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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical-chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical-chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physical-chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Culinary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nutritional significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Crust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Formulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Liquids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fats_or_shortenings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fats_or_shortenings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fats or shortenings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fats_or_shortenings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bread_improvers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bread_improvers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bread improvers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bread_improvers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Salt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leavening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leavening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leavening</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leavening-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leavening subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leavening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Yeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sourdough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sourdough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sourdough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sourdough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Steam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Aeration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fictional_breads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_breads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Fictional breads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_breads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bread</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 204 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-204" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">204 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood" title="Brood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brot" title="Brot – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brot" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%A6" title="ዳቦ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዳቦ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="रोटी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोटी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C4%81f" title="Hlāf – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hlāf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="خبز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خبز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Հաց – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հաց" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2ni" title="Pâni – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pâni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80" title="পাউৰুটী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাউৰুটী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcipa" title="Tcipa – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tcipa" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="डबलरोटी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="डबलरोटी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbujape" title="Mbujape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbujape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27ant%27a" title="T'ant'a – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="T'ant'a" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6r%C9%99k" title="Çörək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çörək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A4%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="چؤرک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چؤرک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buuru" title="Buuru – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Buuru" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="রুটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruti" title="Ruti – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ruti" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1ng" title="Pháng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pháng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Икмәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Икмәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Хлеб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хлеб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Хлеб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хлеб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapay" title="Tinapay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinapay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1" title="Хляб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хляб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod" title="Brod – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brod" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hljeb" title="Hljeb – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hljeb" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara" title="Bara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талхан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Талхан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa" title="Pa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çăкăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăкăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl%C3%A9b" title="Chléb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chléb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingwa" title="Chingwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chingwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingwa" title="Chingwa – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chingwa" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara" title="Bara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroboro" title="Boroboro – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Boroboro" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8d" title="Brød – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ibi" title="Láibi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Láibi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brot" title="Brot – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brot" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brot" title="Brot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1%C3%A1h" title="Bááh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bááh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C4%9Bb" title="Klěb – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Klěb" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leib" title="Leib – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leib" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AF" title="Ψωμί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψωμί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Кши – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кши" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano" title="Pano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogi" title="Ogi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ogi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bared" title="Bared – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bared" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brey%C3%B0" title="Breyð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Breyð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain" title="Pain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4le" title="Bôle – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bôle" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1n" title="Arán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran" title="Arran – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arran" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran" title="Aran – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aran" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Маькх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Маькх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E5%8C%85" title="麵包 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="麵包" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mien-p%C3%A2u" title="Mien-pâu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mien-pâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B3" title="Өдмг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Өдмг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%B5" title="빵 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurasa" title="Gurasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Հաց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="डबलरोटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डबलरोटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruh" title="Kruh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kruh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano" title="Pano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achicha" title="Achicha – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Achicha" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapay" title="Tinapay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tinapay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%96%82%E1%94%AD%E1%96%85" title="ᕿᖂᔭᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᖂᔭᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punniq" title="Punniq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Punniq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinkwa" title="Isinkwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isinkwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brau%C3%B0" title="Brauð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brauð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pane" title="Pane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D" title="לחם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%94n%C9%94" title="Kpɔnɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɔnɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ರೆಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರೆಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ётмек – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ётмек" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl%C3%A9b" title="Chléb – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chléb" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara" title="Bara – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bara" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugati" title="Umugati – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umugati" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkate" title="Mkate – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkate" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen" title="Pen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipen" title="Dipen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dipen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan" title="Nan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%B9" title="Киндӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Киндӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88" title="ເຂົ້າຈີ່ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຂົ້າຈີ່" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panis" title="Panis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Panis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" title="Maize – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maize" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brout" title="Brout – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brout" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83" title="Фу – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фу" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duona" title="Duona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Duona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broed" title="Broed – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Broed" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADmpa" title="Límpa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Límpa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiby" title="Leiby – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Leiby" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanba" title="nanba – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nanba" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keny%C3%A9r" title="Kenyér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kenyér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Леб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="റൊട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%81oa_(kai)" title="Parāoa (kai) – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Parāoa (kai)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5)" title="पाव (खाद्यपदार्थ) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाव (खाद्यपदार्थ)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="عيش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯇꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%AAng-b%C4%83u" title="Miêng-bău – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Miêng-bău" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Кши – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кши" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Талх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Талх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="ပေါင်မုန့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါင်မုန့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrai" title="Madrai – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Madrai" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood" title="Brood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoete" title="Stoete – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stoete" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="पाउरोटी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाउरोटी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" title="パン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pane" title="Pane – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pane" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Бепиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бепиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruad" title="Bruad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bruad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8d" title="Brød – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brød" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8d" title="Brød – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brød" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non" title="Non – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Non" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਡਬਲਰੋਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਬਲਰੋਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ڈبل روٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈبل روٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8D" title="ډوډۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډوډۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bred" title="Bred – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bred" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain" title="Pain – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broot" title="Broot – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Broot" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chleb" title="Chleb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chleb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A3o" title="Pão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan" title="Nan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tmek" title="Ötmek – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ötmek" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraoa" title="Faraoa – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Faraoa" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brut" title="Brut – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Brut" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2ine" title="Pâine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pâine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manrho" title="Manrho – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Manrho" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27anta" title="T'anta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'anta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%B1" title="Хлїб – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хлїб" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Хлеб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлеб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Килиэп – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Килиэп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="रोटी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रोटी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breid" title="Breid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka" title="Buka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Buka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pani" title="Pani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread" title="Bread – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bread" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="ڊبل روٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊبل روٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlieb" title="Chlieb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chlieb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruh" title="Kruh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kruh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlyb" title="Chlyb – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chlyb" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooti" title="Rooti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rooti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Хлеб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хлеб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hljeb" title="Hljeb – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hljeb" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leip%C3%A4" title="Leipä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leipä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6d" title="Bröd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bröd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapay" title="Tinapay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tinapay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="வெதுப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெதுப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3rum" title="Aɣrum – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aɣrum" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3%E1%B9%9Bum" title="Aɣṛum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣṛum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Ипи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ипи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86" title="రొట్టె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రొట్టె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ขนมปัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขนมปัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A" title="ᎦᏚ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏚ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3hkon%C3%AAh%C3%AB%C3%B6%27o" title="Kóhkonêhëö'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Kóhkonêhëö'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekmek" title="Ekmek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekmek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1" title="Хліб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хліб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ڈبل روٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈبل روٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mienhbau" title="Mienhbau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mienhbau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leib" title="Leib – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Leib" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_m%C3%AC" title="Bánh mì – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bánh mì" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leib" title="Leib – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Leib" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwin" title="Pwin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pwin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan" title="Pan – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Pan" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%AD" title="麭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="麭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood" title="Brood – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Brood" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapay" title="Tinapay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinapay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburu" title="Mburu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mburu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%8C%85" title="面包 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="面包" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98" title="ברויט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברויט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85" title="包 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="包" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan" title="Nan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douna" title="Douna – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Douna" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E5%8C%85" title="麵包 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麵包" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Roti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buri" title="Buri – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Buri" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food made of flour and water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bread_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bread (disambiguation)">Bread (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Bread</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Loaves of bread in a basket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG/250px-Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG/375px-Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG/500px-Korb_mit_Br%C3%B6tchen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Various leavened breads</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Bread" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Bread">Cookbook: Bread</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bread" class="extiw" title="commons:Bread">Media: Bread</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bread</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> prepared from a <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, usually by <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>. Throughout <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diet. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture#History" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture. </p><p>Bread may be <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavened</a> by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">yeast</a>, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. In many countries, commercial bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> word for bread was <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hlaf</i></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">hlaifs</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: modern English <i><a href="/wiki/Loaf" title="Loaf">loaf</a></i>) which appears to be the oldest <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Teutonic</a> name.<sup id="cite_ref-etym_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etym-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">hleib</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Laib</i></span> derive from this <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> word, which was borrowed into some <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">chléb</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">bochen chleba</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">khleb</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Baltic-Finnic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic-Finnic languages">Finnic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">leipä</i>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">leib</i>) languages as well. The <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> word bread appears in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>: <i lang="fy">brea</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">brood</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Brot</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">bröd</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">brød</i>; it may be related to <i><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brew</a></i> or perhaps to <i>break</i>, originally meaning "broken piece", "morsel".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></div> <p>Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods. Evidence from 30,000 years ago in Europe and Australia revealed starch residue on rocks used for pounding plants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that during this time, starch extract from the roots of plants, such as cattails and <a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a>, was spread on a flat rock, placed over a fire and cooked into a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a>. The oldest evidence of bread-making has been found in a 14,500-year-old <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> site in Jordan's northeastern desert.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 10,000 BC, with the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> age and the spread of agriculture, grains became the mainstay of making bread. Yeast spores are ubiquitous, including on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal grains</a>, so any dough left to rest leavens naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg/220px-Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg/330px-Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg/440px-Woman_baking_bread-E_25213-IMG_4514-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption><i>Woman baking bread</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200 BC</span>); <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An early leavened bread was baked as early as 6000 BC in southern Mesopotamia, cradle of the <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerian</a> civilization, who may have passed on the knowledge to the Egyptians around 3000 BC. The Egyptians refined the process and started adding <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>. The Sumerians were already using <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> to supplement the dough as it was baked.<sup id="cite_ref-arzani11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzani11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were multiple sources of <a href="/wiki/Leavening" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavening">leavening</a> available for early bread. Airborne yeasts could be harnessed by leaving uncooked dough exposed to air for some time before cooking. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a> used the foam skimmed from <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Barm" title="Barm">barm</a>, to produce "a lighter kind of bread than other peoples" such as <a href="/wiki/Barm_cake" title="Barm cake">barm cake</a>. Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> juice and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, as a source for <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>. The most common source of leavening was to retain a piece of dough from the previous day to use as a form of sourdough <a href="/wiki/Bread_starter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread starter">starter</a>, as Pliny also reported.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all considered the degree of refinement in the bakery arts as a sign of civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-arzani11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzani11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chorleywood_bread_process" title="Chorleywood bread process">Chorleywood bread process</a> was developed in 1961; it uses the intense mechanical working of dough to dramatically reduce the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> period and the time taken to produce a loaf. The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of grain with a lower protein content, is now widely used around the world in large factories. As a result, bread can be produced very quickly and at low costs to the manufacturer and the consumer. However, there has been some criticism of the effect on nutritional value.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_breads" title="List of breads">List of breads</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breadindia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Breadindia.jpg/129px-Breadindia.