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discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotopes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Isotopes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stability_and_half-lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_and_half-lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stability and half-lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_and_half-lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicted_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicted_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Predicted properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Predicted properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_and_atomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_atomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Physical and atomic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_atomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Experimental chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Roentgenium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" > 129 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenium" title="Röntgenium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Röntgenium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሮየንቴኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮየንቴኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रोएंटजेनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोएंटजेनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="رونتجينيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رونتجينيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentguenio" title="Roentguenio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roentguenio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Roentgeniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentxeniu" title="Roentxeniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roentxeniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roenthenio" title="Roenthenio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Roenthenio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenium" title="Rentgenium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rentgenium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%A9ntg%C3%A9nium" title="Roéntgénium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Roéntgénium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রন্টজেনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রন্টজেনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Рэнтгеній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэнтгеній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Рэнтген (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэнтген (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रंटगेनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रंटगेनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рьонтгений – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рьонтгений" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendgenij" title="Rendgenij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rendgenij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniom" title="Roentgeniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roentgeniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roentgeni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenyo" title="Roentgenyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Roentgenyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Roentgeniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniwm" title="Roentgeniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roentgeniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenium" title="Røntgenium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Røntgenium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgeenium" title="Röntgeenium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Röntgeenium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ρεντγκένιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρεντγκένιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roentgenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenio" title="Rentgenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rentgenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roentgenio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="رونتگنیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رونتگنیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgjeni" title="Roentgjeni – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Roentgjeni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rointginiam" title="Rointginiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rointginiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roentgenio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="રેન્ટજિનીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેન્ટજિનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рентгениум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Рентгениум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A2%B4%ED%8A%B8%EA%B2%8C%EB%8A%84" title="뢴트게늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뢴트게늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռենտգենիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռենտգենիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेन्टजेनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेन्टजेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenij" title="Roentgenij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Roentgenij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenio" title="Rentgenio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rentgenio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILugambi" title="ILugambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ILugambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen%C3%ADn" title="Röntgenín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Röntgenín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roentgenio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רנטגניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנטגניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%CA%8Aw%C9%9Bnt%C9%A9g%C9%9Bn%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Rʊwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rʊwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೆಂಟ್ಜೇನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆಂಟ್ಜೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რენტგენიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რენტგენიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniom" title="Roentgeniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Roentgeniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roentgeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%A7%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рӧнтгений – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рӧнтгений" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniy%C3%BBm" title="Roentgeniyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roentgeniyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenijs" title="Rentgenijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rentgenijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenis" title="Rentgenis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rentgenis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%93ntgenio" title="Rœntgenio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rœntgenio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntg%C3%A9nium" title="Röntgénium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Röntgénium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рендгениум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рендгениум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റോണ്ട്ഗെനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോണ്ട്ഗെനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेन्ट्जेनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेन्ट्जेनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="رونتجينيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رونتجينيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рентгени – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рентгени" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရွန့်ဂန္နီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွန့်ဂန္နီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenium" title="Röntgenium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Röntgenium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रोएन्तजेनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोएन्तजेनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="レントゲニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レントゲニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgeenium" title="Röntgeenium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röntgeenium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenium" title="Røntgenium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Røntgenium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenium" title="Røntgenium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røntgenium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenium" title="Rentgenium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rentgenium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roentgeni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgeniy" title="Rentgeniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rentgeniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="उनउनउनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उनउनउनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="رونٹجینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونٹجینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BC%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="رونټگېنيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رونټگېنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgen_(pierwiastek)" title="Roentgen (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roentgen (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentg%C3%AAnio" title="Roentgênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roentgênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roentgeniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtiqinyu" title="Runtiqinyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runtiqinyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="उनउनउनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उनउनउनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentg%C3%A8niu" title="Roentgèniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Roentgèniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumi" title="Roentgeniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roentgeniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Roentgeniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntg%C3%A9nium" title="Röntgénium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Röntgénium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenij" title="Rentgenij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rentgenij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniyaam" title="Roentgeniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roentgeniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕۆنتگێنیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆنتگێنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рендгенијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рендгенијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenijum" title="Rentgenijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rentgenijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenium" title="Röntgenium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Röntgenium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenium" title="Röntgenium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röntgenium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renggenyo" title="Renggenyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Renggenyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரோயன்ட்கெனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரோயன்ட்கெனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రోయెంట్‌జీనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోయెంట్‌జీనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เรินต์เกเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรินต์เกเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рентгений – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рентгений" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenyum" title="Röntgenyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Röntgenyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Рентгеній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рентгеній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="روٹجینیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روٹجینیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="رۆنتگېنىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۆنتگېنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenii" title="Röntgenii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Röntgenii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roentgeni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="錀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenyo" title="Roentgenyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roentgenyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%AC%AC%AD" title="𬬭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="𬬭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Roentgenium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 111 (Rg)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Roentgenium, 111Rg</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Roentgenium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rʌntˈɡɛniəm/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b3\/En-uk-roentgenium.oga\/En-uk-roentgenium.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-roentgenium.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/En-uk-roentgenium.oga/En-uk-roentgenium.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-roentgenium.oga" title="File:En-uk-roentgenium.oga">ⓘ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">runt-GHEN-ee-əm</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rɛntˈɡɛniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">rent-GHEN-ee-əm</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[282] (unconfirmed: 286)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Roentgenium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> ↑ Rg ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> ← roentgenium → <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">111</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d9 7s2 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-e-conf-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (predicted)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">solid (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-bcc-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">22–24 g/cm3 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-density-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-kratz-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: (none) (−1), (+3), (+5)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1020 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2070 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3080 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#roentgenium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) (all estimated)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 114 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Darleane-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">121 pm (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-rsc-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for roentgenium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="128" /></a></div> (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-bcc-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54386-24-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (1994)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium" title="Isotopes of roentgenium">Isotopes of roentgenium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_roentgenium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox roentgenium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_roentgenium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox roentgenium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">279Rg </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.09 s<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a>87% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium-275" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium-275">275Mt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF13% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">280Rg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.9 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium-276" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium-276">276Mt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">281Rg </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11 s<a href="#cite_note-2012E117-10">[10]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a>86% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α14% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium-277" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium-277">277Mt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">282Rg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">130 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium-278" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium-278">278Mt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">283Rg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.1 min?<a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-EXON-Remarks-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">286Rg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">10.7 min?