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id="toc-Uncooked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooked" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooked"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Cooked </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mammals as food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Birds as food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Plants 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(October 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoked_Salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Smoked_Salmon.jpg/300px-Smoked_Salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Smoked_Salmon.jpg/450px-Smoked_Salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Smoked_Salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Smoked chum <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_01_alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Salmon_01_alt.jpg/300px-Salmon_01_alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Salmon_01_alt.jpg/450px-Salmon_01_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Salmon_01_alt.jpg/600px-Salmon_01_alt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Alaskan economical salmonoid <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (neqa) species (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a>) are main <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> (neqa) for the Yup'ik: <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_nerka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus nerka">Sockeye or Red salmon</a> (sayak), <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_keta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus keta">Chum or Dog salmon</a> (kangitneq), <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_tshawytscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus tshawytscha">Chinook or King salmon</a> (taryaqvak), <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_kisutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus kisutch">Coho or Silver salmon</a> (qakiiyaq), <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus gorbuscha">Pink or Humpback salmon</a> (amaqaayak).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_wild_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alaska_wild_berries.jpg/300px-Alaska_wild_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alaska_wild_berries.jpg/450px-Alaska_wild_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alaska_wild_berries.jpg/600px-Alaska_wild_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>Alaska wild berries from the <a href="/wiki/Innoko_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Innoko National Wildlife Refuge">Innoko National Wildlife Refuge</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">true berries</a> (blue <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_uliginosum" title="Vaccinium uliginosum">Vaccinium uliginosum</a> and red <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Vaccinium vitis-idaea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate fruits</a> (red <a href="/wiki/Rubus_arcticus" title="Rubus arcticus">Rubus arcticus</a>)</figcaption></figure> Yup'ik cuisine (Yupiit neqait in <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik language</a>, literally "Yup'iks' foods" or "Yup'iks' fishes") refers to the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a> style traditional <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a> people from the western and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Also known as Cup'ik cuisine for the <a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup'ik</a> dialect speaking Eskimos of <a href="/wiki/Chevak,_Alaska" title="Chevak, Alaska">Chevak</a> and Cup'ig cuisine for the <a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Cup%27ig_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunivak Cup'ig language">Nunivak Cup'ig</a> dialect speaking Eskimos of <a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Island" title="Nunivak Island">Nunivak Island</a>. This cuisine is traditionally based on <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">sea</a> and land <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, and normally contains high levels of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. Subsistence foods are generally considered by many to be nutritionally superior <a href="/wiki/Superfoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfoods">superfoods</a>. Yup’ik diet is different from Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Inupiat" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat">Inupiat</a>, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a> diets. <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish as food</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a> species, such as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">whitefish</a>) are primary food for Yup'ik Eskimos. Both food and fish called neqa in Yup'ik. <a href="/wiki/Food_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Food preparation">Food preparation</a> techniques are <a href="/wiki/Fermented_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented food">fermentation</a> and cooking, also uncooked <a href="/wiki/Raw_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food">raw</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> methods are <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbecuing" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbecuing">barbecuing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking (food)">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiling_in_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling in cooking">boiling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a> methods are mostly <a href="/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">drying</a> and less often <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a> is usually eaten with <a href="/wiki/Seal_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal oil">seal oil</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">ulu</a> or fan-shaped knife is used for cutting up fish, meat, food, and such. The Yup'ik, like other <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a> groups, were <a href="/wiki/Semi-nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-nomadic">semi-nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-fisher-gatherers</a> who moved seasonally throughout the year within a reasonably well-defined territory to harvest fish, bird, sea and land mammal, berry and other renewable resources. Yup'ik <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> is based on traditional <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> food harvests (hunting, fishing and berry gathering) supplemented by seasonal subsistence activities. The Yup'ik region is rich with waterfowl, fish, and sea and land mammals. The coastal settlements rely more heavily on sea mammals (<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrusses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whales</a>), many species of fish (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_blackfish" title="Alaska blackfish">Alaska blackfish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>. The inland settlements rely more heavily on Pacific salmon and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">freshwater whitefish</a>, land mammals (<a href="/wiki/Alces_alces_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alces alces gigas">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_caribou" title="Porcupine caribou">caribou</a>), migratory waterfowl, bird eggs, berries, greens, and roots help sustain people throughout the region. The <a href="/wiki/Akutaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Akutaq">akutaq</a> (Eskimo ice cream), tepa (stinkheads), <a href="/wiki/Mangtak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangtak">mangtak</a> (muktuk) some of the most well-known traditional Yup'ik <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacies</a>. Traditional subsistence foods are mixed with what is commercially available. Today about half the food is supplied by subsistence activities (subsistence foods), the other half is purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">commercial stores</a> (market foods, store-bought foods). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yupik_Cuisine">Yupik Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Yupik Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Both the Yup'ik (and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a>) and <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Iñupiaq">Iñupiaq</a> cuisines are also known as Eskimo cuisine in Alaska. The oldest, most stable cuisine in North America is found above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Circle in Alaska</a>. Long overlooked and pitifully misunderstood, the cuisine's roots lie buried in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern Asia</a>, whence Iñupiaq and <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> ancestors ventured to Siberia, across <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>, and on to Alaska during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>, 50,000 to 15,000 years ago. The remoteness of the Inupiat and Yupik cultures accounts for their rich and intact food history.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The Yupik-Inupiaq split probably occurred about one thousand years ago.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Arctic cuisine is composed of a high-protein diet without grains, supplemented with wild greens, roots, and berries. Fortunately, <a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitians</a> consider the diet nutritious and balanced with abundant vitamins, minerals, proteins and valuable unsaturated fats derived from a vast array of sea and land mammals, fish, fowl, wild plants and berries.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Yup’ik cuisine is different from Alaskan Iñupiaq, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Inuit_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit diet">Inuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a> diets. Yup'ik communities varied widely in what foods were available to them, but everyone used similar <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> methods, including air <a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">drying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">food storage</a> in cold water and oil, <a href="/wiki/Fermented_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented food">fermentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a>. Some foods were eaten <a href="/wiki/Raw_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food">raw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neqkiuryaraq-4">[4]</a> Prehistoric Yup'ik Eskimos probably relied upon a mix of <a href="/wiki/Anadromous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous fish">anadromous fish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_malma" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvelinus malma">char</a>), terrestrial mammals (<a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>), and marine mammals (<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>) for subsistence foods.<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_meals_the_Yupik_eat">What meals the Yupik eat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: What meals the Yupik eat">edit</a>]</div> The type of <a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">meal</a> (neruciq) eaten at any given time varies by custom and location. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a> (unuakutaq) is eaten within an hour or two after a person wakes in the morning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a> or dinner (apiataq from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> обе́д obéd)<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> is eaten around mid-day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a> or dinner (atakutaq) is eaten in the evening.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Seven-klaagmi unuakutalartukut, twelve-klaagmi-llu apiatarluta, tua-i-llu six-klaagmi atakutarluta. "We eat breakfast at seven o'clock, lunch at twelve o'clock and dinner at six o'clock."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yuut Qanemciit (Tennant and Bitar eds. 1995 [1981]), <a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Nunivak Eskimos (Nuniwarmiut in Cup'ig, Nunivaarmiut in Yup'ik and Cup'ik) eat frequently in the course of a 24-hour period. They go to bed at sundown or early evening in the spring and fall, and well before sundown in summer, but arise early, often at 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. and regularly at 5:00 or 5:30. The time of rising depended on the sea tide and the time when tomcod or other fish are running. The first meal of the day is eaten at this time and another about 11:00 a.m., with snacks once or twice in between depending on the work schedule and the availability of food. The evening meal is usually at 4:30 or 5:00 p.m. with additional snacks between the main meals. In winter the entire meal schedule is likely to be moved forward, with the first meal of the day being eaten at 10:00 or 10:30 a.m. The most common food is dried or frozen fish dipped in seal oil. The evening or late afternoon meal, the hot meal of the day, frequently consisted of boiled fish or other boiled food and tea.