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Breadindia.jpg/194px-Breadindia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Breadindia.jpg/258px-Breadindia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown bread (left) and whole grain bread</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG/97px-Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG/146px-Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG/194px-Essene_Bread_Spelt_Sproud_cut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dark <a href="/wiki/Sprouted_bread" title="Sprouted bread">sprouted bread</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg/104px-Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg/156px-Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg/208px-Reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_view_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ruisreik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4" title="Ruisreikäleipä">Ruisreikäleipä</a>, a flat <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> flour loaf with a hole</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Bread is the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and in European-derived cultures such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. This is in contrast to parts of South and East Asia, where <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Noodles">noodles</a> are the staple. Bread is usually made from a <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> that is cultured with yeast, allowed to rise, and baked in an <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">oven</a>. Carbon dioxide and ethanol vapors produced during yeast fermentation result in bread's air pockets.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to its high levels of <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a> (which give the dough sponginess and elasticity), <a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">common or bread wheat</a> is the most common grain used for the preparation of bread, which makes the largest single contribution to the world's food supply of any food.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bread is also made from the flour of other wheat species (including <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamut">kamut</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-wheat cereals including <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> have been used to make bread, but, with the exception of rye, usually in combination with wheat flour as they have less gluten.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet#Gluten-free_bread" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free breads</a> are made using flours from a variety of ingredients such as almonds, rice, sorghum, corn, legumes such as beans, and tubers such as cassava. Since these foods lack gluten, dough made from them may not hold its shape as the loaves rise, and their crumb may be dense with little aeration. Additives such as <a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">xanthan gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxypropyl_methylcellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose">hydroxypropyl methylcellulose</a> (HPMC), <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a> are used to compensate for the lack of gluten.<sup id="cite_ref-LamacchiaCamarca2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LamacchiaCamarca2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VoltaCaio2015Quotation_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio2015Quotation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MulderWanrooijQuotation_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MulderWanrooijQuotation-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangak_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sangak, an Iranian flatbread"><img alt="Sangak, an Iranian flatbread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sangak_17.jpg/360px-Sangak_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sangak_17.jpg/540px-Sangak_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sangak_17.jpg/720px-Sangak_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sangak" title="Sangak">Sangak</a>, an Iranian flatbread</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strucia — a type of European sweet bread"><img alt="Strucia — a type of European sweet bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg/360px-Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg/540px-Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg/720px-Strucla_sweet_bread02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strucia — a type of European sweet bread</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical-chemical_composition">Physical-chemical composition</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenol">phenolic</a> compounds are mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Hull_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull (botany)">hulls</a> in the form of insoluble bound <a href="/wiki/Ferulic_acid" title="Ferulic acid">ferulic acid</a>, where it is relevant to wheat resistance to fungal diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">Rye bread</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_acid" title="Phenolic acid">phenolic acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferulic_acid_dehydrodimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferulic acid dehydrodimer">ferulic acid dehydrodimers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenol">natural phenolic</a> glucosides, <a href="/wiki/Secoisolariciresinol_diglucoside" title="Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside">secoisolariciresinol diglucoside</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-coumaric_acid_glucoside" class="mw-redirect" title="P-coumaric acid glucoside">p-coumaric acid glucoside</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferulic_acid_glucoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferulic acid glucoside (page does not exist)">ferulic acid glucoside</a>, can be found in commercial breads containing <a href="/wiki/Flaxseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed">flaxseed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg/170px-Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg/255px-Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg/340px-Small_home_made_bread_with_pumpkin_and_sunflower_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Small home made bread with <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed" title="Pumpkin seed">pumpkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Glutenin" title="Glutenin">Glutenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gliadin" title="Gliadin">gliadin</a> are functional proteins found in wheat bread that contribute to the structure of bread. Glutenin forms interconnected gluten networks within bread through interchain <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a> bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieser_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieser-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gliadin binds weakly to the gluten network established by glutenin via intrachain disulfide bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieser_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieser-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structurally, bread can be defined as an elastic-plastic <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a> (same as <a href="/wiki/Expanded_polystyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded polystyrene">styrofoam</a>). The glutenin protein contributes to its <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a> nature, as it is able to regain its initial shape after deformation. The gliadin protein contributes to its <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plastic</a> nature, because it demonstrates non-reversible structural change after a certain amount of applied force. Because air pockets within this gluten network result from carbon dioxide production during leavening, bread can be defined as a foam, or a gas-in-solid solution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a>, like in other starchy foods that have been heated higher than 120 °C (248 °F), has been found in recent years to occur in bread. Acrylamide is <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxic</a>, has adverse effects on male reproduction and developmental toxicity and is <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a>. A study has found that more than 99 percent of the acrylamide in bread is found in the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hohenheim" title="University of Hohenheim">University of Hohenheim</a> found that industrially produced bread typically has a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/FODMAP" title="FODMAP">FODMAP</a> carbohydrates due to a short rising time (often only one hour). The high proportion of FODMAP carbohydrates in such bread then causes <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>. This is particularly problematic in intestinal diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>. While in traditional bread making the dough rises for several hours, industrial breads rise for a much shorter time, usually only one hour. However, a sufficiently long rising time is important to break down the indigestible FODMAP carbohydrates. Some flours (for example, <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn</a>) contain fewer FODMAPs, but the difference between grain types is relatively small (between 1 and 2 <a href="/wiki/Weight_percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight percent">percent by weight</a>). Instead, 90% of the FODMAPs that cause discomfort can be broken down during a rising time of four hours. In the study, whole-grain yeast doughs were examined after different rising times; the highest level of FODMAPs was present after one hour in each case and decreased thereafter. The study thus shows that it is essentially the baking technique and not the type of grain that determines whether a bread is well tolerated or not. A better tolerance of bread made from original cereals can therefore not be explained by the original cereal itself, but rather by the fact that traditional, artisanal baking techniques are generally used when baking original cereals, which include a long dough process. The study also showed that a long rising time also breaks down undesirable <a href="/wiki/Phytates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytates">phytates</a> more effectively, flavors develop better, and the finished bread contains more biologically accessible <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG/220px-Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG/330px-Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG/440px-Rew13c05-745a_Bread_Pudding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bread_pudding" title="Bread pudding">Bread pudding</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bread can be served at many <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a>; once baked, it can subsequently be <a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">toasted</a>. It is most commonly eaten with the hands, either by itself or as a carrier for other foods. Bread can be spread with <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, dipped into liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can be topped with various sweet and savory spreads, or used to make <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwiches</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meats</a>, cheeses, vegetables, and <a href="/wiki/Condiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Condiments">condiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bread is used as an ingredient in other culinary preparations, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Breadcrumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadcrumb">breadcrumbs</a> to provide crunchy crusts or thicken sauces; toasted cubes of bread, called <a href="/wiki/Croutons" class="mw-redirect" title="Croutons">croutons</a>, are used as a salad topping; seasoned bread is used as <a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">stuffing</a> inside roasted turkey; sweet or savoury <a href="/wiki/Bread_pudding" title="Bread pudding">bread puddings</a> are made with bread and various liquids; egg and milk-soaked bread is fried as <a href="/wiki/French_toast" title="French toast">French toast</a>; and bread is used as a binding agent in <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">meatballs</a> and other ground meat products.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_significance">Nutritional significance</h3></div> <p>Bread is a good source of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> and micronutrients such as magnesium, iron, selenium, and B vitamins. Whole grain bread is a good source of dietary fiber and all breads are a common source of protein in the diet, though not a rich one.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crust">Crust</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg/220px-Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg/330px-Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg/440px-Wei%C3%9Fbrot-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bread with crust crack (half left at the top)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bread crust is formed from surface dough during the cooking process. It is hardened and browned through the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a> using the sugars and amino acids due to the intense heat at the bread surface. The crust of most breads is harder, and more complexly and intensely flavored, than the rest. <a href="/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">Old wives' tales</a> suggest that eating the bread crust makes a person's hair curlier.