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id="toc-North_America_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-contiguous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-contiguous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-contiguous</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-contiguous-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-contiguous subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-contiguous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America_and_South_America_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_South_America_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>North America and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_South_America_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caribbean_Island_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_Island_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Caribbean Island locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_Island_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>South America and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Asia and Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Asia and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Africa and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Europe and North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe,_North_America,_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe,_North_America,_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Europe, North America, and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe,_North_America,_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe,_Africa,_and_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe,_Africa,_and_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Europe, Africa, and North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe,_Africa,_and_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America,_Oceania,_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America,_Oceania,_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>North America, Oceania, and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America,_Oceania,_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_and_Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_and_Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, and Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_and_Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_Asia,_and_Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_Asia,_and_Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_Asia,_and_Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctica_and_other_continents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica_and_other_continents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Antarctica and other continents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica_and_other_continents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sub-Antarctic_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Antarctic_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.1</span> <span>Sub-Antarctic region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Antarctic_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctic_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctic_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.2</span> <span>Antarctic region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctic_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_formerly_and/or_never_widely_or_officially_considered_as_transcontinental_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_formerly_and/or_never_widely_or_officially_considered_as_transcontinental_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Countries formerly and/or never widely or officially considered as transcontinental countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries_formerly_and/or_never_widely_or_officially_considered_as_transcontinental_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countries formerly and/or never widely or officially considered as transcontinental countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countries_formerly_and/or_never_widely_or_officially_considered_as_transcontinental_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>North America and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America_and_Oceania_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America_and_Oceania_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>South America and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America_and_Oceania_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_North_America_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_North_America_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Europe and North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_North_America_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of transcontinental countries</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় দেশের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তঃমহাদেশীয় দেশের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_interkontinentaler_Staaten" title="Liste interkontinentaler Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste interkontinentaler Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Pa%C3%ADses_transcontinentales" title="Anexo:Países transcontinentales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Países transcontinentales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="فهرست کشورهای فراقاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست کشورهای فراقاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%89tats_transcontinentaux" title="Liste des États transcontinentaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des États transcontinentaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Трансқұрлықты елдер тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансқұрлықты елдер тізімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="List of transcontinental countries" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_valtioista,_jotka_ulottuvat_kahteen_maanosaan" title="Luettelo valtioista, jotka ulottuvat kahteen maanosaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luettelo valtioista, jotka ulottuvat kahteen maanosaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1talararas%C4%B1_%C3%BClkeler_listesi" title="Kıtalararası ülkeler listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıtalararası ülkeler listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q113237304#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">List of countries spanning more than one continent</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a> with <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a> that straddles more than one <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, known as <b>transcontinental states</b> or <b>intercontinental states</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Contiguous</b> transcontinental countries are states that have one continuous or immediately-adjacent piece of territory that spans a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">continental boundary</a>, most commonly the line that separates Asia and Europe. By contrast, <b>non-contiguous</b> transcontinental countries are those states that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either by a body of water or by other countries (such as in the case of France). Most non-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a> like United Kingdom with its <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">overseas territories</a>, but can be countries that have fully integrated former dependencies in their central states like France with its <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas regions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the purposes of this article, a <a href="/wiki/Continent#Number" title="Continent">seven-continent model</a> is assumed based on common terms of reference by English language geographers.<sup id="cite_ref-NatlGeo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatlGeo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined continents like "the Americas" and "Eurasia" are not acknowledged or referenced. The <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" title="Boundaries between the continents">boundary between Asia and Europe</a> is largely conventional (much of it over land), and several conventions remained in use well into the 20th century. However, the now-prevalent convention—which has been in use by some <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographers</a> since about 1850—follows the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> northern chain, the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, is used for the purposes of this list.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This convention results in several countries such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> finding themselves almost entirely in 'Asia', with a few small <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> or districts technically in 'Europe'. Notwithstanding these anomalies, this list of transcontinental or intercontinental states respects the convention that Europe and Asia are full continents rather than <a href="/wiki/Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcontinent">subcontinents</a> or component <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmasses</a> of a larger <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continent. </p><p>Listed further below, separately, are countries with distant non-contiguous parts (overseas territories) on separate continents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>The lists within this article include entries that meet the following criteria: </p> <ul><li><b>Transcontinental</b> or <b>intercontinental states</b> are <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> that have some portion of their <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a> geographically divided between at least two <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Transcontinental_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transcontinental-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Transcontinental states can be classed as either <b>contiguous</b> or <b>non-contiguous</b> transcontinental states.<sup id="cite_ref-Contiguous_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contiguous-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that have one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">continental boundary</a>. More specifically, they contain a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connection (e.g. Russia) or the two portions being immediately adjacent to one another (e.g. Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciTrends_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciTrends-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Non-contiguous transcontinental states are those that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either by a significant <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> or by other land.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciTrends_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciTrends-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most non-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">overseas territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">boundaries between the continents</a> can be vague and subject to interpretation, making it difficult to conclusively define what counts as a 'transcontinental state'. </p> <ul><li>For the purposes of this article, a <a href="/wiki/Continent#Number" title="Continent">seven-continent model</a> is assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-NatlGeo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatlGeo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Therefore, states that have territory across sub-continental boundaries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics#Types_of_plate_boundaries" title="Plate tectonics">plate boundaries</a> that are only internal to continents, are excluded from this article.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Some non-contiguous transcontinental states have territory situated on distant islands that may or may not be considered a part of another nearby continent (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> and Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>). Though there is debate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as to whether these states ought to be considered 'transcontinental', they are still included in this article.</li></ul> <ul><li>States that only have <a href="/wiki/Uninhabited_island" title="Uninhabited island">uninhabited island</a> territories as parts of another continent (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a>) are considered transcontinental for the purpose of this article.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul><li>While it is debatable as to whether states that have claimed territory within the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a> can have actual control of that claimed territory (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory" title="Chilean Antarctic Territory">Chilean Antarctic Territory</a>), they are included in this article.</li></ul> <ul><li>Some <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous regions</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a>) may be constitutionally distinguishable from the parent state that claims them as their territory (e.g., in the case of <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and the United Kingdom), thereby causing debate as to whether such states ought to be considered 'transcontinental'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are nevertheless included in this article.</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous regions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subnational entities</a> that are in themselves transcontinental are excluded from the lists in this article as a separate entry from their controlling state.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Any entry must be a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member state</a> or a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">United Nations System</a>. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are excluded from the lists in this article.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contiguous_boundary">Contiguous boundary</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details about the geographical borders, see <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">Boundaries between the continents</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_transcontinental_countries&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that have one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">continental boundary</a>. More specifically, they contain a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connection (e.g. Russia) or the two portions being immediately adjacent to one another (e.g. Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciTrends_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciTrends-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, someone can travel to another continent without changing the country (without crossing a border). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Asia">Africa and Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransAfrica.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TransAfrica.PNG/220px-TransAfrica.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TransAfrica.PNG/330px-TransAfrica.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TransAfrica.PNG/440px-TransAfrica.