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdcrj.com/bszn/wgrcrj/200211/t20021118_1712.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%85%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdcrj.com%2Fbszn%2Fwgrcrj%2F200211%2Ft20021118_1712.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819081113/http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/bmtx/200609/t20060915_104724.htm"><bdi lang="zh">深圳口岸（落地）签证须知</bdi></a>. Shenzhen People's Government. 15 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/bmtx/200609/t20060915_104724.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8%EF%BC%88%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%B0%EF%BC%89%E7%AD%BE%E8%AF%81%E9%A1%BB%E7%9F%A5&rft.pub=Shenzhen+People%27s+Government&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sz.gov.cn%2Fcn%2Fbmtx%2F200609%2Ft20060915_104724.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204222/http://www.gdga.gov.cn/jwzx/bmts/201512/t20151221_754350.html"><bdi lang="zh">珠海横琴出入境办事处启动办理外国人口岸签证-广东省公安厅平安南粤网</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdga.gov.cn/jwzx/bmts/201512/t20151221_754350.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7%E6%A8%AA%E7%90%B4%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83%E5%8A%9E%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%84%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9E%E7%90%86%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8%E7%AD%BE%E8%AF%81-%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%85%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E7%B2%A4%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdga.gov.cn%2Fjwzx%2Fbmts%2F201512%2Ft20151221_754350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225041351/http://gohongkong.about.com/od/traveltochina/a/Shenzen_visa_main.htm">"Shenzhen Visa"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gohongkong.about.com/od/traveltochina/a/Shenzen_visa_main.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shenzhen+Visa&rft.pub=About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgohongkong.about.com%2Fod%2Ftraveltochina%2Fa%2FShenzen_visa_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929171526/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2015-05/27/c_127845804.htm"><bdi lang="zh">桂林：东盟10国旅游团可享6天入境免签-新华网</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2015-05/27/c_127845804.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F10%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E5%9B%A2%E5%8F%AF%E4%BA%AB6%E5%A4%A9%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83%E5%85%8D%E7%AD%BE-%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Flocal%2F2015-05%2F27%2Fc_127845804.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317005617/https://www.bhutan.travel/page/visaentry-permit">"Visa/Entry Permit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhutan.travel/page/visaentry-permit">the original</a> on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visa%2FEntry+Permit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhutan.travel%2Fpage%2Fvisaentry-permit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801003758/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/borneo/visas">"Visas and customs in Borneo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/borneo/visas">the original</a> on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visas+and+customs+in+Borneo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fborneo%2Fvisas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018022844/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C487ca236c0%2C0.html">"UNHCR | Refworld | Freedom in the World 2008 – North Korea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C487ca236c0%2C0.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+%26%23124%3B+Refworld+%26%23124%3B+Freedom+in+the+World+2008+%E2%80%93+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fcountry%252C%252C%252C%252CPRK%252C4562d8cf2%252C487ca236c0%252C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA24/002/2009/en/">"Document"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213148/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA24/002/2009/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2FASA24%2F002%2F2009%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003453/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1006.html#entry_requirements">"Russian Federation Country Specific Information – Entry/Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens"</a>. Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1006.html#entry_requirements">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation+Country+Specific+Information+%E2%80%93+Entry%2FExit+Requirements+for+U.S.+Citizens&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Consular+Affairs%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel.state.gov%2Ftravel%2Fcis_pa_tw%2Fcis%2Fcis_1006.html%23entry_requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.garant.ru/104408/">"Постановление Правительства РФ от 04.07.1992 N 470 "Об утверждении Перечня территорий Российской Федерации с регламентированным посещением для иностранных граждан" (с изменениями и дополнениями)"</a>. base.garant.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403193638/http://base.garant.ru/104408/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=base.garant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE%D1%82+04.07.1992+N+470+%22%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.garant.ru%2F104408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrussels2020" class="citation news cs1">Brussels, Ashifa Kassam Daniel Boffey in (31 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/spain-and-uk-reach-draft-deal-on-post-brexit-status-of-gibraltar">"Spain and UK reach draft deal on post-Brexit status of Gibraltar"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326041930/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/spain-and-uk-reach-draft-deal-on-post-brexit-status-of-gibraltar">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spain+and+UK+reach+draft+deal+on+post-Brexit+status+of+Gibraltar&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft.aulast=Brussels&rft.aufirst=Ashifa+Kassam+Daniel+Boffey+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F31%2Fspain-and-uk-reach-draft-deal-on-post-brexit-status-of-gibraltar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/chief-ministers-statement-the-new-years-eve-in-principle-agreement-a-post-brexit-deal-for-gibraltar-9462020-6542">"Chief Minister's Statement – The New Year's Eve 'In-Principle' Agreement: A Post Brexit Deal for Gibraltar – 946/2020"</a>. Government of Gibraltar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231165915/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/chief-ministers-statement-the-new-years-eve-in-principle-agreement-a-post-brexit-deal-for-gibraltar-9462020-6542">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Gibraltar&rft.atitle=Chief+Minister%27s+Statement+%E2%80%93+The+New+Year%27s+Eve+%27In-Principle%27+Agreement%3A+A+Post+Brexit+Deal+for+Gibraltar+%E2%80%93+946%2F2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibraltar.gov.gi%2Fpress-releases%2Fchief-ministers-statement-the-new-years-eve-in-principle-agreement-a-post-brexit-deal-for-gibraltar-9462020-6542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nipa-242"><a href="#cite_ref-nipa_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12020W/TXT&from=EN">"AGREEMENT on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community"</a>. Official Journal of the European Union. 31 January 2020. Document 12020W/TXT – L 29/7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103171738/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12020W/TXT&from=EN">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=AGREEMENT+on+the+withdrawal+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland+from+the+European+Union+and+the+European+Atomic+Energy+Community&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FHTML%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A12020W%2FTXT%26from%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50083026">"Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?"</a>. BBC News. 21 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222170733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50083026">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+What+is+in+Boris+Johnson%27s+new+deal+with+the+EU%3F&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-50083026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerBrunsden2019" class="citation news cs1">Parker, George; Brunsden, Jim (11 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/cdb2dadc-ec40-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55">"How Boris Johnson moved to break the Brexit deadlock"</a>. Financial Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/cdb2dadc-ec40-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+Boris+Johnson+moved+to+break+the+Brexit+deadlock&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brunsden%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fcdb2dadc-ec40-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_56737351-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_56737351_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_56737351_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_56737351_245-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-56737351">"NI sea border: Border control posts must progress 'without delay'"</a>. BBC News. 13 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024181550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-56737351">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=NI+sea+border%3A+Border+control+posts+must+progress+%27without+delay%27&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-56737351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2021" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, John (27 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-56217647">"Brexit: DUP agriculture minister orders Brexit check construction halt"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024181550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-56217647">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+DUP+agriculture+minister+orders+Brexit+check+construction+halt&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-56217647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2021/0826/1242916-icg-h1-results/">"ICG continues to see Covid impact on ferries business"</a>. RTE News. 26 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024181550/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2021/0826/1242916-icg-h1-results/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTE+News&rft.atitle=ICG+continues+to+see+Covid+impact+on+ferries+business&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2F0826%2F1242916-icg-h1-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/;jsessionid=TJcLTTkLTbF0zDNTTm0Z2GGMzHlM1QGpWP9mdKGRx6WlrfTlb2GQ!1620842458?uri=CELEX:32006R0562">Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914131957/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/;jsessionid=TJcLTTkLTbF0zDNTTm0Z2GGMzHlM1QGpWP9mdKGRx6WlrfTlb2GQ!1620842458?uri=CELEX:32006R0562">Archived</a> 14 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> See Title III Article 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Article 45 of the Schengen Convention. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20120608-european-union-schengen-border-control-migrants-refugees">"EU agrees short-term border closures to block migrants"</a>. 8 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712181401/http://www.france24.com/en/20120608-european-union-schengen-border-control-migrants-refugees">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+agrees+short-term+border+closures+to+block+migrants&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20120608-european-union-schengen-border-control-migrants-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Chapter II of the Schengen Borders Code (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT">OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033313/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100405/local/border-checks-are-back">"Border checks are back"</a>. Times of Malta. 5 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409020055/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100405/local/border-checks-are-back">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Border+checks+are+back&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20100405%2Flocal%2Fborder-checks-are-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Selsoe_Sorensen2019" class="citation news cs1">Martin Selsoe Sorensen (13 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/13/world/europe/denmark-border-sweden.html">"Denmark, Worried About Bombings by Swedish Gangs, Begins Border Checks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119173832/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/13/world/europe/denmark-border-sweden.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Denmark%2C+Worried+About+Bombings+by+Swedish+Gangs%2C+Begins+Border+Checks&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.au=Martin+Selsoe+Sorensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F13%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdenmark-border-sweden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/checkpoints_and_forbidden_roads">"List of military checkpoints in the West Bank and Gaza Strip"</a>. B'Tselem. 25 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205072559/https://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/checkpoints_and_forbidden_roads">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+military+checkpoints+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza+Strip&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Ffreedom_of_movement%2Fcheckpoints_and_forbidden_roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/english/Freedom_of_Movement/Economy.asp">"Restrictions on Movement: Effect of Restrictions on the Economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023306/http://www.btselem.org/english/Freedom_of_Movement/Economy.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restrictions+on+Movement%3A+Effect+of+Restrictions+on+the+Economy&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fenglish%2FFreedom_of_Movement%2FEconomy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023353/http://www.btselem.org/english/Medical_Treatment/Index.asp">"Infringement of the Right to Medical Treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/english/Medical_Treatment/Index.asp">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infringement+of+the+Right+to+Medical+Treatment&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fenglish%2FMedical_Treatment%2FIndex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Amira_Hass" title="Amira Hass">Amira Hass</a> (21 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.569690">"Report: Israel's High Court supports policy of 'secluding' Palestinians"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415075213/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.569690">Archived</a> 15 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Haaretz. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIF-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIF_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIF_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425073940/https://northernireland.foundation/projects/sharedfuture/peace-walls/">"Peace Walls"</a>. Northern Ireland Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northernireland.foundation/projects/sharedfuture/peace-walls/">the original</a> on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Foundation&rft.atitle=Peace+Walls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthernireland.foundation%2Fprojects%2Fsharedfuture%2Fpeace-walls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-56765168">"Cages around houses: Life at Belfast's peace wall"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000107/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-56765168">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cages+around+houses%3A+Life+at+Belfast%27s+peace+wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fuk-northern-ireland-56765168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2015" class="citation news cs1">Geoghegan, Peter (29 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/sep/29/belfast-berlin-wall-moment-permanent-peace-walls">"Will Belfast ever have a Berlin Wall moment and tear down its 'peace walls'?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402164725/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/sep/29/belfast-berlin-wall-moment-permanent-peace-walls">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Will+Belfast+ever+have+a+Berlin+Wall+moment+and+tear+down+its+%27peace+walls%27%3F&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2015%2Fsep%2F29%2Fbelfast-berlin-wall-moment-permanent-peace-walls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/guam-cnmi-visa-waiver-program">"Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program"</a>. 6 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506025856/https://www.dhs.gov/guam-cnmi-visa-waiver-program">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guam-CNMI+Visa+Waiver+Program&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fguam-cnmi-visa-waiver-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Pratt, A., & Templeman, J. (2018). Jurisdiction, Sovereignties and Akwesasne: Shiprider and the Re-Crafting of Canada-US Cross-Border Maritime Law Enforcement. Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit Et Société, 33(3), 335–357. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcls.2018.26">10.1017/cls.2018.26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Kalman, Ian. "Proofing Exemption: Documenting Indigeneity at the Canada–US Border". Anthropologica, vol. 60 no. 1, 2018, p. 212-222. Project MUSE <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/705336">[2]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233906/http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/main/2012/09/27/feature-01">"Argentina strengthens migratory control"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/main/2012/09/27/feature-01">the original</a> on 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentina+strengthens+migratory+control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfosurhoy.com%2Fen_GB%2Farticles%2Fsaii%2Ffeatures%2Fmain%2F2012%2F09%2F27%2Ffeature-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017032400/http://www.us-passport-information.com/Cambodia-Foreign-Entry-Requirements.html">"Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements"</a>. Us-passport-information.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Us-passport-information.com&rft.atitle=Cambodia+Foreign+Entry+Requirements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us-passport-information.com%2FCambodia-Foreign-Entry-Requirements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aircanada.com/uk/en/aco/home/book/travel-news-and-updates/2018/china-fingerprinting-foreign-visitors.html">"China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors"</a>. Air Canada. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018. <q>Effective 27 April 2018, border control authorities at all of China's ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Canada&rft.atitle=China+to+Start+Fingerprinting+Foreign+Visitors&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircanada.com%2Fuk%2Fen%2Faco%2Fhome%2Fbook%2Ftravel-news-and-updates%2F2018%2Fchina-fingerprinting-foreign-visitors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auswaertiges-amt.de-269"><a href="#cite_ref-auswaertiges-amt.de_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Laenderinformationen/00-SiHi/AethiopienSicherheit.html">"Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise"</a>. Auswaertiges-amt.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019110927/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Laenderinformationen/00-SiHi/AethiopienSicherheit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auswaertiges-amt.de&rft.atitle=%C3%84thiopien%3A+Reise-+und+Sicherheitshinweise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2FDE%2FLaenderinformationen%2F00-SiHi%2FAethiopienSicherheit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paf.gov.gn/dnpaf/?page_id=335&lang=en">"Visa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017032402/https://www.paf.gov.gn/dnpaf/?page_id=335&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paf.gov.gn%2Fdnpaf%2F%3Fpage_id%3D335%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-fingerprinting-idUST23858020071120">"Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move"</a>. Reuters. 20 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304042257/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-fingerprinting-idUST23858020071120">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+fingerprints+foreigners+as+anti-terror+move&rft.date=2016-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-japan-fingerprinting-idUST23858020071120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/anger-as-japan-moves-to-fingerprint-foreigners/2007/10/26/1192941320246.html">"Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners – World"</a>. Theage.com.au. 26 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708192255/https://www.theage.com.au/news/world/anger-as-japan-moves-to-fingerprint-foreigners/2007/10/26/1192941320246.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theage.com.au&rft.atitle=Anger+as+Japan+moves+to+fingerprint+foreigners+%E2%80%93+World&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fanger-as-japan-moves-to-fingerprint-foreigners%2F2007%2F10%2F26%2F1192941320246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403201728/https://www.kaa.go.ke/airports/airport-services/immigration-visas/">"Immigration & Visas FAQs"</a>. Kenya Airports Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaa.go.ke/airports/airport-services/immigration-visas/">the original</a> on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2019. <q>Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenya+Airports+Authority&rft.atitle=Immigration+%26+Visas+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaa.go.ke%2Fairports%2Fairport-services%2Fimmigration-visas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-countryrep1-274"><a href="#cite_ref-countryrep1_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countryreports.org/travel/Malaysia/entry.htm">"Malaysia"</a>. CountryReports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154836/http://www.countryreports.org/travel/Malaysia/entry.