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the crust is rumored to be healthier than the remainder of the bread. Some studies have shown that this is true as the crust has more <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioxidants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioxidants">antioxidants</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronyl (page does not exist)">pronyl</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Composition_and_chemistry"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chemistry_and_composition"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg/220px-Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg/330px-Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg/440px-Tortillas_de_rescoldo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption>Steps in bread making, here for an unleavened Chilean tortilla</figcaption></figure> <p>Doughs are usually <a href="/wiki/Baked" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked">baked</a>, but in some cuisines breads are <a href="/wiki/Steamed_bread" title="Steamed bread">steamed</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mantou" title="Mantou">mantou</a>), fried (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Puri_(food)" title="Puri (food)">puri</a>), or baked on an unoiled <a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">frying pan</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a>). It may be <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavened</a> or unleavened (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzo</a>). <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">Salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavening agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(baking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (baking)">yeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> are common ingredients, though bread may contain other ingredients, such as <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methods of processing dough into bread include the <a href="/wiki/Straight_dough" title="Straight dough">straight dough process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chorleywood_bread_process" title="Chorleywood bread process">Chorleywood bread process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sponge_and_dough" title="Sponge and dough">sponge and dough process</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg/220px-Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg/330px-Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg/440px-Brot_-_Outubro_2013_-_Covalima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Baking bread in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulation">Formulation</h3></div> <p>Professional bread recipes are stated using the <a href="/wiki/Baker_percentage" title="Baker percentage">baker's percentage</a> notation. The amount of flour is denoted to be 100%, and the other ingredients are expressed as a percentage of that amount by weight. Measurement by weight is more accurate and consistent than measurement by volume, particularly for dry ingredients. The proportion of water to flour is the most important measurement in a bread recipe, as it affects texture and crumb the most. Hard wheat flours <a href="/wiki/Farinograph#Method" title="Farinograph">absorb</a> about 62% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, while softer wheat flours absorb about 56%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common table breads made from these doughs result in a finely textured, light bread. Most artisan bread formulas contain anywhere from 60 to 75% water. In yeast breads, the higher water percentages result in more CO<sub>2</sub> bubbles and a coarser bread crumb. </p><p>Dough recipes commonly call for 500 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> (about 1.1 pounds) of flour, which yields a single loaf of bread or two <a href="/wiki/Baguette" title="Baguette">baguettes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calcium_propionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium propionate">Calcium propionate</a> is commonly added by commercial bakeries to retard the growth of molds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flour">Flour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a> is grain ground into a powder. Flour provides the primary structure, starch and protein to the final baked bread. The <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> content of the flour is the best indicator of the quality of the bread <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> and the finished bread. While bread can be made from all-purpose wheat flour, a specialty bread flour, containing more protein (12–14%), is recommended for high-quality bread. If one uses a flour with a lower protein content (9–11%) to produce bread, a shorter mixing time is required to develop gluten strength properly. An extended mixing time leads to oxidization of the dough, which gives the finished product a whiter crumb, instead of the cream color preferred by most artisan bakers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wheat flour, in addition to its starch, contains three water-soluble protein groups (<a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proteose" title="Proteose">proteoses</a>) and two water-insoluble protein groups (<a href="/wiki/Glutenin" title="Glutenin">glutenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gliadin" title="Gliadin">gliadin</a>). When flour is mixed with water, the water-soluble proteins dissolve, leaving the glutenin and gliadin to form the structure of the resulting bread. When relatively dry dough is worked by <a href="/wiki/Kneading" title="Kneading">kneading</a>, or wet dough is allowed to rise for a long time (see <a href="/wiki/No-knead_bread" title="No-knead bread">no-knead bread</a>), the glutenin forms strands of long, thin, chainlike molecules, while the shorter gliadin forms bridges between the strands of glutenin. The resulting networks of strands produced by these two proteins are known as <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>. Gluten development improves if the dough is allowed to <a href="/wiki/Autolyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Autolyse">autolyse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquids">Liquids</h3></div> <p>Water, or some other liquid, is used to form the flour into a paste or dough. The weight or ratio of liquid required varies between recipes, but a ratio of three parts liquid to five parts flour is common for yeast breads.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recipes that use steam as the primary leavening method may have a liquid content in excess of one part liquid to one part flour. Instead of water, recipes may use liquids such as milk or other <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>), fruit juice, or eggs. These contribute additional sweeteners, fats, or leavening components, as well as water.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fats_or_shortenings">Fats or shortenings</h3></div> <p>Fats, such as butter, vegetable oils, lard, or that contained in eggs, affect the development of gluten in breads by coating and lubricating the individual strands of protein. They also help to hold the structure together. If too much fat is included in a bread dough, the lubrication effect causes the protein structures to divide. A fat content of approximately 3% by weight is the concentration that produces the greatest leavening action.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to their effects on leavening, fats also serve to tenderize breads and preserve freshness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bread_improvers">Bread improvers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bread_improver" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread improver">Bread improver</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bread_improver" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread improver">Bread improvers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dough_conditioner" title="Dough conditioner">dough conditioners</a> are often used in producing commercial breads to reduce the time needed for rising and to improve texture and volume and to give <a href="/wiki/Staling" title="Staling">antistaling</a> effects. The substances used may be oxidising agents to strengthen the dough or reducing agents to develop gluten and reduce mixing time, emulsifiers to strengthen the dough or to provide other properties such as making slicing easier, or enzymes to increase gas production.<sup id="cite_ref-Tenbergen_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tenbergen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt">Salt</h3></div> <p>Salt (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>) is very often added to enhance flavor and restrict yeast activity. It also affects the crumb and the overall texture by stabilizing and strengthening<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gluten. Some artisan bakers forego early addition of salt to the dough, whether wholemeal or refined, and wait until after a 20-minute rest to allow the dough to <a href="/wiki/Autolyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Autolyse">autolyse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixtures of salts are sometimes employed, such as employing <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> to reduce the sodium level, and <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">monosodium glutamate</a> to give flavor (<a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leavening">Leavening</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">Unleavened bread</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg/220px-Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg/330px-Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg/440px-Aberdour_Castle_-_Dough_Trough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A dough trough, located in <a href="/wiki/Aberdour_Castle" title="Aberdour Castle">Aberdour Castle</a>, once used for leavening bread</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Leavening" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavening">Leavening</a> is the process of adding gas to a dough before or during baking to produce a lighter, more easily chewed bread. Most bread eaten in the West is leavened.<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemicals">Chemicals</h3></div> <p>A simple technique for leavening bread is the use of gas-producing chemicals. There are two common methods. The first is to use <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Self-raising_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-raising flour">self-raising flour</a> that includes baking powder. The second is to include an acidic ingredient such as <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> and add <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a>; the reaction of the acid with the soda produces gas.<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemically leavened breads are called <i><a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">quick breads</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">soda breads</a></i>. This method is commonly used to make <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, American-style <a href="/wiki/Biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscuits">biscuits</a>, and quick breads such as <a href="/wiki/Banana_bread" title="Banana bread">banana bread</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yeast">Yeast</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">Baker's yeast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/220px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/330px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/440px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Compressed fresh yeast</figcaption></figure> <p>Many breads are leavened by <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>. The yeast most commonly used for leavening bread is <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, the same species used for brewing alcoholic beverages. This yeast <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">ferments</a> some of the sugars producing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Commercial bakers often leaven their dough with commercially produced <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">baker's yeast</a>. Baker's yeast has the advantage of producing uniform, quick, and reliable results, because it is obtained from a <a href="/wiki/Pure_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure culture">pure culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many artisan bakers produce their own yeast with a growth culture. If kept in the right conditions, it provides leavening for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-387-38563-0-cite4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-387-38563-0-cite4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The baker's yeast and <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough</a> methods follow the same pattern. Water is mixed with flour, salt and the leavening agent. Other additions (spices, herbs, fats, seeds, fruit, etc.) are not needed to bake bread, but are often used. The mixed dough is then allowed to <a href="/wiki/Proofing_(baking_technique)" title="Proofing (baking technique)">rise</a> one or more times (a longer rising time results in more flavor, so bakers often "punch down" the dough and let it rise again), loaves are formed, and (after an optional final rising time) the bread is baked in an <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">oven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many breads are made from a "<a href="/wiki/Straight_dough" title="Straight dough">straight dough</a>", which means that all of the ingredients are combined in one step, and the dough is baked after the rising time;<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others are made from a "<a href="/wiki/Pre-ferment" title="Pre-ferment">pre-ferment</a>" in which the leavening agent is combined with some of the flour and water a day or so ahead of baking and allowed to ferment overnight. On the day of baking, the rest of the ingredients are added, and the process continues as with straight dough. This produces a more flavorful bread with better texture. Many bakers see the starter method as a compromise between the reliable results of baker's yeast and the flavor and complexity of a longer fermentation. It also allows the baker to use only a minimal amount of baker's yeast, which was scarce and expensive when it first became available. Most yeasted pre-ferments fall into one of three categories: "<a href="/wiki/Poolish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poolish">poolish</a>" or "pouliche", a loose-textured mixture composed of roughly equal amounts of flour and water (by weight); "<a href="/wiki/Biga_(bread_baking)" title="Biga (bread baking)">biga</a>", a stiff mixture with a higher proportion of flour; and "pâte fermentée", which is a portion of dough reserved from a previous batch.