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> African land part of Egypt</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8800; color:black;"> </span> Asian land part of Egypt</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> The rest of Africa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> The rest of Asia</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern convention for the land boundary between Asia and Africa runs along the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The border continues through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. In antiquity, Egypt had been considered part of Asia,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Catabathmus_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabathmus Magnus">Catabathmus Magnus</a></i> escarpment taken as the boundary with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Africa (Libya)</a>. </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: Out of the 27 <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">governorates of Egypt</a>, two lie entirely on the Asian <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and two are transcontinental: <a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia Governorate</a> is nearly equally divided by the Suez Canal, and <a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez Governorate</a>—which is coterminous with the "transcontinental city" of <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>—has a small portion east of the Canal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Europe">Asia and Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details about the geographical border between Asia and Europe, see <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" title="Boundaries between the continents">Boundaries between the continents § Asia and Europe</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria#Geographic_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Geographic criteria for EU membership</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_Europe-Asia_boundaries_1700_to_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Historical_Europe-Asia_boundaries_1700_to_1900.png/170px-Historical_Europe-Asia_boundaries_1700_to_1900.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Historical_Europe-Asia_boundaries_1700_to_1900.png/255px-Historical_Europe-Asia_boundaries_1700_to_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Historical_Europe-Asia_boundaries_1700_to_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Conventions used for the <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" title="Boundaries between the continents">boundary between Asia and Europe</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries. The red line shows the most common modern convention, in use since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2d0c5; color:black;"> </span> Asia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fcf9ea; color:black;"> </span> Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#edfb9d; color:black;"> </span> historically placed in either continent</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The conventional <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" title="Boundaries between the continents">Asia-Europe boundary</a> was subject to considerable variation during the 18th and 19th centuries, indicated anywhere between the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> to the south or the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> to the east. Since the late 19th century, the Caucasus–Urals boundary has become almost universally accepted. According to this now-standard convention, the boundary follows the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, the northwestern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatlGeoAtlas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatlGeoAtlas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this convention, the following countries have territory in both Asia and Europe. </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is a country located mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Asian portion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, with a small portion of the country, its <a href="/wiki/Qusar_District" title="Qusar District">Qusar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabran_District" title="Shabran District">Shabran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siazan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siazan District">Siazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_District" title="Khachmaz District">Khachmaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quba_District_(Azerbaijan)" title="Quba District (Azerbaijan)">Quba</a> districts north of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus#Watershed" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus Watershed</a>, and thus in Europe, placing a population of about half a million (or c. 5% of the country's total population) in Europe.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> is located mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Asian portion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>; however, the Municipality of <a href="/wiki/Kazbegi_Municipality" title="Kazbegi Municipality">Kazbegi</a>, north <a href="/wiki/Khevsureti" title="Khevsureti">Khevsureti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tusheti" title="Tusheti">Tusheti</a> are located north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed, which is geographically in Europe, with mountain peaks throughout the Caucasus ridge, placing around 5% of the country's total territory in Europe. Despite its geography, Georgia is considered a European country geopolitically<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of its historical, cultural, ethnic, and political ties to the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is a country mainly located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a small portion of the country extending west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The country's physical, cultural, ethnic, and geographic characteristics are Central Asian,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reli_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reli-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a large <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European influence</a> and influx of European settlers from Russia from when it was a part of the Soviet Union and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Region" title="West Kazakhstan Region">West Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Region" title="Atyrau Region">Atyrau</a> regions extend on either side of the Ural River,<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Ural-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing a population of less than one million residents (out of a 15 million total population) geographically in Europe. Because the city of <a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a> straddles the Ural River, it can be considered a transcontinental city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russia, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">largest country in the world</a>, spans most of northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, stretching over a vast expanse of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">Northern Asia</a>. Its sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Asian territory</a> was historically incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">conquests</a>. Russia is considered a <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">European country</a>, as it has historical, cultural, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">ethnic</a>, and political ties to the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of its population (80%) lives within its <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European portion</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">most populous European nation</a>. Russia's capital Moscow is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">largest city entirely in Europe</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> falls almost wholly within <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> (the Asian portion of Turkey consisting of the Anatolian Peninsula and additional land) plus a smaller portion of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> called <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>, which covers only 3% of the country's total area, with a population of about 11 million people, or some 14% of the country's population. Turkey's largest city <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> spans both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, making it a transcontinental city in both Europe and Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the country's capital <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> is located in Asia. The territory of the current Turkish state is the core territory of the previous <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that was also transcontinental in the same geographic region, which itself had also supplanted the earlier, similarly transcontinental <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_South_America">North America and South America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg/220px-Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg/330px-Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg/440px-Map_of_Dari%C3%A9n_Gap-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Darién Gap at the border between Colombia and Panama</figcaption></figure> <p>The conventional boundary between North America and South America is at some point on the <a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Panama_border" title="Colombia–Panama border">Colombia–Panama border</a>, with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the <a href="/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Serranía del Darién">Darién Mountains</a> watershed where the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> meets the South American continent (see <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a>). This area encompasses a large watershed, forest and mountains in the northern portion of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>'s Chocó Department and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>'s Darién province. </p><p>Some geographers prefer to use the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the physical boundary between North and South America instead.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under this convention, its capital <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> is classified as a South American city. Given the competing claims, the Panamanian sports governing bodies affiliate to differing continental/regional confederations: <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Panamanian Athletics Federation">its athletics federation</a> to <a href="/wiki/CONSUDATLE" class="mw-redirect" title="CONSUDATLE">South America's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Football_Federation" title="Panamanian Football Federation">its soccer federation</a> to <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF" title="CONCACAF">North, Central America and Caribbean's</a>; <a href="/wiki/Panama_Olympic_Committee" title="Panama Olympic Committee">its Olympic committee</a> to both <a href="/wiki/ODESUR" title="ODESUR">South America's</a> and <a href="/wiki/ORDECA" title="ORDECA">Central America's</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-contiguous">Non-contiguous</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_South_America_2">North America and South America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details about the maritime border between North America and South America, see <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Islands_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">Boundaries between the continents of Earth</a>.</div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>: Most of the Colombian mainland is located in northern South America (see <a href="#North_America_and_South_America">North America and South America</a> above) and the <a href="/wiki/Malpelo_Island" title="Malpelo Island">Malpelo Island</a> in the Pacific Ocean is also associated with South America (or on rare occasion Oceania, due to its status as an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic island">oceanic island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ling_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zug_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the state also administers the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, 640 kilometres (400 mi) WNW of Colombia's <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region, Colombia">Caribbean Coast</a>, in North America.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a>): Most of Venezuela, predominantly its mainland, is located in northern South America. Aves Island, however, is geographically a definitive part of North America. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies of Venezuela</a> which are under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior,_Justice_and_Peace_(Venezuela)" title="Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace (Venezuela)">Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace</a>.</li></ul> <p>The special case of Caribbean islands adjacent to the South American coastline: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>: The state of Trinidad and Tobago lies on two <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>. The southern half of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> lies on the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a> while the northern half of Trinidad and the island of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> lie on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a>. However, these geological features do not necessarily qualify Trinidad and Tobago as a transcontinental state, as the whole territory is often labeled <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitically</a> as part of North America.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a></i> (Collectively <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies of Venezuela</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a>): The Caribbean islands division of North America and South America is complicated. <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitically</a>, all Caribbean islands in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> are often labeled as North American islands, but <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologically</a>, the islands of the Leeward Antilles lie on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> of South America, and can be considered South American as well. Excluding the geographically North American Aves Island, the remaining Venezuelan islands of the Federal Dependencies are islands situated in the Caribbean on the continental shelf of South America. These islands are north of the Venezuelan mainland and are akin to the location of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">State of Nueva Esparta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Margarita Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coche_Island" title="Coche Island">Coche Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cubagua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubagua">Cubagua</a>) are also situated in the Caribbean Sea just to the north of the Caribbean coastline of the Venezuelan mainland. However, all of the non-Venezuelan islands in this area are typically considered North American rather than South American.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean_Island_locations">Caribbean Island locations</h4></div> <p>North American Caribbean islands administered by South American states: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aves Island, Venezuela"><img alt="Aves Island, Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png/120px-VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png/180px-VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png/240px-VE-Dependencias_Federales_ubicacion.png 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanandrescolombia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="San Andrés and Providencia, Colombia"><img alt="San Andrés and Providencia, Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanandrescolombia.png/120px-Sanandrescolombia.