<a href="#cite_note-Jamesvanstone-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_preservation_and_preparations">Food preservation and preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food preservation and preparations">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Food_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Food preparation">Food preparation</a> techniques are uncooked <a href="/wiki/Raw_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food">raw</a> (Cassar- "to eat raw flesh or meat", arepa- "to eat raw food"), <a href="/wiki/Fermented_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented food">fermentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> (keir-). In the past, the Yup'ik nourishment consisted of raw meat, including its <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, and sometimes the meat was cooked.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a> <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flesh" title="Flesh">Flesh</a> (kemek in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, kemeg in Cup'ig) is primary main food. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_in_the_food_industry">Fish in the food industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fish in the food industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg/220px-Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg/330px-Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg/440px-Cleaning_fish_in_Alaska_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Native Alaskan husband and wife clean the catch of the day in Alaska in June 1975. Neq'liurtuk = he and she are working on fish; neq'liur- = to work on fish (cleaning them, preparing them for storage, etc.); carrir- = to clean; ciqret pl ciqeq sg = offal from cleaning fish.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg/220px-Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg/330px-Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg/440px-Native_Alaskan_women_black_and_white_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption>Nunivak Cup’ig women filleting salmon, Mekoryuk (Mikuryaq), Nunivak. 07-03-1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_drying._Aleut_village,_Old_Harbor,_Alaska,_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2911" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Salmon drying. <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq</a> village, <a href="/wiki/Old_Harbor,_Alaska" title="Old Harbor, Alaska">Old Harbor, Alaska</a>, 1889</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish as food</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a> of the subfamily Salmoninae in the family <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a> or in some places, non-salmon species, such as <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">freshwater whitefish</a> of the subfamily Coregoninae in the family Salmonidae, are primary main subsistence food for Yup'ik Eskimos. Both <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (and salmon) called neqa sg neqet pl in Yup'ik.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata-9">[9]</a> Also for salmon called neqpik ~ neqpiaq sg neqpiit ~ neqpiat pl in Yup'ik, means literally “real, genuine food”. But, main food for <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Iñupiaq">Iñupiaq</a> Eskimos is <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> of whale and caribou (both food and meat called niqi in Iñupiaq, also for meat called niqipiaq “real, genuine food”). <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon as food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">herring as food</a>, smelt, halibut, flounder, <a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">tomcod</a>, pike, and capelin were gutted and air dried or smoked.<a href="#cite_note-Neqkiuryaraq-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">fish heads</a> they made into qamiqurrluk (cut and dried fish heads), and some they made into tepa (aged fish heads).<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish eggs">Fish eggs</a> (roe) were dried and stored.<a href="#cite_note-Neqkiuryaraq-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncooked">Uncooked</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uncooked">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Qassaq or Qassaulria is <a href="/wiki/Raw_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food">raw food</a>, raw flesh or <a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">raw meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Quaq (in the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Iñupiaq</a> quaq, Nunavut <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> and Nunavik Inuttitut ᖁᐊᖅ quaq, South Baffin Kingarmiut xuaq, Labrador <a href="/wiki/Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Inuttitut</a> ĸuak, <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> quaq) is meat or fish to be eaten raw and frozen<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nutaqaq is frozen raw fish.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Qassayaaq or Qassayagaq (lit. «baby raw fish») frozen raw whitefish aged (fermented) before freezing and served frozen.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kumlaciq (in Yup'ik, kumlacir in Cup'ig) is frozen meat (of frozen fish, blackfish, and others as well) to be eaten in that state. <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen food</a> is a method for preserving fish or meat.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kumlaneq (in Yup'ik, kumlanaq in Hooper Bay-Chevak Cup'ik; but, kumlaner in Nunivak Cup'ig means "cold water, cold spring water; permafrost, frozen soil") is frozen fish to be eaten in that state.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> Freezing of chinook and particularly coho salmon was relatively common. Chinook salmon were usually cut up into smaller pieces before being placed into plastic <a href="/wiki/Ziploc" title="Ziploc">Ziploc</a> bags. Smaller species, such as chum, sockeye, coho, and pink salmon were frequently frozen uncut and whole.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kumlivirluuki is stored in <a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">freezer</a> (kumlivik).<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Qercuqaq is hard frozen fish (blackfish or the like).<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a> is a traditional preparation of fish as <a href="/wiki/Fermented_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented food">fermented food</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ciss'uq (Ciss'ur in Nunivak Cup'ig) is fermented herring or capelin that have been buried underground for two weeks.</li></ul> <ul><li>Tepcuaraq (tepcuar(aq)<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> or tepcuaraq kumlaneq<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a>) is fish that has been frozen after being allowed to age slightly, eaten uncooked and frozen.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> Kumlaneq is aged spawned out salmon.<a href="#cite_note-Morris1985tp123-12">[12]</a> Tepcuaraq kumlaneq is aged and frozen fish. The whole fish can be either cleaned of their entrails or left intact, then buried under ground in a pit lined with grass and left for about a week depending on the temperature. If the fish are caught in the late fall, they are stored in a wooden or cardboard box until they are aged, and then frozen. Tepcuaraq kumlaneq are eaten frozen with seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tepngayaaq is fermented a little frozen fish.</li></ul> <ul><li>Tepa (sg Tepet pl; lit. «<a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a>, smell, aroma, scent») is aged or <a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">fermented</a> salmon <a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">fish head</a>. Known as aged fish head or fermented fish head, commonly called as stinkheads, stink heads, stinky heads. Tepas were considered a traditional special Yup'ik delicacy, but really the dish is something favored mostly by older Alaska Natives.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Traditionally, most people continued to make tepa in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> Heads (pakegvissaaq is head of fish including pectoral fins) of chinook (king), sokeye (red), chum (dog), and occasionally, coho (silver) salmon were prepared by burying them in the ground and allowed them to ferment before eating.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> The traditional way to prepare tepa was to bury the heads in the ground along with most of the fish guts in a wooden barrel covered with burlap material.<a href="#cite_note-Seitz1990tp195-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> Earthen pits lined with grass were used for this process. Salmon milt and eggs were added to the heads which were then covered with another layer of grass before being covered over with earth.<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> The fermenting process took from one to two weeks depending on temperature of the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> One salmon production unit prepared four pits of tepa.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> The pits measured approximately 18 inches deep and 2 feet square and contained approximately 75 salmon heads each. The heads of 1,000 chinook, 726 sockeye, 1,246 chum, and 41 coho salmon were prepared as tepa by Kwethluk households during 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> One resident told the researchers, "to the Native it's like candy or bubblegum, sweet and sour, in between the two."<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> However, with the introduction of plastic buckets, the danger of <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a> has surfaced and informants stressed the importance of avoiding these types of modern containers since the "oldfashioned" methods allowed oxygen to circulate and prevented the growth of bacteria which causes botulism.<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> Heads stored underground in plastic bags are more likely to develop botulism than fish stored in grasses. It was soon discovered that the traditional method of preparing the tepas was safer than the modern way.<a href="#cite_note-Kawagley1998indigenous-14">[14]</a></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">tepturraarlua unatenka qanganaruanek perrillruanka. "after eating aged fish heads, I wiped my hands with <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">wormwood</a> (qanganaruaq)."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lower Kuskokwim, <a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drying_Salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Drying_Salmon.jpg/220px-Drying_Salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Drying_Salmon.jpg/330px-Drying_Salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Drying_Salmon.jpg/440px-Drying_Salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Salmon filets hanging on a rack by a river in Alaska. July 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Arumaarrluk (arumarrluk<a href="#cite_note-Pingayak1998chevak-15">[15]</a>) or arumaarrluaq is poke fish or poked fish slightly smoked and stored in seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Uqumaarrluk is poke fish slightly aged and stored in seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Puyuqer (Cıp'ig), puyuqaq (Yup'ik) is smoked fish</li></ul> <ul><li>Uqumelnguq (in Yup'ik, uqumelzngur in Cup'ig) is smoked fish soaked in seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Most of the salmon that was dried and smoked was eaten without any further preparation. Dried salmon sometimes eaten with seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Niinamayak (in Yup'ik, nin'amayuk in Canineq Yup'ik, nin'amayag in Nunivak Cup'ig) is partially (half) dried aged (fermented) herring.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cin'aq (Yukon, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Lake Iliamna, and Nunivak) is cheese-like fish aged in a pit.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>This fish is usually <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_keta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus keta">dog</a> (chum) or <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_tschawytscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus tschawytscha">king</a> (chinook) salmon. The salmon whole (except the guts) aged through the process of burying them into the marshy, muddy lowland (maraq). The hole is dug until the permafrost is exposed. The bottom of the hole is then covered with dry grass, moss, and cardboard. Then several salmon are placed in. The top of the salmon is again covered with grass, moss and or cardboard, then the remaining dug up groung is placed back into the hole, tightly covering the contents. The aged salmon fish are usually dug out during the early winter, and eaten as a delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-Pingayak1998chevak-15">[15]</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herring_spawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Herring_spawn.jpg/220px-Herring_spawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Herring_spawn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Herring spawn-on-kelp, Alaska</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Qaryaq<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-herring_egg-16">[16]</a> (melucuaq<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightChythlook198531-17">[17]</a>) or ellquat<a href="#cite_note-raymond-yakoubian2013-18">[18]</a> is herring egg[s], or "spawn" on kelp.