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breaddough1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Before first rising"><img alt="Before first rising" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Breaddough1.jpg/187px-Breaddough1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Breaddough1.jpg/280px-Breaddough1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Breaddough1.jpg/374px-Breaddough1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Before first rising</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breaddough2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="After first rising"><img alt="After first rising" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Breaddough2.jpg/180px-Breaddough2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Breaddough2.jpg/270px-Breaddough2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Breaddough2.jpg/360px-Breaddough2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">After first rising</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="After proofing, ready to bake"><img alt="After proofing, ready to bake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg/289px-Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg/433px-Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg/577px-Risen_bread_dough_in_tin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">After <a href="/wiki/Proofing_(baking_technique)" title="Proofing (baking technique)">proofing</a>, ready to bake</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sourdough">Sourdough</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">Sourdough</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg/220px-Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg/330px-Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg/440px-Sour_dough_loaves03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Sourdough loaves</figcaption></figure> <p>Sourdough is a type of bread produced by a long fermentation of dough using naturally occurring yeasts and <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">lactobacilli</a>. It usually has a mildly sour taste because of the <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> produced during <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> by the lactobacilli. Longer fermented sourdoughs can also contain <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, the main non-water component of vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsonSourdough_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsonSourdough-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sourdough breads are made with a sourdough starter. The starter cultivates yeast and lactobacilli in a mixture of flour and water, making use of the microorganisms already present on flour; it does not need any added yeast. A starter may be maintained indefinitely by regular additions of flour and water. Some bakers have starters many generations old, which are said to have a special taste or texture.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsonSourdough_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsonSourdough-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time, all yeast-leavened breads were sourdoughs. Recently there has been a revival of sourdough bread in artisan bakeries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, peasant families throughout Europe baked on a fixed schedule, perhaps once a week. The starter was saved from the previous week's dough. The starter was mixed with the new ingredients, the dough was left to rise, and then a piece of it was saved to be the starter for next week's bread.<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam">Steam</h3></div> <p>The rapid expansion of steam produced during baking leavens the bread, which is as simple as it is unpredictable. Steam-leavening is unpredictable since the steam is not produced until the bread is baked. Steam leavening happens regardless of the raising agents (baking soda, yeast, baking powder, sour dough, beaten egg white) included in the mix. The leavening agent either contains air bubbles or generates carbon dioxide. The heat vaporises the water from the inner surface of the bubbles within the dough. The steam expands and makes the bread rise. This is the main factor in the rising of bread once it has been put in the oven.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise. Heat kills bacteria or yeast at an early stage, so the CO<sub>2</sub> generation is stopped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Salt-rising_bread" title="Salt-rising bread">Salt-rising bread</a> does not use yeast. Instead, it is leavened by <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i>, one of the most common sources of food-borne illness.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeration">Aeration</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aerated_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerated bread">Aerated bread</a> is leavened by carbon dioxide being forced into dough under pressure. From the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, bread made this way was somewhat popular in the United Kingdom, made by the <a href="/wiki/Aerated_Bread_Company" title="Aerated Bread Company">Aerated Bread Company</a> and sold in its high-street <a href="/wiki/Aerated_Bread_Company#Tea_shops_and_early_women's_issues" title="Aerated Bread Company">tearooms</a>. The company was founded in 1862, and ceased independent operations in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-memoir_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memoir-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pressure-Vacuum mixer was later developed by the Flour Milling and Baking Research Association for the <a href="/wiki/Chorleywood_bread_process" title="Chorleywood bread process">Chorleywood bread process</a>. It manipulates the gas bubble size and optionally the composition of gases in the dough via the gas applied to the headspace.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg/220px-Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg/330px-Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg/440px-Rapid_Trident_2014_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption>A Ukrainian woman in national dress welcoming with <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt" title="Bread and salt">bread and salt</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bread_in_culture" title="Bread in culture">Bread in culture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bread_in_culture" title="Bread in culture">Bread has a significance beyond mere nutrition in many cultures</a> because of its history and contemporary importance. Bread is also <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">significant in Christianity</a> as one of the elements (alongside <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in other religions including <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>, bread is a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for basic necessities and living conditions in general. For example, a "bread-winner" is a household's main economic contributor and has little to do with actual bread-provision. This is also seen in the phrase "putting bread on the table". The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> satirized superficial politicians and the public as caring only for "<i>panem et circenses</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Bread_and_circuses" title="Bread and circuses">bread and circuses</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> in 1917, the Bolsheviks promised "peace, land, and bread."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a>" denotes an agriculturally productive region. In parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> Europe <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt" title="Bread and salt">bread and salt</a> is offered as a welcome to guests.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, life's basic necessities are often referred to as "roti, kapra aur makan" (bread, clothes, and house).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words for bread, including "dough" and "bread" itself, are used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking countries as <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> for <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-etym_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etym-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A remarkable or revolutionary innovation may be called the best thing since "<a href="/wiki/Sliced_bread" title="Sliced bread">sliced bread</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "to break bread with someone" means "to share a meal with someone".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word "lord" comes from the Anglo-Saxon <i>hlāfweard</i>, meaning "bread keeper."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bread is sometimes referred to as "the staff of life", although this term can refer to other staple foods in different cultures: the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> defines it as "bread (or similar staple food)".<sup id="cite_ref-camb_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes thought to be a biblical reference, but the nearest wording is in Leviticus 26 "when I have broken the staff of your bread".<sup id="cite_ref-levit_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levit-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been adopted in the names of bakery firms.<sup id="cite_ref-kendal_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kendal-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_breads">Fictional breads</h3></div> <p>Lembas bread: a fictional bread from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. It was given to Frodo by Galadriel and kept him alive through his journey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bread of the two elders: a magical type of bread from <i><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Folk_Tales" title="Hungarian Folk Tales">Hungarian Folk Tales</a></i> (from the Ördög és a kenyér story). It was able to talk and ward off the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rd%C3%B6g" title="Ördög">Ördög</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fraud">Fraud</h2></div> <p>Bread has been subject to <a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">food fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adulteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulteration">adulteration</a> with fillers. In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval times">medieval times</a>, sand was used as a filler.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> has made sourcing <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">wheat flour</a> more challenging and raised concerns of bread <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flour_fraud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flour fraud (page does not exist)">flour fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_bread" title="Bark bread">Bark bread</a> – Scandinavian bread used as famine food</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_bowl" title="Bread bowl">Bread bowl</a> – Round loaf of bread which has had a large portion of the middle cut out to create an edible bowl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_clip" title="Bread clip">Bread clip</a> – Closure device for plastic bags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_dildo" title="Bread dildo">Bread dildo</a> – Dildo prepared using bread, allegedly made in the Greco-Roman era around 2,000 years ago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breading">Breading</a> – Residue of dried bread<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a> – Type of home appliance for baking bread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_pan" title="Bread pan">Bread pan</a> – Kitchen utensil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crouton" title="Crouton">Crouton</a> – Rebaked breads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breads" title="List of breads">List of breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bread_dishes" title="List of bread dishes">List of bread dishes</a> – Dishes using bread as a main ingredient, listed by category</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_toast_dishes" title="List of toast dishes">List of toast dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">Quick bread</a> – Bread leavened with agents other than yeast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliced_bread" title="Sliced bread">Sliced bread</a> – Loaf of bread that has been sliced with a machine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Bread" title="Slow Bread">Slow Bread</a> – Type of bread made using very little yeast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sop" title="Sop">Sop</a> – Piece of bread or toast that is drenched in liquid and then eaten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a> – Edible mixture filling a food's cavity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_bread" title="White bread">White bread</a> – Type of bread made from white wheat flour</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-etym-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etym_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etym_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=bread">"bread"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bread&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonov1999" class="citation book cs1">Diakonov, Igor M. (1999). <i>The Paths of History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64398-6"><bdi>978-0-521-64398-6</bdi></a>. <q>Slavic langues retain many Gothic words, reflecting cultural borrowings: thus <i>khleb</i>, (bread) from an earlier <i>khleiba</i> from Gothic <i>hlaifs</i>, or, rather, from the more ancient form <i>hlaibhaz</i>, which meant bread baked in an oven (and, probably, made with yeast), as different from a l-iepekha, which was a flat cake moulded (liepiti) from paste, and baked on charcoal. [the same nominal stem *hlaibh- has been preserved in modern English as loaf; cf. Lord, from ancient <i>hlafweard</i> bread-keeper]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paths+of+History&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64398-6&rft.aulast=Diakonov&rft.aufirst=Igor+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2013" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Sam (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/the-etymology-of-the-word-bread">"The Etymology of the Word 'Bread'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Bon Appetit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bon+Appetit&rft.atitle=The+Etymology+of+the+Word+%27Bread%27&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonappetit.com%2Ftest-kitchen%2Fingredients%2Farticle%2Fthe-etymology-of-the-word-bread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-10-prehistoric-ate-flatbread-years.html">"Prehistoric man ate flatbread 30,000 years ago: study"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. Science X. Agence France-Presse. 