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanandrescolombia.png/180px-Sanandrescolombia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanandrescolombia.png/240px-Sanandrescolombia.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Caribbean islands considered North American or South American: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png/120px-LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png/180px-LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png/240px-LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAruba.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aruba, Netherlands"><img alt="Aruba, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LocationAruba.png/120px-LocationAruba.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LocationAruba.png/180px-LocationAruba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LocationAruba.png/240px-LocationAruba.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaire_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bonaire, Netherlands"><img alt="Bonaire, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bonaire_in_its_region.svg/120px-Bonaire_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bonaire_in_its_region.svg/180px-Bonaire_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bonaire_in_its_region.svg/240px-Bonaire_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curacao_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curaçao, Netherlands"><img alt="Curaçao, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Curacao_in_its_region.svg/120px-Curacao_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Curacao_in_its_region.svg/180px-Curacao_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Curacao_in_its_region.svg/240px-Curacao_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_(special_marker).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Federal Dependencies, Venezuela"><img alt="Federal Dependencies, Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_%28special_marker%29.svg/120px-Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_%28special_marker%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_%28special_marker%29.svg/180px-Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_%28special_marker%29.svg/240px-Federal_Dependencies_in_Venezuela_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nueva Esparta, Venezuela"><img alt="Nueva Esparta, Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg/120px-Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg/180px-Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg/240px-Nueva_Esparta_in_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America_and_Oceania">South America and Oceania</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: Chile is mostly on the South American mainland and includes the islands of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Isla Salas y Gómez</a>, which are within the Oceania subregion of Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-global_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those and the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desventuradas_Islands" title="Desventuradas Islands">Desventuradas Islands</a> are part of <a href="/wiki/Insular_Chile" title="Insular Chile">Insular Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countriesoftheworld_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countriesoftheworld-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span>Australia: The Commonwealth of Australia consists of its namesake continent and island possessions associated with Oceania, Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Indian Ocean territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">culturally associated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The majority of residents on these islands have Asian ancestry (mainly <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Malays</a>); there is also a proportion of <a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a> on the islands who have European ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands have no proper <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous population</a>, as they were only discovered in the 17th century, by Europeans. Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are classified as being the westernmost areas of Oceania by the <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>, and are also considered part of Oceania by the United Nations. They are within the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a>, and could potentially be geographically part of Oceania under definitions that include the nearby <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, or under definitions which are based on tectonic plates.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (comprising the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a> and three remote islands: <a href="/wiki/Minamitorishima" title="Minamitorishima">Minamitorishima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishinoshima_(Ogasawara)" title="Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)">Nishinoshima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okinotorishima" title="Okinotorishima">Okinotorishima</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a> are sometimes considered parts of Oceania, owing to their <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zug_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-realm_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-global_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ausgov_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausgov-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bonin Islands belong to the <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian biogeographic realm</a>, and are believed to have once been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous peoples of Oceania</a> around 2,000 years ago, with their official discovery coming much later in the 16th century, through Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-history_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most isolated island, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Island) is 2,000 kilometers removed from Tokyo, lying closer to the northernmost islands of <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guamschool_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guamschool-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a>: Indonesia and Timor-Leste are occasionally associated with Oceania, as they are the closest to Australia and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> out of all countries in the Malay Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indonesia" title="Eastern Indonesia">eastern</a> region includes <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> and nearby islands such as <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, which are culturally and ecologically associated with Oceania. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aru Islands">Aru Islands</a> (part of Maluku) and Western New Guinea are geologically part of the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian landmass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cave_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cave-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-devchris_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devchris-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the islands of <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a> (east of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccan archipelago</a>, and many others, have strong biogeographic and cultural links with Oceania.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Africa">Asia and Africa</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>: Although mainland Yemen is in the southern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and thus part of Asia, and its <a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zubair_Group" title="Zubair Group">Zubair Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perim" title="Perim">Perim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> are associated with Asia, Yemen's national territory extends to the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>, which lies east of the horn of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-SocBrita_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SocBrita-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is much closer to Africa than to Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Europe_2">Asia and Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details about the geographical border between Asia and Europe, see <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">Boundaries between the continents of Earth</a>.</div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: The territory of Greece includes a number of islands just off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis" title="Strongyli Megistis">Strongyli Megistis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ro,_Greece" title="Ro, Greece">Ro</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Europe">Africa and Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details about the geographical border between Africa and Europe, see <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Europe_and_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">Boundaries between the continents of Earth</a>.</div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy: Italy has a number of small islands south of Sicily that can be considered part of the African continent, due to their proximity to Tunisia. The closest land to <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linosa" title="Linosa">Linosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> on the African mainland. Nevertheless, Pantelleria and Linosa are considered part of Europe, Lampedusa and Lampione part of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-na_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-na-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Spain: Although its mainland is in Europe, Spain has territory, including two provinces and two autonomous cities, in Africa. Close to 5% of Spain's population live on the African continent. Spanish territory in Africa includes the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in the Atlantic,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> on mainland North Africa, and Spain's <i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a></i>, which are close to those cities that are geographically part of Africa. The Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are three of the 19 <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities and cities</a> that form Spain, while the <i>plazas de soberanía</i> are under a different status, akin to <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> territories. The African Mediterranean island of <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a> belongs to the transcontinental city of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> and the transcontinental <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Province of Almería">province of Almería</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_North_America">Europe and North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Denmark,_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_(zoom).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kingdom_of_Denmark%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg/300px-Kingdom_of_Denmark%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kingdom_of_Denmark%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg/450px-Kingdom_of_Denmark%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kingdom_of_Denmark%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg/600px-Kingdom_of_Denmark%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Comparison map: Greenland, the Faroe Islands (enlarged) and Denmark differ significantly in size. The Danish Realm is spread across the North Atlantic Ocean and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Denmark_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Denmark_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Denmark_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Denmark_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Denmark_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Kingdom of Denmark</a>: As a constituent part of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish Realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">non-sovereign country</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a>. Fully located on the North American tectonic plate, and close to the mainland, Greenland is considered to be geographically a part of North America,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the United Nations categorizing them as such.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is politically associated with Europe and internationally represented by a European state (including in the Council of Europe), it is autonomous. Historically and ethnically, its native population is of North American tradition, although it also shares cultural links with other native peoples bordering the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Sea">Arctic Sea</a> in Northern Europe and Asia (today in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia), as well as in North America (Alaska in the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Labrador</a> in Canada). Greenland was part of metropolitan Denmark and within the territory of the European Union, but voted for more autonomy and is now excluded from the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe,_North_America,_and_South_America"><span id="Europe.2C_North_America.2C_and_South_America"></span>Europe, North America, and South America</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Netherlands: Though most of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>' landmass is in Europe, it also includes six island territories in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> archipelago of the Caribbean: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>. Within the Lesser Antilles archipelago, three territories are in the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> group (considered part of the continent of North America) and three in the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a> group (on the South American continental shelf). Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Antilles</a> in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <i>Kingdom</i> of the Netherlands has been administratively divided into four non-sovereign constituent "countries": <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and the Netherlands — the last of which includes the islands of Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands or the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>) as "special municipalities", making it a non-sovereign transcontinental constituent country <i>within</i> the Kingdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe,_Africa,_and_North_America"><span id="Europe.2C_Africa.2C_and_North_America"></span>Europe, Africa, and North America</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">Continental Portugal</a> is in Europe, while the archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Autonomous Region</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Porto_Santo_Island" title="Porto Santo Island">Porto Santo Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Desertas_Islands" title="Desertas Islands">Desertas Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>), is associated with Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Autonomous Region</a> can be split as two island groups (the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corvo_Island" title="Corvo Island">Corvo Island</a> on the North American tectonic plate being a distinct group from the rest), so Portugal could be a transcontinental state geologically (see <a href="#Europe_and_North_America">Europe and North America</a> above). However, geologic tectonic plate separation does not necessarily define geographical continental distinction.