</li></ul> <dl><dd>According to the Yup'k dictionary, a single herring egg is melucuaq or qaarsaq, herring eggs (plural)/herring roe are called elquaq, while herring egg on kelp is called qaryaq.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-herring_egg-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> Also called herring "spawn on kelp", this is a mass of <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilized</a> eggs or <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> (var. qaarsat, meluk, imlauk) of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_herring" title="Pacific herring">Pacific herring</a> attached to <a href="/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">eelgrass</a>, seaweed or other submerged vegetation. Herring spawn-on-kelp is a favored food among the majority of households in various communities in the "Togiak district" around <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay" title="Bristol Bay">Bristol Bay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Togiak,_Alaska" title="Togiak, Alaska">Togiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manokotak,_Alaska" title="Manokotak, Alaska">Manokotak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleknagik,_Alaska" title="Aleknagik, Alaska">Aleknagik</a>). Residents of <a href="/wiki/Twin_Hills,_Alaska" title="Twin Hills, Alaska">Twin Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dillingham,_Alaska" title="Dillingham, Alaska">Dillingham</a>, etc. in the bay's area also eat spawn-on-kelp. In the Togiak district, harvests of spawn-on-kelp took place between late April and early June. "Spawn-on-kelp for subsistence use is generally picked by hand, though rakes are occasionally used".<a href="#cite_note-Wrightchythlook1985tp116-20">[19]</a> "Today, freezing and salting are the most common methods of preservation. In the past, spawn-on-kelp was preserved by drying and storage in open-weave grass baskets" (kuusqun, kuusqulluk). "As in the past, people today prefer to eat spawn-on-kelp dipped in seal oil. The product of the harvest is commonly shared with relatives and friends in the harvesters' home community during feats celebrating birthdays or holidays".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightChythlook1985ii-21">[20]</a></dd> <dd>In all four <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Island_(Alaska)" title="Nelson Island (Alaska)">Nelson Island</a> communities (<a href="/wiki/Tununak,_Alaska" title="Tununak, Alaska">Tununak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtok,_Alaska" title="Newtok, Alaska">Newtok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toksook_Bay,_Alaska" title="Toksook Bay, Alaska">Toksook Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nightmute,_Alaska" title="Nightmute, Alaska">Nightmute</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Petekreher1986tp144-22">[21]</a> and "much of the roe-on-kelp is consumed soon after it is harvested, but a portion of the harvest is preserved in seal-skin <a href="/wiki/Waterskin" title="Waterskin">pokes</a> filled with seal oil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeteKreher198641-23">[22]</a></dd> <dd>The practice of collection of herring roe on kelp in the <a href="/wiki/Stebbins,_Alaska" title="Stebbins, Alaska">Stebbins</a> area community has also been field-studied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond-Yakoubian2013105–108-24">[23]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Imlaucuaq (in Yup'ik of Nelson Island,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeteKreher198640-25">[24]</a> Imlaucuar in Nunivak Cup'ig; lit. «small roe») is herring sac roe.</li></ul> <dl><dd>"The sac-roe (imlacuaq) is dried into product resembling golden chips. The dried roe is placed in containers and stored in the cache. It is soaked in water prior to eating but is also eaten dried. All sac-roe from subsistence caught herring was processed in all four Nelson Island communities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeteKreher198640-25">[24]</a></dd></dl> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Number of salmon processed for subsistence use by <a href="/wiki/Kwethluk,_Alaska" title="Kwethluk, Alaska">Kwethluk</a> households during 1986<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Species</th> <th>Harvested</th> <th>Cooked (keniraq)</th> <th>Smoked strips (palak’aaq)</th> <th>Smoked "dry fish" (neqerrluk)</th> <th>Frozen (kumlaneq)</th> <th>Salted (sulunaq)</th> <th>Canned (paankaraq)</th> <th>Stinkhead (tepa)</th> <th>Dog food (qimugcin) </th></tr> <tr> <td>King or Chinook</td> <td>5,824</td> <td>417</td> <td>654</td> <td>4,292</td> <td>129</td> <td>142</td> <td>12</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red or Sockeye</td> <td>5,423</td> <td>276</td> <td>136</td> <td>3,153</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>726</td> <td>1,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dog or Chum</td> <td>9,738</td> <td>77</td> <td>0</td> <td>8,031</td> <td>84</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1,246</td> <td>1,543 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silver or Coho</td> <td>3,545</td> <td>94</td> <td>30</td> <td>1,084</td> <td>330</td> <td>157</td> <td>12</td> <td>41</td> <td>902 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Humpback or Pink</td> <td>619</td> <td>16</td> <td>0</td> <td>84</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total salmon</td> <td>25,149</td> <td>880</td> <td>820</td> <td>17,546</td> <td>544</td> <td>299</td> <td>24</td> <td>4,721 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooked">Cooked</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cooked">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> (kenir-) is the process of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat. There are very many methods of cooking. These include <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a> (maniar-), <a href="/wiki/Barbecuing" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbecuing">barbecuing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a> (uute-), <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a> (assali-, asgir-), <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking (food)">smoking</a> (puyurte-, aruvarqi-, aruvir-), <a href="/wiki/Boiling_in_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling in cooking">boiling</a> (ega-), and <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a> (puyiar(ar)-). <ul><li>Keniraq (lit. «cooked thing») is fresh <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooked</a> fish or other food (also <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>).<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ugka is cooked fish or other food.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Uuqnarliq (Kuskokwim), uuqnarniq (Yukon), uqnarliq (Hooper Bay and Chevak) is cooked blackfish.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Allemaaq (Hooper Bay and Chevak) is cooked blackfish fry.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Maniaq (lit. «roasted thing»<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasted</a> (barbecued) over an open fire fish.</li></ul> <dl><dd>All parts of the fish except the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (anatomy)">guts</a> are used. Over an open fire, a green branch or drift wood is used by inserting the stick in the mouth of the fish, then pushing the stick though the fish along the backbone until the stick emerges at the base of the tail. the stick is then propped up near the open fire to begin roasting. a modern alternative is to wrap the fish in foil and piece it in the camp fire.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Teggsiq'er (in Nunivak Cup'ig) half dried herring (specifically made for cooking).<a href="#cite_note-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata-9">[9]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Uutaq (lit. «baked thing») is baked fish (also, hard candy or other hard-baked food; bread<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Salkuuyaq or Sal'kuuyaq (Yup'ik), Cal'kuuyaq (Cup'ik) (also, <a href="/wiki/Casserole" title="Casserole">casserole</a> of meat or fish with potatoes, onions, etc.) is fresh fish baked whole or filleted after the entrails are removed.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The meat of fish baked whole is slit in the middle lengthwise on the other side. Fish are placed in a baking dish, seasoned, oiled, and baked. Younger people seem to prefer this over the plainer boiled fish. It is often eaten with boiled rice.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> It is derived from Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Жарко́е (page does not exist)">Жарко́е</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:жаркое">ru</a>] (zharkóe) ‘roast’.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Assaliaq (assaliq;<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> lit. «fried thing»; also, pancake; other fried food; fry bread<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a>) is fresh fried fish. All parts of the fish except the entrails are used to prepare this dish, although often the heads are removed as well. The fish is filleted, dipped in seasoned flour, or just seasoned with salt, and fried in oil. If households enjoy picking and sucking backbones or only a few fish are available, the backbone will be fried along with the filleted pieces. Heads are sometimes fried for the same reasons. Boiled rice is the favorite side dish with this meal. Middle aged and younger people enjoy this meal for the flavor.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> The verb assali- (to fry; to make pancakes or griddlecakes) is derived from Russian жа́рить (zhárit’) ‘to roast, fry, broil, grill’.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egaaq (lit. «boiled thing») is boiled fish or other food (also, by extension, any cooked fish or other food).<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egamaarrluk (egamaarruk<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> or egamaaq) is partially dried (not smoked) fish boiled for eating. The partially dried and boiled fish is only partially cooked.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The half-dried salmon (egamaarrluk) which was cooked after being partially dried.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Egamaarruk is split and half dried fish. these are prepared much like neqerrluk, but are not fully dried and may not be smoked. The half dried fish are boiled and eaten with seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> The egamaarrluk involved a similar process but the fish were kept as fillets rather than sliced into strips.<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Qamangatak (Egegik) is half-dried, boiled fish.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Umlikaaq (or Umlikaq ~ Umlikqaq)<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> or Ungllekaq<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> (ungllik'ar in Nunivak Cup'ig<a href="#cite_note-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata-9">[9]</a>) is fresh boiled fish.</li></ul> <dl><dd>All parts of the fish except for the entrails are used to prepare umlikqaq. Fresh fish that have been dead for less than a day make the best umlikqaq because the meat is still firm. If a freshwater fish is caught with a hook, it is best to kill the fish by hitting its head soon after capture so the meat will stay firm for cooking. The main ingredients of umlikqaq are cut-up fish, water, and salt which are boiled for about 29 minutes. This is a preferred food for elders because it easy to make and is not strongly seasoned. First heads are good prepared as umlikqaq.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">[11]</a> Also, Ungelkaaq is fish steak cut transversely.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Qageq (sg Qagret pl) is day-old cooked blackfish. Blackfish that has been boiled and allowed to set in its cooled, jelled broth.</li></ul> <ul><li>Aagciuk is fish meatball made of the soft meat and bones of spawned-out fish, cooked by dropping in boiling water.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals_as_food">Mammals as food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mammals as food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg/220px-Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg/330px-Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg/440px-Drying_Seal_Meat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Strips of seal meat hang on a rack to dry at a summer subsistence camp. The dark meat is rich in oil to fuel hard work and keep people warm in the arctic. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Krusenstern_National_Monument" title="Cape Krusenstern National Monument">Cape Krusenstern National Monument</a> in northwestern Alaska, June 2008.