<a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-EXON-Remarks-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium-282" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium-282">282Mt</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Roentgenium" title="Category:Roentgenium">Category: Roentgenium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_roentgenium" title="Template:Infobox roentgenium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_roentgenium" title="Template talk:Infobox roentgenium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_roentgenium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox roentgenium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Roentgenium (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʁœntˈɡeːni̯ʊm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/95\/De-Roentgenium.ogg\/De-Roentgenium.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Roentgenium.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/De-Roentgenium.ogg/De-Roentgenium.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Roentgenium.ogg" title="File:De-Roentgenium.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Rg and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 111. It is extremely radioactive and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 130 seconds, although the unconfirmed roentgenium-286 may have a longer half-life of about 10.7 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in December 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> near <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany. It is named after the physicist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%96#O-umlaut" title="Ö">also spelled</a> Roentgen), who discovered <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>. Only a few roentgenium atoms have ever been synthesized, and they have no practical application. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> <a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinide element">transactinide element</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7th period</a> and is placed in the <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11 elements</a>, although no chemical experiments have been carried out to confirm that it behaves as the heavier <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologue</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in group 11 as the ninth member of the 6d series of <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. Roentgenium is calculated to have similar properties to its lighter homologues, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and gold, although it may show some differences from them. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element#Introduction" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy element § Introduction</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheavy_element&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_of_superheavy_nuclei">Synthesis of superheavy nuclei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/250px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/330px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/500px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A graphic depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.</figcaption></figure> A superheavy<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, the greater the possibility that the two react.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Bloomberg-19">[17]</a> The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the <a href="/wiki/Particle_beam" title="Particle beam">beam</a> of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuse</a> into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">electrostatic repulsion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerated</a> in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-20">[18]</a> The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-20">[18]</a> Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10−20 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> This happens because during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-20">[18]</a> Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur.<a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a> This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling#Nuclear_fusion" title="Quantum tunnelling">tunnel</a> through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-20">[18]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YovAFlzFtzg">Visualization</a> of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The resulting merger is an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a>—termed a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction#Compound_nuclear_reactions" title="Nuclear reaction">compound nucleus</a>—and thus it is very unstable.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-20">[18]</a> To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> without formation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-26">[23]</a> Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>. This happens in about 10−16 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-26">[23]</a> The definition by the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) states that a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decayed</a> within 10−14 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and thus display its chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decay_and_detection">Decay and detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Decay and detection">edit</a>]</div> The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-30">[26]</a> In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)<a href="#cite_note-33">[e]</a> and transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">surface-barrier detector</a>, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-30">[26]</a> The transfer takes about 10−6 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20133-34">[29]</a> The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">energy</a>, and the time of the decay are measured.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-30">[26]</a> Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432-35">[30]</a> Total <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">binding energy</a> provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-37">[32]</a> Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically predicted<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> and have so far been observed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-129–030001-138-39">[34]</a> to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[f]</a> Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-42">[36]</a> and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-125-43">[37]</a> In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding <a href="/wiki/Rectangular_potential_barrier" title="Rectangular potential barrier">energy barriers</a> for each mode, but they can be tunneled through.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-37">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apparatus for creation of superheavy elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/500px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/660px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/880px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the <a href="/wiki/Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a> in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">dipole magnet</a> in the former and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_magnet" title="Quadrupole magnet">quadrupole magnets</a> in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Aksenov-44">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because the mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432–433-45">[39]</a> Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-37">[32]</a> As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (element 92) to <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> (element 102),<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-46">[40]</a> and by 30 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> (element 90) to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> (element 100).<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Fission_barrier" title="Fission barrier">fission barrier</a> for nuclei with about 280 nucleons.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-48">[42]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a> suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a> in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-48">[42]</a> Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei,<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> as well as those closer to the expected island,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-46">[40]</a> have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-51">[g]</a> Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined.<a href="#cite_note-55">[h]</a> (That all decays within a decay chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.)<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-30">[26]</a> The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the emitted particle).<a href="#cite_note-56">[i]</a> Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.<a href="#cite_note-59">[j]</a> The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.