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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Doctrine of evasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine_of_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_p%C3%BAblic" title="Ordre públic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ordre públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%99ejn%C3%BD_po%C5%99%C3%A1dek" title="Veřejný pořádek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veřejný pořádek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ffentliche_Ordnung" title="Öffentliche Ordnung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öffentliche Ordnung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalik_kord" title="Avalik kord – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalik kord" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_p%C3%BAblico" title="Orden público – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden público" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_ordo" title="Publika ordo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika ordo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordena_publiko" title="Ordena publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordena publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_public" title="Ordre public – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%81_%EB%B2%95%EB%A5%A0%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84" title="반사회적 법률행위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반사회적 법률행위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_ordino" title="Publika ordino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publika ordino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsherjarregla" title="Allsherjarregla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Allsherjarregla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_pubblico" title="Ordine pubblico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine pubblico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie%C5%A1oji_tvarka" title="Viešoji tvarka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viešoji tvarka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbare_orde" title="Openbare orde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Openbare orde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%BA%8F%E8%89%AF%E4%BF%97" title="公序良俗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公序良俗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rdre_public" title="Òrdre public – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òrdre public" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_p%C3%BAblica" title="Ordem pública – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem pública" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinea_public%C4%83" title="Ordinea publică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinea publică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_public" title="Ordre public – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ordre public" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_d%C3%BCzeni" title="Kamu düzeni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu düzeni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Громадський порядок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадський порядок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Preliminaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Characterisation_(law)" title="Characterisation (law)">Characterisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law" title="Choice of law">Choice of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Conflict of laws in the United States">Conflict of laws in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_question" title="Incidental question">Incidental question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renvoi" title="Renvoi">Renvoi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public policy doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conference_on_Private_International_Law" title="Hague Conference on Private International Law">Hague Conference</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Definitional elements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_in_conflict_of_laws" title="Procedure in conflict of laws">Procedure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">Forum non conveniens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_causae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex causae">Lex causae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_fori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex fori">Lex fori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">Forum shopping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lis_alibi_pendens" title="Lis alibi pendens">Lis alibi pendens</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Connecting factors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">Domicile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_domicilii" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex domicilii">Lex domicilii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_residence" title="Habitual residence">Habitual residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex patriae">Lex patriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_arbitri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci arbitri">Lex loci arbitri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_rei_sitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci rei sitae">Lex loci rei sitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_contractus" title="Lex loci contractus">Lex loci contractus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_delicti_commissi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci delicti commissi">Lex loci delicti commissi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_actus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci actus">Lex loci actus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_solutionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci solutionis">Lex loci solutionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_protectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci protectionis">Lex loci protectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_law" title="Proper law">Proper law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_celebrationis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci celebrationis">Lex loci celebrationis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9pe%C3%A7age" title="Dépeçage">Dépeçage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Substantive legal areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Status (law)">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_tort_laws" title="Conflict of tort laws">Tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws" title="Conflict of marriage laws">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_laws" title="Conflict of divorce laws">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_rei_sitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci rei sitae">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">Forced heirship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Trust_Convention" title="Hague Trust Convention">Hague Trust Convention</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Enforcement</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-suit_injunction" title="Anti-suit injunction">Anti-suit injunctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Revenue rule</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflict_of_laws" title="Template:Conflict of laws"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflict_of_laws" title="Template talk:Conflict of laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict_of_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict of laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">private international law</a>, the <b>public policy doctrine</b> or <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ordre public</i></span></b> (French: <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "public order") concerns the body of principles that underpin the operation of legal systems in each <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">state</a>. This addresses the social, moral and economic values that tie