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beluga_blubber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beluga_blubber.jpg/220px-Beluga_blubber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beluga_blubber.jpg/330px-Beluga_blubber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beluga_blubber.jpg/440px-Beluga_blubber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Muktuk drying at <a href="/wiki/Point_Lay,_Alaska" title="Point Lay, Alaska">Point Lay, Alaska</a>. June 24, 2007</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals as food</a> are only seals and beluga whale. Seals were the primary marine mammal hunted.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seal_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal oil">Seal oil</a> (uquq) was used by most households.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Seal oil is a source of <a href="/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA), <a href="/wiki/Docosapentaenoic_acid" title="Docosapentaenoic acid">docosapentaenoic acid</a> (DPA), and <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA). <a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a> is usually eaten with seal oil. <ul><li>Tangviaq (Y), tangviarrluk (K, BB, HBC); tangviarrluggaq (NI, CAN) tangevkayak ~ tangevkayagaq (NI) tangeq (Y, NUN, NS) seal cracklings (strip of seal blubber from which oil has been rendered)</li></ul> <ul><li>Civanraq (sg civanrat pl) is fibrous leftover piece when seal oil has been obtained by heating diced seal blubber in a pan; crackling.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cuakayak is cooked seal lung.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Uqiquq Passing out of bearded seal oil- The stripped long blubber for girls in the family and square cut blubber for men in the household.<a href="#cite_note-Pingayak1998chevak-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Uqiqur- to distribute seal blubber and meat and gifts when someone has caught a seal; to give a “seal party”<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Beluga <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a> (mangtak in Yukon, Unaliq-Pastuliq, Chevak, mangengtak in Bristol Bay) is the traditional Eskimo meal of frozen raw beluga whale skin (dark <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>) with attached subcutaneous fat (<a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>).</li> <li>Aaqassaaq (Kotlik) is skin to be chewed to soften it; beluga blubber for eating.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Tamukassaaq is aged beluga skin.<a href="#cite_note-Chythlookcoiley1994tp231-26">[25]</a> (also, skin to chew on such as dried fish skin<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Taaqassaaq is skin for chewing.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The hide and flippers from fresh walrus may be fermented to make taaqassaaq.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1991tp212-27">[26]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kinengyak (sg kinengyiit pl) is dried meat (caribou, moose)</li></ul> Dry moose meat was a favorite food among <a href="/wiki/Chuathbaluk,_Alaska" title="Chuathbaluk, Alaska">Chuathbaluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleetmute,_Alaska" title="Sleetmute, Alaska">Sleetmute</a> inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Charnley1984tp81-28">[27]</a> <ul><li>Qemitaq (lit. «strangled thing») is muskrat or squirrel that has been hung by the neck to dry after being skinned.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds_as_food">Birds as food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birds as food">edit</a>]</div> The flesh of virtually all waterfowl in the environment was eaten, either fresh or dried, usually with oil or a sourdock leaf soup. Even cormorants were considered edible and the meat of these fishy-tasting birds was dried or boiled when freshly killed. The eggs of waterfowl were sometimes sucked raw, but were usually boiled. Unlike Eskimos of the adjacent mainland, the Nunivaarmiut did not boil eggs hard and pack them in pokes for use during the winter. Instead, if there were more eggs than could be consumed at the time of collecting, they were hard-boiled and, still in their shells, placed in wooden dishes of seal oil to be kept for a short while.<a href="#cite_note-Jamesvanstone-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants_as_food">Plants as food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plants as food">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Akutaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Akutaq">Akutaq</a> (in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, akutar in Cup'ig, akutuq in <a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Iñupiaq</a>) or Eskimo ice cream, also known as Yup'ik ice-cream, Yupik ice-cream, Inupiaq ice-cream, Inupiat ice-cream, Alutiiq ice cream is a mixture of berries, sugar, seal oil, shortening, flaked fish flesh, snow, etc. Akutaq is most common Eskimo delicacy in Alaska, and only <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> in Eskimo cuisine. Both Eskimo ice cream and <a href="/wiki/Indian_ice_cream_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ice cream (Alaska)">Indian ice cream</a> are also known as native ice cream or Alaskan ice cream in Alaska. There are different types of akutaq. Akutaq is served on all special occasions. Like <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik dance">Yup'ik dance</a>, akutaq is not an everyday dish. It is a special treat, an honor to receive and a responsibility to give.<a href="#cite_note-Barkerdancingakutaq-29">[28]</a> "Mouse akutak" is made from roots found in mouse holes. Only a portion of the mouse's stored roots is taken, and some people replace the roots with something else the mouse can eat. The <a href="/wiki/Mousefood" title="Mousefood">mousefood</a> or mouse food (ugnaraat neqait) consists of the roots of various tundra plants which are cached by <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a> in burrows. Mousefood are grains gathered by a mouse and buried in shallow tunnels that sprout in the fall or spring rains. The tender green sprouts are often one of the first fresh foods available. Mousefood is eaten much like one would eat a small salad or fresh greens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastry">Pastry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pastry">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a> (kelipaq Yukon, Kuskokwim, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Nelson Island, Canineq, Bristol Bay, Nushagak River, Lake Iliamna, Egegik, kelipar in Cup'ig from Russian хлеб khleb; qaqiaq bread in Yukon, Unaliq-Pastuliq from Iñupiaq qaqqiaq; qaq'uq in Yukon, Unaliq-Pastuliq from Iñupiaq qaqquq; kuv'aq in Yukon; tevurkaq in Unaliq-Pastuliq, tuurkaq in Lower Yukon from English dough) The uutaq is hard candy or other hard-baked food; bread<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a> (mukaaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, mukaar, muk'ar in Cup'ig from Russian мукá muká)<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fried_bread" title="Fried bread">Fried bread</a> (uqulek Hooper Bay and Chevak, uqurpag in Cup'ig; alatiq in Bristol Bay, alaciq in Egegik from Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оладьи (page does not exist)">Оладьи</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:оладьи">ru</a>] alad’i)<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> The maniaq (Yup'ik and Cup'ik), maniar (Cup'ig) is pancake; fried bread; roasted thing<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Frybread</a> or fry bread (uqup'alek in Kuskokwim) is the characteristic widespread Native American homemade deep-fried biscuit, sometimes called “Eskimo doughnut” locally, known as “<a href="/wiki/Bannock_(Indigenous_American_food)" title="Bannock (Indigenous American food)">bannock</a>” in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> Both frybread and <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancake</a> are also known as asgiq or assaliaq (Unaliq-Pastuliq). The verb assali- "to fry; to make pancakes or griddlecakes" from Russian жа́рить zhárit’ The Eskimo doughnut is a deep-fried biscuit, a little like fry bread in <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnut</a> form or fried bannock. Iñupiaq style Eskimo doughnut (aka "mukparuks"; muqpauraq or uqsrukuaqtaq ~ uqsripkauqtaq in Iñupiaq) is <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzel</a>-like Eskimo doughnut and basically a mixture of seal oil, flour, and water, baked and fried in seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilot_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot bread">Pilot bread</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">cracker</a> (cugg'aliq ~ sugg'aliq from Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сухари (page does not exist)">Сухари</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:сухари">ru</a>] sukhari’; qaq'ulektaaq in Yukon, Unasliq-Pastuliq) specifically means the manufactured, substantial unsalted crackers known as “pilot bread” (or “hardtack”) common in the North but not elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">Cookie</a> (cugg'alinguaq in Egegik)<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Easter_bread" title="Easter bread">Easter bread</a> (kulic'aaq from Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кулич (page does not exist)">Кулич</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:кулич">ru</a>] kulích) Russian Orthodox Easter bread.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drinks">Drinks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drinks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Naklegnaqluteng yuullrullinilriit yuurqayuunateng, caayurtusuunateng, kuuvviartusuunateng-llu neqekarrlainarnek tau͡gaam ner’aqluteng. "Poor things; they lived their lives without having hot beverages — no tea, no coffee; they just ate fish."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Martha Teeluk-aam Qulirat Avullri Erinairissuutekun Agnes Hootch-aamek (1960s), <a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> (caayuq in Yukon, Unaliq-Pastuliq, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Nelson Island, Upper Kuskokwim, Nushagak River, Lake Iliamna, Egegik, saayuq Lower Kuskokwim, Canineq, Bristol Bay, caayu Nunivak Cup'ig; from Russian чай chay) <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> (kuuvviaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, kuupiaq in Unaliq, kuuvviar in Cup'ig; from Russian ко́фе kófe). The kuuvviapik ~ kuuvviapiaq is real coffee (in contrast to alqunaq or <a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">instant coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decaffeinated_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Decaffeinated coffee">decaffeinated coffee</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ersatz_good" title="Ersatz good">ersatz coffee</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> is the selection of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Food preparation">preparation of foods</a>, and their ingestion to be <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)" title="Assimilation (biology)">assimilated</a> by the body. <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> is the provision to obtain the essential nutrients necessary to support life and health. Alaska subsistence communities are noted to obtain up to 97% of the <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> through a subsistence diet.<a href="#cite_note-Contaminants2004-31">[30]</a> The cardiovascular risk of this diet is so severe that the addition of a more <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">standard American diet</a> has reduced the incidence of mortality in the native population.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Still, many market (store-bought) foods are high in fats, carbohydrates, and sodium; and these may lead to increased <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a> (hypercholesterolaemia), <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a> (hypertension), and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic diseases">chronic diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Contaminants2004-31">[30]</a> Increasing EPA and DHA intakes to amounts well consumed by the general US population may have strong beneficial effects on <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic disease</a> risk.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Yup’ik Eskimos have a prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> of %3.3, versus %7.7 in the U.S. overall, even though the Yup’ik Eskimos have <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a>/<a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> levels similar to the rest of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In a preliminary study initiated by the Center for Alaska Native Health Research (CANHR) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>, elders were significantly enriched in <a href="/wiki/%CE%9415N" title="Δ15N">δ15N</a>, but depleted in <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ13C</a>, relative to younger participants.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumnaq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tumnaq.JPG/220px-Tumnaq.