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CountryReports&rft.atitle=Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryreports.org%2Ftravel%2FMalaysia%2Fentry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secureidnews.com/news-item/saudi-arabia-mandates-fingerprints-and-biometrics-for-foreigners/">"Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners"</a>. SecureIDNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231252/http://secureidnews.com/news-item/saudi-arabia-mandates-fingerprints-and-biometrics-for-foreigners/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SecureIDNews&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+mandates+fingerprints+and+biometrics+for+foreigners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecureidnews.com%2Fnews-item%2Fsaudi-arabia-mandates-fingerprints-and-biometrics-for-foreigners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7122530.html">"S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors"</a>. People's Daily Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225237/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7122530.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.atitle=S+Korea+to+scan+fingerprints+of+suspicious+foreign+visitors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F90851%2F7122530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019152450/https://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news/detail/TCATG190510152510856">"National News Bureau of Thailand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news/detail/TCATG190510152510856">the original</a> on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+News+Bureau+of+Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthainews.prd.go.th%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2FTCATG190510152510856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424064110/https://www.africanews.com/2019/01/14/gemalto-awarded-ugandas-new-e-immigration-solution-with-fast-track-border-crossing-ekiosks-at-entebbe-airport/">"Gemalto awarded Uganda's new e-Immigration solution with fast-track border crossing eKiosks at Entebbe Airport"</a>. Africanews. 14 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/14/gemalto-awarded-ugandas-new-e-immigration-solution-with-fast-track-border-crossing-ekiosks-at-entebbe-airport/">the original</a> on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Gemalto+awarded+Uganda%27s+new+e-Immigration+solution+with+fast-track+border+crossing+eKiosks+at+Entebbe+Airport&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F01%2F14%2Fgemalto-awarded-ugandas-new-e-immigration-solution-with-fast-track-border-crossing-ekiosks-at-entebbe-airport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2017" class="citation news cs1">Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/transit-passengers-air-new-zealand-london-heathrow-auckland-us-customs-lax-a7699886.html">"Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/transit-passengers-air-new-zealand-london-heathrow-auckland-us-customs-lax-a7699886.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2018. <q>Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently "strict requirements for travellers" in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Airline+lobbying+for+a+relaxation+of+draconian+rules+for+London-Auckland+travellers&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fnews-and-advice%2Ftransit-passengers-air-new-zealand-london-heathrow-auckland-us-customs-lax-a7699886.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/biometric-entry-exit-update-cbp-developing-land-border-process/">"Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process"</a>. Bipartisan Policy Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425061429/https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/biometric-entry-exit-update-cbp-developing-land-border-process/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019. <q>While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bipartisan+Policy+Center&rft.atitle=Biometric+Entry-Exit+Update%3A+CBP+Developing+Land+Border+Process&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Theresa+Cardinal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbipartisanpolicy.org%2Fblog%2Fbiometric-entry-exit-update-cbp-developing-land-border-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipton2013" class="citation news cs1">Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/us/us-tracked-foreigners-leaving-for-canada.html">"U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425062049/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/us/us-tracked-foreigners-leaving-for-canada.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019. <q>Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Quietly+Monitors+Foreigners%27+Departures+at+the+Canadian+Border&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F22%2Fus%2Fus-tracked-foreigners-leaving-for-canada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLIPTON2006" class="citation news cs1">LIPTON, Eric (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/15/washington/15exit.html">"Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425054433/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/15/washington/15exit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019. <q>Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Administration+to+Drop+Effort+to+Track+if+Visitors+Leave&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=LIPTON&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F15%2Fwashington%2F15exit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampoy2019" class="citation web cs1">Campoy, Ana (17 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1598148/us-wants-to-use-facial-recognition-on-air-travelers-leaving-the-country/">"The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424065206/https://qz.com/1598148/us-wants-to-use-facial-recognition-on-air-travelers-leaving-the-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+US+wants+to+scan+the+faces+of+all+air+passengers+leaving+the+country&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.aulast=Campoy&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1598148%2Fus-wants-to-use-facial-recognition-on-air-travelers-leaving-the-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p9_cons_en.pdf">"ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition"</a> (PDF). 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422232940/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p9_cons_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICAO+Document+9303%3A+Machine+Readable+Travel+Documents%2C+Part+9%3A+Deployment+of+Biometric+Identification+and+Electronic+Storage+of+Data+in+MRTDs%2C+7th+edition&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2F9303_p9_cons_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108085139/http://www.moi.gov.qa/site/english/news/2011/12/13/24555.html">"Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moi.gov.qa/site/english/news/2011/12/13/24555.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iris+Scan+Implemented+at+Doha+International+Airport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moi.gov.qa%2Fsite%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2F13%2F24555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simplydxb.com/articles/iris-scanner-could-replace-emirates-id-in-uae/">"Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE"</a>. SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707040122/http://www.simplydxb.com/articles/iris-scanner-could-replace-emirates-id-in-uae/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018. <q>The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SimplyDXB&rft.atitle=Iris+Scanner+Could+Replace+Emirates+ID+In+UAE&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simplydxb.com%2Farticles%2Firis-scanner-could-replace-emirates-id-in-uae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2016/09/12/border-security-biometrics/">"Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424022959/http://fortune.com/2016/09/12/border-security-biometrics/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. <q>Unlike with documents, it's very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That's why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else's passport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Homeland+Security+Plans+to+Expand+Fingerprint+and+Eye+Scanning+at+Borders&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jeff+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F09%2F12%2Fborder-security-biometrics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-security/singapore-tests-eye-scans-at-immigration-checkpoints-media-idUSKBN1KR0AO">"Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints"</a>. Reuters. 6 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424015341/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-security/singapore-tests-eye-scans-at-immigration-checkpoints-media-idUSKBN1KR0AO">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. <q>Singapore has started scanning travellers' eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Singapore+tests+eye+scans+at+immigration+checkpoints&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-singapore-security%2Fsingapore-tests-eye-scans-at-immigration-checkpoints-media-idUSKBN1KR0AO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Vivien (6 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mustsharenews.com/iris-scans-checkpoints/">"5 Reasons We Prefer Iris Scans To Fingerprint Checks At Our Borders In Singapore"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424022350/https://mustsharenews.com/iris-scans-checkpoints/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. <q>The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+Reasons+We+Prefer+Iris+Scans+To+Fingerprint+Checks+At+Our+Borders+In+Singapore&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmustsharenews.com%2Firis-scans-checkpoints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parlament.al-291"><a href="#cite_ref-parlament.al_291-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.parlament.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ligj-71.pdf">https://www.parlament.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ligj-71.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-mvr.gov.mk-292"><a href="#cite_ref-mvr.gov.mk_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mvr.gov.mk/Upload/Documents/ZAKON%20ZA%20GRANI%5ENA%20KONTROLA.pdf"><bdi lang="mk">ЗА ПРОГЛАСУВАЊЕ НА ЗАКОНОТ ЗА ГРАНИЧНА КОНТРОЛА</bdi></a> [FOR THE PROCLAMATION OF THE BORDER CONTROL LAW] (PDF). www.mvr.gov.mk (in Macedonian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054153/http://www.mvr.gov.mk/Upload/Documents/ZAKON%20ZA%20GRANI%5ENA%20KONTROLA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mvr.gov.mk&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%90+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%92%D0%90%D0%8A%D0%95+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A2+%D0%97%D0%90+%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvr.gov.mk%2FUpload%2FDocuments%2FZAKON%2520ZA%2520GRANI%255ENA%2520KONTROLA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruiseradio.net/5-cool-places-passport-stamps/">"5 Caribbean Ports to Get Your Passport Stamped"</a>. 30 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016114815/https://cruiseradio.net/5-cool-places-passport-stamps/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Caribbean+Ports+to+Get+Your+Passport+Stamped&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruiseradio.net%2F5-cool-places-passport-stamps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garyscohen.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/cruise-tales-2015-south-and-east-caribbean-6-in-search-of-passport-stamps/">"Cruise Tales – 2015 South and East Caribbean #6: In Search of Passport Stamps"</a>. 14 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016114815/https://garyscohen.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/cruise-tales-2015-south-and-east-caribbean-6-in-search-of-passport-stamps/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cruise+Tales+%E2%80%93+2015+South+and+East+Caribbean+%236%3A+In+Search+of+Passport+Stamps&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaryscohen.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2F14%2Fcruise-tales-2015-south-and-east-caribbean-6-in-search-of-passport-stamps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/travel/international-visitors/i-94">"Arrival/Departure Forms: I-94 and I-94W"</a>. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116011242/https://www.cbp.gov/travel/international-visitors/i-94">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Customs+and+Border+Protection&rft.atitle=Arrival%2FDeparture+Forms%3A+I-94+and+I-94W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Ftravel%2Finternational-visitors%2Fi-94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKExitChecks-296"><a href="#cite_ref-UKExitChecks_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exit-checks-on-passengers-leaving-the-uk/exit-checks-fact-sheet#how-exit-checks-will-work">"Exit checks fact sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">Border Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. 29 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505172712/http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exit-checks-on-passengers-leaving-the-uk/exit-checks-fact-sheet#how-exit-checks-will-work">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exit+checks+fact+sheet&rft.pub=Border+Force+and+Home+Office&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fexit-checks-on-passengers-leaving-the-uk%2Fexit-checks-fact-sheet%23how-exit-checks-will-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australia's_Arrival_and_Departure_procedures-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Australia's_Arrival_and_Departure_procedures_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abf.gov.au/entering-and-leaving-australia/crossing-the-border/at-the-border">"At the Border"</a>. Australian Border Force. Australian Government. 11 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229170704/https://www.abf.gov.au/entering-and-leaving-australia/crossing-the-border/at-the-border">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Border+Force&rft.atitle=At+the+Border&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abf.gov.au%2Fentering-and-leaving-australia%2Fcrossing-the-border%2Fat-the-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/useful_information/non-stamping-immigration-clearance.html">"Non-stamping Immigration Clearance Arrangement"</a>. immd.gov.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826034816/https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/useful_information/non-stamping-immigration-clearance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immd.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Non-stamping+Immigration+Clearance+Arrangement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immd.gov.hk%2Feng%2Fuseful_information%2Fnon-stamping-immigration-clearance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/437345/No-more-passport-stamps-for-foreign-nationals-visiting-Iran">"No more passport stamps for foreign nationals visiting Iran"</a>. Tehran Times. 24 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531024457/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/437345/No-more-passport-stamps-for-foreign-nationals-visiting-Iran">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=No+more+passport+stamps+for+foreign+nationals+visiting+Iran&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F437345%2FNo-more-passport-stamps-for-foreign-nationals-visiting-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan_Begin_Screening_Departing_Foreign_Travelers_Facial_Recognition_Technology-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Begin_Screening_Departing_Foreign_Travelers_Facial_Recognition_Technology_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/02/national/japan-begin-screening-departing-foreign-travelers-facial-recognition-technology/">"departing or arriving"</a>. japantimes. Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019192408/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/02/national/japan-begin-screening-departing-foreign-travelers-facial-recognition-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=japantimes&rft.atitle=departing+or+arriving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F07%2F02%2Fnational%2Fjapan-begin-screening-departing-foreign-travelers-facial-recognition-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619085233/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/foreigners-leaving-singapore-do-not-need-passports-stamped-11452944">"Foreigners leaving Singapore will no longer have their passports stamped"</a>. CNA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/foreigners-leaving-singapore-do-not-need-passports-stamped-11452944">the original</a> on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=Foreigners+leaving+Singapore+will+no+longer+have+their+passports+stamped&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fforeigners-leaving-singapore-do-not-need-passports-stamped-11452944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagit.cz/_texty/sb99326.htm">Act on the status of aliens in Czech Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911135231/http://www.sagit.cz/_texty/sb99326.htm">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, §20 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Review: Yugoslav Magazine, 1961, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVc8AQAAIAAJ&q=">"local+border+traffic p.43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Vojislav Mićović, Velimir Popović, ugoslavia's openness to the world: the freedom of exchange of information and cultural goods and of movement of people, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/EA1970#legis">Enlistment Act</a> (s. 32). 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Enlistment+Act&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg%2FAct%2FEA1970%23legis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152427/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/EA1970#legis">Archived</a> 24 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108045359/http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/Topics/Pages/National-Service-Exit-permit-requirements.aspx">"National Service: Exit permit requirements"</a>. ecitizen.gov.sg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/Topics/Pages/National-Service-Exit-permit-requirements.aspx">the original</a> on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecitizen.gov.sg&rft.atitle=National+Service%3A+Exit+permit+requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecitizen.gov.sg%2FTopics%2FPages%2FNational-Service-Exit-permit-requirements.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081459/https://www.ris.gov.tw/departure/app/">"內政部役政署役男線上申請短期出境"</a>. ris.gov.tw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ris.gov.tw/departure/app/">the original</a> on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ris.gov.tw&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%BD%B9%E6%94%BF%E7%BD%B2%E5%BD%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E5%87%BA%E5%A2%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ris.gov.tw%2Fdeparture%2Fapp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dol.gov.np/">"Department of Labour – Government Of Nepal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810033012/http://dol.gov.np/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Labour+%E2%80%93+Government+Of+Nepal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdol.gov.np%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2021">"Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027050538/https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2021">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2021+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Feritrea%2Ffreedom-world%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a99390ba.html">"Amnesty International Report 2017/18 – Eritrea"</a>. Amnesty International. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914130859/https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a99390ba.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+2017%2F18+%E2%80%93+Eritrea&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F5a99390ba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Kingdom:_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office,_Human_Rights_and_Democracy2013" class="citation web cs1">United Kingdom: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Human Rights and Democracy (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/516fb7ca11.html">"The 2012 Foreign & Commonwealth Office Report – Eritrea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915175352/https://www.refworld.org/docid/516fb7ca11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2012+Foreign+%26+Commonwealth+Office+Report+%E2%80%93+Eritrea&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.au=United+Kingdom%3A+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office%2C+Human+Rights+and+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F516fb7ca11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad_Salleh2017" class="citation news cs1">Mohamad Salleh, Nur Asyiqin (4 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/south-east-asia-can-benefit-greatly-from-globalisation-if-countries-work-together-ong">"Asia can benefit greatly from globalisation if countries work together: Ong Ye Kung"</a>. The Straits Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105629/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/south-east-asia-can-benefit-greatly-from-globalisation-if-countries-work-together-ong">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Asia+can+benefit+greatly+from+globalisation+if+countries+work+together%3A+Ong+Ye+Kung&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft.aulast=Mohamad+Salleh&rft.aufirst=Nur+Asyiqin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fsouth-east-asia-can-benefit-greatly-from-globalisation-if-countries-work-together-ong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170528110326/http://www.bhembassy.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=28&lang=en">"Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Kingdom of Norway"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhembassy.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=28&lang=en">the original</a> on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embassy+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+in+the+Kingdom+of+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhembassy.no%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D17%26Itemid%3D28%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inm.gob.mx/index.php/page/Paises_Visa/en.html">Countries and regions that require a visa to travel to Mexico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018020812/http://www.inm.gob.mx/index.php/page/paises_visa/en.