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America,_Oceania,_and_Asia"><span id="North_America.2C_Oceania.2C_and_Asia"></span>North America, Oceania, and Asia</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States: While the territory of the United States lies overwhelmingly in North America, it includes the state of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in Oceania, as well as several other Oceanian island possessions. These islands include <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>) and most of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-global_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the territory of the United States also encompasses <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">Alaskan islands on Northeast Asia's continental shelf</a>. Most of these islands are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Near_Islands" title="Near Islands">Near Islands</a> group, which is on Asia's continental shelf beyond the <a href="/wiki/North_Aleutians_Basin" title="North Aleutians Basin">North Aleutians Basin</a> and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to be considered a transcontinental state. Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, located at the northernmost tip of the Pacific Ocean, have also been considered part of Oceania on rare occasions, due to the remote nature of the western islands, and their close proximity to the Pacific Plate.<sup id="cite_ref-aleut_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aleut-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands, however, have <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> inhabitants and non-tropical biogeography, and as such they are excluded from most standard definitions of Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nz_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-handbook_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_and_Antarctica"><span id="Europe.2C_North_America.2C_South_America.2C_Oceania.2C_Africa.2C_and_Antarctica"></span>Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, and Antarctica</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>France: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> is located in Europe, while the five <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department_and_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department and region">overseas departments and regions</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivities</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France#Sui_generis_collectivity" title="Overseas France"><i>Sui generis</i> collectivity</a> are located in other continental regions. <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> are located in North America, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> is located in South America, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> are located in Africa, and <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. These 11 populated territories of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas France</a> are integral parts of France, as are the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a> (considered either North American or Oceanian)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>, which include the claimed <i><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic mainland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> region, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a>. French sovereignty claim on <i>Adélie Land</i> is in <a href="/wiki/Abeyance" title="Abeyance">abeyance</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. France has territory in each continental region except Asia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe,_North_America,_South_America,_Oceania,_Africa,_Asia,_and_Antarctica"><span id="Europe.2C_North_America.2C_South_America.2C_Oceania.2C_Africa.2C_Asia.2C_and_Antarctica"></span>Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Antarctica</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>United Kingdom: The territory of the United Kingdom itself is located entirely within Europe. However, the UK is the sovereign state of 'one, undivided Realm' consisting of all territory under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>, i.e. itself, the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All are on islands, apart from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, which is on <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">This Realm is spread across all seven continental regions: the United Kingdom, Gibraltar and the Crown Dependencies are located in Europe; six Overseas Territories are in North America;<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> are in South America; the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> are in Oceania; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> are in Africa; <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> are in Asia; and the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> are geologically part of South Asia, but geopolitically in East Africa. <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> are associated with South America but straddle the plate boundary with and are closer to Antarctica.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Most of these are islands and not definitely on any continent. For the claim of seven continents to be true, the island of Cyprus must be recognised as Asian, which requires verification; the islands of St Helena etc. and the BIOT must both be recognised as part of Africa, which also requires verification. The text is retained as the information is pulled from the pre-edited list and essential for the UK to be classed under this heading. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctica_and_other_continents">Antarctica and other continents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sub-Antarctic_region">Sub-Antarctic region</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, France, New Zealand, Norway, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the United Kingdom: These eight states have <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_Subantarctic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands">overseas island possessions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a> region between 46°S and 60°S latitude. Subantarctic islands that are north of 60°S latitude but south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a> and that are <em>recognized</em> by <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> as being full sovereign possessions of an administering state are: <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> (Norway), <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> (Australia), the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> (France), and <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> (United Kingdom). The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of South America, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands as part of Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is sometimes considered to be geographically within the bounds of South America;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the other islands are among the most isolated locations in the world. Human activity is very limited on Bouvet Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands; for example, the <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Islands_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald Islands (Australia)">McDonald Islands</a> have only ever been visited twice throughout their entire recorded history, with the last visit being in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Factbook categorize Bouvet Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands as part of Antarctica rather than South America/Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antarctic_region">Antarctic region</h4></div> <ul><li><i>Argentina</i>, <i>Australia</i>, <i>Chile</i>, <i>France</i>, <i>New Zealand</i>, <i>Norway</i>, and the <i>United Kingdom</i>: These seven states claim portions of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic mainland</a> (some of them overlapping),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as its associated islands south of 60°S latitude. Some, including <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, consider the Antarctic land they claim to be integral parts of their national territory. However, none of these claims are recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a> has held in <a href="/wiki/Abeyance" title="Abeyance">abeyance</a> all land claims south of 60°S latitude, including Antarctica's ice shelves and Antarctic islands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_formerly_and/or_never_widely_or_officially_considered_as_transcontinental_countries"><span id="Countries_formerly_and.2For_never_widely_or_officially_considered_as_transcontinental_countries"></span>Countries formerly and/or never widely or officially considered as transcontinental countries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania_2">Asia and Oceania</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, comprising the bulk of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>) and the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, located between <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, can be considered a transcontinental region. Many initial 19th century definitions of Oceania included most or all of the Malay Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countriesoftheworld_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countriesoftheworld-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Definitions of Oceania which include the Malay Archipelago are much rarer today; the non-oceanic nature of the Malay Archipelago and its geological connections to Asia may not have been as widely known in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines are the closest to the Oceania subregion of Micronesia, and are sometimes historically associated with it, mainly due to their shared Christian cultures and Spanish colonial histories, and their shared <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologically, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> is a part of Melanesia, but it is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago. The state of Papua New Guinea is an observer in the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), which includes the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland states of Southeast Asia</a>, and has contemplated full membership in this organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-gma_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gma-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore (as well as Japan) are all dialogue partners of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a> (PIF), and Timor-Leste are an observer. However, only countries solely associated with Oceania have full membership, such as Australia, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_Oceania">North America and Oceania</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> at times is considered to encompass all <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic islands">oceanic islands</a> in the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-zug_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-realm_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceanic islands are defined as islands that were never connected to a continental landmass, and which formed through volcanic activity in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-zug_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico administers the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo Islands</a>, and the oceanic islet of <a href="/wiki/Rocas_Alijos" title="Rocas Alijos">Rocas Alijos</a>, while Costa Rica administers the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island" title="Cocos Island">Cocos Island</a>. All of these islands were uninhabited prior to European discovery,<sup id="cite_ref-gu_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gu-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and none lie on the North American or South American tectonic plates; the Mexican islands lie on the Pacific Plate with most of Oceania, and Cocos Island lies on the self-named <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a>, which contains no other islands besides Colombia's Malpelo Island. Furthermore, the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, despite being physiologically connected to the American landmass, is in fact part of the Pacific Plate. Guadalupe Island and Rocas Alijos are rarely categorized with other Pacific Islands, as they are only 250 to 300 kilometers removed from Baja California. Revillagigedo's most remote island, <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Island" title="Clarion Island">Clarion</a>, is 700 kilometers from Mexico's coast, and Cocos Island is 550 kilometers from Costa Rica's coast. These islands are more frequently associated with the term <i>Pacific Islands</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally have been included as part of Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-changeinthepacific_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changeinthepacific-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ling_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gu_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gu-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remoter islands such as France's <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton</a> (1,100 kilometers from Mexico's coast) are even more commonly associated with Oceania, with such islands usually having stronger biogeographical affinities to the central Pacific or south Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America_and_Oceania_2">South America and Oceania</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>: The Pacific Ocean archipelago of the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, about 1,000 kilometers from continental Ecuador, is sometimes considered part of Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-cave_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cave-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-realm_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realm-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protectedareas_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protectedareas-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-changeinthepacific_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changeinthepacific-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because of the distance separating them from mainland South America, and their oceanic geology.<sup id="cite_ref-zug_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zug-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countriesoftheworld_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countriesoftheworld-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands lie on the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> with Easter Island, which is considered to be separate to the South American Plate, and they additionally border the Pacific Plate.<sup id="cite_ref-birds_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birds-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Galápagos Islands did not have any known human ties to South America during the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, they also do not fit into a cultural subregion of Oceania and the Pacific, as is the case with Easter Island, which historically was Polynesian.