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tumnaq.JPG/330px-Tumnaq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tumnaq.JPG/440px-Tumnaq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4233" data-file-height="2822" /></a><figcaption>Tumnaq used to make <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_ice_cream" title="Alaskan ice cream">Eskimo ice cream</a>, circa 1910</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_storage">Food storage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Food storage">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_caches,_Hooper_Bay,_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Food_caches%2C_Hooper_Bay%2C_Alaska.jpg/250px-Food_caches%2C_Hooper_Bay%2C_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Food_caches%2C_Hooper_Bay%2C_Alaska.jpg/375px-Food_caches%2C_Hooper_Bay%2C_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Food_caches%2C_Hooper_Bay%2C_Alaska.jpg/500px-Food_caches%2C_Hooper_Bay%2C_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="2341" /></a><figcaption>Elevated cache (qulvarvik, qulrarvik, neqivik, enekvak, mayurpik, mayurrvik, ellivik, elliwig) was used to store food where it would be safe from animals. Hooper Bay, Alaska, 1929.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Food storage</a> Dried and smoked salmon were usually stored in smokehouses, freezers, or caches belonging to the head of the salmon production unit. Salted fish were kept in buckets or wooden barrels and were stored in the house, entryway, cache, or smokehouse. Frozen salmon were kept in household freezers. Whole frozen coho salmon, used for dog food, were sometimes stored outside in pits.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Elevated cache or raised log cache, also raised cache or log storehouse (qulvarvik sg qulvarviit pl [Yukon, Kuskokwim, Bristol Bay, Nushagak River, Lake Iliamna], qulrarvik [Egegik], qaivarrvik, neqivik [Hooper Bay-Chevak, Yukon, Nelson Island], enekvak [Hooper Bay-Chevak], mayurpik [Hooper Bay-Chevak], mayurrvik [Nelson Island], ellivik [Kuskokwim], elliwig [Nunivak]) is a <a href="/wiki/Bear_cache" title="Bear cache">bear cache</a>-like safe <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">food storage</a> place designed to store food outdoors and prevent animals from accessing it. Elevated cache types include log or plank cache, open racks, platform caches, and tree caches. The high cabin-on-post cache was probably not an indigenous form among either Eskimos or <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a>. Cabin-on-post caches are thought to have appeared in the 1870s. The cabin-on-post form may thus have been introduced by early traders, miners, or missionaries, who would have brought with them memories of the domestic and storage structures constructed in their homelands.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dog_food">Dog food</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dog food">edit</a>]</div> For thousands of years, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> (qimugta sg qimugtek dual qimugtet pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qimugta sg qimugteg dual qimugtet pl in Cup'ig) as <a href="/wiki/Sled_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sled dogs">sled dogs</a>, have been tightly interwoven in the Yup'ik way of life, for transportation and companionship. Except for dogs, there were no important domesticated animals in aboriginal times. <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a> (qimugcin, qimugcitkaq, qimugcessuun) refers to food for the dogs. Alunga is homemade dog food (a boiled mixture of fish and meat products) and Alungun is dog-feeding <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">trough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> Salmon is the best food to feed (nerqe-) dogs. Chum, coho, and pink salmon were the species most frequently processed for dog food. In addition to dried salmon processed for dog food, whole uncut salmon and the heads, entrails, and backbones, not preserved or prepared for dog food, were also used as dog food. Chum salmon harvested during August for use as dog food were usually dried. Between late August and early October, coho salmon harvested for dog food were preserved by burying whole in earthen pits.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Beluga (especially late fall hunting) are used for feeding dogs in the Bristol Bay areas.<a href="#cite_note-Chythlookcoiley1994tp231-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_sources">Food sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Food sources">edit</a>]</div> The Yup'ik, like other <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a> groups, were <a href="/wiki/Semi-nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-nomadic">semi-nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-fisher-gatherers</a> who moved seasonally throughout the year within a reasonably well-defined territory to harvest fish, bird, sea and land mammal, berry and other renewable resources. <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">Subsistence</a> is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, or gathering food to live on (not to resell), and is practiced by almost all the Yup'ik. In the inland, fishing for red salmon and gathering berries in the summer as well as hunting caribou or moose in the fall and winter constitute the primary seasonal subsistence activities of the inland Yup'ik villages. The Yup'ik region is rich with waterfowl, fish, and sea and land mammals. The coastal settlements rely more heavily on sea mammals (<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrusses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whales</a>), many species of fish (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_blackfish" title="Alaska blackfish">Alaska blackfish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>. The inland settlements rely more heavily on Pacific salmon and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">freshwater whitefish</a>, land mammals (<a href="/wiki/Alces_alces_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alces alces gigas">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_caribou" title="Porcupine caribou">caribou</a>), migratory waterfowl, bird eggs, berries, greens, and roots help sustain people throughout the region. Subsistence foods are generally considered by many to be nutritionally superior <a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">superfoods</a>. Wild salmon, game meat, and berries harvested by Alaska Natives are world class fare compared to processed, canned, high priced items they find at their local mercantiles. Lonner (1986) compares the generally high carbohydrate foods of local grocery stores with “vital proteins and fats” in subsistence foods. In addition, the hunting and gathering of subsistence foods are favored activities among many rural Alaskans if not spiritually and culturally necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Marielowe2007bristol-37">[36]</a> The primary subsistence food in the Bristol Bay region and in most of rural Alaska is salmon, followed closely by big game hunting of caribou and moose in the more inland areas, and marine mammal hunting in the coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-Marielowe2007bristol-37">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Fish_and_Game" title="Alaska Department of Fish and Game">Alaska Department of Fish and Game</a> (ADF&G) is the State of Alaska's regulatory agency for the management of fish and wildlife resources.<a href="#cite_note-Marielowe2007bristol-37">[36]</a> The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's mission is similar to that of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in its goals to “protect, conserve, and enhance” fish and wildlife resources—however, for the good of the nation at large.<a href="#cite_note-Marielowe2007bristol-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg/220px-Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg/330px-Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg/440px-Kuskokwim_Smelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Fresh-caught smelt (probably <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_smelt" title="Rainbow smelt">rainbow smelt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kuskokwim_River" title="Kuskokwim River">Kuskokwim River</a>, Alaska, May 2008</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (neqa sg neqek dual neqet pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik neqa or iqallug in Cup'ig) is one of the most common Yup'ik foods. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmons</a> Oncorhynchus (neqpik in Yup'ik, literally "real fish") are <a href="/wiki/Anadromous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous fish">anadromous fish</a> as they <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> in freshwater (<a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a>) and spend at least a part of their lives in the ocean. Salmon is a staple of the native Alaskan diet and natives have traditionally used all parts of the fish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_nerka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus nerka">Red salmon</a> or sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (sayak in Yup'ik, cayak in Cup'ik, cayag in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_tschawytscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus tschawytscha">King salmon</a> or Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (taryaqvak, tarsarpak, kiagtaq in Yup'ik, taryaqvak in Cup'ik, taryaqvag in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_kisutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus kisutch">Silver salmon</a> or coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (qakiiyaq, uqurliq, caayuryaq in Yup'ik, qavlunaq in Cup'ik, ciayuryar in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_keta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus keta">Dog salmon</a> or chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (iqalluk, aluyak, kangitneq, mac'utaq in Yup'ik, qavlunaq, neqpik in Cup'ik, mac'utar in Cup'ig) is second-largest of the Alaskan salmonids. In Alaska, chum salmon often called dog salmon due to their fierce <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> exhibited during spawning as well as the males tendency to bite and nip at each other. Salmon snobs of Alaska will often turn up their noses at chum salmons because they are thought to be only fit for <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">dog food</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus gorbuscha">Humpback salmon</a> or pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (amaqaayak, amaqsuq, luqaanak, terteq in Yup'ik, cuqpeq in Cup'ik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">Rainbow trout</a> or steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (talaariq in Yup'ik, kangitner in Cup'ik) were usually cooked fresh and dried.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_malma" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvelinus malma">Trout (charr)</a> or Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma (iqallugpik [Kuskokwim, Yukon], yugyaq [Bristol Bay] in Yup'ik, iqalluyagar in Cup'ig) were usually cooked fresh and dried.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_namaycush" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvelinus namaycush">Lake trout</a> Salvelinus namaycush (cikignaq) were usually cooked fresh and dried.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenodus_nelma" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenodus nelma">Sheefish</a> or inconnu Stenodus nelma (ciiq) were preserved by drying, smoking, and freezing. Sheefish were also eaten fresh; cooking methods included boiling and baking.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymallus_arcticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymallus arcticus">Grayling</a> Thymallus arcticus (culugpauk, culugpaugaq, nakrullugpak, nakrutvalek in Yup'ik, culugpaugar in Cup'ig) were usually cooked fresh and dried.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox_lucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Esox lucius">Pike</a> Esox lucius (cuukvak, cukvak, ciulek, keggsuli, qalru, luqruuyak, eluqruuyak) were normally preserved by drying and were usually eaten without any further praparation. Pike were sometimes cooked and eaten while fresh.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallia_pectoralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallia pectoralis">Blackfish</a> or Alaska blackfish Dallia pectoralis (can'giiq, imangaq in Yup'ik, can'gir, taqikar in Cup'ig) were cooked by pouring boiling water intermittently into a pot containing the fish and letting them steam for several minutes. They were one of few species of the fish that were usually not dried.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lota_lota" class="mw-redirect" title="Lota lota">Lush</a> or burbot Lota lota (manignaq, aninirpak, tengugpalek, kanayurnaq) were preserved by drying and freezing. Cooking methods included boiling and baking.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clupea_pallasii" class="mw-redirect" title="Clupea pallasii">Herring</a> Clupea pallasii (iqalluarpak, iqallugpak, neqalluarpak in Yup'ik, iqalluarpag in Cup'ig) prefer spawning (qurre-) locations in sheltered bays and estuaries. "One of the largest spawning concentrations of herring in Alaska occurs in the Togiak district of Bristol Bay in the eastern Bering Sea. Herring and herring spawn-on-kelp have been harvested for subsistence use by residents of this coastal area as long as people can recall. Commercial fishing for herring in the Togiak district began in 1967 and expanded dramatically after 1977... Prior to 1983, subsistence harvests of herring and spawn-on-kelp were not regulated".