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Migraci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Migración">Instituto Nacional de Migración</a>, 27 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140314210748/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=MX&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C">"None"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi">the original</a> on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=None&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timaticweb.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftim_website_client.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/tourism/uae-visa-on-arrival-for-indians-with-us-visa-green-card-1.2002287">"UAE visa on arrival for Indians with US visa, Green Card"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803133855/https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/tourism/uae-visa-on-arrival-for-indians-with-us-visa-green-card-1.2002287">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UAE+visa+on+arrival+for+Indians+with+US+visa%2C+Green+Card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fuae%2Ftourism%2Fuae-visa-on-arrival-for-indians-with-us-visa-green-card-1.2002287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Financial_Express" class="citation news cs1">The Financial Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008203806/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/travel-tourism/now-indians-can-travel-visa-free-to-the-philippines/71394/">"Business News, India Stock Market, Personal Finance, IPO, Financial News Headlines"</a>. Financial Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/travel-tourism/now-indians-can-travel-visa-free-to-the-philippines/71394/">the original</a> on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Business+News%2C+India+Stock+Market%2C+Personal+Finance%2C+IPO%2C+Financial+News+Headlines&rft.au=The+Financial+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel-tourism%2Fnow-indians-can-travel-visa-free-to-the-philippines%2F71394%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factsheet-323"><a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817235342/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/53entry-system">"Fact Sheet 53 – Australia's Entry System for Visitors"</a>. Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/53entry-system">the original</a> on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+53+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+Entry+System+for+Visitors&rft.pub=Department+of+Immigration+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.border.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fcorporate%2Finformation%2Ffact-sheets%2F53entry-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/docs/pdf/esta_annexes_en.pdf">"Policy study on an EU Electronic System for travel Authorization (EU ESTA) – Annexes: Introduction of the ETA, eVisitor and eVisa systems"</a> (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225458/http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/docs/pdf/esta_annexes_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policy+study+on+an+EU+Electronic+System+for+travel+Authorization+%28EU+ESTA%29+%E2%80%93+Annexes%3A+Introduction+of+the+ETA%2C+eVisitor+and+eVisa+systems&rft.pub=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdgs%2Fhome-affairs%2Fe-library%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2Festa_annexes_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084216/http://www.southkorea.embassy.gov.au/seol/FAQ_601.html#Q1">"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601)"</a>. Australian Embassy, Republic of Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southkorea.embassy.gov.au/seol/FAQ_601.html#Q1">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%28FAQs%29+for+Electronic+Travel+Authority+%28subclass+601%29&rft.pub=Australian+Embassy%2C+Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southkorea.embassy.gov.au%2Fseol%2FFAQ_601.html%23Q1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETA-326"><a href="#cite_ref-ETA_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212173727/http://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/601-">"Electronic Travel Authority (Subclass 601)"</a>. Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/601-">the original</a> on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Travel+Authority+%28Subclass+601%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Immigration+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.border.gov.au%2FTrav%2FVisa-1%2F601-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evisitor-327"><a href="#cite_ref-evisitor_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123027/http://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/651-">"eVisitor (subclass 651)"</a>. Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/651-">the original</a> on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eVisitor+%28subclass+651%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Immigration+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.border.gov.au%2FTrav%2FVisa-1%2F651-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spotidoc.com/doc/171167/evisitor--frequently-asked-questions-for-clients">"eVisitor: Frequently asked questions for clients What is eVisitor?"</a>. spotidoc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401005155/http://spotidoc.com/doc/171167/evisitor--frequently-asked-questions-for-clients">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spotidoc.com&rft.atitle=eVisitor%3A+Frequently+asked+questions+for+clients+What+is+eVisitor%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspotidoc.com%2Fdoc%2F171167%2Fevisitor--frequently-asked-questions-for-clients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123027/http://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/651-#tab-content-1">"For eVisitor Applicants – Who can apply"</a>. Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/651-#tab-content-1">the original</a> on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+eVisitor+Applicants+%E2%80%93+Who+can+apply&rft.pub=Department+of+Immigration+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.border.gov.au%2FTrav%2FVisa-1%2F651-%23tab-content-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201403071100.html">East Africa: Single Visa to Boost East Regional Tourism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204110/http://allafrica.com/stories/201403071100.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, All Africa, 6 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117215043/https://www.migration.gov.rw/our-services/visa/visitors-visa/v11-east-african-tourist-visa/">"V11-East Africa Tourist Visa"</a>. www.migration.gov.rw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migration.gov.rw/our-services/visa/visitors-visa/v11-east-african-tourist-visa/">the original</a> on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.migration.gov.rw&rft.atitle=V11-East+Africa+Tourist+Visa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migration.gov.rw%2Four-services%2Fvisa%2Fvisitors-visa%2Fv11-east-african-tourist-visa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html">e-Visa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123747/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of India. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traveldailymedia.com/india-denies-e-visas-to-uk-and-canadian-nationals/">India denies e-visas to UK and Canadian nationals</a>, Travel Daily, 22 September 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://immigration.go.ke/visa-section/">Visa and exemption services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328000547/http://immigration.go.ke/visa-section/">Archived</a> 28 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Directorate of Immigration Services of Kenya. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722210017/https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/media-centre/news-notifications/electronic-travel-authority">"Electronic Travel Authority"</a>. immigration.govt.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/media-centre/news-notifications/electronic-travel-authority">the original</a> on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immigration.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Electronic+Travel+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration.govt.nz%2Fabout-us%2Fmedia-centre%2Fnews-notifications%2Felectronic-travel-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visa.nadra.gov.pk/tourist-friendly-countriestfc/">"List of Countries for Visa on Arrival (Tourist)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809052811/https://visa.nadra.gov.pk/tourist-friendly-countriestfc/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Countries+for+Visa+on+Arrival+%28Tourist%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisa.nadra.gov.pk%2Ftourist-friendly-countriestfc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eta.gov.lk/slvisa/visainfo/fees.jsp#profee">"Online Visa Application"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427214849/http://eta.gov.lk/slvisa/visainfo/fees.jsp#profee">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Visa+Application&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eta.gov.lk%2Fslvisa%2Fvisainfo%2Ffees.jsp%23profee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/14/09/2017/Qatar-launches-Electronic-Travel-Authorisation-System">"Qatar launches Electronic Travel Authorisation System"</a>. 14 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171217155222/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/14/09/2017/Qatar-launches-Electronic-Travel-Authorisation-System">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+launches+Electronic+Travel+Authorisation+System&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeninsulaqatar.com%2Farticle%2F14%2F09%2F2017%2FQatar-launches-Electronic-Travel-Authorisation-System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628080618/http://www.qatarvisaservice.com/Qatar-Online/QROnline/VisaCategoryAndPricingDetails/DisplayVisaCategoryAndPricingDetails#no-back">Qatar visas</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215212138/https://qatar.vfsevisa.com/Qatar-Online/QROnline/VisaCategoryAndPricingDetails/Faq#7">"FAQS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qatar.vfsevisa.com/Qatar-Online/QROnline/VisaCategoryAndPricingDetails/Faq#7">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqatar.vfsevisa.com%2FQatar-Online%2FQROnline%2FVisaCategoryAndPricingDetails%2FFaq%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman_evisa-346"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman_evisa_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-electronic-visa-waiver-introduced-for-oman-qatar-and-uae">"UK electronic visa waiver introduced for Oman, Qatar and UAE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723175408/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-electronic-visa-waiver-introduced-for-oman-qatar-and-uae">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+electronic+visa+waiver+introduced+for+Oman%2C+Qatar+and+UAE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fuk-electronic-visa-waiver-introduced-for-oman-qatar-and-uae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2022" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Ninian (22 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/20012805.nationality-borders-bill-amendments-voted/">"How MPs voted on amendments by Lords to Nationality and Borders Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Scotland)" title="The National (Scotland)">The National</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323130543/https://www.thenational.scot/news/20012805.nationality-borders-bill-amendments-voted/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=How+MPs+voted+on+amendments+by+Lords+to+Nationality+and+Borders+Bill&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F20012805.nationality-borders-bill-amendments-voted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETA_Gov-348"><a href="#cite_ref-ETA_Gov_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nationality-and-borders-bill-electronic-travel-authorisation-factsheet/nationality-and-borders-bill-electronic-travel-authorisation-factsheet">"Nationality and Borders Bill: Electronic Travel Authorisation factsheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">Gov.uk</a>. 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320104444/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nationality-and-borders-bill-electronic-travel-authorisation-factsheet/nationality-and-borders-bill-electronic-travel-authorisation-factsheet">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Nationality+and+Borders+Bill%3A+Electronic+Travel+Authorisation+factsheet&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fnationality-and-borders-bill-electronic-travel-authorisation-factsheet%2Fnationality-and-borders-bill-electronic-travel-authorisation-factsheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timatic-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timatic_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timatic_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timatic_349-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129030557/http://cms.olympicair.com/timatic/webdocsI/countryinfo.html">"Country information (passport section)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA) through <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Air" title="Olympic Air">Olympic Air</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.olympicair.com/timatic/webdocsI/countryinfo.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timatic&rft.atitle=Country+information+%28passport+section%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.olympicair.com%2Ftimatic%2FwebdocsI%2Fcountryinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack2017" class="citation news cs1">Cusack, Robert (11 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/4/11/khalifa-haftar-introduces-a-muslim-ban-in-east-libya">"Khalifa Haftar introduces a 'Muslim ban' in east Libya"</a>. Alaraby.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alaraby.co.uk&rft.atitle=Khalifa+Haftar+introduces+a+%27Muslim+ban%27+in+east+Libya&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2017%2F4%2F11%2Fkhalifa-haftar-introduces-a-muslim-ban-in-east-libya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libyanexpress.com/haftar-issues-travel-ban-on-six-muslim-countries-in-eastern-libya/">"Haftar issues travel ban on six Muslim countries in eastern Libya"</a>. Libyanexpress.com. Libyan Express. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libyanexpress.com&rft.atitle=Haftar+issues+travel+ban+on+six+Muslim+countries+in+eastern+Libya&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libyanexpress.com%2Fhaftar-issues-travel-ban-on-six-muslim-countries-in-eastern-libya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210231743/http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/visa/visa-requirement-by-country">"Visa requirements by country"</a>. Immigration Department of Malaysia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/visa/visa-requirement-by-country">the original</a> on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visa+requirements+by+country&rft.pub=Immigration+Department+of+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imi.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmain-services%2Fvisa%2Fvisa-requirement-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShear2017" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D. (24 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/24/us/politics/new-order-bars-almost-all-travel-from-seven-countries.html">"New Order Indefinitely Bars Almost All Travel from Seven Countries"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Order+Indefinitely+Bars+Almost+All+Travel+from+Seven+Countries&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fnew-order-bars-almost-all-travel-from-seven-countries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-354"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/proclamation-ending-discriminatory-bans-on-entry-to-the-united-states/">"Proclamation on Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States"</a>. The White House. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Proclamation+on+Ending+Discriminatory+Bans+on+Entry+to+The+United+States&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fpresidential-actions%2F2021%2F01%2F20%2Fproclamation-ending-discriminatory-bans-on-entry-to-the-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iskandar-355"><a href="#cite_ref-iskandar_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iskandar.asia/insight/iskandar-malaysia-in-the-news/2-uncategorised/145-final-plan-for-singapore-johor-bahru-rapid-transit-system-rts-link-by-end-of-2014.html">"Final plan for Singapore-Johor Bahru Rapid Transit System (RTS) link by end of 2014"</a>. iskandar.asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iskandar.asia&rft.atitle=Final+plan+for+Singapore-Johor+Bahru+Rapid+Transit+System+%28RTS%29+link+by+end+of+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iskandar.asia%2Finsight%2Fiskandar-malaysia-in-the-news%2F2-uncategorised%2F145-final-plan-for-singapore-johor-bahru-rapid-transit-system-rts-link-by-end-of-2014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903033605/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=0pt1z213cvn5f2h2t1ti39b4tjkckorbk76uh7r32nykq33d1n">"Calling of Tender for Malaysia-Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS Link) Engineering Study on 18 Nov 2011"</a> (Press release). Malaysia Land Transport Authority. 16 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c%3D2%26id%3D0pt1z213cvn5f2h2t1ti39b4tjkckorbk76uh7r32nykq33d1n">the original</a> on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calling+of+Tender+for+Malaysia-Singapore+Rapid+Transit+System+%28RTS+Link%29+Engineering+Study+on+18+Nov+2011&rft.pub=Malaysia+Land+Transport+Authority&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.lta.gov.sg%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fpage.aspx%3Fc%253D2%2526id%253D0pt1z213cvn5f2h2t1ti39b4tjkckorbk76uh7r32nykq33d1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaysiatrains.com/padang-besar-railway-station-train-times-tickets/">"Padang Besar Railway Station – Train times & tickets"</a>. Malaysia Trains. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padang+Besar+Railway+Station+%E2%80%93+Train+times+%26+tickets&rft.pub=Malaysia+Trains&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysiatrains.com%2Fpadang-besar-railway-station-train-times-tickets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1993/jul/05/channel-tunnel-international">"Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) Order 1993 (Hansard, 5 July 1993)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 5 July 1993. Retrieved 22 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Channel+Tunnel+%28International+Arrangements%29+Order+1993+%28Hansard%2C+5+July+1993%29&rft.date=1993-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1993%2Fjul%2F05%2Fchannel-tunnel-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8ec06bfe-f76c-479b-a230-7dcd9af53966.0006.02/DOC_1">"Update of the list of border crossing points referred to in Article 2(8) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (2007/C 316/01)"</a>. European Council. 28 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+of+the+list+of+border+crossing+points+referred+to+in+Article+2%288%29+of+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+562%2F2006+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+15+March+2006+establishing+a+Community+Code+on+the+rules+governing+the+movement+of+persons+across+borders+%28Schengen+Borders+Code%29+%282007%2FC+316%2F01%29&rft.pub=European+Council&rft.date=2007-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.europa.eu%2Fresource%2Fcellar%2F8ec06bfe-f76c-479b-a230-7dcd9af53966.0006.02%2FDOC_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015/C_229/06-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2015/C_229/06_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2015/C_229/06_361-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2015.229.01.0005.01.ENG&toc=OJ:C:2015:229:FULL">"Update of the list of border crossing points referred to in Article 2(8) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (2015/C 229/06)"</a>. European Council. 14 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+of+the+list+of+border+crossing+points+referred+to+in+Article+2%288%29+of+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+562%2F2006+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+establishing+a+Community+Code+on+the+rules+governing+the+movement+of+persons+across+borders+%28Schengen+Borders+Code%29+%282015%2FC+229%2F06%29&rft.pub=European+Council&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3Duriserv%3AOJ.C_.2015.229.01.0005.01.ENG%26toc%3DOJ%3AC%3A2015%3A229%3AFULL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/railways/news/eurostars-amsterdam-odyssey-kicks-off-to-little-fanfare/">"Eurostar's Amsterdam odyssey kicks off to little fanfare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EURACTIV" class="mw-redirect" title="EURACTIV">EURACTIV</a>. 27 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV&rft.atitle=Eurostar%27s+Amsterdam+odyssey+kicks+off+to+little+fanfare&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Frailways%2Fnews%2Feurostars-amsterdam-odyssey-kicks-off-to-little-fanfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.news.yahoo.com/us-customs-pre-clearance-facility-opens-uae-162934663--sector.html">"US Customs pre-clearance facility opens in UAE"</a>. Yahoo! News Philippines. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News+Philippines&rft.atitle=US+Customs+pre-clearance+facility+opens+in+UAE&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fph.news.yahoo.com%2Fus-customs-pre-clearance-facility-opens-uae-162934663--sector.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatrawy2014" class="citation news cs1">Batrawy, Aya. (26 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126203639/http://www.seattlepi.com/news/world/article/US-Customs-passenger-facility-opens-in-UAE-5176441.php">"US Customs passenger facility opens in UAE"</a>. Seattle Post Intelligencer. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/news/world/article/US-Customs-passenger-facility-opens-in-UAE-5176441.php">the original</a> on 26 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=US+Customs+passenger+facility+opens+in+UAE&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.aulast=Batrawy&rft.aufirst=Aya.