<sup id="cite_ref-janick_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janick-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_North_America_2">Europe and North America</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: Among the most frequently cited features of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland's geography</a> is its position atop the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, which runs beneath the island. This ridge divides Iceland between the two continental plates, although the country identifies with Europe for political and economic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom overlap to some degree.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom recognize each other's Antarctic claims (which do not overlap).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">Boundaries between the continents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divided_islands" title="List of divided islands">List of divided islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_transcontinental_countries" title="List of former transcontinental countries">List of former transcontinental countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_continent" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent">List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-transcontinental-countries-of-our-world.html">"Transcontinental Countries Of The World"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 7 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514184932/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-transcontinental-countries-of-our-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Transcontinental+Countries+Of+The+World&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhich-are-the-transcontinental-countries-of-our-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatlGeo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatlGeo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatlGeo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045120/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/">"Continent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">NationalGeographic.org</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/">the original</a> on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NationalGeographic.org&rft.atitle=Continent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontinent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The question was treated as a "controversy" in British geographical literature until at least the 1860s, with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Freshfield" title="Douglas Freshfield">Douglas Freshfield</a> advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ips8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71">Journey in the Caucasus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174813/https://books.google.com/books?id=ips8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71">Archived</a> 2023-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society</i>, Volumes 13–14, 1869). In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from <a href="/wiki/Baydaratskaya_Bay" title="Baydaratskaya Bay">Baydaratskaya Bay</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then the Ural River to the <a href="/wiki/Mugodzhar_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugodzhar Hills">Mugodzhar Hills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Emba River">Emba River</a>, and the Kuma–Manych Depression (i.e. passing well north of the Caucasus); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm">"Do we live in Europe or in Asia?"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218073322/http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+we+live+in+Europe+or+in+Asia%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvelikijporog.narod.ru%2Fst_evraz_gran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlenok_V.1998" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlenok V. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016212930/http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/orlenok_fisicheskaja/06.aspx">"Physical Geography"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/orlenok_fisicheskaja/06.aspx">the original</a> on 2011-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Orlenok+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-u.ru%2Fbiblio%2Farchive%2Forlenok_fisicheskaja%2F06.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span>. Nevertheless, most Soviet-era geographers continued to favour the boundary along the Caucasus crest. (E. M. Moores, R. W. Fairbridge, <i>Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology</i>, Springer, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-74040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-74040-4">978-0-412-74040-4</a>, p. 34: "most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transcontinental-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Transcontinental_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405230153/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/transcontinental">"transcontinental"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OxfordDictionaries.com" class="mw-redirect" title="OxfordDictionaries.com">OxfordDictionaries.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/transcontinental">the original</a> on April 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionaries.com&rft.atitle=transcontinental&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftranscontinental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contiguous-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Contiguous_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/contiguous">"contiguous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Dictionary.Cambridge.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405230150/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/contiguous">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.Cambridge.org&rft.atitle=contiguous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcontiguous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldAtlas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisachi2017" class="citation web cs1">Misachi, John (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-transcontinental-countries-of-our-world.html">"Which Countries Span More Than One Continent?"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130070511/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-transcontinental-countries-of-our-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas.com&rft.atitle=Which+Countries+Span+More+Than+One+Continent%3F&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.aulast=Misachi&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhich-are-the-transcontinental-countries-of-our-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciTrends-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SciTrends_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTrends_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTrends_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos2018" class="citation web cs1">Ramos, Juan (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencetrends.com/what-continent-is-egypt-officially-in/">"What Continent Is Egypt Officially In?"</a>. <i>ScienceTrends.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174817/https://sciencetrends.com/what-continent-is-egypt-officially-in/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceTrends.com&rft.atitle=What+Continent+Is+Egypt+Officially+In%3F&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencetrends.com%2Fwhat-continent-is-egypt-officially-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatlGeoAtlas-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatlGeoAtlas_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>National Geographic Atlas of the World</i> (9th ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. 2011. "Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0634-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0634-4"><bdi>978-1-4262-0634-4</bdi></a>. <q>A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%22Europe%22+%28plate+59%29%3B+%22Asia%22+%28plate+74%29&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0634-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Factbook_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/"><i>World Factbook</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 22 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fazerbaijan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries_en#other-european-countries">"Country profiles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913030036/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries_en#other-european-countries">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Feuropean-union%2Fabout-eu%2Fcountries_en%23other-european-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyKramer2021" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Ian; Kramer, David J. (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/Kelly%2520and%2520Kramer%2520-%2520Georgia_0.pdf">"A Country on the Verge: The Case for Supporting Georgia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Preface by Alina Inayeh. The German Marshall Fund of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226190334/https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/Kelly%20and%20Kramer%20-%20Georgia_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+on+the+Verge%3A+The+Case+for+Supporting+Georgia&rft.pub=The+German+Marshall+Fund+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2021-03&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Kramer%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmfus.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FKelly%252520and%252520Kramer%252520-%252520Georgia_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23072361">"10 things you might not know about Georgia – BBC News"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062357/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23072361">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=10+things+you+might+not+know+about+Georgia+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-23072361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/georgia/">"EU relations with Georgia"</a>. <i>Consilium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132357/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/georgia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Feasternorthodox_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kazakhstan.com/v/city-info/">"Kazakhstan – Local Travel Information and City Guide"</a>. <i>www.kazakhstan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409233125/https://www.kazakhstan.com/v/city-info/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kazakhstan.com&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+%E2%80%93+Local+Travel+Information+and+City+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazakhstan.com%2Fv%2Fcity-info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan">"Kazakhstan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan">Archived</a> 2015-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Retrieved 8 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reli-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reli_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Konrad (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1520&context=ree">"In the Name of God? The Problem of Religious or Non-religious Preambles of State Constitutions in Post-atheistic Contexts"</a>. <i>Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe</i>. <b>24</b> (1). George Fox University: 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101084255/https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1520&context=ree">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=In+the+Name+of+God%3F+The+Problem+of+Religious+or+Non-religious+Preambles+of+State+Constitutions+in+Post-atheistic+Contexts&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1520%26context%3Dree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-Ural-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/"><i>World Factbook</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 17 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132304/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span> Kazakhstan: Geography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2016" class="citation web cs1">Borneman, Elizabeth (2016-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographyrealm.com/transcontinental-cities/">"Transcontinental Cities"</a>. <i>Geography Realm</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207060623/https://www.geographyrealm.com/transcontinental-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+Realm&rft.atitle=Transcontinental+Cities&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyrealm.com%2Ftranscontinental-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashentsev2019" class="citation book cs1">Pashentsev, Evgeny, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raO-DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22russia+is+culturally+part+of+europe%22&pg=PA89"><i>Strategic Communication in EU-Russia Relations: Tensions, Challenges and Opportunities</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030272531" title="Special:BookSources/9783030272531"><bdi>9783030272531</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312132003/https://books.google.com/books?id=raO-DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22russia+is+culturally+part+of+europe%22&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Russia is culturally part of Europe and this will still be the case in the future.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Communication+in+EU-Russia+Relations%3A+Tensions%2C+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030272531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraO-DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522russia%2Bis%2Bculturally%2Bpart%2Bof%2Beurope%2522%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/image-of-the-week/content/-/article/istanbul-turkey-landsat/">"Istanbul, Turkey – Image of the Week"</a>. <i>Earth Watching</i>. European Space Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409233125/https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/image-of-the-week/content/-/article/istanbul-turkey-landsat/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Watching&rft.atitle=Istanbul%2C+Turkey+%E2%80%93+Image+of+the+Week&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearth.esa.int%2Fweb%2Fearth-watching%2Fimage-of-the-week%2Fcontent%2F-%2Farticle%2Fistanbul-turkey-landsat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal">"Panama Canal"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710174129/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPanama-Canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dkfindout.com/us/earth/continents/north-america/">"North America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205005640/https://www.dkfindout.com/us/earth/continents/north-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dkfindout.com%2Fus%2Fearth%2Fcontinents%2Fnorth-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ling-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebeok1971" class="citation book cs1">Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22"><i>Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania</i></a>. the University of Michigan. p. 950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065403/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Current_Trends_in_Linguistics_Linguistic/lYouAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22&dq=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaíso; the Galápagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations — some have been used effectively as prisons — but the official language on each is Spanish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Linguistics+in+Oceania&rft.pages=950&rft.pub=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Sebeok&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYouAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522multitude%2522%2Boceania%2B%2522linguistics%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zug-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zug_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zug_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zug_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zug_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zug_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Zug2013" class="citation book cs1">R. Zug, George (2013). <i>Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+the+Pacific+Islands%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=R.