<a href="#cite_note-Wrightchythlook1985tp116-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmerus_mordax" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmerus mordax">Smelt</a> or rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax subsp. dentex (qusuuq, iqalluaq, cimigliq, cimerliq, cimerliaq, cimirliq, cemerliq, elquarniq, uqtaqngaq, qimaruaq in Yup'ik, quyuuq, cemerliq in Cup'ik, quss'ur in Cup'ig) were cooked by frying and roasting when eaten fresh. Some fishermen who harvested smelt consider these fish as "emergency food," to be kept in the smokehouse or cache and used if supplies of dried salmon ran out or if food shortages occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_fishing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Commercial_fishing.jpg/220px-Commercial_fishing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Commercial_fishing.jpg/330px-Commercial_fishing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Commercial_fishing.jpg/440px-Commercial_fishing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4461" data-file-height="3670" /></a><figcaption>Commercial fishing (before 1927): manignaalleryak (Yup'ik) atgiaq (Bristol Bay) atgiiyar (Cup'ig) = Pacific cod (<a href="/wiki/Gadus_macrocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadus macrocephalus">Gadus macrocephalus</a>) and naternarpak (Yup'ik ~ Cup'ik) cagiq (Cup'ik) cagir (Cup'ig) = halibut (<a href="/wiki/Hippoglossus_stenolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippoglossus stenolepis">Hippoglossus stenolepis</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_mammals">Sea mammals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sea mammals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">Marine mammals</a> or sea mammals (imarpigmiutaq sg imarpigmiutaat pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, imarpillar in Cup'ig) are only fin-footed species, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walruses</a>. There are four species of seals in Alaska that are referred to as ice seals (or ice associated seals) because they use <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> for some important life history events such as pupping, nursing, molting, and resting. This ice seals (ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals) are all used for subsistence by coastal Alaska Natives for food, oil, materials, clothing, and handicrafts.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal</a> Erignathus barbatus (maklak sg makliik dual makliit pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, maklag in Cup'ig) is the best-known species of the seals living in the all Eskimo (Yupik and Inuit) regions. For Yup'ik hunters, bearded seals were the seal of choice. Bearded seals were widely considered the best seal for meat. The blubber was rendered into oil.<a href="#cite_note-Susangeorgette-39">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal</a> Pusa hispida or hair seal (nayiq sg nayiik dual nayiit pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, nayir in Cup'ig), known as "winter seal" or "regular seal", is the only seals generally available throughout the region all winter. In terms of meat, ringed seals were generally second in preference to bearded seals. However, ringed seals were the first choice of many hunters for oil.<a href="#cite_note-Susangeorgette-39">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal</a> Phoca largha, Phoca vitulina largha and/or <a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal</a> Phoca vitulina (issuriq sg issurik dual issurit pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, issuri in Cup'ig) ...<a href="#cite_note-Susangeorgette-39">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal</a> Histriophoca fasciata (qasruliq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qasruleg in Cup'ig) was hunted only occasionally. Their meat is rich in blood and not a favored food, but some hunters liked the oil.<a href="#cite_note-Susangeorgette-39">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Steller's sea lion">Steller's sea lion</a> Eumetopias jubatus (uginaq sg uginak dual uginat pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, apakcug in Cup'ig) was not hunted or hunted only occasionally (at the present time). Sea lions are most common near the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a> Siberian Yupik communities of <a href="/wiki/Gambell,_Alaska" title="Gambell, Alaska">Gambell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savoonga,_Alaska" title="Savoonga, Alaska">Savoonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Susangeorgette-39">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a> or Pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens (asveq sg asverek ~ asevrek dual asveret ~ asevret pl in Yup'ik kaugpak in Cup'ik, kaugpag in Cup'ig). Hunting of walrus and other marine mammals in western <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay" title="Bristol Bay">Bristol Bay</a>, including Round Island (Yup'ik Qayaciq literally "place to go in a kayak") as part of the <a href="/wiki/Walrus_Island,_Pribilof_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Walrus Island, Pribilof Islands">Walrus Islands State Game Sanctuary</a>, by the native people (Yup'ik-speaking Tuyuryarmiut) of the <a href="/wiki/Togiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Togiak">Togiak</a> area over the last 2,500 years is documented by archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence. Much of the walrus was used for food, including the hide, fat, muscle, tissue, flippers, head (including the brains) and various internal organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs.<a href="#cite_note-Fallchythlook1991tp212-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a> or white whale Delphinapterus leucas (cetuaq, assigarnaq, qecip'atuli in Yup'ik cituaq in Cup'ik, cetuar in Cup'ig) is used for human and dog food. Beluga harvested in spring are used primarily for human food, although some are used for dog food. Beluga harvests in the fall usually are lower than in spring. The late fall beluga hunts were used to produce food for the dogs. Parts of the beluga used for human food include the skin, fat, backstrap, and intestines. Backstrap meat is sometimes dried, and beluga skin is sometimes pickled. Beluga products are prepared a number of ways, such as boiling skin and meat (eaten hot or cold); flouring and frying or barbecuing backstraps; and processing fat into oil for use with dried fish and meat. Ways of preserving and using beluga products show local differences between communities and families.<a href="#cite_note-Chythlookcoiley1994tp231-26">[25]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_mammals">Land mammals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Land mammals">edit</a>]</div> Terrestrial mammals or land mammals (nunarmiutaq sg nunarmiutaat pl in Yup'ik) are game animals and furbearers. <ul><li>Game animals (pitarkaq sg pitarkat pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, pitarkar sg pitarkat pl in Cup'ig). Caribou, moose and "bears" are included in the definition of the word pitarkat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_caribou" title="Porcupine caribou">Caribou</a> or wild caribou Rangifer tarandus granti (tuntu, tuntupik or tuntupiaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, tuntupig in Cup'ig). Prior to European contact, caribou were important not only for their meat but for the skins which were an important item used in clothing. The Russians encouraged the Eskimos to adopt Western-style dress in order to release more furs for trading.<a href="#cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">[5]</a> The second most commonly received resources for Manokotak residents were caribou (%64.8 of households). Caribou meat was often made into jerky. The stomach contents such as sedges and other greens, were eaten. Virtually all of the edible parts of the animal was utilized.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Caribou have been absent from Nunivak Island for at least 100 years, but many of the procedures for preparing the flesh of this animal also apply to the domestic reindeer. In earlier times, however, caribou livers were placed in the animal's stomach to ferment; this is no longer done. The lining of a reindeer stomach was cut up and eaten with dried fish or by itself. Lungs and kidneys were given to the dogs, but the heart was eaten. Neither caribou meat nor fish were ever pounded as a method of preservation.<a href="#cite_note-Jamesvanstone-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a> or (semi)domestic caribou Rangifer tarandus tarandus (qusngiq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qusngir in Cup'ig). The word qusngiq which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchee</a> qoraŋe (ӄораӈы) or <a href="/wiki/Koryak_language" title="Koryak language">Koryak</a> qoyaŋa (ӄойаӈа).<a href="#cite_note-yupeskdict-6">[6]</a> In Europe, use the terms "caribou" and "reindeer" synonymously, but in Alaska and Canada "reindeer" refers exclusively to semi-domesticated forms.<a href="#cite_note-caribou-40">[39]</a> Only in North America are wild Rangifer referred to as "caribou". In Eurasia, "reindeer" are classified as either domesticated or wild.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were introduced into Alaska 100 years ago and have been maintained as semidomestic livestock. They have had contact with wild caribou (R. t. granti) herds, including deliberate crossbreeding and mixing in the wild. Reindeer have considerable potential as a domestic animal for meat or velvet antler production, and wild caribou are important to subsistence and sport hunters.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) managed reindeer operations on the <a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Island" title="Nunivak Island">Nunivak Island</a> beginning in 1940. The Nunivak herd is composed of about 4,000 reindeer. The southern half of Nunivak is a designated Wilderness area, which presents challenges in summertime herding, since use of motorized recreational vehicles is forbidden within the Wilderness area without adequate snow cover.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alces_alces_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alces alces gigas">Moose</a> or Alaska moose Alces alces gigas (tuntuvak in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, tuntuwag in Cup'ig, literally "big caribou"). The most commonly received resources for Manokotak residents were moose (%79.6 of households). Moose were not usually seen in the lower Kuskokwim River drainages until the early 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Moose meat (tuntuviim kemga) was preserved by freezing and drying. Rarely was moose meat preserved by smoking or caning. Hunters who harvested moose at spring camps in the mountains preserved meat by cutting it into strips and hanging it on racks or bushes to dry in the sun, making <a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">jerky</a>. This jerky was eaten without further preparation, or it was boiled. Virtually all of the moose was used. Bones were cracked and the marrow was removed. Fat from the back and rump was cut into small pieces and eaten uncooked along with meals at home and when in the field. Part of the stomach was cleaned and prepared, and the heart, liver, and kidneys were also eaten. The whole head was usually kept so that the muscles, brain, tongue, and nose could be removed and cooked. The feet and hooves were also cooked and eaten. Moose was cooked in variety of ways including boiling, roasting, stewing, frying and in soups.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a> Ovibos moschatus (umingmar, maskar in Nunivak Cup'ig). Alaska's original muskox were hunted to extinction in the mid-1800s – perhaps by whalers and others. They had originally ranged Alaska's arctic and western coastal tundra. In 1935–1936 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Biological Survey</a> brought 31 muskoxen from <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Island" title="Nunivak Island">Nunivak Island</a> in an effort to reestablish the species in Alaska and as a means for <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">subsistence</a> living.<a href="#cite_note-FWS-44">[43]</a> The first modern hunting season was in 1975. Today the Nunivak herd numbers around 600 animals, down from a high of around 700 animals in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Brown bear</a> (grizzly) Ursus arctos horribilis (taqukaq, carayak Yup'ik and Cup'ik, paugnar in Cup'ig) and <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a> Ursus americanus (tan'gerliq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, tungulzria in Cup'ig) were harvested for food (meat and fat). Bear meat (tan'gerlim kemga) made into jerky was often dried over a couple of weeks time. The internal organs, such as heart, kidneys, and intestines were often distributed to elders. Both black and brown bear meat was considered very tasty and was prepared by drying, boiling, baking, and roasting. The bones were boiled so that all of the meat could easily be removed from them. The marrow was only occasionally used because the bones are very thick and not easily broken. The <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a> was considered to be too rich and was not eaten.