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2FUS-Customs-passenger-facility-opens-in-UAE-5176441.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.news.yahoo.com/us-border-pre-clearance-facility-planned-dubai-220024656--sector.html">"US border pre-clearance facility planned in Dubai"</a>. Yahoo! News Philippines. 15 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News+Philippines&rft.atitle=US+border+pre-clearance+facility+planned+in+Dubai&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fph.news.yahoo.com%2Fus-border-pre-clearance-facility-planned-dubai-220024656--sector.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.cbp.gov/s/article/Article-1250?language=en_US">"Bahamian citizen document requirements"</a>. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahamian+citizen+document+requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.cbp.gov%2Fs%2Farticle%2FArticle-1250%3Flanguage%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newshub-368"><a href="#cite_ref-newshub_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2015/07/new-smartgate-aims-to-decrease-airport-queues.html">"New SmartGate aims to decrease airport queues"</a>. Newshub. 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=New+SmartGate+aims+to+decrease+airport+queues&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fnew-zealand%2F2015%2F07%2Fnew-smartgate-aims-to-decrease-airport-queues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320124138/http://www.customs.govt.nz/features/smartgate/howsmartgateworks/Pages/default.aspx">"New Zealand Customs Service: How does SmartGate work?"</a>. customs.govt.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.customs.govt.nz/features/smartgate/howsmartgateworks/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=customs.govt.nz&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+Customs+Service%3A+How+does+SmartGate+work%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.customs.govt.nz%2Ffeatures%2Fsmartgate%2Fhowsmartgateworks%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oag.govt.nz-370"><a href="#cite_ref-oag.govt.nz_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oag.govt.nz/2012/realising-benefits/part5.htm">"Part 5: Processing passengers faster at airports — Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand"</a>. oag.govt.nz. Retrieved 15 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oag.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+Processing+passengers+faster+at+airports+%E2%80%94+Office+of+the+Auditor-General+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oag.govt.nz%2F2012%2Frealising-benefits%2Fpart5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/registered-traveller">"Registered Traveller: Faster entry through the UK border"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registered+Traveller%3A+Faster+entry+through+the+UK+border&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fregistered-traveller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316204349/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/member_states.jsp?menu=community%7D">"CARICOM Member States and Associate Members"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/member_states.jsp?menu=community">the original</a> on 16 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CARICOM+Member+States+and+Associate+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caricom.org%2Fjsp%2Fcommunity%2Fmember_states.jsp%3Fmenu%3Dcommunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/wireStory?id=12305062">"Travel News, Tips & Deals"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Travel+News%2C+Tips+%26+Deals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTravel%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D12305062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023423/http://caricom.org/jsp/single_market/caripass.pdf">"What is CARIPASS?"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caricom.org/jsp/single_market/caripass.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+CARIPASS%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caricom.org%2Fjsp%2Fsingle_market%2Fcaripass.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caricomimpacs.org/">"CARICOM IMPACS – The Caribbean Community Implementation Agency for Crime and Security"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CARICOM+IMPACS+%E2%80%93+The+Caribbean+Community+Implementation+Agency+for+Crime+and+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaricomimpacs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HK-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HK_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_378-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_378-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2018/09/20180914/20180914_181229_406.html">"HK, Thailand auto clearance set"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a>. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HK%2C+Thailand+auto+clearance+set&rft.pub=Government+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.gov.hk%2Feng%2F2018%2F09%2F20180914%2F20180914_181229_406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-his-380"><a href="#cite_ref-his_380-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.his-j.com/tyo/corp/btc/news/20071106nrt.html">「成田空港、11/20より自動化ゲート導入」</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225170022/http://www.his-j.com/tyo/corp/btc/news/20071106nrt.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> H.I.S.海外出張ニュース </li> <li id="cite_note-moj-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moj_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moj_381-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moj.go.jp/NYUKAN/nyukan63.html">「自動化ゲートの運用について」</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821030411/http://www.moj.go.jp/NYUKAN/nyukan63.html">Archived</a> 21 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 法務省入国管理局 2007年11月 </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viajeroconfiable.inm.gob.mx/index.php/home/aplication">"Application"</a>. viajeroconfiable.inm.gob.mx. Programa Viajero Confiable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=viajeroconfiable.inm.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Application&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viajeroconfiable.inm.gob.mx%2Findex.php%2Fhome%2Faplication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/inm/acciones-y-programas/viajero-confiable">"Viajero Confiable México | Instituto Nacional de Migración | Gobierno | gob.mx"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viajero+Confiable+M%C3%A9xico+%7C+Instituto+Nacional+de+Migraci%C3%B3n+%7C+Gobierno+%7C+gob.mx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Finm%2Facciones-y-programas%2Fviajero-confiable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asmag.com/showpost/21778.aspx">"Morpho Australasia completes eGate installation in New Zealand airport"</a>. asmag. Messe Frankfurt New Era Business Media Ltd. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2018. <q>Safran Identity & Security, through its subsidiary Morpho Australasia, has completed installing the next generation of eGates into Christchurch Airport. This installation is part of national upgrade and innovation programme for 51 new generation border processing eGates for the New Zealand Customs Service (NZ Customs). The rollout has seen new generation Safran Identity & Security's eGates installed in Auckland, Wellington, Queenstown and now Christchurch airport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asmag&rft.atitle=Morpho+Australasia+completes+eGate+installation+in+New+Zealand+airport&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asmag.com%2Fshowpost%2F21778.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/what-we-do/our-strategies-and-projects/eta-new-requirements">"Travelling to New Zealand — new requirements"</a>. immigration.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immigration.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Travelling+to+New+Zealand+%E2%80%94+new+requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration.govt.nz%2Fabout-us%2Fwhat-we-do%2Four-strategies-and-projects%2Feta-new-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ses.go.kr/ses/GeApplInfoR_en.ses">"SeS-GE > What is SeS-GE?"</a>. Smart Entry Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SeS-GE+%3E+What+is+SeS-GE%3F&rft.pub=Smart+Entry+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ses.go.kr%2Fses%2FGeApplInfoR_en.ses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ses.go.kr/error.html">"시스템 점검"</a>. ses.go.kr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ses.go.kr&rft.atitle=%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C+%EC%A0%90%EA%B2%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ses.go.kr%2Ferror.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023824/http://www.immigration.gov.tw/egate/">"e-Gate"</a>. immigration.gov.tw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immigration.gov.tw/egate/">the original</a> on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immigration.gov.tw&rft.atitle=e-Gate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration.gov.tw%2Fegate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1309287/suvarnabhumi-automating-immigration-lanes">"Singaporeans test automated immigration at Suvarnabhumi"</a>. Bangkok Post. Bangkok. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Singaporeans+test+automated+immigration+at+Suvarnabhumi&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F1309287%2Fsuvarnabhumi-automating-immigration-lanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/expedited-entry-into-us-for-indian-travellers-from-now-on/articleshow/59336272.cms">"Expedited entry into U.S. for Indian travellers from now on"</a>. The Times of India. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Expedited+entry+into+U.S.+for+Indian+travellers+from+now+on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fexpedited-entry-into-us-for-indian-travellers-from-now-on%2Farticleshow%2F59336272.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420194708/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/faster-immigration/2908082.html">"Faster immigration clearance for eligible Singaporeans travelling to US"</a>. Channel News Asia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/faster-immigration/2908082.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=Faster+immigration+clearance+for+eligible+Singaporeans+travelling+to+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Ffaster-immigration%2F2908082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625090904/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/trusted_traveler/global_entry/global_entry_discription.xml">"How to Use the Kiosk"</a>. CBP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/trusted_traveler/global_entry/global_entry_discription.xml">the original</a> on 25 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBP&rft.atitle=How+to+Use+the+Kiosk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbp.gov%2Fxp%2Fcgov%2Ftravel%2Ftrusted_traveler%2Fglobal_entry%2Fglobal_entry_discription.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/global-entry/locations">"Airports with Global Entry Kiosks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airports+with+Global+Entry+Kiosks&rft.pub=U.S.+Customs+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Ftravel%2Ftrusted-traveler-programs%2Fglobal-entry%2Flocations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsa.gov/travel/special-procedures/military-travelers">"Military Travel"</a>. TSA.gov. Transportation Security Administration. n.d. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>All members of the U.S. Armed Forces, including those serving in the Reserves and National Guard can benefit from TSA Pre✓® expedited screening at select airports when flying on participating airlines. Cadets and midshipmen of the U.S. Military Academy, Naval Academy, Coast Guard Academy and Air Force Academy are also eligible to receive TSA Pre✓® screening benefits. Use your Department of Defense identification number when making flight reservations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TSA.gov&rft.atitle=Military+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsa.gov%2Ftravel%2Fspecial-procedures%2Fmilitary-travelers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205051721/http://www.nbcnews.com/travel/stuck-line-tsa-precheck-expansion-slowing-down-frequent-travelers-8C11484578">"Stuck in line: TSA PreCheck expansion slowing down frequent travelers"</a>. NBC News. 5 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/travel/stuck-line-tsa-precheck-expansion-slowing-down-frequent-travelers-8C11484578">the original</a> on 5 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Stuck+in+line%3A+TSA+PreCheck+expansion+slowing+down+frequent+travelers&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ftravel%2Fstuck-line-tsa-precheck-expansion-slowing-down-frequent-travelers-8C11484578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PreCheck_FAQ-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PreCheck_FAQ_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PreCheck_FAQ_399-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsa.gov/precheck/faq">"TSA Pre✓® FAQ"</a>. TSA.gov. Transportation Security Administration. n.d. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TSA.gov&rft.atitle=TSA+Pre%E2%9C%93%C2%AE+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsa.gov%2Fprecheck%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsa.gov/precheck/participating-airlines">"TSA Pre✓® Participating Airlines"</a>. TSA.gov. Transportation Security Administration. n.d. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TSA.gov&rft.atitle=TSA+Pre%E2%9C%93%C2%AE+Participating+Airlines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsa.gov%2Fprecheck%2Fparticipating-airlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Peers" title="Steve Peers">Steve Peers</a>, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0YlF7X1mlgC&pg=PA210">p. 210</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R1931R%2801%29:EN:NOT">OJ L 29, 3 February 2007, p. 3</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807002124/https://mx.usembassy.gov/visas/domestic-employees/frequently-asked-questions/?_ga=1.54366443.213467364.1464033918">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mx.usembassy.gov/visas/domestic-employees/frequently-asked-questions/?_ga=1.54366443.213467364.1464033918">the original</a> on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmx.usembassy.gov%2Fvisas%2Fdomestic-employees%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2F%3F_ga%3D1.54366443.213467364.1464033918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCC1-404"><a href="#cite_ref-BCC1_404-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.cbp.gov/s/article/Article-1670">"CBP Customer Service"</a>. help.cbp.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=help.cbp.gov&rft.atitle=CBP+Customer+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.cbp.gov%2Fs%2Farticle%2FArticle-1670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/ls/vfc/t1038742.htm">"Visa-free Entry into Mainland China"</a>. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visa-free+Entry+into+Mainland+China&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Fls%2Fvfc%2Ft1038742.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belsat.eu/en/news/lukashenka-expands-visa-free-zone/">"Lukashenka expands visa-free zone"</a>. belsat.eu. 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.eu&rft.atitle=Lukashenka+expands+visa-free+zone&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelsat.eu%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flukashenka-expands-visa-free-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.by/document/?guid=3961&p0=P31900300&p1=1&p5=0">"On establishing visa-free order of entry and exit of foreign nationals"</a>. 7 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+establishing+visa-free+order+of+entry+and+exit+of+foreign+nationals&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.by%2Fdocument%2F%3Fguid%3D3961%26p0%3DP31900300%26p1%3D1%26p5%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016150145/http://www.government.by/ru/content/9054">"О порядке посещения гражданами безвизовой территории "Брест – Гродно", а также территорий районов Брестской и Гродненской областей"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Совет Министров Республики Беларусь</a>. 15 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.by/ru/content/9054">the original</a> on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%22%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82+%E2%80%93+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%22%2C+%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.by%2Fru%2Fcontent%2F9054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/pg/cases/PGSC/2016/13.html">"Namah v Pato [2016] PGSC 13; SC1497 (26 April 2016)"</a>. paclii.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paclii.org&rft.atitle=Namah+v+Pato+%5B2016%5D+PGSC+13%3B+SC1497+%2826+April+2016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fpg%2Fcases%2FPGSC%2F2016%2F13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTlozekAnderson" class="citation news cs1">Tlozek, Eric; Anderson, Stephanie (political reporter). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-26/png-court-rules-asylum-seeker-detention-manus-island-illegal/7360078">"PNG finds detention of asylum seekers on Manus Island illegal"</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PNG+finds+detention+of+asylum+seekers+on+Manus+Island+illegal&rft.aulast=Tlozek&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Stephanie+%28political+reporter%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-04-26%2Fpng-court-rules-asylum-seeker-detention-manus-island-illegal%2F7360078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcAUSban-414"><a href="#cite_ref-abcAUSban_414-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/is-australias-india-travel-ban-legal-moral-just/13335360">"Australia's decision to ban its citizens from returning from India — Is it legal? Is it moral? Is it just? - ABC Religion & Ethics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+decision+to+ban+its+citizens+from+returning+from+India+%E2%80%94+Is+it+legal%3F+Is+it+moral%3F+Is+it+just%3F+-+ABC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fis-australias-india-travel-ban-legal-moral-just%2F13335360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-f24AUSban-415"><a href="#cite_ref-f24AUSban_415-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210406-stranded-abroad-australians-lodge-un-petition-against-govt-for-right-to-return-home">"Stranded abroad, Australians lodge UN petition against government for 'right to return home'"</a>. 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stranded+abroad%2C+Australians+lodge+UN+petition+against+government+for+%27right+to+return+home%27&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fasia-pacific%2F20210406-stranded-abroad-australians-lodge-un-petition-against-govt-for-right-to-return-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/aug/06/australians-who-live-overseas-now-unable-to-leave-country-if-they-return-for-visit">"Australians who live overseas may be unable to leave country if they return for visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Australians+who+live+overseas+may+be+unable+to+leave+country+if+they+return+for+visit&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2021%2Faug%2F06%2Faustralians-who-live-overseas-now-unable-to-leave-country-if-they-return-for-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213141020/http://www.nkfreedom.org/UploadedDocuments/2013.12.10_THE_LIST_ENGLISH.pdf">"2013 Update "THE LIST" of North Korean Refugees & Humanitarian Workers Seized by Chinese Authorities"</a> (PDF). North Korea Freedom Coalition. 13 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkfreedom.org/UploadedDocuments/2013.12.10_THE_LIST_ENGLISH.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Update+%22THE+LIST%22+of+North+Korean+Refugees+%26+Humanitarian+Workers+Seized+by+Chinese+Authorities&rft.pub=North+Korea+Freedom+Coalition&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkfreedom.org%2FUploadedDocuments%2F2013.12.10_THE_LIST_ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213141309/http://www.nkfreedom.org/News/Sign-the-Petition-Calling-on-China-to-Stop-Repatriation-of-North-Koreans.aspx">"Sign the Petition Calling on China to Stop the Forced Repatriation of North Korean Refugees"</a>. North Korea Freedom Coalition. 13 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkfreedom.org/News/Sign-the-Petition-Calling-on-China-to-Stop-Repatriation-of-North-Koreans.aspx">the original</a> on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Korea+Freedom+Coalition&rft.atitle=Sign+the+Petition+Calling+on+China+to+Stop+the+Forced+Repatriation+of+North+Korean+Refugees&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkfreedom.org%2FNews%2FSign-the-Petition-Calling-on-China-to-Stop-Repatriation-of-North-Koreans.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeister2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC&pg=PA218">Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem: Annan Plan And EU Accession</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15223-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15223-7"><bdi>90-04-15223-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Aspects+of+the+Cyprus+Problem%3A+Annan+Plan+And+EU+Accession&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-15223-7&rft.aulast=Hoffmeister&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZXbg3ZwvGoC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indepuni-420"><a href="#cite_ref-indepuni_420-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/universities-little-accord-on-the-island-399360.html">"Universities: Little accord on the island"</a>. The Independent. London. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Universities%3A+Little+accord+on+the+island&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Funiversities-little-accord-on-the-island-399360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://securitysolutions.com/news/security_exposing_hostile_intent">"What can we learn from Ben Gurion Airport in Israel to help push aviation security in the U.S. to the next level?"</a>. Access Control & Security Systems. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+can+we+learn+from+Ben+Gurion+Airport+in+Israel+to+help+push+aviation+security+in+the+U.S.+to+the+next+level%3F&rft.pub=Access+Control+%26+Security+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecuritysolutions.com%2Fnews%2Fsecurity_exposing_hostile_intent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2001/09/12/israelisecurity.htm">"Israeli-style security might have averted hijackings"</a>. USA Today. 