<a href="#cite_note-65">[k]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roentgen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/170px-Roentgen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/255px-Roentgen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/340px-Roentgen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Roentgenium was named after the physicist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, the discoverer of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_discovery">Official discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official discovery">edit</a>]</div> Roentgenium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">first synthesized</a> by an international team led by <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Hofmann" title="Sigurd Hofmann">Sigurd Hofmann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (GSI) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, on December 8, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-95Ho01-66">[55]</a> The team bombarded a target of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a> with accelerated nuclei of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-64 and detected three nuclei of the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> 272111: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209 83Bi </a> + <a href="/wiki/Nickel-64" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-64">64 28Ni </a> → 272111 + <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">1 0n </a></dd></dl> This reaction had previously been conducted at the <a href="/wiki/JINR" class="mw-redirect" title="JINR">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> (then in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) in 1986, but no atoms of 272111 had then been observed.<a href="#cite_note-93TWG-67">[56]</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) concluded that there was insufficient evidence for the discovery at that time.<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> The GSI team repeated their experiment in 2002 and detected three more atoms.<a href="#cite_note-02Ho01-69">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> In their 2003 report, the JWP decided that the GSI team should be acknowledged for the discovery of this element.<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium,_element_111,_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG/220px-Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG/330px-Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG/440px-Backdrop_for_presentation_of_R%C3%B6ntgenium%2C_element_111%2C_at_GSI_Darmstadt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Backdrop for presentation of the discovery and recognition of roentgenium at GSI Darmstadt</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> Using <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements</a>, roentgenium should be known as eka-<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called unununium (with the corresponding symbol of Uuu),<a href="#cite_note-iupac-72">[61]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">placeholder</a>, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it element 111, with the symbol of E111, (111) or even simply 111.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> The name roentgenium (Rg) was suggested by the GSI team<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-Rg-73">[62]</a> in 2004, to honor the German physicist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, the discoverer of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-Rg-73">[62]</a> This name was accepted by <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> on November 1, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-Rg-73">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium" title="Isotopes of roentgenium">Isotopes of roentgenium</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;max-width:100%; font-size: 85%"> <caption>List of roentgenium isotopes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Isotopes_summary" title="Template talk:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Isotope </th> <th colspan="2">Half-life<a href="#cite_note-74">[l]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Decay mode </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery year </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery reaction </th></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <th class="unsortable">ref </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">272Rg </th> <td>4.2 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1994 </td> <td style="text-align:left">209Bi(64Ni,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">274Rg </th> <td>20 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">278Nh(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">278Rg </th> <td>4.6 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-75">[63]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2006 </td> <td style="text-align:left">282Nh(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">279Rg </th> <td>90 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-75">[63]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:left">287Mc(—,2α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">280Rg </th> <td>3.9 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-75">[63]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, EC </td> <td style="text-align:center">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:left">288Mc(—,2α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">281Rg </th> <td>11 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-75">[63]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">SF, α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">293Ts(—,3α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">282Rg </th> <td>130 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">294Ts(—,3α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">283Rg<a href="#cite_note-nc-76">[m]</a> </th> <td>5.1 min</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-EXON-Remarks-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:left">283Cn(e−,νe) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">286Rg<a href="#cite_note-nc-76">[m]</a> </th> <td>10.7 min</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-EXON-Remarks-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1998 </td> <td style="text-align:left">290Fl(e−,νeα) </td></tr></tbody></table> Roentgenium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusion of the nuclei of lighter elements or as intermediate decay products of heavier elements. Nine different isotopes of roentgenium have been reported with atomic masses 272, 274, 278–283, and 286 (283 and 286 unconfirmed), two of which, roentgenium-272 and roentgenium-274, have known but unconfirmed <a href="/wiki/Metastable_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable state">metastable states</a>. All of these decay through alpha decay or spontaneous fission,<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-77">[64]</a> though 280Rg may also have an <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-xxx-78">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_and_half-lives">Stability and half-lives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stability and half-lives">edit</a>]</div> All roentgenium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive; in general, the heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter. The most stable known roentgenium isotope, 282Rg, is also the heaviest known roentgenium isotope; it has a half-life of 100 seconds. The unconfirmed 286Rg is even heavier and appears to have an even longer half-life of about 10.7 minutes, which would make it one of the longest-lived superheavy nuclides known; likewise, the unconfirmed 283Rg appears to have a long half-life of about 5.1 minutes. The isotopes 280Rg and 281Rg have also been reported to have half-lives over a second. The remaining isotopes have half-lives in the millisecond range.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-77">[64]</a> The missing isotopes between 274Rg and 278Rg are too light to be produced by hot fusion and too heavy to be produced by cold fusion. A possible synthesis method is to populate them from above, as daughters of nihonium or moscovium isotopes that can be produced by hot fusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20131–15-79">[66]</a> The isotopes 283Rg and 284Rg could be synthesised using charged-particle evaporation, using the 238U+48Ca reaction where a proton is evaporated alongside some neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-Yerevan2023PPT-80">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-pxn-81">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predicted_properties">Predicted properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predicted properties">edit</a>]</div> Other than nuclear properties, no properties of roentgenium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Bloomberg-19">[17]</a> and the fact that roentgenium (and its parents) decays very quickly. Properties of roentgenium metal remain unknown and only predictions are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> Roentgenium is the ninth member of the 6d series of <a href="/wiki/Transition_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metals">transition metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoiX-82">[69]</a> Calculations on its <a href="/wiki/Ionization_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization potential">ionization potentials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radii</a> are similar to that of its lighter homologue <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, thus implying that roentgenium's basic properties will resemble those of the other <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11 elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and gold; however, it is also predicted to show several differences from its lighter homologues.