19 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+man+ate+flatbread+30%2C000+years+ago%3A+study&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-10-prehistoric-ate-flatbread-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrendt2016" class="citation news cs1">Behrendt, Larissa (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/22/indigenous-australians-know-were-the-oldest-living-culture-its-in-our-dreamtime">"Indigenous Australians know we're the oldest living culture – it's in our Dreamtime"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Australians+know+we%27re+the+oldest+living+culture+%E2%80%93+it%27s+in+our+Dreamtime&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Behrendt&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fsep%2F22%2Findigenous-australians-know-were-the-oldest-living-culture-its-in-our-dreamtime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2018" class="citation web cs1">Briggs, Helen (17 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874">"Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+bake-off%3A+Scientists+discover+oldest+evidence+of+bread&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-44846874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amaia Arranz-Otaegui, Lara Gonzalez Carretero, Monica N. Ramsey, Dorian Q. Fuller, and Tobias Richter: <i>Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan</i>. PNAS, 11 July 2018 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1801071115">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019005930/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1801071115">Archived</a> 19 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). <i>On food and cooking</i>. Scribner. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+food+and+cooking&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arzani11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arzani11_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arzani11_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arzani A.: <i>Emmer (Triticum turgidum spp. dicoccum) flour and breads</i>. In Preedy V.R., Watson R.R., Patel V.B. (Eds. 2011), <b>Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention</b>, Academic Press, California, pp. 69-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannahill1973" class="citation book cs1">Tannahill, Reay (1973). <i>Food in History</i>. Stein and Day. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1437-8"><bdi>978-0-8128-1437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+History&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-1437-8&rft.aulast=Tannahill&rft.aufirst=Reay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1938" class="citation book cs1">Pliny the Elder (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL371.255.xml?readMode=recto"><i>Natural History</i></a>. Loeb Classics. p. 1.255. <q>Generally however they do not heat it up at all, but only use the dough kept over from the day before; manifestly it is natural for sourness to make the dough ferment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=1.255&rft.pub=Loeb+Classics&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Fpliny_elder-natural_history%2F1938%2Fpb_LCL371.255.xml%3FreadMode%3Drecto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522022319/http://www.allotment.org.uk/recipes/bread-making/chorleywood-process">Chorleywood Industrial Bread Making Process</a>. allotment.org.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-13670278">bbc.com: "Chorleywood: The bread that changed Britain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613131117/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-13670278">Archived</a> 13 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fob.uk.com/about-the-bread-industry/history-of-bread-antiquity/history-bread-20th-century/">"fob.co.uk: "History of bread – 20th century"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419215109/https://www.fob.uk.com/about-the-bread-industry/history-of-bread-antiquity/history-bread-20th-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fob.co.uk%3A+%22History+of+bread+%E2%80%93+20th+century%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fob.uk.com%2Fabout-the-bread-industry%2Fhistory-of-bread-antiquity%2Fhistory-bread-20th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiettonSamsonMarlinGodet2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mietton, Lauriane; Samson, Marie-Françoise; Marlin, Thérèse; Godet, Teddy; Nolleau, Valérie; Guezenec, Stéphane; Segond, Diego; Nidelet, Thibault; Desclaux, Dominique; Sicard, Delphine (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317705">"Impact of Leavening Agent and Wheat Variety on Bread Organoleptic and Nutritional Quality"</a>. <i>Microorganisms</i>. <b>10</b> (7): 1416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms10071416">10.3390/microorganisms10071416</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-2607">2076-2607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317705">9317705</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35889135">35889135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microorganisms&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Leavening+Agent+and+Wheat+Variety+on+Bread+Organoleptic+and+Nutritional+Quality&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1416&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9317705%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-2607&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35889135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms10071416&rft.aulast=Mietton&rft.aufirst=Lauriane&rft.au=Samson%2C+Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Marlin%2C+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rft.au=Godet%2C+Teddy&rft.au=Nolleau%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&rft.au=Guezenec%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Segond%2C+Diego&rft.au=Nidelet%2C+Thibault&rft.au=Desclaux%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Sicard%2C+Delphine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9317705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAO_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeña" class="citation web cs1">Peña, R. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4011e/y4011e0w.htm">"Wheat for bread and other foods"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Wheat, in the form of bread, provides more nutrients to the world population than any other single food source.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheat+for+bread+and+other+foods&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F006%2Fy4011e%2Fy4011e0w.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085940/http://www.glnc.org.au/grains/types-of-grains/wheat/">"Wheat"</a>. Grains & Legumes Nutrition Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glnc.org.au/grains/types-of-grains/wheat/">the original</a> on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Aside from bread wheat and durum, other types of wheat include spelt, emmer, einkorn and kamut. These wheat varieties are commonly referred to as 'ancient' grains and are increasingly being used in the manufacture of niche wheat-based food products.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheat&rft.pub=Grains+%26+Legumes+Nutrition+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glnc.org.au%2Fgrains%2Ftypes-of-grains%2Fwheat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauvain2015" class="citation book cs1">Cauvain, Stanley (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6q3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA376"><i>Technology of Breadmaking</i></a>. Springer. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14687-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14687-4"><bdi>978-3-319-14687-4</bdi></a>. <q>In the past, maize (corn), barley, oats, sorghum, millet and rice have all found their way into bread products at some time, usually when wheat and rye have been in short supply.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Breadmaking&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-14687-4&rft.aulast=Cauvain&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6q3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LamacchiaCamarca2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LamacchiaCamarca2014_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamacchiaCamarcaPicasciaDi_Luccia2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lamacchia C, Camarca A, Picascia S, Di Luccia A, Gianfrani C (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942718">"Cereal-based gluten-free food: how to reconcile nutritional and technological properties of wheat proteins with safety for celiac disease patients"</a>. <i>Nutrients</i> (Review). <b>6</b> (2): 575–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu6020575">10.3390/nu6020575</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6643">2072-6643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942718">3942718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24481131">24481131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=Cereal-based+gluten-free+food%3A+how+to+reconcile+nutritional+and+technological+properties+of+wheat+proteins+with+safety+for+celiac+disease+patients&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=575-90&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2072-6643&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24481131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu6020575&rft.aulast=Lamacchia&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Camarca%2C+A&rft.au=Picascia%2C+S&rft.au=Di+Luccia%2C+A&rft.au=Gianfrani%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoltaCaio2015Quotation-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VoltaCaio2015Quotation_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoltaCaioDe_GiorgioHenriksen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (June 2015). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders". <i>Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 477–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpg.2015.04.006">10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26060112">26060112</a>. <q>After the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">NCGS</a> diagnosis, according to the previously mentioned work-up, patients are advized to start with a GFD [49]. (...) NCGS patients can experience more symptoms than CD patients following a short gluten challenge [77]. <i>(NCGS=non-celiac gluten sensitivity; CD=coeliac disease; GFD=gluten-free diet)</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Pract+Res+Clin+Gastroenterol&rft.atitle=Non-celiac+gluten+sensitivity%3A+a+work-in-progress+entity+in+the+spectrum+of+wheat-related+disorders&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-91&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpg.2015.04.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26060112&rft.aulast=Volta&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Caio%2C+G&rft.au=De+Giorgio%2C+R&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+C&rft.au=Skodje%2C+G&rft.au=Lundin%2C+KE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MulderWanrooijQuotation-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MulderWanrooijQuotation_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldervan_WanrooijBakkerWierdsma2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mulder CJ, van Wanrooij RL, Bakker SF, Wierdsma N, Bouma G (2013). "Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders". <i>Dig. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+Health+%22Is+eating+bread+crust+really+good+for+you%3F%22&rft.pub=Health.howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.howstuffworks.com%2Fwellness%2Ffood-nutrition%2Ffacts%2Feating-bread-crust.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924091333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/search">"Bread recipes (45 results found)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/search">the original</a> on 24 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bread+recipes+%2845+results+found%29&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Frecipes%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley,_John_H.Phillips,_R._O.1989" class="citation book cs1">Finley, John H.; Phillips, R. O. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYjWtWt5O9IC&pg=PA371"><i>Protein quality and the effects of processing</i></a>. New York: M. Dekker. p. See Figure 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-7984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-7984-9"><bdi>978-0-8247-7984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protein+quality+and+the+effects+of+processing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=See+Figure+2&rft.pub=M.+Dekker&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-7984-9&rft.au=Finley%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+R.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYjWtWt5O9IC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamelman,_Jeffrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Hamelman, Jeffrey (2004). <i>Bread: a baker's book of techniques and recipes</i>. New York: John Wiley. pp. 7–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-16857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-16857-7"><bdi>978-0-471-16857-7</bdi></a>. <q>A high gluten white flour will require more mix time than a white flour with a lower gluten content,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread%3A+a+baker%27s+book+of+techniques+and+recipes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-13&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-16857-7&rft.au=Hamelman%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterCareyTintonWalpole2007" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Gary; Carey, Patrick; Tinton, Terry; Walpole, Steven (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2iGHqXWigQ4C&pg=RA17-PA10"><i>Professional Chef: Level 2 Diploma</i></a>. Cengage Learning EMEA. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-706-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-706-2"><bdi>978-1-84480-706-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Chef%3A+Level+2+Diploma&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84480-706-2&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Carey%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Tinton%2C+Terry&rft.au=Walpole%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2iGHqXWigQ4C%26pg%3DRA17-PA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://food.laurieashton.com/2009/06/bakers-percentages-and-bread-hydration/">Hydration ratio for breads</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151320/http://food.laurieashton.com/2009/06/bakers-percentages-and-bread-hydration/">Archived</a> 14 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Food.laurieashton.com (5 June 2009). Retrieved 21 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redstaryeast.com/yeast-baking-lessons/common-baking-ingredients/liquids/">"Yeast & Baking Lessongs. Liquids"</a>. Red Star Yeast<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yeast+%26+Baking+Lessongs.