13 September 2001. Retrieved 7 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Israeli-style+security+might+have+averted+hijackings&rft.date=2001-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2001%2F09%2F12%2Fisraelisecurity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-my-friends-were-pro-israel-then-they-met-israeli-airport-security-1.5474044">"What happened to my pro-Israel friends proves there's something rotten in Israeli airport security"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+my+pro-Israel+friends+proves+there%27s+something+rotten+in+Israeli+airport+security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fopinion%2F.premium-my-friends-were-pro-israel-then-they-met-israeli-airport-security-1.5474044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/abu-ghosh-restaurateur-airport-security-humiliated-my-wife/">"Abu Ghosh restaurateur: Airport security humiliated my wife"</a>. The Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Abu+Ghosh+restaurateur%3A+Airport+security+humiliated+my+wife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fabu-ghosh-restaurateur-airport-security-humiliated-my-wife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> Cited K. C. Khurana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESWo4Zl5g1IC&pg=PA271">Aviation Management: Global Perspectives</a>, Global India Publications, 2009 p.271 </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914174321/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/09/09/africa/ME-Israel-Airport-Dance.php">"Israeli airport security order dancer to prove identity with dance steps"</a>. International Herald Tribune. 9 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/09/09/africa/ME-Israel-Airport-Dance.php">the original</a> on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Israeli+airport+security+order+dancer+to+prove+identity+with+dance+steps&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F09%2F09%2Fafrica%2FME-Israel-Airport-Dance.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> Bernard E. Harcourt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuXbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">'Muslim profiles Post-9/11: Is Racial Profiling an effective Counter-terrorist Measure and Does It Violate the Right to be Free fronm Discrimination?'</a>, in Ben Goold, Liora Lazarus (eds.), Security and Human Rights, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. pp. 73–98 [93]. </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonino" class="citation news cs1">Bonino, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/08/26/how-discrimination-against-muslims-at-airports-actually-hurts-the-fight-against-terrorism/">"Analysis | How discrimination against Muslims at airports actually hurts the fight against terrorism"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%26%23124%3B+How+discrimination+against+Muslims+at+airports+actually+hurts+the+fight+against+terrorism&rft.aulast=Bonino&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2016%2F08%2F26%2Fhow-discrimination-against-muslims-at-airports-actually-hurts-the-fight-against-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSides2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Sides" title="John M. Sides">Sides, John</a> (19 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/19/the-extraordinary-unpopularity-of-trumps-family-separation-policy-in-one-graph/">"The extraordinary unpopularity of Trump's family separation policy"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+extraordinary+unpopularity+of+Trump%27s+family+separation+policy&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft.aulast=Sides&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2018%2F06%2F19%2Fthe-extraordinary-unpopularity-of-trumps-family-separation-policy-in-one-graph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> Mallory Shelbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/latino/392727-hayden-sees-commonality-between-zero-tolerance-border-policy-and-nazi-germany/">"Hayden sees 'commonality' between zero-tolerance border policy and Nazi Germany"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> Emma Teitel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/star-columnists/2018/06/20/nazi-germany-comparisons-with-family-separation-in-us-are-fair-comment.html">"Nazi Germany comparisons with family separation in U.S. are fair comment"</a>. The Star (20 June 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> American Psychological Association. (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/advocacy/immigration/separating-families-letter.pdf">"Open Letter to President Donald Trump"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoichet2018" class="citation news cs1">Shoichet, Catherine E. (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/14/health/immigrant-family-separation-doctors/index.html">"Doctors saw immigrant kids separated from their parents. Now they're trying to stop it"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Doctors+saw+immigrant+kids+separated+from+their+parents.+Now+they%27re+trying+to+stop+it.&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.aulast=Shoichet&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F06%2F14%2Fhealth%2Fimmigrant-family-separation-doctors%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/ali-velshi/watch/-this-is-child-abuse-by-government-says-dr-irwin-redlener-1256853059535">"'This is child abuse by government', says Dr. Irwin Redlener"</a>. MSNBC. 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27This+is+child+abuse+by+government%27%2C+says+Dr.+Irwin+Redlener&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fali-velshi%2Fwatch%2F-this-is-child-abuse-by-government-says-dr-irwin-redlener-1256853059535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/letter-to-secretary-nielsen/home?authuser=0">"Open Letter from Concerned Scientists on Migrant Child Separation"</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2018 – via sites.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Letter+from+Concerned+Scientists+on+Migrant+Child+Separation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fview%2Fletter-to-secretary-nielsen%2Fhome%3Fauthuser%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/religious-leaders-implore-trump-white-house-stop-separating/story?id=55905666">"Religious groups implore Trump White House: Stop separating immigrant families"</a>. ABC News. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religious+groups+implore+Trump+White+House%3A+Stop+separating+immigrant+families&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Freligious-leaders-implore-trump-white-house-stop-separating%2Fstory%3Fid%3D55905666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapagermanos" class="citation web cs1">Papagermanos, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/archdiocese-statement-in-defense-of-children-and-families">"Archdiocese Statement in Defense of Children and Families"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archdiocese+Statement+in+Defense+of+Children+and+Families&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.aulast=Papagermanos&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Farchdiocese-statement-in-defense-of-children-and-families&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/church-statement-separation-of-families-at-us-mexico-border">"Church Statement on Separation of Families at the US-Mexico Border"</a> (Press release). Mormon Newsroom. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Statement+on+Separation+of+Families+at+the+US-Mexico+Border&rft.pub=Mormon+Newsroom&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonnewsroom.org%2Farticle%2Fchurch-statement-separation-of-families-at-us-mexico-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-sen-susan-collins-on-face-the-nation-june-17-2018/">"Transcript: Senator Susan Collins on "Face the Nation""</a>. CBS News. 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+Senator+Susan+Collins+on+%22Face+the+Nation%22&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftranscript-sen-susan-collins-on-face-the-nation-june-17-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitzSacchetti2018" class="citation news cs1">Horwitz, Sari; Sacchetti, Maria (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-says-justice-dept-will-prosecute-every-person-who-crosses-border-unlawfully/2018/05/07/e1312b7e-5216-11e8-9c91-7dab596e8252_story.html">"Sessions vows to prosecute all illegal border crossers and separate children from their parents"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sessions+vows+to+prosecute+all+illegal+border+crossers+and+separate+children+from+their+parents&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Sari&rft.au=Sacchetti%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fsessions-says-justice-dept-will-prosecute-every-person-who-crosses-border-unlawfully%2F2018%2F05%2F07%2Fe1312b7e-5216-11e8-9c91-7dab596e8252_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearGoodnoughHaberman2018" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D.; Goodnough, Abby; Haberman, Maggie (20 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/trump-immigration-children-executive-order.html">"Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Retreats+on+Separating+Families%2C+but+Thousands+May+Remain+Apart&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Goodnough%2C+Abby&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-immigration-children-executive-order.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/trump-admin-ran-pilot-program-separating-migrant-families-2017-n887616">"Trump admin ran 'pilot program' for zero tolerance at border in 2017"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+admin+ran+%27pilot+program%27+for+zero+tolerance+at+border+in+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fimmigration-border-crisis%2Ftrump-admin-ran-pilot-program-separating-migrant-families-2017-n887616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadnofskyAndrewsFassihi2018" class="citation news cs1">Radnofsky, Louise; Andrews, Natalie; Fassihi, Farnaz (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-defends-family-separation-policy-1529341079#_=_">"Trump Defends Family-Separation Policy"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Trump+Defends+Family-Separation+Policy&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.aulast=Radnofsky&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Fassihi%2C+Farnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftrump-administration-defends-family-separation-policy-1529341079%23_%3D_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-447">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_447-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_447-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2018" class="citation news cs1">Long, Colleen (15 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/0bcc5d5d077247769da065864d215d1b/Sessions-cites-Bible-to-defend-separating-immigrant-families">"Sessions cites Bible to defend separating immigrant families"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sessions+cites+Bible+to+defend+separating+immigrant+families&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F0bcc5d5d077247769da065864d215d1b%2FSessions-cites-Bible-to-defend-separating-immigrant-families&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuckerDawseyKim2018" class="citation news cs1">Rucker, Philip; Dawsey, Josh; Kim, Seung Min (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-defiant-as-crisis-grows-over-family-separation-at-the-border/2018/06/18/210c78ca-730f-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html">"Trump defiant as crisis grows over family separation at the border"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+defiant+as+crisis+grows+over+family+separation+at+the+border&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.aulast=Rucker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Dawsey%2C+Josh&rft.au=Kim%2C+Seung+Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-defiant-as-crisis-grows-over-family-separation-at-the-border%2F2018%2F06%2F18%2F210c78ca-730f-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchererDawsey" class="citation news cs1">Scherer, Michael; Dawsey, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cites-as-a-negotiating-tool-his-policy-of-separating-immigrant-children-from-their-parents/2018/06/15/ade82b80-70b3-11e8-bf86-a2351b5ece99_story.html?noredirect=on">"Trump cites as a negotiating tool his policy of separating immigrant children from their parents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+cites+as+a+negotiating+tool+his+policy+of+separating+immigrant+children+from+their+parents&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dawsey%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-cites-as-a-negotiating-tool-his-policy-of-separating-immigrant-children-from-their-parents%2F2018%2F06%2F15%2Fade82b80-70b3-11e8-bf86-a2351b5ece99_story.html%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainsley-450">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainsley_450-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainsley_450-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsley2018" class="citation news cs1">Ainsley, Julia (20 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/trump-admin-s-tent-cities-cost-more-keeping-migrant-kids-n884871">"Tent cities cost millions more than keeping migrant kids with parents"</a>. NBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tent+cities+cost+millions+more+than+keeping+migrant+kids+with+parents&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Ainsley&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fimmigration-border-crisis%2Ftrump-admin-s-tent-cities-cost-more-keeping-migrant-kids-n884871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-451">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heath_451-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath_451-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath_451-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath" class="citation news cs1">Heath, Brad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/22/zero-tolerance-immigration-crackdown-diverting-resources-drug-cases/727532002/">"DOJ: Trump's immigration crackdown 'diverting' resources from drug cases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=DOJ%3A+Trump%27s+immigration+crackdown+%27diverting%27+resources+from+drug+cases&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2018%2F06%2F22%2Fzero-tolerance-immigration-crackdown-diverting-resources-drug-cases%2F727532002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/fact-sheet/key-health-implications-of-separation-of-families-at-the-border/">"Key Health Implications of Separation of Families at the Border"</a>. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Henry+J.+Kaiser+Family+Foundation&rft.atitle=Key+Health+Implications+of+Separation+of+Families+at+the+Border&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kff.org%2Fdisparities-policy%2Ffact-sheet%2Fkey-health-implications-of-separation-of-families-at-the-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/18/trump-migrants-health-programs-692955">"Trump's migrant fiasco diverts millions from health programs"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+migrant+fiasco+diverts+millions+from+health+programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F07%2F18%2Ftrump-migrants-health-programs-692955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Border_crossings#Q218719" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Border crossings">Border crossings</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_control" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Border control">Border control</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Idrees Kahloon, "Border Control: The economics of immigration vs. the politics of immigration", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 12 June 2023, pp. 65–69. "The limits of immigration are not set by <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> but by <a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">political psychology</a> – by backlash unconcerned with net benefits." (p. 65.)</li> <li>Susan Harbage Page & Inéz Valdez (17 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2011/residues-border-control">"Residues of Border Control"</a>, Southern Spaces</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7773440">"Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens"</a>. Citizenship Studies. 18 (2): 208–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13621025.2014.886440">10.1080/13621025.2014.886440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144816686">144816686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Citizenship+Studies&rft.atitle=Faces+of+Globalization+and+the+Borders+of+States%3A+From+Asylum+Seekers+to+Citizens&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-23&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13621025.2014.886440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144816686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7773440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Legrain" title="Philippe Legrain">Philippe Legrain</a> (2007). Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them, Little Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-73248-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-73248-6">0-316-73248-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Zolberg" title="Aristide Zolberg">Aristide Zolberg</a> (2006). A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02218-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02218-1">0-674-02218-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Legrain" title="Philippe Legrain">Philippe Legrain</a> (2007). Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them, Little Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-73248-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-73248-6">0-316-73248-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Rumbaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben Rumbaut">Ruben Rumbaut</a> & Walter Ewing (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040544/http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/sr_feb07_resources.shtml">"The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men"</a>, The Immigration Policy Center.</li> <li>Bryan Balin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/32826/State%20Immigration%20Legislation%20and%20Immigrant%20Flows%20032008.pdf?sequence=4">State Immigration Legislation and Immigrant Flows: An Analysis</a> The Johns Hopkins University</li> <li>Douglas S. Massey (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830210117/http://www.ailf.org/ipc/policy_reports_2005_beyondborder.shtml">"Beyond the Border Buildup: Towards a New Approach to Mexico-U.S. Migration"</a>, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation</li> <li>IPC Special Report (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192352/http://ailf.org/ipc/special_report/special_report2005_bridging.shtml">"Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide"</a>, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation</li> <li>American Immigration Council (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrant-women-united-states">"Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait"</a></li> <li>Jill Esbenshade (Summer 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/division-and-dislocation-regulating-immigration-through-local-housing-ordinances">"Division and Dislocation: Regulating Immigration through Local Housing Ordinances"</a>. American Immigration Council</li> <li>Jeffrey S. Passel & Roberto Suro (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=53">"Rise, Peak and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration"</a>. Pew Hispanic Center</li> <li>Jeffrey S. Passel (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=44">"Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population"</a>. Pew Hispanic Center</li> <li>Jeffrey S. Passel (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=74">"Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization"</a>. Pew Hispanic Center</li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf">Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+for+Congress%3A+Agriculture%3A+A+Glossary+of+Terms%2C+Programs%2C+and+Laws%2C+2005+Edition&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncseonline.org%2Fnle%2Fcrsreports%2F05jun%2F97-905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorder+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li>UNCTAD's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20122_en.pdf">Classification of Non-Tariff Measures (2012)</a> report</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_control&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>ITC's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmap.org/">Market Access Map</a>, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Border_protection_agencies_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template talk:Border protection agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Border protection agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Border_protection_agencies_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border protection agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_border_control_organisations" title="List of border control organisations">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(Algeria)" title="Gendarmerie Nationale (Algeria)">GNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Border_and_Immigration_Police_(Algeria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Border and Immigration Police (Algeria) (page does not exist)">PAF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Angola <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Police_(Angola)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Police (Angola) (page does not exist)">PGFA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Service_of_Migration_and_Foreigners_(Angola)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Service of Migration and Foreigners (Angola) (page does not exist)">SME</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benin <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beninese_Agency_for_the_Integrated_Management_of_Border_Areas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beninese Agency for the Integrated Management of Border Areas (page does not exist)">ABeGIEF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Emigration_and_Immigration_(Benin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Emigration and Immigration (Benin) (page does not exist)">DEI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Command_of_Special_Border_Surveillance_Units&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Command of Special Border