a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> together: values that vary in different <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> and change over time. <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> regulates behaviour either to reinforce existing social expectations or to encourage constructive change, and laws are most likely to be effective when they are consistent with the most generally accepted societal norms and reflect the collective <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. </p><p>In performing this function, Cappalli<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> has suggested that the critical values of any legal system include impartiality, neutrality, certainty, equality, openness, flexibility, and growth. This assumes that a state's courts function as <i><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a> systems</i>, which avoid the violence that often otherwise accompanies private resolution of disputes. That is, <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> have to be encouraged to use the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">court system</a> to resolve their disputes. The more certain and predictable the outcome of a court action, the less incentive there is to go to court where a loss is probable. But certainty must be subject to the needs of individual <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, hence the development of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> should always consider the underlying policies to determine whether a rule should be applied to a specific factual dispute. If laws are applied too strictly and mechanically, the law cannot keep pace with social innovation. Similarly, if there is an entirely new situation, a return to the policies forming the basic assumptions underpinning potentially relevant rules of law identifies the best guidelines for resolving the immediate dispute. Over time, these policies evolve, becoming more clearly defined and more deeply embedded in the legal system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamental_principles">Fundamental principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fundamental principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignorance_of_the_law_is_not_an_excuse">Ignorance of the law is not an excuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ignorance of the law is not an excuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental policy in the operation of a legal system is that <i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i> (<i>ignorance of the law is no excuse</i>). It would completely undermine the enforcement of any law if the person potentially at fault was able to raise as a successful defence that he or she had not been aware of the particular law. For this reason, all the main <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a> publish their laws freely whether in hard copy or on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, while others offer them for sale to the public at affordable prices. Because everyone is entitled to access the laws as they affect their personal lives, all adults are assumed responsible enough to research the law before they act. If they fail to do so, they can hardly complain if their acts prove unlawful, no matter how transient they may be within the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. The only exception to this rule excuses those of reduced <a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">capacity</a>, whether as <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">infants</a> or through mental illness (for example, see the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Doli_incapax" class="mw-redirect" title="Doli incapax">doli incapax</a></i> which raises an irrebuttable presumption in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> that an infant is incapable of committing a crime). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctity_of_life">Sanctity of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sanctity of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Underpinning most social, moral and religious systems is the policy of <i>sanctity of life</i> (also <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">culture of life</a>). In English criminal law, for example, <a href="/wiki/Duress" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress">duress</a> is not allowed as a defence to <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> because no threat is supposed to overcome a person's moral aversion to taking the life of another. Lord Jauncy in <i>R v Gotts</i> [1992]<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 AC 412 stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The reason why duress has for so long been stated not to be available as a defence to a murder charge is that the law regards the sanctity of human life and the protection thereof as of paramount importance ... I can therefore see no justification in logic, morality or law in affording to an attempted murderer the defence which is withheld from a murderer.</p></blockquote> <p>In refusal of treatment and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, commission and <a href="/wiki/Omission_(criminal_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omission (criminal law)">omission</a> by <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> authorities resulting in the death of <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a> has become of increasing significance as societies debate whether the duty to preserve life outweighs the right of the autonomous patient to choose death. More contentious are those situations in which the patient is unable to make the choice personally, e.g. because in a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent vegetative state">persistent vegetative state</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/En_ventre_sa_mere" title="En ventre sa mere">en ventre sa mere</a></i>, i.e. a child in the womb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrine_of_evasion">Doctrine of evasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Doctrine of evasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly, in many branches of law, the <a href="/wiki/Evasion_(law)" title="Evasion (law)">doctrine of evasion</a> prevents persons, both natural and artificial, from evading the application of obligations and liabilities already attaching to them. This represents a practical application of the policy that, as an outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, all persons owing <a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> to a state should be entitled to assume that everyone will receive fair and equal treatment before the law, i.e. there will be no favouritism or preferential treatment to any person by virtue of their <a href="/wiki/Social_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rank">rank</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> within <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. As such, this is an exception to the policy in the <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">law of contract</a> which usually allows the parties autonomy to enter into whatever agreement they want and which might otherwise be taken to permit the parties to exclude the normal operation of the law as between themselves (see the policy of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">freedom of contract</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are policies specific to all the main branches of law. Hence, one of the policies in <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Parens_patriae" title="Parens patriae">parens patriae</a></i>, i.e. that the state is the default <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parent</a> for all those <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a> within its <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> and that, if it is necessary to protect the interests of the child, the state will usurp the rights of the natural parents and assert its own rights as every child's <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">legal guardian</a>. Within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, the right of the child to be heard in any proceedings is a fundamental right provided in Article 24 <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>. The views of the child shall be considered on matters which concern him or her in accordance with age and maturity. It also provides that the child's <a href="/wiki/Best_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Best interest">best interest</a> shall be the primary consideration in all actions relating to children, whether taken by public authorities or private institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A policy which overlaps between family law and <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Favor_matrimonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Favor matrimonii">favor matrimonii</a></i> which requires that any marriage entered into with a genuine commitment should be held valid unless there is some good reason to the contrary, matching contract law, where the preference is always to give effect to the genuine expectation of the parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The policies adopted by states have come into being for several reasons. Some are aspects of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and reflect the essence of territoriality. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public laws</a> which either define the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of the state or regulate its powers can only apply within the boundaries agreed as a part of the process of <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> recognition of statehood by the international community. Other policies are aspects of the social contract, and they define and regulate the relationship between a state and those <a href="/wiki/Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens">citizens</a> who owe it allegiance. To that extent, these policies interact with (and sometimes overlap) <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. A number of these rights are defined at a <a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">supranational</a> level and it will be necessary for states to consider the extent to which international principles of law are to be allowed to influence the operation of law within their territories. Independently of the work of the international community to produce harmonised principles, the <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> in one state may sometimes be faced with <a href="/wiki/Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits">lawsuits</a> which either seek to evade the operation of foreign laws through <a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">forum shopping</a> or seek the enforcement of "foreign" laws. This is becoming increasingly common as people now move with reasonable freedom between states and international trade routinely services markets in different states. Such lawsuits will not be troublesome if the "foreign" law is the same as the forum law. But serious difficulties will arise if the application of the "foreign" law would produce a different result. These issues are resolved under the systems of law known as "<a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">conflict of laws</a>". </p><p>In conflict cases, no court will apply a "foreign" law if the result of its application would be contrary to public policy. This is problematic because excluding the application of foreign laws would defeat the purpose of conflict of laws by giving automatic preference to the forum court's domestic law. Thus, for the most part, courts are slower to invoke public policy in cases involving a foreign element than when a domestic legal issue is involved. That said, in those countries that have adopted <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> obligations involving <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> (e.g. the states who submit to jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>) broader concepts of public policy may now apply. Thus, courts may have to consider the "justice" implicit in a law that allows a husband to divorce his wife, but not <i>vice versa</i>, as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexual discrimination</a>. Similarly, it would be possible to question the propriety of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamous</a> marriages, the <i><a href="/wiki/Talaq_(conflict)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaq (conflict)">talaq</a></i> system of <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> which is available in some Islamic states, and Jewish divorce known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Get_(conflict)" class="mw-redirect" title="Get (conflict)">get</a></i>, but it is likely that the courts would be cautious to avoid any implication that they were discriminating against religions. Equally difficult are the family laws which regulate <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous</a> relationships and <a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">capacity</a>. For example, it is probable that one state should not be too quick to condemn another because it allows a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> between an uncle and a niece, or allows a marriage with a girl of 13 (e.g. as in Northern Nigeria), particularly if the parties are not proposing residence in the forum state. </p><p>Less controversial is the exclusion of foreign laws that are <a href="/wiki/Penal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal law">penal</a> or territorial because they seek to collect taxes due to another state, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, if foreign exchange control legislation is used as "an instrument of oppression", it may be denied extraterritorial enforcement (<i>Re Helbert Wagg & Co Ltd</i> [1956] Ch 323, 351). Similarly, otherwise valid contracts may be denied enforcement if to do so would assist an enemy of the forum state or would damage the political relationship with a friendly state. When considering questions of <a href="/wiki/Status_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Status (law)">status</a>, English courts have held that incapacities imposed on account of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somersett's Case</a></i> [1771] 20 St Tr 1), <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> (<i>Re Metcalfe's Trusts</i> [1864] 2 De G J & S 122), alien <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> (<i>Re Helbert Wagg & Co Ltd</i> [1956] Ch 323 at pp. 345/46), <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_v_Cattermole" title="Oppenheimer v Cattermole">Oppenheimer v Cattermole</a></i> [1976] A C 249 at pp. 265, 276/78, 282/83), divorce (<i>Scott v Attorney-General</i> [1886] 11 PD 128), physical incompetence (<i>Re Langley's Settlement Trusts</i> [1962] Ch 541 at pp. 556/57) and <a href="/wiki/Spendthrift" title="Spendthrift">prodigality</a> (<i>Worms v De Valdor</i> [1880] 49L J Ch. 261 and <i>Re Selot's Trusts</i> [1902] 1 Ch. 488) will be disregarded. Policy is also a key component to the process for the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">enforcement of foreign judgments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/r-v-gotts.php">"R v Gotts - 1982"</a>. <i>www.lawteacher.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lawteacher.net&rft.atitle=R+v+Gotts+-+1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawteacher.net%2Fcases%2Fr-v-gotts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+policy+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cappalli, Richard B. <i>The Disappearance of Legal Method</i>, (1997) 70 Temp. L. Rev. 393.</li> <li>Dalton, Clare. <i>An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine</i>, (1985) 94 Yale L.J. 997.</li> <li>Goodwin-Gill, Guy, <i>Ordre Public Considered and Developed</i>, (1978) 94 LQR 354.</li> <li>Moufang, Rainer. <i>The Concept of Ordre Public and Morality in Patent Law</i>, in Geertrui Van Overwalle (Ed.), <i>Patent Law, Ethics and Biotechnology</i>, Katholieke Universiteit Brussel, Bruxelles, (1998).</li> <li><i>Richardson v. Mellish</i> (2 Bing, 252)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy_doctrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fljs.org/courts">Courts and the Making of Public Policy</a> Research programme of the Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordrepublic.de/english.php">Ordre Public</a> Reach of the defence of fraud / public policy / ordre public with regard to Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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