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> Roentgenium is predicted to be a <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> of 1.9 V for the Rg3+/Rg couple is greater than that of 1.5 V for the Au3+/Au couple. Roentgenium's predicted first ionisation energy of 1020 kJ/mol almost matches that of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> at 1037 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> Its predicted second ionization energy, 2070 kJ/mol, is almost the same as that of silver. Based on the most stable oxidation states of the lighter group 11 elements, roentgenium is predicted to show stable +5 and +3 oxidation states, with a less stable +1 state. The +3 state is predicted to be the most stable. Roentgenium(III) is expected to be of comparable reactivity to gold(III), but should be more stable and form a larger variety of compounds. Gold also forms a somewhat stable −1 state due to relativistic effects, and it has been suggested roentgenium may do so as well:<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a> of roentgenium is expected to be around 1.6 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> (37 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie_per_mole" title="Kilocalorie per mole">kcal/mol</a>), significantly lower than gold's value of 2.3 eV (53 kcal/mol), so roentgenides may not be stable or even possible.<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-83">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png/220px-Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png/330px-Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png/440px-Electron_shell_111_roentgenium.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a roentgenium atom with <a href="/wiki/Electron_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron shells">electron shells</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 6d orbitals are destabilized by <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_interaction" title="Spin–orbit interaction">spin–orbit interactions</a> near the end of the fourth transition metal series, thus making the high oxidation state roentgenium(V) more stable than its lighter homologue gold(V) (known only in <a href="/wiki/Gold_pentafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold pentafluoride">gold pentafluoride</a>, Au2F10) as the 6d electrons participate in bonding to a greater extent. The spin-orbit interactions stabilize molecular roentgenium compounds with more bonding 6d electrons; for example, RgF− 6 is expected to be more stable than RgF− 4, which is expected to be more stable than RgF− 2.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> The stability of RgF− 6 is homologous to that of AuF− 6; the silver analogue AgF− 6 is unknown and is expected to be only marginally stable to decomposition to AgF− 4 and F2. Moreover, Rg2F10 is expected to be stable to decomposition, exactly analogous to the Au2F10, whereas Ag2F10 should be unstable to decomposition to Ag2F6 and F2. <a href="/wiki/Gold_heptafluoride" title="Gold heptafluoride">Gold heptafluoride</a>, AuF7, is known as a gold(V) difluorine complex AuF5·F2, which is lower in energy than a true gold(VII) heptafluoride would be; RgF7 is instead calculated to be more stable as a true roentgenium(VII) heptafluoride, although it would be somewhat unstable, its decomposition to Rg2F10 and F2 releasing a small amount of energy at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-hepta-84">[71]</a> Roentgenium(I) is expected to be difficult to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[73]</a> Gold readily forms the <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">complex</a> Au(CN)− 2, which is used in its extraction from ore through the process of <a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">gold cyanidation</a>; roentgenium is expected to follow suit and form Rg(CN)− 2.<a href="#cite_note-87">[74]</a> The probable chemistry of roentgenium has received more interest than that of the two previous elements, <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a>, as the valence s-<a href="/wiki/Electron_shell#Subshells" title="Electron shell">subshells</a> of the group 11 elements are expected to be relativistically contracted most strongly at roentgenium.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> Calculations on the molecular compound Rg<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> show that relativistic effects double the strength of the roentgenium–hydrogen bond, even though spin–orbit interactions also weaken it by 0.7 eV (16 kcal/mol). The compounds <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>X and RgX, where X = <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a>, Au, or Rg, were also studied.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[75]</a> Rg+ is predicted to be the <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">softest</a> metal ion, even softer than Au+, although there is disagreement on whether it would behave as an <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-90">[77]</a> In aqueous solution, Rg+ would form the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua ion">aqua ion</a> [Rg(H2O)2]+, with an Rg–O bond distance of 207.1 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a>. It is also expected to form Rg(I) complexes with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hancock-90">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_atomic">Physical and atomic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physical and atomic">edit</a>]</div> Roentgenium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and to crystallize in the <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> structure, unlike its lighter <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a> which crystallize in the <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> structure, due to its being expected to have different electron charge densities from them.<a href="#cite_note-bcc-3">[3]</a> It should be a very heavy metal with a <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of around 22–24 g/cm3; in comparison, the densest known element that has had its density measured, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, has a density of 22.61 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-density-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-kratz-5">[5]</a> The atomic radius of roentgenium is expected to be around 114 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Darleane-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_chemistry">Experimental chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Experimental chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Unambiguous determination of the chemical characteristics of roentgenium has yet to have been established<a href="#cite_note-Düllmann-91">[78]</a> due to the low yields of reactions that produce roentgenium isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> For chemical studies to be carried out on a <a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinide element">transactinide</a>, at least four atoms must be produced, the half-life of the isotope used must be at least 1 second, and the rate of production must be at least one atom per week.<a href="#cite_note-DoiX-82">[69]</a> Even though the half-life of 282Rg, the most stable confirmed roentgenium isotope, is 100 seconds, long enough to perform chemical studies, another obstacle is the need to increase the rate of production of roentgenium isotopes and allow experiments to carry on for weeks or months so that statistically significant results can be obtained. Separation and detection must be carried out continuously to separate out the roentgenium isotopes and allow automated systems to experiment on the gas-phase and solution chemistry of roentgenium, as the yields for heavier elements are predicted to be smaller than those for lighter elements. However, the experimental chemistry of roentgenium has not received as much attention as that of the heavier elements from <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Düllmann-91">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eichler-92">[79]</a> despite early interest in theoretical predictions due to relativistic effects on the ns subshell in group 11 reaching a maximum at roentgenium.