Surveillance Units (page does not exist)">USSF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Nationality,_Immigration_And_Gender_Affairs_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Nationality, Immigration And Gender Affairs (Botswana) (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li>Burkina Faso <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Border_Police_(Burkina_Faso)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Border Police (Burkina Faso) (page does not exist)">DPF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_State_Security_(Burkina_Faso)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of State Security (Burkina Faso) (page does not exist)">DSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Commissioner_for_Migration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Commissioner for Migration (page does not exist)">CGM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air,_Border_and_Aliens_Police_(Burundi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air, Border and Aliens Police (Burundi) (page does not exist)">PAFE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Directorate_(Cameroon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Directorate (Cameroon) (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Foreigners_and_Borders_(Cape_Verde)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Foreigners and Borders (Cape Verde) (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_and_Border_Police_(Central_African_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air and Border Police (Central African Republic) (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_National_Gendarmerie" title="Chadian National Gendarmerie">GN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Nomadic_Guard" title="National and Nomadic Guard">GNNT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Nationale_Tchadienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Nationale Tchadienne (page does not exist)">PNT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_and_Border_Police_(Comoros)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air and Border Police (Comoros) (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li>Democratic Republic of the Congo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Migration_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Migration (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">DGM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Directorate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Directorate (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">DPF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republic of the Congo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_for_Territorial_Surveillance_(Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General for Territorial Surveillance (Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">DGST</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Immigration_and_Emigration_(Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Immigration and Emigration (Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Côte d'Ivoire <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Territorial_Surveillance_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Territorial Surveillance (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Office_of_Civil_Status_of_Identification_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Office of Civil Status of Identification (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">ONECI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_and_Immigration_Police_(Djibouti)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border and Immigration Police (Djibouti) (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Border_Guard_Corps" title="Egyptian Border Guard Corps">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Administration_of_Passports,_Immigration_and_Nationality_(Egypt)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Administration of Passports, Immigration and Nationality (Egypt) (page does not exist)">PINA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_National_Security_(Equatorial_Guinea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of National Security (Equatorial Guinea) (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_and_Nationality_(Eritrea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration and Nationality (Eritrea) (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eswatini_Immigration_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eswatini Immigration Department (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Department_for_Immigration_%26_Nationality_Affairs_(Ethiopia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Department for Immigration & Nationality Affairs (Ethiopia) (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_for_Documentation_and_Immigration_(Gabon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General for Documentation and Immigration (Gabon) (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambia_Immigration_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambia Immigration Department (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Immigration_Service" title="Ghana Immigration Service">GIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Directorate_of_the_Border_Police_(Guinea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Directorate of the Border Police (Guinea) (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Command_of_the_National_Guard_(Guinea_Bissau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Command of the National Guard (Guinea Bissau) (page does not exist)">Guinea Bissau</a></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_Police#Border_Police_Unit_(BPU)" title="Administration Police">BPU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_Services_(Kenya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration Services (Kenya) (page does not exist)">DIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Lesotho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Lesotho) (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_Immigration_Service" title="Liberia Immigration Service">Liberia</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_Border_Guard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libyan Border Guard (page does not exist)">LBG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passport,_Immigration_and_Foreigners_Affairs_Authority_(Libya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passport, Immigration and Foreigners Affairs Authority (Libya) (page does not exist)">LPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Control_of_Immigration_and_Emigration_(Madagascar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Control of Immigration and Emigration (Madagascar) (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Immigration_and_Citizenship_Services_(Malawi)" title="Department of Immigration and Citizenship Services (Malawi)">Malawi</a></li> <li>Mali <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malian_National_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malian National Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">DGGN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Directorate_of_Borders_(Mali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Directorate of Borders (Mali) (page does not exist)">DNF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Border_Police_(Mali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Border Police (Mali) (page does not exist)">DPF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_General_Intelligence_and_Territorial_Surveillance_(Mali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of General Intelligence and Territorial Surveillance (Mali) (page does not exist)">DRGS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mauritania <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritanian_National_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritanian National Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">DGGN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Territorial_Surveillance_(Mauritania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Territorial Surveillance (Mauritania) (page does not exist)">DST</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passport_and_Immigration_Office_(Mauritius)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passport and Immigration Office (Mauritius) (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_Nationale_(Morocco)" title="Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)">DGSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Territorial_Surveillance_(Morocco)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Directorate for Territorial Surveillance (Morocco)">DGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Gendarmerie" title="Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie">GRM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mozambique <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Branch_(Mozambique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Branch (Mozambique) (page does not exist)">RPF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Migration_Service_(Mozambique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Migration Service (Mozambique) (page does not exist)">SENAMI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Namibia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_Control_and_Citizenship_(Namibia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration Control and Citizenship (Namibia) (page does not exist)">DICC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibian_Agronomic_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namibian Agronomic Board (page does not exist)">NAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Force" title="Special Field Force">SFF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Niger <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Territorial_Surveillance_(Niger)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Territorial Surveillance (Niger) (page does not exist)">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(Niger)" title="Gendarmerie Nationale (Niger)">GN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Niger" title="National Guard of Niger">GNN</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Border_Control_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile Border Control Company (page does not exist)">CMCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Immigration_Service" title="Nigeria Immigration Service">NIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Immigration_and_Emigration_(Rwanda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration (Rwanda) (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_and_Border_Service_(S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration and Border Service (São Tomé and Príncipe) (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li>Senegal <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Air_and_Border_Police_(Senegal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Air and Border Police (Senegal) (page does not exist)">DPAF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_the_Police_for_Foreigners_and_Travel_Documents_(Senegal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of the Police for Foreigners and Travel Documents (Senegal) (page does not exist)">DPETV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Territorial_Surveillance_(Senegal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Territorial Surveillance (Senegal) (page does not exist)">DST</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_Civil_Status_(Seychelles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration and Civil Status (Seychelles) (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone_Immigration_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Leone Immigration Department (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_Naturalization_Directorate_of_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration and Naturalization Directorate of Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Management_Authority_(South_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Management Authority (South Africa) (page does not exist)">BMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Operations_Division" title="Joint Operations Division">JOD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_Immigration_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Africa Immigration Services (page does not exist)">SAIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service#Operational_Response_Services" title="South African Police Service">SAPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Nationality,_Passport_and_Immigration_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Nationality, Passport and Immigration (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li>Sudan <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Intelligence_Brigade_(Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Intelligence Brigade (Sudan) (page does not exist)">BIB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Administration_of_Borders_(Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Administration of Borders (Sudan) (page does not exist)">GAB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Passports_and_Immigration_(Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Passports and Immigration (Sudan) (page does not exist)">GDPI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Services_Department_(Tanzania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Services Department (Tanzania) (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li>Togo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_National_Documentation_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of National Documentation (Togo) (page does not exist)">DGDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_Togolaise" title="Gendarmerie Nationale Togolaise">GNT</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tunisia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Borders_and_Foreigners_(Tunisia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Borders and Foreigners (Tunisia) (page does not exist)">DGFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Guard" title="Tunisian National Guard">GNT</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uganda <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Control_(Uganda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Citizenship and Immigration Control (Uganda) (page does not exist)">DCIC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Force_Unit_(Uganda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field Force Unit (Uganda) (page does not exist)">FFU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Zambia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Zambia) (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li>Zimbabwe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Zimbabwe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Zimbabwe) (page does not exist)">DIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police#Support_Unit" title="Zimbabwe Republic Police">PSU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Border_Force" title="Afghan Border Force">Afghanistan</a></li> <li>Armenia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Passport_and_Visa_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian Passport and Visa Department (page does not exist)">AVV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Service_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Service of Armenia (page does not exist)">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Border_Guard" title="Armenian Border Guard">NSS SZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Passport,_Registration_and_Migration_Department_(Azerbaijan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Passport, Registration and Migration Department (Azerbaijan) (page does not exist)">BPQMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Migration_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Migration Service (Azerbaijan)">DMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Border Service (Azerbaijan)">DSX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Nationality,_Passports_%26_Residences_Affairs_(Bahrain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Nationality, Passports & Residences Affairs (Bahrain) (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">BGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Immigration_%26_Passports" title="Department of Immigration & Passports">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Bhutan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Bhutan) (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_National_Registration_Department_(Brunei)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration and National Registration Department (Brunei) (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Border_Police_(Cambodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Border Police (Cambodia) (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Immigration_Inspection" title="China Immigration Inspection">CII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">NIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLAGF" class="mw-redirect" title="PLAGF">PLAGF</a> Border Defense Units</li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Police_of_Georgia" title="Border Police of Georgia">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Migration_(Georgia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Migration (Georgia) (page does not exist)">Migratsiis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_Police_Department_(Georgia)" title="Patrol Police Department (Georgia)">Politsiis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Commission_of_Migration_Issues_(Georgia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Commission of Migration Issues (Georgia) (page does not exist)">SCMI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Immigration_(India)" title="Bureau of Immigration (India)">BOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">ITBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Rifles" title="Rashtriya Rifles">RR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">SFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">SSB</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Immigration_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General of Immigration (Indonesia)">Imigrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard#Indonesia" title="Border guard">Border Security Task Force (Satgas Pamtas)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_for_Aliens_and_Foreign_Immigrants_Affairs_(Iran)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants Affairs (Iran) (page does not exist)">BAFIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Immigration_%26_Passport_Police_Office" title="Iranian Immigration & Passport Police Office">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Border_Guard_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command">Marzbani NAJA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Force_Command_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Force Command (Iraq) (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossing_Points_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossing Points Authority (page does not exist)">CPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Magav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Border_Crossings,_Population_and_Immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration">PIBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamam" title="Yamam">Yamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas_(Israel_Border_Police_unit)" title="Yamas (Israel Border Police unit)">Yamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Services_Agency_(Japan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Services Agency (Japan) (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li>Jordan <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borders_and_Residence_Department_(Jordan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borders and Residence Department (Jordan) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Border_Security_(Jordan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Border Security (Jordan) (page does not exist)">DBS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kazakhstan <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Migration_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee of Migration Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">KQQK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Service_of_the_National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Border Service of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">UQK SQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_People%27s_Internal_Security_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean People's Internal Security Forces (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Immigration_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korea Immigration Service (page does not exist)">KIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Republic_of_Korea)" title="Military Police (Republic of Korea)">ROK MP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kuwait <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Land_Border_Security_(Kuwait)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Land Border Security (Kuwait) (page does not exist)">GDLBS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Residency_(Kuwait)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Residency (Kuwait) (page does not exist)">GDR</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_(Kyrgyzstan)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Border Guard Service (Kyrgyzstan)">MCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Migration_Service_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="State Migration Service of Kyrgyzstan">OKMMK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Police_Immigration_of_General_Security_Police_Department_(Laos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Police Immigration of General Security Police Department (Laos) (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Macau</a></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Agency" title="Border Security Agency">AKSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_of_Malaysia" title="Immigration Department of Malaysia">JIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejimen_Sempadan" title="Rejimen Sempadan">RS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldives_Immigration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldives Immigration (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li>Mongolia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolia_Immigration_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolia Immigration Agency (page does not exist)">GIKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Authority_for_Border_Protection" title="General Authority for Border Protection">KKEG</a></li></ul></li> <li>Myanmar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Forces" title="Border Guard Forces">BGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Police" title="Border Guard Police">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour,_Immigration_and_Population" title="Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population">MIP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Force_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Police Force (Nepal)">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Nepal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Nepal) (page does not exist)">DOI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oman <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Brigade_(Oman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Brigade (Oman) (page does not exist)">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Passport_%26_Residence_(Oman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Passport & Residence (Oman) (page does not exist)">DGPR</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Immigration_%26_Passports" title="Directorate General of Immigration & Passports">DGIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Corps" title="Frontier Corps">FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Baltistan_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit Baltistan Scouts">GB Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Administration_for_Borders_and_Crossings_(Palestine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Administration for Borders and Crossings (Palestine) (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Immigration_(Philippines)" title="Bureau of Immigration (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li>Qatar <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatar_Emiri_Border_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatar Emiri Border Corps (page does not exist)">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Passports_(Qatar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Passports (Qatar) (page does not exist)">GDP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Saudi Arabia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Border_Guard" title="General Directorate of Border Guard">GDBG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Passports_(Saudi_Arabia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Passports (Saudi Arabia) (page does not exist)">GDP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Checkpoints_Authority" title="Immigration and Checkpoints Authority">Singapore</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_and_Emigration_(Sri_Lanka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration and Emigration (Sri Lanka) (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Border_Management_Committee_(Sri_Lanka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Border Management Committee (Sri Lanka) (page does not exist)">NBMC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Forces_(Syria)" title="Border Guard Forces (Syria)">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Border_Security_Force" title="Syrian Border Security Force">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_and_Passports_(Syria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration and Passports (Syria) (page does not exist)">IAPD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Agency" title="National Immigration Agency">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a></li> <li>Tajikistan <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan_Migration_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistan Migration Service (page does not exist)">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Border_Troops" title="Tajik Border Troops">QS KDAM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Patrol_Police" title="Border Patrol Police">BPP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Bureau_(Thailand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Bureau (Thailand) (page does not exist)">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thahan_Phran" title="Thahan Phran">TP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Timor-Leste <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Service_of_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Service of Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Patrol_Unit_(Timor-Leste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Patrol Unit (Timor-Leste) (page does not exist)">UPF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Migration_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General of Migration Management">GIGM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Gates_Department_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Gates Department (Turkey) (page does not exist)">Göçmen Hudut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">JGK</a></li></ul></li> <li>Turkmenistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Migration_Service_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Migration Service of Turkmenistan">DMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Service_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Border Service of Turkmenistan">DSG</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Arab Emirates <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Group_(United_Arab_Emirates)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Group (United Arab Emirates) (page does not exist)">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Authority_for_Identity_and_Nationality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Authority for Identity and Nationality (page does not exist)">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Authority_of_Ports,_Borders_and_Free_Zones_Security_(United_Arab_Emirates)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Authority of Ports, Borders and Free Zones Security (United Arab Emirates) (page does not exist)">Manafth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uzbekistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_State_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" title="Border Troops of the State Security Service (Uzbekistan)">DXX CQ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Migration_and_Citizenship_(Uzbekistan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Migration and Citizenship (Uzbekistan) (page does not exist)">MvaFRBB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Yemen <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Forces_(Yemen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Forces (Yemen) (page does not exist)">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration,_Passports_and_Naturalization_Authority_(Yemen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration, Passports and Naturalization Authority (Yemen) (page does not exist)">IPNA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_Customs_and_Immigration" title="Sovereign Base Areas Customs and Immigration">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_and_Migration_Police_(Albania)" title="Border and Migration Police (Albania)">Albania</a></li> <li>Andorra <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Andorra)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Andorra) (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Transit_and_Borders_(Andorra)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Transit and Borders (Andorra) (page does not exist)">UFE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Office_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Asylum_(Austria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Office for Foreign Affairs and Asylum (Austria) (page does not exist)">BFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landespolizeidirektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Landespolizeidirektion">LPD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus">DPK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Citizenship_and_Migration_(Belarus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Citizenship and Migration (Belarus) (page does not exist)">UGIM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Service_Interior" title="Federal Public Service Interior">IBZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Belgium)#General_directorate_of_the_administrative_police_(DGA)" title="Federal Police (Belgium)">DGA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Border_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina Border Police (page does not exist)">GPBiH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Service_for_Foreigners%27_Affairs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Service for Foreigners' Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">SPS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bulgaria <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Directorate_(Bulgaria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Directorate (Bulgaria) (page does not exist)">DM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Police_(Bulgaria)" title="Border Police (Bulgaria)">GDBP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Immigration,_Citizenship_and_Administrative_Affairs_(Croatia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Immigration, Citizenship and Administrative Affairs (Croatia) (page does not exist)">UIDUP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Directorate_(Croatia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Directorate (Croatia) (page does not exist)">UZG</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cyprus <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Registry_and_Migration_Department_(Cyprus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Registry and Migration Department (Cyprus) (page does not exist)">CRMD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliens_and_Immigration_Service_(Cyprus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliens and Immigration Service (Cyprus) (page does not exist)">YAM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Asylum_and_Migration_Policy_(Czech_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Asylum and Migration Policy (Czech Republic) (page does not exist)">OAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Border_Police" title="Alien and Border Police">SCP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hjemrejsestyrelsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hjemrejsestyrelsen (page does not exist)">HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Denmark" title="Police of Denmark">Politi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Agency_for_International_Recruitment_and_Integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish Agency for International Recruitment and Integration (page does not exist)">SIRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Immigration_Service" title="Danish Immigration Service">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Border_Guard_Board" title="Police and Border Guard Board">Estonia</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Immigration_Service" title="Finnish Immigration Service">Migri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Border_Guard" title="Finnish Border Guard">RVL</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direction_centrale_de_la_police_aux_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction centrale de la police aux frontières">DCPAF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Foreigners_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Foreigners in France (page does not exist)">DGEF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Office_for_Immigration_and_Integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Office for Immigration and Integration (page does not exist)">OFII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Office_for_the_Protection_of_Refugees_and_Stateless_Persons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons (page does not exist)">OFPRA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_Migration_and_Refugees" title="Federal Office for Migration and Refugees">BAMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">BPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gibraltar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Borders and Coastguard Agency">BCA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Foreigners_and_Immigration_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Foreigners and Immigration (Greece) (page does not exist)">DAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliens_and_Border_Protection_Branch_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliens and Border Protection Branch (Greece) (page does not exist)">KAPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Border_Agency" title="Guernsey Border Agency">Guernsey</a></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hat%C3%A1rrend%C3%A9szet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Határrendészet (page does not exist)">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Directorate-General_for_Aliens_Policing_(Hungary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (Hungary) (page does not exist)">OIF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Atlendingastofnun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Útlendingastofnun (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Immigration_Bureau" title="Garda National Immigration Bureau">GNIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">INIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Directorate_for_Immigration_and_Border_Police_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Directorate for Immigration and Border Police (Italy)">DCIPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Civil_Liberties_and_Immigration_(Italy)" title="Department of Civil Liberties and Immigration (Italy)">DLCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">GdF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">L'AC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Customs_and_Immigration_Service" title="States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service">Jersey</a></li> <li>Latvia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Citizenship_and_Migration_Affairs_(Latvia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (Latvia) (page does not exist)">PMLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard" title="State Border Guard">RS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liechtenstein <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_Passport_Office_(Liechtenstein)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration and Passport Office (Liechtenstein) (page does not exist)">APA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_(Liechtenstein)" title="National Police (Liechtenstein)">LaPo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Border_Guard" title="Swiss Border Guard">SBG</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Department_(Lithuania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Department (Lithuania) (page does not exist)">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_State_Border_Guard_Service" title="Lithuanian State Border Guard Service">VSAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>Luxembourg <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Immigration_(Luxembourg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Immigration (Luxembourg) (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Police" title="Grand Ducal Police">PGD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malta <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_Malta_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Identity Malta Agency (page does not exist)">IMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Police_Force" title="Malta Police Force">MPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Armed Forces of Malta">AFM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Moldova <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_for_Migration_and_Asylum_(Moldova)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau for Migration and Asylum (Moldova) (page does not exist)">BMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Border_Police" title="Moldovan Border Police">PF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_and_Airport_Police_Division_(Monaco)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine and Airport Police Division (Monaco) (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor_Grani%C4%8Dne_Policije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor Granične Policije (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreigner_Police,_Identification_and_Human_Trafficking_Division_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreigner Police, Identification and Human Trafficking Division (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">AVIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalisation_Service_(Netherlands)" title="Immigration and Naturalisation Service (Netherlands)">IND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marechaussee" title="Royal Marechaussee">KMar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Border Police of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Border_Commissioner" title="Norwegian Border Commissioner">Grensekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_of_S%C3%B8r-Varanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison of Sør-Varanger">GSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Immigration_Service_(Norway)" title="National Police Immigration Service (Norway)">PU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_Directorate_of_Immigration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (page does not exist)">UDI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_Immigration_Appeals_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board (page does not exist)">UNE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_do_spraw_Cudzoziemc%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd do spraw Cudzoziemców (page does not exist)">UDSC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_for_Integration,_Migration_and_Asylum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (page does not exist)">AIMA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Inspectorate_for_Immigration_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Inspectorate for Immigration (Romania) (page does not exist)">IGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Border_Police" title="Romanian Border Police">PFR</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Migration_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate for Migration Affairs (Russia)">GUVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Service_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">PSFSB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Rocca" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia di Rocca">San Marino</a></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commissariat_for_Refugees_and_Migration_(Serbia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commissariat for Refugees and Migration (Serbia) (page does not exist)">KIRS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Directorate_(Serbia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Directorate (Serbia) (page does not exist)">UGP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Office_(Slovakia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Office (Slovakia) (page does not exist)">MÚ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Border_and_Foreign_Police_(Slovakia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Border and Foreign Police (Slovakia) (page does not exist)">ÚHCP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slovenia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Division_(Slovenia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Division (Slovenia) (page does not exist)">SMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Internal_Administrative_Affairs_(Slovenia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Internal Administrative Affairs (Slovenia) (page does not exist)">SUNZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Commissariat_of_Immigration_and_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Commissariat of Immigration and Borders (page does not exist)">CGEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asylum_and_Refuge_Office_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asylum and Refuge Office (Spain) (page does not exist)">OAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Migration" title="Secretary of State for Migration">SEM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Police_Authority#National_Operations_Department" title="Swedish Police Authority">NOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Migration_Agency" title="Swedish Migration Agency">SMA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Border_Guard" title="Swiss Border Guard">SBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Secretariat_for_Migration_(Switzerland)" title="State Secretariat for Migration (Switzerland)">SEM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Migration_Service_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Migration Service (Ukraine)">DMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Border Guard Service of Ukraine">DPSU</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HM_Passport_Office" title="HM Passport Office">HMPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Enforcement" title="Immigration Enforcement">IE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">UKBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Visas_and_Immigration" title="UK Visas and Immigration">UKVI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Bahamas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Bahamas) (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados_Immigration_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbados Immigration Department (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li>Belize <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Management_Agency_(Belize)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Management Agency (Belize) (page does not exist)">BMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_and_Nationality_Services_(Belize)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration and Nationality Services (Belize) (page does not exist)">DINS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">CBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship_Canada" title="Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada">IRCC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Costa