+Zug&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._RidgelyGuy1989" class="citation book cs1">S. Ridgely, Robert; Guy, Tudor (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRBb15pk4w0C&dq=%22SOUTH+GEORGIA%22+%22PART+OF+SOUTH+AMERICA%22&pg=PA14"><i>The Birds of South America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292707566" title="Special:BookSources/9780292707566"><bdi>9780292707566</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174814/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRBb15pk4w0C&dq=%22SOUTH+GEORGIA%22+%22PART+OF+SOUTH+AMERICA%22&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Finally, a few comments on the area we consider to be part of "South America" are in order. Essentially we have followed the limits established by Meyer de Schauensee (1970: xii) with a few minor modifications. Thus, all the continental inshore islands <i>are</i> included (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago; various small islands off the northern coast of Venezuela, the Netherlands Antilles [Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao]; and Fernando de Noronha, off the northeastern coast of Brazil), but islands more properly considered part of the West Indies (e.g. Grenada) are <i>not</i>. To the south, we have opted to include the Falkland Islands (or Islas Malvinas — in referring to them as the Falklands we are not making any political statement but merely recognizing that this book is being written in the English language), as their avifauna is really very similar to that of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. However, various other islands farther out in the South Atlantic (e.g., South Georgia) are not included except incidentally (e.g., endemic South Georgia Pipit have been incorporated). Likewise, the Juan Fernández Islands far off the Chilean coast have not been included (except for incidental comments), nor have the Galápagos Islands, situated even further off the Ecuadorian coast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+South+America%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Oscine+Passerines&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780292707566&rft.aulast=S.+Ridgely&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Guy%2C+Tudor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRBb15pk4w0C%26dq%3D%2522SOUTH%2BGEORGIA%2522%2B%2522PART%2BOF%2BSOUTH%2BAMERICA%2522%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-global-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-global_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-global_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-global_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/oceania/index.html">"Oceania Military Guide"</a>. <i>GlobalSecurity.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106012544/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/oceania/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalSecurity.org&rft.atitle=Oceania+Military+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Foceania%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countriesoftheworld-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countriesoftheworld_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countriesoftheworld_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countriesoftheworld_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1876" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Robert (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-0DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22oceania%22+%22juan%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA2">"Oceania: General Characteristics"</a>. <i>The countries of the world</i>. Oxford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005430/https://books.google.com/books?id=3-0DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22oceania%22+%22juan%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oceania%3A+General+Characteristics&rft.btitle=The+countries+of+the+world&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-0DAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522juan%2522%2B%2522galapagos%2522%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.gov.au/territories/Christmas/files/CI_2016_Census_Data_Fact_Sheet_Final.pdf">"2016 Census: Christmas Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development" title="Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development">Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development</a>. Australian Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164850/http://regional.gov.au/territories/Christmas/files/CI_2016_Census_Data_Fact_Sheet_Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Census%3A+Christmas+Island&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregional.gov.au%2Fterritories%2FChristmas%2Ffiles%2FCI_2016_Census_Data_Fact_Sheet_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan1999" class="citation web cs1">Egan, Colleen (11 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sievx.com/articles/psdp/19991211ColleenEgan.html">"Bad tidings on Christmas"</a>. The Weekend Australian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608164850/http://sievx.com/articles/psdp/19991211ColleenEgan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bad+tidings+on+Christmas&rft.pub=The+Weekend+Australian&rft.date=1999-12-11&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsievx.com%2Farticles%2Fpsdp%2F19991211ColleenEgan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-realm-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-realm_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific"><i>Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</i></a>. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112846/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>[we] can further define the word <i>culture</i> to mean <i>language</i>. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non – Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galápagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522French%2Blanguage%2Bcultures%2522%2B1974%2Bpacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p260281/html/ch08.xhtml?referer=&page=11">"Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions – ANU"</a>. Press-files.anu.edu.au. 2019-04-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182853/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p260281/html/ch08.xhtml?referer=&page=11">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Marine+Resource+Use+in+the+Indo-Pacific+Regions+%E2%80%93+ANU&rft.pub=Press-files.anu.edu.au&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp260281%2Fhtml%2Fch08.xhtml%3Freferer%3D%26page%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ausgov-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ausgov_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonDoranClarke2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/mn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf"><i>Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124215245/https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/mn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species <i>Santalum fernandezianum</i>, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such <i>S. boninensis</i> in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of <i>S. yasi</i> in Fiji and Tonga, <i>Gyrinops spp</i>. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and <i>Intsia bijuga</i> throughout the Pacific Islands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+for+life+in+Oceania%3A+Conservation+and+utilisation+of+genetic+diversity&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Australian+Center+for+International+Agricultural+Research&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Lex&rft.au=Doran%2C+John&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Bronwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aciar.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html">"小笠原諸島の歴史"</a>. <i>www.iwojima.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909214123/http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iwojima.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwojima.jp%2Fogasa2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guamschool-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guamschool_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1cudnPlxEsC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22bonin%22&pg=PA5"><i>Oceania in the 21st Century – Color</i></a>. St. John's School, Guam, USA. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557445059" title="Special:BookSources/9780557445059"><bdi>9780557445059</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051212/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1cudnPlxEsC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22bonin%22&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Bonin Islands, now known as the Ogasawara Islands, are a group of subtropical islands located roughly equidistant between the Tokyo, Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands. This group of islands is nowhere near Tokyo, but it is still considered to be a part of Tokyo! The Ogasawara Islands consist of 30 subtropical islands made The Bonin Islands were said to be discovered first by Bernardo de la Torre, a Spanish explorer, who originally called the islands "Islas del Arzobispo" [,,,]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceania+in+the+21st+Century+%E2%80%93+Color&rft.pub=St.+John%27s+School%2C+Guam%2C+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780557445059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1cudnPlxEsC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522bonin%2522%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000001188.pdf">"Spatial Data Infrastructure Work in Japan 2000 − 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute</i>. <b>50</b>: 9–25. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302155459/https://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000001188.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geographical+Survey+Institute&rft.atitle=Spatial+Data+Infrastructure+Work+in+Japan+2000+%E2%88%92+2003&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=9-25&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsi.go.jp%2Fcommon%2F000001188.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1971" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John William (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5"><i>Area Handbook for Oceania</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111120/https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Oceania&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuOIqt-UQowC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522aleutian%2Bislands%2522%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cave-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cave_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cave_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf">"Oceania Bibliography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research</i>. <b>25</b> (1). 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012745/https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galápagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helictite%3A+Journal+of+Australasian+Cave+Research&rft.atitle=Oceania+Bibliography&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelictite.caves.org.au%2Fpdf4%2F25.01.Issue.Print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devchris-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-devchris_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnstAnisi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33371338">"The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania"</a>. <i>Sanneh/Wiley</i>: 588–604. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412012839/https://www.academia.edu/33371338">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sanneh%2FWiley&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Christianity+in+Oceania&rft.pages=588-604&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Anisi%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33371338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtualoceania.net/australia/maps/australian-continent.shtml">"The Australian Continent"</a>. <i>www.virtualoceania.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310212457/https://www.virtualoceania.net/australia/maps/australian-continent.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.virtualoceania.net&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Continent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualoceania.net%2Faustralia%2Fmaps%2Faustralian-continent.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SocBrita-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SocBrita_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Socotra">"Socotra"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i>. 6 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020914/https://www.britannica.com/place/Socotra">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Socotra&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSocotra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWF-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWF_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318">"Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WorldWildlife.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205044118/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldWildlife.org&rft.atitle=Islands+east+of+the+Horn+of+Africa+and+south+of+Yemen&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-na-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-na_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hutt, Graham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxGQDwAAQBAJ&dq=Lampione+%22africa%22&pg=PA265"><i>North Africa</i></a>. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Limited. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846238833" title="Special:BookSources/9781846238833"><bdi>9781846238833</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051211/https://books.google.com/books?id=HxGQDwAAQBAJ&dq=Lampione+%22africa%22&pg=PA265">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Imray%2C+Laurie%2C+Norie+and+Wilson+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781846238833&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxGQDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLampione%2B%2522africa%2522%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramMacleodWaldren2021" class="citation book cs1">Abram, Simone; Macleod, Don; Waldren, Jackie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mggpEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22geographically+part+of+africa%22+%22CANARY%22&pg=PT110"><i>Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000324143" title="Special:BookSources/9781000324143"><bdi>9781000324143</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174816/https://books.google.com/books?id=mggpEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22geographically+part+of+africa%22+%22CANARY%22&pg=PT110">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Canary Islands are politically part of Spain, but geographically part of Africa, being islands of volcanic origin situated around one hundred miles off the coast of North-West Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourists+and+Tourism%3A+Identifying+with+People+and+Places&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000324143&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Don&rft.au=Waldren%2C+Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmggpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522geographically%2Bpart%2Bof%2Bafrica%2522%2B%2522CANARY%2522%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham1995" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnSOAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22geographically+part+of+africa%22+%22CANARY%22&pg=PA16"><i>The Decolonization Of Africa</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135363673" title="Special:BookSources/9781135363673"><bdi>9781135363673</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703175316/https://books.google.com/books?id=xnSOAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22geographically+part+of+africa%22+%22CANARY%22&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The offshore Canary Islands, although historically and geographically part of Africa, remained culturally, economically and politically part of Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decolonization+Of+Africa&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781135363673&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnSOAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522geographically%2Bpart%2Bof%2Bafrica%2522%2B%2522CANARY%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Luke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/broadening-us-ties-greenland-smart-move">"Broadening U.S. Ties With Greenland Is a Smart Move"</a>. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409234816/https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/broadening-us-ties-greenland-smart-move">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Broadening+U.S.+Ties+With+Greenland+Is+a+Smart+Move&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fglobal-politics%2Fcommentary%2Fbroadening-us-ties-greenland-smart-move&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stats_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings"</a>. United Nations Statistics Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225123403/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+macro+geographical+%28continental%29+regions%2C+geographical+sub-regions%2C+and+selected+economic+and+other+groupings&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethods%2Fm49%2Fm49regin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-09/greenland-the-only-country-to-have-left-the-eu/8005036">"Greenland: the only country to have left the EU"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. November 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312155629/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-09/greenland-the-only-country-to-have-left-the-eu/8005036">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span> – via www.abc.net.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Greenland%3A+the+only+country+to+have+left+the+EU&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-11-09%2Fgreenland-the-only-country-to-have-left-the-eu%2F8005036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2017" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ5bDwAAQBAJ"><i>Guide to Seabirds of Southern Africa</i></a>. Penguin Random House South Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781775845201" title="Special:BookSources/9781775845201"><bdi>9781775845201</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164814/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ5bDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Seabirds+of+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+South+Africa&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781775845201&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ5bDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aleut-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aleut_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22island+realm+a+pacific+panorama%22"><i>Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</i></a>. Angus & Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174815/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22island+realm+a+pacific+panorama%22">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522island%2Brealm%2Ba%2Bpacific%2Bpanorama%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1879" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Alfred Russel (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2kcAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22oceania+is+the+word+often%22&pg=PA2"><i>Australasia</i></a>. The University of Michigan. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005420/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2kcAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22oceania+is+the+word+often%22&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon [...] This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however, very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australasia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Russel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De2kcAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bword%2Boften%2522%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlhoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Kohlhoff, Dean (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWn8lbI4q4C&dq=%22aleutian+islands%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA6"><i>Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295800509" title="Special:BookSources/9780295800509"><bdi>9780295800509</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051213/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWn8lbI4q4C&dq=%22aleutian+islands%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The regional name of the Pacific Islands is appropriate: Oceania, a sea of islands, including those of Alaska and Hawaii. The Pacific Basin is not insignificant or remote. It covers one third of the globe's surface. Its northern boundary is the Aleutian Islands chain. Oceania virtually touches all of the Western Hemisphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amchitka+and+the+Bomb%3A+Nuclear+Testing+in+Alaska&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780295800509&rft.aulast=Kohlhoff&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSWn8lbI4q4C%26dq%3D%2522aleutian%2Bislands%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qP8uAQAAIAAJ&q=%22extreme+north%22+%22oceania%22+1996+%22aleutian%22"><i>The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies: Volumes 6-8</i></a>. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, University of Stockholm. 1996. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025839/https://books.google.com/books?id=qP8uAQAAIAAJ&q=%22extreme+north%22+%22oceania%22+1996+%22aleutian%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stockholm+Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies%3A+Volumes+6-8&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Center+for+Pacific+Asia+Studies%2C+University+of+Stockholm&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqP8uAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522extreme%2Bnorth%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B1996%2B%2522aleutian%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nz-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nz_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MhBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22excluded+from+oceania%22"><i>The World and Its Peoples: Australia, New Zealand, Oceania</i></a>. Greystone Press. 1966. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005412/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MhBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22excluded+from+oceania%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Australia%2C+New+Zealand%2C+Oceania&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Greystone+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MhBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522excluded%2Bfrom%2Boceania%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMears1945" class="citation book cs1">Mears, Eliot Grinnell (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ku04AAAAIAAJ&q=%22aleutians%22+%22oceania%22"><i>Pacific Ocean Handbook</i></a>. J. L. Delkin. p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174847/https://books.google.com/books?id=ku04AAAAIAAJ&q=%22aleutians%22+%22oceania%22">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Ocean+Handbook&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=J.+L.+Delkin&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Eliot+Grinnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dku04AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522aleutians%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-ref.net/en/cpt.htm">"Clipperton Island Country data, links and map by administrative structure"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426084310/http://www.geo-ref.net/en/cpt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clipperton+Island+Country+data%2C+links+and+map+by+administrative+structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo-ref.net%2Fen%2Fcpt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-ref.net/en/name.htm">"Country selection – North America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426084337/http://www.geo-ref.net/en/name.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+selection+%E2%80%93+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo-ref.net%2Fen%2Fname.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosque2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bosque, Maria Mut (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/94160">"Questioning the current status of the British Crown Dependencies"</a>. <i>Small States & Territories</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109213851/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/94160">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+States+%26+Territories&rft.atitle=Questioning+the+current+status+of+the+British+Crown+Dependencies&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Bosque&rft.aufirst=Maria+Mut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F94160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/">"South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. March 3, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205359/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2022</span> – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+and+South+Sandwich+Islands&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsouth-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2002" class="citation book cs1">West, Jacqueline (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kw5W8m87FpkC&dq=%22south+georgia+and+the+south+sandwich+islands%22+%22south+america%22&pg=PA730"><i>South America, Central America and the Caribbean</i></a>. Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431384" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431384"><bdi>9781857431384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703175317/https://books.google.com/books?id=kw5W8m87FpkC&dq=%22south+georgia+and+the+south+sandwich+islands%22+%22south+america%22&pg=PA730">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+America%2C+Central+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781857431384&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkw5W8m87FpkC%26dq%3D%2522south%2Bgeorgia%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsouth%2Bsandwich%2Bislands%2522%2B%2522south%2Bamerica%2522%26pg%3DPA730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley2015" class="citation web cs1">Whitley, David (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traveller.com.au/australias-most-remote-territories-and-how-to-visit-them-12nz6m">"Advance Australia far: Our most remote outposts"</a>. <i>Traveller</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126035656/https://www.traveller.com.au/australias-most-remote-territories-and-how-to-visit-them-12nz6m">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traveller&rft.atitle=Advance+Australia+far%3A+Our+most+remote+outposts&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traveller.com.au%2Faustralias-most-remote-territories-and-how-to-visit-them-12nz6m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bouvet-island">"Bouvet Island"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. July 27, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814235210/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bouvet-island">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2022</span> – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouvet+Island&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbouvet-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/heard-island-and-mcdonald-islands/">"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. July 18, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824135858/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/heard-island-and-mcdonald-islands">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2022</span> – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fheard-island-and-mcdonald-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nettarkiv.npolar.no/sorpolen2011.npolar.no/en/did-you-know/2011-11-28-seven-countries-have-claims-in-antarctica.html">"Did you know that seven countries have claims in Antarctica?"</a>. Norwegian Polar Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807004109/https://nettarkiv.npolar.no/sorpolen2011.npolar.no/en/did-you-know/2011-11-28-seven-countries-have-claims-in-antarctica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know+that+seven+countries+have+claims+in+Antarctica%3F&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnettarkiv.npolar.no%2Fsorpolen2011.npolar.no%2Fen%2Fdid-you-know%2F2011-11-28-seven-countries-have-claims-in-antarctica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParley1866" class="citation book cs1">Parley, Peter (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmIDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Norfolk+Island+,+New+Zealand+,+and+some+smaller%22&pg=PA458"><i>Tales about Europe, Asia, Africa, America, & Oceania</i></a>. Oxford University. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703175319/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmIDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Norfolk+Island+,+New+Zealand+,+and+some+smaller%22&pg=PA458">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Oceania consists of Australasia, Polynesia and Malaysia. Australasia means South Asia. It comprises New Holland or Australia, Van Diemen's Land or Tasmania, Papua or New Guinea, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and some smaller islands. Polynesia is the term given to the various islands in the Pacific Ocean, which, as you may see on the map, are situated to the eastward of Australia, including the Philippine Islands. Malaysia is the name given to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, which are principally inhabited by the Malay race, comprising Borneo, the Sunday Isles, Celebes, Moluccas [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+about+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+America%2C+%26+Oceania&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Parley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmIDAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3D%2522Norfolk%2BIsland%2B%2C%2BNew%2BZealand%2B%2C%2Band%2Bsome%2Bsmaller%2522%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1859" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Sophia S. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wew1AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22malaysia+oceania%22&pg=PT1"><i>Cornell's First Steps in Geography</i></a>. The University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051211/https://books.google.com/books?id=wew1AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22malaysia+oceania%22&pg=PT1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornell%27s+First+Steps+in+Geography&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Sophia+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwew1AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522malaysia%2Boceania%2522%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2NRAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22easter+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA657"><i>Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopædia: Volume 9</i></a>. The University of Virginia. 1885. p. 657. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112852/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2NRAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22easter+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA657">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasia—generally, however, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the Indian archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malaysia [...] we have the three geographical divisions of Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, the last mentioned of which embraces all the groups and single islands not included under the other two. Accepting this arrangement, still the limits between Australasia and Polynesia have not been very accurately defined; indeed, scarcely any two geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the subject; neither shall we pretend to decide in the matter. The following list, however, comprises all the principal groups and single island not previously named as coming under the division of Australasia: 1. North of the equator—The Ladrone or Marian islands. the Pelew islands, the Caroline islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Sandwich islands, Gilbert's or Kingstnill's archipelago. and the Galápagos. 2. South of the equator—The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Fiji islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator's islands. Cook's or Harvey islands, the Society islands. the Dangerous archipelago, the Marquesas islands, Pitcairn island, and Easter island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers%27s+New+Handy+Volume+American+Encyclop%C3%A6dia%3A+Volume+9&rft.pages=657&rft.pub=The+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2NRAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3D%2522easter%2Bisland%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522galapagos%2522%26pg%3DPA657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gma-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gma_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/154860/news/nation/papua-new-guinea-asks-rp-support-for-asean-membership-bid">"Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid"</a>. GMA News. 30 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101202844/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/154860/news/nation/papua-new-guinea-asks-rp-support-for-asean-membership-bid">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papua+New+Guinea+asks+RP+support+for+Asean+membership+bid&rft.pub=GMA+News&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F154860%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fpapua-new-guinea-asks-rp-support-for-asean-membership-bid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc/en/cooperation-pacific/pacific-islands-forum-pif">"The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie"</a>. Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302142133/https://cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc/en/cooperation-pacific/pacific-islands-forum-pif">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands+Forum+%28PIF%29+%26%23124%3B+Coop%C3%A9ration+R%C3%A9gionale+et+Relations+Ext%C3%A9rieures+de+la+Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie&rft.pub=Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcooperation-regionale.gouv.nc%2Fen%2Fcooperation-pacific%2Fpacific-islands-forum-pif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipdefenseforum.com/2021/01/japan-u-s-increase-cooperation-to-enhance-pacific-islands-security/">"Japan, U.S. Increase cooperation to enhance Pacific islands' security | Indo-Pacific Defense Forum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207051427/https://ipdefenseforum.com/2021/01/japan-u-s-increase-cooperation-to-enhance-pacific-islands-security/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%2C+U.S.+Increase+cooperation+to+enhance+Pacific+islands%27+security+%26%23124%3B+Indo-Pacific+Defense+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipdefenseforum.com%2F2021%2F01%2Fjapan-u-s-increase-cooperation-to-enhance-pacific-islands-security%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gu-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gu_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gu_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific"><i>Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</i></a>. Angus & Robertson. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112846/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Mexico controls two small groups of Pacific Ocean islands — Islas Revilla Cigedo and Guadalupe — both less than 500 miles ... They have no indigenous population and are geographically part of Oceania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522French%2Blanguage%2Bcultures%2522%2B1974%2Bpacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller-DomboisFosberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Mueller-Dombois, Dieter; Fosberg, Frederic R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259582431"><i>Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands</i></a>. Springer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetation+of+the+Tropical+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mueller-Dombois&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Fosberg%2C+Frederic+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259582431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-changeinthepacific-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-changeinthepacific_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changeinthepacific_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry1998" class="citation book cs1">Terry, James P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs3aAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cocos+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22costa%22"><i>Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific</i></a>. The University of Michigan. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820103580" title="Special:BookSources/9789820103580"><bdi>9789820103580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405032336/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs3aAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cocos+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22costa%22">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Chile, Cocos Island was claimed by Costa Rica, and the Galápagos claimed by Ecuador. By 1900 there were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+and+Environmental+Change+in+the+Pacific&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789820103580&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGs3aAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522cocos%2Bisland%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522costa%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero-TorresTremlAcostaPaz-García2018" class="citation journal cs1">Romero-Torres, Mauricio; Treml, Eric A.; Acosta, Alberto; Paz-García, David A. (19 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6008413">"The Eastern Tropical Pacific coral population connectivity and the role of the Eastern Pacific Barrier"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 9354. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.9354R">2018NatSR...8.9354R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-27644-2">10.1038/s41598-018-27644-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6008413">6008413</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921956">29921956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+Tropical+Pacific+coral+population+connectivity+and+the+role+of+the+Eastern+Pacific+Barrier&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9354&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6008413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29921956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-27644-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.9354R&rft.aulast=Romero-Torres&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft.au=Treml%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Acosta%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Paz-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6008413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-protectedareas-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-protectedareas_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120062626/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galápagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Protected+Areas+System+in+Oceania&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F30152%2FRevOceania.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull1937" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Frank M. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf"><i>A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Biology, University of Missouri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126074835/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galápagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Check+List+of+the+Syrphidae+of+Oceania&rft.pub=Department+of+Biology%2C+University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbs.bishopmuseum.org%2Fpubs-online%2Fpdf%2Fop13-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birds-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birds_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadman2006" class="citation book cs1">Steadman, David W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBZXJQ3HDg0C&dq=%22tropical+%22easter+island%22+%22indo+australian+plate%22&pg=PA7"><i>Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226771427" title="Special:BookSources/9780226771427"><bdi>9780226771427</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005425/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBZXJQ3HDg0C&dq=%22tropical+%22easter+island%22+%22indo+australian+plate%22&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extinction+and+Biogeography+of+Tropical+Pacific+Birds&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780226771427&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBZXJQ3HDg0C%26dq%3D%2522tropical%2B%2522easter%2Bisland%2522%2B%2522indo%2Baustralian%2Bplate%2522%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuesMacPhee1999" class="citation book cs1">Sues, Hans-Diete; MacPhee, Ross D.E (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZLuF1YXYTcC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22+%22polynesia%22&pg=PA29"><i>Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences</i></a>. Springer US. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306460920" title="Special:BookSources/9780306460920"><bdi>9780306460920</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513141434/https://books.google.com/books?id=UZLuF1YXYTcC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22+%22polynesia%22&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>The human colonization of remote Oceania occurred in the late Holocene. Prehistoric human explorers missed only the Galápagos and a very few out-of-the-way places as they surged east out of the Solomons, island-hopping thousands of kilometers through the Polynesian heartland to reach Hawaii to the far north, Easter Island over 7500km to the east and, New Zealand to the south</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extinctions+in+Near+Time%3A+Causes%2C+Contexts%2C+and+Consequences&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780306460920&rft.aulast=Sues&rft.aufirst=Hans-Diete&rft.au=MacPhee%2C+Ross+D.E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZLuF1YXYTcC%26dq%3D%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522polynesia%2522%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-press-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-press_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-press_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlettHaberle2008" class="citation book cs1">Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf">"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). <i>Islands of Inquiry</i>. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.593.8988">10.1.1.593.8988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F38139">1885/38139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-89-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-89-9"><bdi>978-1-921313-89-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h8gp.20">j.ctt24h8gp.20</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231001343/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+of+Easter%3A+Traces+of+human+impact+in+the+far-eastern+Pacific&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Inquiry&rft.pages=281-300&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F38139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt24h8gp.20%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.593.8988%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=978-1-921313-89-9&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=Iona&rft.au=Haberle%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp26551%2Fpdf%2Fch181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janick-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-janick_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanick2010" class="citation book cs1">Janick, Jules (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXCupIJVQMC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22+%22polynesia%22&pg=PA146"><i>Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36</i></a>. Wiley. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470527221" title="Special:BookSources/9780470527221"><bdi>9780470527221</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025837/https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXCupIJVQMC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22+%22polynesia%22&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Oceania is a broadly applied term for the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean. They range from extremely small, uninhabited islands, to large ones, including Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Oceania is further grouped into three regions, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. There a few other Pacific island groups that do not fit into these groupings, such as Galápagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Reviews%2C+Volume+36&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780470527221&rft.aulast=Janick&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrXCupIJVQMC%26dq%3D%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522polynesia%2522%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+transcontinental+countries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorersweb.com/this-strange-iceland-shopping-center-straddles-europe-and-north-america/">This Strange Iceland Shopping Center Straddles Europe and North America</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121218031313/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1136330434&men=ipda&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=200&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg%23continents">Transcontinental states according to World Gazetteer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 2012-12-18)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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