+Liquids&rft.pub=Red+Star+Yeast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredstaryeast.com%2Fyeast-baking-lessons%2Fcommon-baking-ingredients%2Fliquids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_LindaCauvain,_Stanley_P.2007" class="citation book cs1">Young, Linda; Cauvain, Stanley P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtJivmeDfcC&pg=PA54"><i>Technology of Breadmaking</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-38563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-38563-1"><bdi>978-0-387-38563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Breadmaking&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-38563-1&rft.au=Young%2C+Linda&rft.au=Cauvain%2C+Stanley+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXtJivmeDfcC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tenbergen-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tenbergen_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenbergen1999" class="citation web cs1">Tenbergen, Klaus (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodingredientsonline.com/doc.mvc/Dough-and-Bread-Conditioners-0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO">"Dough and Bread Conditioners"</a>. <i>Food and Product Design Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Product+Design+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dough+and+Bread+Conditioners&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Tenbergen&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodingredientsonline.com%2Fdoc.mvc%2FDough-and-Bread-Conditioners-0001%3FVNETCOOKIE%3DNO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silverton, Nancy (1996) <i>Breads From The La Brea Bakery</i>, Villard, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40907-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40907-6">0-679-40907-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhart, Peter (2001) <i>The Bread Baker's Apprentice: Mastering the Art of Extraordinary Bread</i>, Ten Speed Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58008-268-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58008-268-8">1-58008-268-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAC-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAC_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAC_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAC_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAC_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAC_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAC_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://becomingachef.co.uk/bread-leavening-agents-sourdough-starter/">"The Bread Leavening Process"</a>. <i>Becoming a Chef</i>. 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Becoming+a+Chef&rft.atitle=The+Bread+Leavening+Process&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbecomingachef.co.uk%2Fbread-leavening-agents-sourdough-starter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-387-38563-0-cite4-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-387-38563-0-cite4_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_LindaCauvain,_Stanley_P.2007" class="citation book cs1">Young, Linda; Cauvain, Stanley P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtJivmeDfcC&pg=PA79"><i>Technology of Breadmaking</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-38563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-38563-1"><bdi>978-0-387-38563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Breadmaking&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-38563-1&rft.au=Young%2C+Linda&rft.au=Cauvain%2C+Stanley+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXtJivmeDfcC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weekendbakery.com/posts/more-artisan-bread-baking-tips-poolish-biga/">"Artisan bread baking tips: Poolish & biga"</a>. <i>Weekend Bakery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weekend+Bakery&rft.atitle=Artisan+bread+baking+tips%3A+Poolish+%26+biga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekendbakery.com%2Fposts%2Fmore-artisan-bread-baking-tips-poolish-biga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">"Preferments". King Arthur Flour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preferments&rft.pub=King+Arthur+Flour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsonSourdough-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonSourdough_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonSourdough_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1999" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/756"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/756">756–57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211579-9"><bdi>978-0-19-211579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=756-57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211579-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00davi_0%2Fpage%2F756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobbetti,_MarcoGänzle,_Michael2012" class="citation book cs1">Gobbetti, Marco; Gänzle, Michael, eds. (2012). <i>Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-9189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-9189-8"><bdi>978-1-4899-9189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Sourdough+Biotechnology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-9189-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg1972" class="citation journal cs1">Ng, Henry (June 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC380523">"Factors Affecting Organic Acid Production by Sourdough (San Francisco) Bacteria"</a>. <i>Applied Microbiology</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 1153–1159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fam.23.6.1153-1159.1972">10.1128/am.23.6.1153-1159.1972</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6919">0003-6919</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC380523">380523</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5042265">5042265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Factors+Affecting+Organic+Acid+Production+by+Sourdough+%28San+Francisco%29+Bacteria&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1153-1159&rft.date=1972-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC380523%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0003-6919&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5042265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fam.23.6.1153-1159.1972&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC380523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesure2016" class="citation news cs1">Mesure, Susie (30 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/supermarkets-cash-in-on-sourdough-bread-craze-as-popularity-surges-a6844101.html">"Supermarkets cash in on sourdough bread craze as popularity surges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Supermarkets+cash+in+on+sourdough+bread+craze+as+popularity+surges&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=Mesure&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fnews%2Fsupermarkets-cash-in-on-sourdough-bread-craze-as-popularity-surges-a6844101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_W.P.2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, W.P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCVPjK0mSfkC&pg=PA68"><i>The science of bakery products</i></a>. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-486-3"><bdi>978-0-85404-486-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>When bread expands in the oven the resulting expansion is known as oven spring. It has been calculated that water expansion was responsible for some 60% of the expansion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+of+bakery+products&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-486-3&rft.au=Edwards%2C+W.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoCVPjK0mSfkC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630212428/http://home.comcast.net/~petsonk/">"Susan R. Brown's Salt Rising Bread Project"</a>. Home.comcast.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~petsonk/">the original</a> on 30 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susan+R.+Brown%27s+Salt+Rising+Bread+Project&rft.pub=Home.comcast.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~petsonk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuckettBardwellMcClaneBrown2008" class="citation journal cs1">Juckett, Gregory; Bardwell, Genevieve; McClane, Bruce; Brown, Susan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646681/">"Microbiology of salt rising bread"</a>. <i>The West Virginia Medical Journal</i>. <b>104</b> (4): 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3284">0043-3284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646681">18646681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Virginia+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Microbiology+of+salt+rising+bread&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18646681&rft.issn=0043-3284&rft.aulast=Juckett&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Bardwell%2C+Genevieve&rft.au=McClane%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Brown%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18646681%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memoir-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-memoir_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ward_Richardson" title="Benjamin Ward Richardson">Richardson MD FRS, Benjanmin Ward</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEAAAAAQAAJ&q=%22john+dauglish%22">On the Healthy Manufacture of Bread: A Memoir on the System of Dr. Dauglish</a></i>. Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, 1884. pp. 18, 20–21, 34, 62–63, 67–70, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcast,_D.McKenna,_B._M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Kilcast, D.; McKenna, B. M., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-K8UuyKT48C&pg=PA448"><i>Texture in food</i></a>. Woodhead. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-724-2"><bdi>978-1-85573-724-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texture+in+food&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Woodhead&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-724-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-K8UuyKT48C%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033174/Eucharist">"Eucharist (Christianity) – Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519053204/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033174/Eucharist">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eucharist+%28Christianity%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9033174%2FEucharist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabrina,_Lady2006" class="citation book cs1">Sabrina, Lady (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeRKlCbOdnIC&pg=PA100"><i>Exploring Wicca: The Beliefs, Rites, and Rituals of the Wiccan Religion</i></a>. Career Press. pp. 100–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-884-1"><bdi>978-1-56414-884-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Wicca%3A+The+Beliefs%2C+Rites%2C+and+Rituals+of+the+Wiccan+Religion&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=Career+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56414-884-1&rft.au=Sabrina%2C+Lady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeRKlCbOdnIC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Juvenal#Literary_and_cultural_influence" title="Juvenal">Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia/38557/The-Civil-War-and-War-Communism-1918-21">"Russia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F513251%2FRussia%2F38557%2FThe-Civil-War-and-War-Communism-1918-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/lenin/section6.rhtml">"Vladimir Lenin: From March to October. SparkNotes"</a>. Sparknotes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vladimir+Lenin%3A+From+March+to+October.+SparkNotes&rft.pub=Sparknotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Fbiography%2Flenin%2Fsection6.rhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2020" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Tim (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrP1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Loaf Story</i></a>. Hardie Grant Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787134782" title="Special:BookSources/9781787134782"><bdi>9781787134782</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loaf+Story&rft.pub=Hardie+Grant+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781787134782&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrP1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2014" class="citation book cs1">Patel, K.V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lC_8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>The Foundation Pillars for Change</i></a>. Partridge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1563-4"><bdi>978-1-4828-1563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundation+Pillars+for+Change&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Partridge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-1563-4&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=K.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlC_8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolella2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Molella, Art (8 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/02/how-the-phrase-the-best-thing-since-sliced-bread-originated/252674/">"How the Phrase 'The Best Thing Since Sliced Bread' Originated"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+the+Phrase+%27The+Best+Thing+Since+Sliced+Bread%27+Originated&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.aulast=Molella&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2012%2F02%2Fhow-the-phrase-the-best-thing-since-sliced-bread-originated%2F252674%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/break+bread+with">"Break bread with"</a>. The Free Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Break+bread+with&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidioms.thefreedictionary.com%2Fbreak%2Bbread%2Bwith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lord">"Lord"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lord&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camb-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camb_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/staff-of-life">"The staff of life"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=The+staff+of+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fstaff-of-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Staff" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Staff">"Staff"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Staff&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DStaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> OED cites 1638 "Bread is worth all, being the Staffe of life" but also 1901 "Broad beans form one of the staves of life in Sicily".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levit-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levit_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/leviticus-26-26.html">"Leviticus 26:26"</a>. Bible Study Tools<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leviticus+26%3A26&rft.pub=Bible+Study+Tools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fgills-exposition-of-the-bible%2Fleviticus-26-26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kendal-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kendal_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135833/http://www.staffoflifebakery.co.uk/">"Home page"</a>. Staff of Life Bakery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staffoflifebakery.co.uk/">the original</a> on 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+page&rft.pub=Staff+of+Life+Bakery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staffoflifebakery.