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Furbearers or fur-bearing animals (melqulek sg melqulget pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, melquleg in Cup'ig) are commonly <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trapped</a> for their pelts and meats. The meat of all types of furbearers (beaver, mink, otter, muskrat, marten, lynx), except for fox, wolf, and wolverine, was used for human food and was also used as dog food.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a> Vulpes vulpes (kaviaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, kavviar in Cup'ig). The Nunivak Cup'ig practiced few restrictions with reference to food, but the flesh of the red fox was avoided since it was believed to cause a person to sleep during the day and be restless at night. This restriction did not apply to the flesh of the white fox.<a href="#cite_note-Jamesvanstone-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a> Vulpes lagopus (uliiq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qaterlir [white fox], eqyerer [blue fox] illaassug [cross fox] in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter</a> Enhydra lutris (arrnaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, aatagar in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontra_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontra canadensis">Land otter</a> or river otter Lontra canadensis (cuignilnguq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, cenkar, pirturcir(ar) in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogale_vison" class="mw-redirect" title="Neogale vison">American mink</a> Neogale vison (imarmiutaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, imarmiutar in Cup'ig). Mink skin parkas, and also mink pants for small boys, formerly were made.<a href="#cite_note-Jamesvanstone-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_erminea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela erminea">Beringian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mustela_richardsonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela richardsonii">American</a> ermine Mustela erminea, Mustela richardsonii (narullgiq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, terriar(ar) [in winter coloration] narullgir [in summer coloration] in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martes_americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Martes americana">Marten</a> Martes americana (qavcicuaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">Muskrat</a> Ondatra zibethicus (kanaqlak, tevyuli in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, kanaqlag in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">Vole</a> <a href="/wiki/Microtus_miurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtus miurus">Microtus miurus</a> (singing vole) and <a href="/wiki/Clethrionomys_rutilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clethrionomys rutilus">Clethrionomys rutilus</a> (northern red-backed vole) (avelngaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrostonyx_groenlandicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicrostonyx groenlandicus">Collared lemming</a> or Northern collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (qilagmiutaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik). Iñupiaq people do not eat lemmings<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmus_trimucronatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmus trimucronatus">Brown lemming</a> or Nunivak Island brown lemming Lemmus trimucronatus harroldi (pugultu in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor canadensis">Beaver</a> Castor canadensis (paluqtaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, paluqtar in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erethizon_dorsatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erethizon dorsatum">Porcupine</a> Erethizon dorsatum (issaluuq, issaluq, cukilek, ilaanquciq, nuuniq) were harvested primarily for food and were prepared much the same way that hare were prepared.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiasciurus_hudsonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamiasciurus hudsonicus">Tree squirrel</a> or red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (qiguiq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermophilus_parryii" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermophilus parryii">Ground squirrel</a> or parky squirrel, parka squirrel Spermophilus parryii (qanganaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qanganar in Cup'ig) were skinned and hung on meat drying racks to dry.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmota_caligata" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmota caligata">Marmot</a> or hoary marmot Marmota caligata (cikigpak in Yup'ik and Cup'ik) were used similarly to parka squirrels.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepus_othus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepus othus">Hare</a> Lepus othus (qayuqeggliq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qayuqegglir in Cup'ig) and <a href="/wiki/Lepus_americanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepus americanus">Rabbit</a> Lepus americanus (maqaruaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, maqaruar in Cup'ig) can be prepared much like poultry meat: roasted, broiled, grilled, fried, and stewed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Birds">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Birds</a> (tengmiaq sg tengmiak dual tengmiat pl or yaqulek sg yaqulgek dual yaqulget pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, tengmiar sg tengmiag dual tengmiat pl in Cup'ig) Eggs of some species were collected. Waterfowl were prepared in a variety of ways such as boiling, baking, and in soups.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somateria_mollissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Somateria mollissima">Common eider</a> or Pacific eider Somateria mollissima (metraq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, angiikvak in northern Yup'ik dialects, metr(ar), nanwista, metrapig ♀ tunupista ♂ in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somateria_spectabilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somateria spectabilis">King eider</a> Somateria mollissima (qengallek in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qengalleg in Cup'ig).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysticta_stelleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysticta stelleri">Steller's eider</a> Polysticta stelleri (anarnissakaq [Yukon], caqiar(aq) [Kuskokwim] in Yup'ik, qaciar(ar) in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clangula_hyemalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clangula hyemalis">Oldsquaw</a> or long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis (allgiar(aq) [Kuskokwim], allgiar [Bristol Bay], aliaaliq [Unaliq-Pastuliq], aarraaliq, aarraangiiq [Kuskokwim] in Yup'ik, aarraangiiraq, aarrangyaraq in Cup'ik, aarrangiir in Cup'ig).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_columbianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus columbianus">Swan</a> or tundra swan, whistling swan Cygnus columbianus columbianus (qugyuk in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qugsuk [Unaliq-Pastuliq], caqulegpak [Egegik], qugyug in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grus_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Grus canadensis">Sandhill crane</a> Grus canadensis (qucillgaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qucilkuryug in Cup'ig).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptarmigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a> were preserved by freezing or drying after being plucked or skinned. Once dried, the birds commonly were eaten without any other preparation. As with many dried foods, seal oil a frequent to dried ptarmigan. Ptarmigan were also cooked by boiling and were often the basis for soups.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fratercula_corniculata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fratercula_corniculata.jpg/220px-Fratercula_corniculata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fratercula_corniculata.jpg/330px-Fratercula_corniculata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fratercula_corniculata.jpg/440px-Fratercula_corniculata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horned_puffin" title="Horned puffin">Horned puffins</a> on a Nunivak Island sea cliff, August 2008</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uria_aalge" class="mw-redirect" title="Uria aalge">Common murre</a> or common guillemot Uria aalge (alpa ~ alpaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, alpa in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepphus_columba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepphus columba">Pigeon guillemot</a> Cepphus columba (ciguraq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, cigurer in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethia cristatella">Crested auklet</a> Aethia cristatella (cip'lagar, cukilpag in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratercula_corniculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratercula corniculata">Horned puffin</a> Fratercula corniculata (qilangaq, qengacuar(aq) in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qilangar, tunngar in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissa_tridactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rissa tridactyla">Black-legged kittiwake</a> Rissa tridactyla (naruyacuaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, tengaurta, tengauqsarar(ar), qarliar(ar) in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalacrocorax_pelagicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalacrocorax pelagicus">Pelagic cormorant</a> Phalacrocorax pelagicus (uyalek in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, uyaleg in Cup'ig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubo_scandiacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubo scandiacus">Snowy owl</a> Bubo scandiacus (anipa ~ anipaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, anipar in Cup'ig)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">Berries</a> and edible plants supplemented meals consisting mostly of fish and game. Plants foods also provided a variety of essential vitamins and nutrients to the diet. Berries were preserved by freezing. The most popular use berries was when making akutaq, a whipped mixture of the berries, sugar, and shortening or fat. Households also made jam, jellies, and breads from berries.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Sourdock leaves were prepared by boiling, like spinach.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Labrador tea was boiled to make tea and was consumed much like commercial teas.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Green spruce needles were also used for tea.<a href="#cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">[10]</a> Chuathbaluk and Sleetmute residents have harvested green plants both historically and presently for food, medicine, and ceremonial purposes. Greens are most commonly harvested and processed by females, although males and children may also participate in harvest activities. Most green plants are gathered close to the winter village and fish campsites or in the course of local boat travel. Greens are generally harvested by one or two females together during short morning or afternoon excursions for use by their household group. Formal organized gathering activities take place for the purpose of harvesting berries.<a href="#cite_note-Charnley1984tp81-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">Famine foods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cladonia_rangiferina" title="Cladonia rangiferina">reindeer lichen</a> (tuntut neqait) was soaked in seal oil or mixed with cranberries to make it taste better.<a href="#cite_note-Kevinjernigan-47">[46]</a> Indigenous plants were an integral part of the year-round diet of Eskimo people in addition to their incorporation in other facets of their life. Contrary to the popular perception of Eskimo people surviving solely on fish and meat, the Nunivak Cup'ig utilized a large number of local plants for food, medicinal, and utilitarian purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin2001ethnobotany-48">[47]</a> On Nunivak, most indigenous plants were traditionally gathered by women and children when the men were harvesting other available resources (e.g., caribou, waterfowl, seal). While fresh spring greens provided a welcome addition to the diet, which in winter was based largely on dried and stored foods, other greens were harvested throughout the year as they ripened, and used with some of those stored for winter use. With the melting of the island's snow pack, local greens and berries not picked during the previous fall's harvest, begin to appear and were added to the local diet. Depending on the time the ice pack began to break up, Cup'ig families would leave their winter villages and move to spring seal camps. Cup'ig men would journey out along the ice to harvest arriving sea mammals (i.e., seals, walrus) while the women would spend much of their time harvesting available plant resources (greens and seaweeds) and shellfish. Early spring plants included: <a href="/wiki/Marsh_marigold" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsh marigold">marsh marigold</a> (Caltha palustris), <a href="/wiki/Sour_dock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour dock">sour dock</a> (Rumex arcticus), <a href="/wiki/Wild_celery" title="Wild celery">wild celery</a> (Angelica lucida), <a href="/wiki/Wild_lettuce" title="Wild lettuce">wild lettuce</a> (Draba borealis or D. hyperborea), <a href="/wiki/Wild_parsnip" title="Wild parsnip">wild parsnip</a> (Ligusticum hultonii), <a href="/wiki/Wild_rhubarb" title="Wild rhubarb">wild rhubarb</a> (Polygonum viviparum), <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sorrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain sorrel">mountain sorrel</a> (Oxyria digylla), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallas_buttercup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallas buttercup (page does not exist)">Pallas buttercup</a> (Ranunculus pallasii), and <a href="/wiki/Labrador_tea" title="Labrador tea">Labrador tea</a> (Ledum pallustre decumbens).