Rica <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Migration_and_Foreigners_(Costa_Rica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Migration and Foreigners (Costa Rica) (page does not exist)">DGME</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Border_Police_(Costa_Rica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Border Police (Costa Rica) (page does not exist)">Fronteras</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cuba <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigada_de_la_Frontera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigada de la Frontera (page does not exist)">BF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Identification,_Immigration_and_Foreigner_(Cuba)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Identification, Immigration and Foreigner (Cuba) (page does not exist)">DIIE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice,_Immigration_and_National_Security_(Dominica)" title="Ministry of Justice, Immigration and National Security (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li>Dominican Republic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuerpo_Especializado_en_Seguridad_Fronteriza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuerpo Especializado en Seguridad Fronteriza (page does not exist)">CESFRONT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Migration_(Dominican_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Migration (Dominican Republic) (page does not exist)">DGMRD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuerza_de_Tarea_Interagencial_Cerco_Fronterizo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuerza de Tarea Interagencial Cerco Fronterizo (page does not exist)">FTC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unidad_de_Patrulla_Fronteriza_(Dominican_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unidad de Patrulla Fronteriza (Dominican Republic) (page does not exist)">UPF</a></li></ul></li> <li>El Salvador <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrulla_Fronteriza_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrulla Fronteriza (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">Border Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Migration_and_Foreigner_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Migration and Foreigner (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">DGME</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_de_Seguridad_Fronteriza_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division de Seguridad Fronteriza (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">DISEFRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Immigration_Service" title="Danish Immigration Service">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_and_Passport_Department_(Grenada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration and Passport Department (Grenada) (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li>Guatemala <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Ports,_Airports_and_Border_Posts_(Guatemala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Ports, Airports and Border Posts (Guatemala) (page does not exist)">DIPAFRONT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan_Migration_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan Migration Institute (page does not exist)">IGM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Immigration_and_Emigration_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Immigration and Emigration (Haiti) (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Border_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haitian Border Police (page does not exist)">POLIFRONT</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honduras <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Directorate_of_Border_Police_Services_(Honduras)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Directorate of Border Police Services (Honduras) (page does not exist)">DNSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Migration_(Honduras)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Migration (Honduras) (page does not exist)">INM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passport,_Immigration_and_Citizenship_Agency_(Jamaica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency (Jamaica) (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Mexico)" title="National Guard (Mexico)">GN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Migraci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Migración">INM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Migration_and_Foreigners_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Migration and Foreigners (Nicaragua) (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li>Panama <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Passport_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama Passport Authority (page does not exist)">APAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Border_Service" title="National Border Service">SENAFRONT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Immigration_Service_(Panama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Immigration Service (Panama) (page does not exist)">SNM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Immigration_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis Immigration Department (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint_Lucia_Police_Force" title="Royal Saint Lucia Police Force">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passports_and_Immigration_Department_(St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passports and Immigration Department (St. Vincent and the Grenadines) (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Division_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Division (Trinidad and Tobago) (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Border_and_Maritime_Security_Division" title="DHS Border and Maritime Security Division">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">USBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">USCIS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Samoa_Immigration_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Samoa Immigration Office (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Border_Force" title="Australian Border Force">Australia</a></li> <li>Federated States of Micronesia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Border_Control_and_Maritime_Surveillance_(FSM)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Border Control and Maritime Surveillance (FSM) (page does not exist)">Border Control</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Immigration_%26_Passport_Services_(FSM)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Immigration & Passport Services (FSM) (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fiji <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosecurity_Authority_of_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosecurity Authority of Fiji (page does not exist)">BAF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Fiji)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Fiji) (page does not exist)">FID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Immigration" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Immigration_(Marshall_Islands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Immigration (Marshall Islands) (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Border_Control_(Nauru)" title="Ministry of Justice and Border Control (Nauru)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_New_Zealand" title="Immigration New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Immigration_(Palau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Immigration (Palau) (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papua_New_Guinea_Immigration_and_Citizenship_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papua New Guinea Immigration and Citizenship Authority (page does not exist)">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force" title="Papua New Guinea Defence Force">PNGDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa_Immigration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samoa Immigration (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Islands_Immigration_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon Islands Immigration Division (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Immigration_and_Citizenship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration and Citizenship (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Department_(Tuvalu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration Department (Tuvalu) (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosecurity_Vanuatu_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosecurity Vanuatu Department (page does not exist)">BV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu_Immigration_and_Passport_Services_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuatu Immigration and Passport Services Department (page does not exist)">VIS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Directorate_of_Migration_(Argentina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Directorate of Migration (Argentina) (page does not exist)">DNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Gendarmerie" title="Argentine National Gendarmerie">GNA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_and_Border_Police_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural and Border Police (Bolivia) (page does not exist)">Border Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Migration_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Migration (Bolivia) (page does not exist)">DIGEMIG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Immigration_Control_Unit_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Immigration Control Unit (Bolivia) (page does not exist)">UPCOM</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Police_Battalion_(Brazil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Police Battalion (Brazil) (page does not exist)">BPFron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialized_Border_Security_Management_(Brazil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialized Border Security Management (Brazil) (page does not exist)">GESFRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">CdC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Headquarters_of_Immigration_and_International_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Headquarters of Immigration and International Police (page does not exist)">JENAMIG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Migration" title="Colombia Migration">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undersecretariat_for_Migration_(Ecuador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undersecretariat for Migration (Ecuador) (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li>Guyana <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Support_Services_(Guyana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Citizenship and Immigration Support Services (Guyana) (page does not exist)">DOC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guyana_Police_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guyana Police Force (page does not exist)">GPF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Migrations_(Paraguay)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Migrations (Paraguay) (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Superintendence_of_Migrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Superintendence of Migrations (page does not exist)">Migraciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">PNP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Suriname <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigratiedienst_(Suriname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigratiedienst (Suriname) (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korps_Militaire_Politie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korps Militaire Politie (page does not exist)">KMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoofdafdeling_Vreemdelingenzaken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoofdafdeling Vreemdelingenzaken (page does not exist)">VZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Directorate_of_Migration_(Uruguay)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Directorate of Migration (Uruguay) (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Guard">GNB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Policia_de_Migracion_(Venezuela)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policia de Migracion (Venezuela) (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Identification,_Migration_and_Immigration_Service_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Identification, Migration and Immigration Service (Venezuela)">SAIME</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIS_Council_of_Border_Troops%27_Commanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIS Council of Border Troops' Commanders (page does not exist)">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Donetsk <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Service_of_Donetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Service of Donetsk (page does not exist)">MS DNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Service_of_Donetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Service of Donetsk (page does not exist)">SPO DNR</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kosovo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Citizenship,_Asylum_and_Migration_(Kosovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Citizenship, Asylum and Migration (Kosovo) (page does not exist)">DCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Border_(Kosovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Border (Kosovo) (page does not exist)">DPK</a></li></ul></li> <li>Luhansk <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Guard_Service_of_Luhansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Guard Service of Luhansk (page does not exist)">SPO LNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_the_Migration_Service_of_Luhansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of the Migration Service of Luhansk (page does not exist)">UMS LNR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Immigration_(Northern_Cyprus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Immigration (Northern Cyprus) (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li>Somaliland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Immigration_and_Border_Control" title="Somaliland Immigration and Border Control">SIBC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transnistria <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Directorate_of_the_Ministry_of_State_Security_(Transnistria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Directorate of the Ministry of State Security (Transnistria) (page does not exist)">PU MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Department_of_the_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Transnistria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Transnistria) (page does not exist)">UPVM MVD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Border_Guard_(Albania)" title="Royal Border Guard (Albania)">Albania</a> (till 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Guard_(Czechoslovakia)" title="State Defense Guard (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a> (till 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Border_Guard" title="Estonian Border Guard">Estonia</a> (till 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Germany</a> (till 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardia_alla_Frontiera" title="Guardia alla Frontiera">Italy</a> (till 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Border_Guard" title="Liechtenstein Border Guard">Liechtenstein</a> (till 1923)</li> <li>Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection_Corps" title="Border Protection Corps">KOP</a> (till 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Protection Troops">BPT</a> (till 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitanei" title="Limitanei">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros" title="Carabineros">Spain</a> (till 1940)</li> <li>Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreigners_and_Borders_Service" title="Foreigners and Borders Service">SEF</a> (till 2023)</li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Directorate" title="Immigration and Nationality Directorate">IND</a> (till 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_and_Immigration_Agency" title="Border and Immigration Agency">BIA</a> (till 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Agency" title="UK Border Agency">UKBA</a> (till 2013)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">West Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commercial_aviation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template talk:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration" title="Template:Immigration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration" title="Template talk:Immigration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_by_country" title="Immigration by country">Immigration by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalization_(migration)" title="Externalization (migration)">Externalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">Non-refoulement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation#Immigrant_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Immigrant assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acculturation_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturation Gap">Acculturation Gap</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">Social cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentricism">Ethnocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition and reform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War#Effects" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218719#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4279393-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006007505">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572466">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537664705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_control&oldid=1256438603">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_control&oldid=1256438603</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_control" title="Category:Border control">Border control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders" title="Category:Borders">Borders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Export_and_import_control" title="Category:Export and import control">Export and import control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations" title="Category:International relations">International relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_border_crossings" title="Category:International border crossings">International border crossings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_law" title="Category:International law">International law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Travel" title="Category:Travel">Travel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visas" title="Category:Visas">Visas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Thai-language_script_(th)" title="Category:CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)">CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2020">Articles with dead external links from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Macedonian-language_script_(mk)" title="Category:CS1 uses Macedonian-language script (mk)">CS1 uses Macedonian-language script (mk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Macedonian-language_sources_(mk)" title="Category:CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk)">CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2018" title="Category:Use British English from August 2018">Use British English from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from December 2023">Articles that may be too long from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from April 2022">Articles that may be too long from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tamil-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text">Articles containing Tamil-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Thai-language text">Articles containing Thai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_March_2022" title="Category:Incomplete lists from March 2022">Incomplete lists from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Congressional_Research_Service" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 23:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_control&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rlhbk","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.103","walltime":"6.052","ppvisitednodes":{"value":54902,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1028279,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":127919,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":55,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1638901,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5064.739 1 -total"," 48.91% 2477.399 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.52% 887.288 177 Template:Cite_web"," 16.57% 839.353 68 Template:Efn"," 11.33% 573.959 245 Template:Flag"," 10.79% 546.249 118 Template:Cite_news"," 7.88% 399.076 1 Template:Notelist"," 5.60% 283.642 81 Template:Flagicon"," 2.86% 144.721 245 Template:Flag/core"," 2.39% 121.088 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.255","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19214970,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","18.2"],["?","260","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","8.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.6"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","80","3.6"],["type","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFileInfo","60","2.7"],["[others]","600","27.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-djcsx","timestamp":"20241122140627","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Border control","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Border_control","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q218719","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q218719","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-17T11:12:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T23:15:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Bhutan_gate_in_Phuentsoling_0.jpg","headline":"measures taken to regulate the movement of goods and people across borders"}</script> </body> </html>