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> The isotopes 280Rg and 281Rg are promising for chemical experimentation and may be produced as the granddaughters of the <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a> isotopes 288Mc and 289Mc respectively;<a href="#cite_note-Moody-93">[80]</a> their parents are the <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> isotopes 284Nh and 285Nh, which have already received preliminary chemical investigations.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Aksenov-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">Island of stability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, an element is called <a href="/wiki/Heavy_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy element">heavy</a> if its atomic number is high; <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">103</a> (although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">100</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">112</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Superactinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superactinide">superactinide</a> series).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> In 2009, a team at the JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Picobarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobarn">pb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, 208Pb + 58Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19+19 -11 pb), as estimated by the discoverers.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_84Mu01-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the 28 14Si + 1 0n → 28 13Al + 1 1p reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-28">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000334-31">[27]</a> Such separation can also be aided by a <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">time-of-flight measurement</a> and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000335-32">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003439-40">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to form one.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-46">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> The first direct measurement of mass of a superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_C&EN-54">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay <a href="/wiki/Momentum#Conservation" title="Momentum">must be preserved</a>, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-42">[36]</a> The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgy Flerov">Georgy Flerov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-57">[48]</a> a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_coldfusion77-58">[49]</a> In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-28">[25]</a> They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-57">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_RSC-60">[50]</a> There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, nobelium. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-61">[51]</a> The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-61">[51]</a> JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, joliotium;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201840-62">[52]</a> the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty").<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-63">[53]</a> This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-63">[53]</a> The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_IUPAC97-64">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Different sources give different values for half-lives; the most recently published values are listed. </li> <li id="cite_note-nc-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nc_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nc_76-1">b</a> This isotope is unconfirmed </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e-conf-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e-conf_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurler,_A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Turler, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jnrs/paper/JN52/j052Turler.pdf">"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"</a> (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 5 (2): R19 – R25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14494%2Fjnrs2000.5.R19">10.14494/jnrs2000.5.R19</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+and+Radiochemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gas+Phase+Chemistry+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER19+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER25%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14494%2Fjnrs2000.5.R19&rft.au=Turler%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwsoc.nii.ac.jp%2Fjnrs%2Fpaper%2FJN52%2Fj052Turler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haire-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_2-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). 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Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 420 (1): 012003. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.4292">1212.4292</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.420a2003E">2013JPhCS.420a2003E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012003">10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55653705">55653705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=First+foot+prints+of+chemistry+on+the+shore+of+the+Island+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012003&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1212.4292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55653705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JPhCS.420a2003E&rft.aulast=Eichler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moody-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Moody_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoody2013" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Ken (November 30, 2013). "Synthesis of Superheavy Elements". In Schädel, Matthias; Shaughnessy, Dawn (eds.). The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 24–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642374661" title="Special:BookSources/9783642374661"><bdi>9783642374661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.isbn=9783642374661&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudi_et_al.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties". Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChPhC..41c0001A">2017ChPhC..41c0001A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2016+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ChPhC..41c0001A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kondev%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2003" class="citation book cs1">Beiser, A. (2003). Concepts of modern physics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244848-1"><bdi>978-0-07-244848-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48965418">48965418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+modern+physics&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48965418&rft.isbn=978-0-07-244848-1&rft.aulast=Beiser&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Hoffman, D. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Ghiorso, A.</a>; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78-326244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78-326244-1"><bdi>978-1-78-326244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transuranium+People%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-78-326244-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKragh2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Kragh" title="Helge Kragh">Kragh, H.</a> (2018). From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8"><bdi>978-3-319-75813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Transuranic+to+Superheavy+Elements%3A+A+Story+of+Dispute+and+Creation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75813-8&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZagrebaevKarpovGreiner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics:_Conference_Series" title="Journal of Physics: Conference Series">Journal of Physics: Conference Series</a>. 420 (1): 012001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5700">1207.5700</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.420a2001Z">2013JPhCS.420a2001Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001">10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-6588">1742-6588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55434734">55434734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Future+of+superheavy+element+research%3A+Which+nuclei+could+be+synthesized+within+the+next+few+years%3F&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012001&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55434734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JPhCS.420a2001Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.5700&rft.issn=1742-6588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001&rft.aulast=Zagrebaev&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Karpov%2C+A.&rft.au=Greiner%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoentgenium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgenium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; 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