<a href="#cite_note-Griffin2001ethnobotany-48">[47]</a> After the completion of the hunting season, families would move to summer fish camps. Fish were the most prolific and essential subsistence resource for many Alaskan Natives living in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region and its harvest would occupy the majority of the families' efforts for several months. Traditional plants would continue to be harvested as they ripened and. were eaten fresh or placed in underground caches for temporary storage. By late summer/early fall, several berry species (e.g., Rubus chamaemorus, R. arcticus, Empetrum nigrum) and local greens (c.g., Rumex arcticus) were ready to be harvested and women and children would spend most days on the tundra gathering plant resources.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin2001ethnobotany-48">[47]</a> Most plants were available in a variety of locales and their harvest did not dictate moving the family to specific camps. Plants that grew in abundance in specific terrain, such as several varieties of cliff greens, usually offered other resources that could be harvested at the same time (e.g., fish, Sandhill cranes). Greens such as Rumex arcticus (sour dock) could be found throughout the island and all old camp sites are said to contain buried cache pits once used for plant storage.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin2001ethnobotany-48">[47]</a> Before placing the "wild spinach" or sour dock in the caches, the cooked leaves would be drained of juice and the pit lined with woven grass mats. Berries were stored in much the same way, except that these pits would be lined with rocks. The berries would have no juice when removed, since they would have dried out while being stored underground. In the fall, people would return to their seasonal caches and transport their stored berries and greens to their winter village.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin2001ethnobotany-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit diet">Inuit diet</a> of Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic cuisine</a> of Greenland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American cuisine</a> includes all food practices of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> such as Native Americans and Alaska Natives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwest cuisine</a> is a North American cuisine of the states of Oregon, Washington and Alaska, as well as British Columbia and the southern Yukon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrightChythlook1985">Wright & Chythlook (1985)</a>, p. 31 glosses "herring span-on-kelp" as melucuaq, based on survey principally around the Togiak/Bristol area. Anthropologist Julie Raymond-Yakoubian gives "herring eggs on kelp" as ellquat and "dried herring eggs imlaat" as imlaat in a tabulated lexicon from a different area, <a href="/wiki/Stebbins,_Alaska" title="Stebbins, Alaska">Stebbins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raymond-yakoubian2013-18">[18]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Zona Spray Starks (2007), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdn371.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/starks.pdf">Arctic foodways and contemporary cuisine</a>". Gastronomica: the journal of food and culture 7(1): 41–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Steven A. Jacobson 1984, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/language/central_yupik/yupik.html">Central Yup'ik and the schools; a handbook for teachers</a>. Alaska Department of Education, Bilingual/Bicultural Education Programs, Juneau, Alaska. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Zona Spray Starks (2000?), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRap8THh29gC&dq=%22Eskimo+cuisine%22&pg=PA262">Memories of a vanishing Eskimo cuisine</a>". In Harlan Walker (ed.), Food and the Memory: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2000. Prospect Books 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-Neqkiuryaraq-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neqkiuryaraq_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neqkiuryaraq_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neqkiuryaraq_4-2">c</a> Yuungnaqpiallerput : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yupikscience.org/5fishcamp/5-1a.html">Neqkiuryaraq Neqnek-llu Qemagciyaraq = Food preparation and storage</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schichneschythlook1988tp152-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schichneschythlook1988tp152_5-8">i</a> Janet Schichnes and Molly Chythlook (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/A/20669431.pdf">Use of fish and wildlife in Manokotak, Alaska</a>. Technical Paper No. 152, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Dillingham, Alaska, December 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-yupeskdict-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict_6-50">ay</a> Jacobson, Steven A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/search/resultDetail.xml?id=CY972J2012">Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary, 2nd edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101952/http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/search/resultDetail.xml?id=CY972J2012">Archived</a> 2017-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Alaska Native Language Center. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamesvanstone-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamesvanstone_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamesvanstone_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamesvanstone_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamesvanstone_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamesvanstone_7-4">e</a> James W. VanStone (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nunivakislandesk12vanst">Nunivak Island Eskimo (Yuit) technology and material culture</a>. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1989. Fieldiana, Anthropology, New Series, No. 12. 108 p. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ann Fienup-Riordan and Alice Rearden (2005). Wise Words of the Yup'ik People: We Talk to You Because We Love You. University of Nebraska Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nuniwarmiutpiciryarata_9-2">c</a> Nuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti : Nunivak Island Cup'ig Language Preliminary Dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffing1991tp157-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffing1991tp157_10-34">ai</a> Michael W. Coffing (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp157.pdf">Kwethluk subsistence: Contemporary land use patterns, wild resource harvest and use, and the subsistence economy of a Lower Kuskokwim River area community</a>. Technical Paper No. 157, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Juneau, Alaska, December, 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fallchythlook1996tp166-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallchythlook1996tp166_11-10">k</a> James A. Fall, Molly Chythlook, Janet C. Schichnes, and Judith M. Morris (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp166.pdf">An overview of the harvest and use of freshwater fish by the communities of the Bristol Bay Region, Southwest Alaska</a>. Technical Paper No. 166, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Juneau, Alaska, July 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1985tp123-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1985tp123_12-0">^</a> Judith M. Morris (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp123.pdf">The use of fish and wildlife resources by residents of the Bristol Bay Borough, Alaska</a>. Technical Paper No. 123, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Juneau, Alaska, December 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seitz1990tp195-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Seitz1990tp195_13-0">^</a> Jody Seitz (1990)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp195.pdf">Subsistence salmon fishing in Nushagak Bay, Southwest Alaska</a>, Technical Paper No. 195, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Juneau, Alaska, December 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawagley1998indigenous-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Kawagley1998indigenous_14-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Angayuqaq_Oscar_Kawagley" class="mw-redirect" title="Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley">Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley</a>, Delena Norris-Tull, and Roger A. Norris-Tull (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/Curriculum/Articles/KawagleyNorrisTull/YupiaqCulture.html">The indigenous worldview of Yupiaq culture: its scientific nature and relevance to the practice and teaching of science</a>. Journal of Research in Science Teaching Vol. 35, #2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pingayak1998chevak-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pingayak1998chevak_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pingayak1998chevak_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pingayak1998chevak_15-2">c</a> John Pingayak (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED448943.pdf">The Cup'ik People of the Western Tundra: A Curriculum</a>. University of Alaska Anchorage, Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER); Kashunamiut School District, Chevak, AK. Also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/projects/chevak/chevak/glossary%20words.html">Alaskool.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-yupeskdict-herring_egg-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict-herring_egg_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yupeskdict-herring_egg_16-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobson, Steven A. (2012). "herring egg/~on kelp; herring roe". Yupʼik Eskimo Dictionary. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555001155" title="Special:BookSources/9781555001155"><bdi>9781555001155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=herring+egg%2F~on+kelp%3B+herring+roe&rft.btitle=Yup%CA%BCik+Eskimo+Dictionary&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center%2C+University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781555001155&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYup%CA%BCik+cuisine" class="Z3988">, excerpted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/docs/ANLC_Catalog_2012.pdf">Alaska Native Language Center Publications (catalog)</a> 2012–2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightChythlook198531-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightChythlook198531_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrightChythlook1985">Wright & Chythlook (1985)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-raymond-yakoubian2013-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raymond-yakoubian2013_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond-yakoubian2013_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond-Yakoubian2013" class="citation cs2">Raymond-Yakoubian, Julie (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kawerak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Non-Salmon-Report.pdf">When the fish come, we go fishing: Local Ecological Knowledge of Non-Salmon Fish Used for Subsistence in the Bering Strait Region</a> (PDF), Kawerak, Inc. 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Journal of Ethnobiology 21(2): 91–127 Winter 2001 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diets" title="Template:Diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diets" title="Template talk:Diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt>Main articles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diet">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Diets" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Diets">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal,</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories/Health_and_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Categories/Health and fitness">Health and fitness portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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