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span> <i>An example</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepmese.hu/index.php/mesetar/mesek/a-kicsi-dio">"A kicsi dió"</a>. <i>www.nepmese.hu</i> (in Hungarian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nepmese.hu&rft.atitle=A+kicsi+di%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepmese.hu%2Findex.php%2Fmesetar%2Fmesek%2Fa-kicsi-dio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/30/oa_edited_volume/chapter/1445387/pdf">"Chapter 9. Toward the Common Good: Punishing Fraud among the Victualers of Medieval London"</a>. <i>Truth and Tales: Cultural Mobility and Medieval Media</i>. The Ohio State University Press. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814273739" title="Special:BookSources/9780814273739"><bdi>9780814273739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9.+Toward+the+Common+Good%3A+Punishing+Fraud+among+the+Victualers+of+Medieval+London&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Tales%3A+Cultural+Mobility+and+Medieval+Media&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780814273739&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F30%2Foa_edited_volume%2Fchapter%2F1445387%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2023/09/21/wheat-flour-fraud">"Looking for fraud in wheat flour"</a>. <i>foodmanufacture.co.uk</i>. 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=foodmanufacture.co.uk&rft.atitle=Looking+for+fraud+in+wheat+flour&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodmanufacture.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2023%2F09%2F21%2Fwheat-flour-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Kaplan, Steven Laurence: <i>Good Bread Is Back: A Contemporary History of French Bread, the Way It Is Made, and the People Who Make It</i>. Durham/ London: Duke University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3833-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3833-8">978-0-8223-3833-8</a></li> <li>Jacob, Heinrich Eduard: <i>Six Thousand Years of Bread: Its Holy and Unholy History</i>. Garden City / New York: Doubleday, Doran and Comp., 1944. New 1997: New York: Lyons & Burford, Publishers (Foreword by Lynn Alley), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55821-575-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55821-575-1">1-55821-575-1</a> &lt</li> <li>Spiekermann, Uwe: "Brown Bread for Victory: German and British Wholemeal Politics in the Inter-War Period", in: Trentmann, Frank and Just, Flemming (ed.): <i>Food and Conflict in Europe in the Age of the Two World Wars</i>. Basingstoke / New York: Palgrave, 2006, pp. 143–71, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-8684-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-8684-3">1-4039-8684-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1990" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Marion (1990). <i>The Fannie Farmer cookbook</i>. illustrated by Lauren Jarrett (13th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56788-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56788-4"><bdi>978-0-394-56788-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fannie+Farmer+cookbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-394-56788-4&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrager1995" class="citation book cs1">Trager, James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodchronologyf00trag"><i>The food chronology: a food lover's compendium of events and anecdotes from prehistory to the present</i></a>. Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3389-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-3389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+food+chronology%3A+a+food+lover%27s+compendium+of+events+and+anecdotes+from+prehistory+to+the+present&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-3389-2&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodchronologyf00trag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1999" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211579-9"><bdi>978-0-19-211579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211579-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Samuel2000" class="citation conference cs1">D. Samuel (2000). "Brewing and baking". In P. T. Nicholson; I. Shaw (eds.). <i>Ancient Egyptian materials and technology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 537–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45257-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45257-0"><bdi>0-521-45257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Brewing+and+baking&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+materials+and+technology.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=537-76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-45257-0&rft.au=D.+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyler1988" class="citation book cs1">Pyler, E. J. (1988). <i>Baking Science & Technology 3rd Ed. vols. I & II</i>. Sosland Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882005-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882005-02-4"><bdi>978-1-882005-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baking+Science+%26+Technology+3rd+Ed.+vols.+I+%26+II&rft.pub=Sosland+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-882005-02-4&rft.aulast=Pyler&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABread" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bread" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bread">bread</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bread" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bread">Bread</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bread_and_confectionery#Q7802" class="extiw" title="voy:Bread and confectionery">Bread and confectionery</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bread" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bread" title="Template:Bread"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bread" title="Template talk:Bread"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bread" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bread"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bread" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bread</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_breads" title="List of breads">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bread" title="Brown bread">Brown bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun" title="Bun">Bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigrain_bread" title="Multigrain bread">Multigrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">Quick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">Rye bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-rising_bread" title="Salt-rising bread">Salt-rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich_bread" title="Sandwich bread">Sandwich bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">Sourdough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouted_bread" title="Sprouted bread">Sprouted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">Unleavened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_bread" title="White bread">White bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_wheat_bread" title="Whole wheat bread">Whole wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown bread"><img alt="Brown bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg/146px-Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg/219px-Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg/292px-Fresh_made_bread_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">Baker's yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barm" title="Barm">Barm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_propanoate" title="Calcium propanoate">Calcium propanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dough_conditioner" title="Dough conditioner">Dough conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">Leavening agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_pan" title="Bread pan">Bread pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dough_scraper" class="mw-redirect" title="Dough scraper">Dough scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinograph" title="Farinograph">Farinograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(kitchen_tool)" title="Lame (kitchen tool)">Lame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_(tool)" title="Peel (tool)">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">Stand mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_warmer" title="Bread warmer">Warmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">Toaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">Weighing scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes and<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_(bread_baking)" title="Biga (bread baking)">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorleywood_bread_process" title="Chorleywood bread process">Chorleywood bread process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneading" title="Kneading">Kneading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">Leavening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-knead_bread" title="No-knead bread">No-knead bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofing_(baking_technique)" title="Proofing (baking technique)">Proofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ferment" title="Pre-ferment">Pre-ferment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliced_bread" title="Sliced bread">Pre-slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_and_dough" title="Sponge and dough">Sponge and dough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_dough" title="Straight dough">Straight dough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_bread" title="Vienna bread">Vienna process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_crumbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread crumbs">Bread crumbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_bowl" title="Bread bowl">Bread bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_pakora" title="Bread pakora">Bread pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_pudding" title="Bread pudding">Bread pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crouton" title="Crouton">Croutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_toast" title="French toast">French toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk" title="Rusk">Rusks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">Sandwiches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">Bakery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_percentage" title="Baker percentage">Baker percentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt" title="Bread and salt">Bread and salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_in_Europe" title="Bread in Europe">Bread in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_clip" title="Bread clip">Bread clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breads" title="List of American breads">American breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brand_name_breads" title="List of brand name breads">Brand name breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bread_dishes" title="List of bread dishes">Bread dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bread_rolls" title="List of bread rolls">Bread rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_breads" title="List of British breads">British breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buns">Buns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_breads" title="List of French breads">French breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_breads" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian breads">Indian breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_breads" title="List of Pakistani breads">Pakistani breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quick_breads" title="List of quick breads">Quick breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sourdough_breads" title="List of sourdough breads">Sourdough breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_breads" title="List of sweet breads">Sweet breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_breads" title="List of Swiss breads">Swiss breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_toast_dishes" title="List of toast dishes">Toast dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breads" title="Category:Breads">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wheat" title="Template:Wheat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheat" title="Template talk:Wheat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_wheat" title="Marquis wheat">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/120px-USDA_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/180px-USDA_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/240px-USDA_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Agronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_diseases" title="Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_mildew" title="Wheat mildew">Wheat mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fly" title="Hessian fly">Hessian fly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWB_Limited" title="AWB Limited">Australian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grains_Council" title="International Grains Council">International Wheat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_premium" title="Protein premium">Protein premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Plant parts and their uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stalk</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a> (husk)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Germinated_wheat" title="Germinated wheat">Sprouts</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Basic preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>None</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">Berries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">Farina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Flour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Middlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">As an ingredient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">Shattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wheat" title="Category:Wheat">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cereals" title="Template:Cereals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cereals" title="Template talk:Cereals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7802#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008364-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bread"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016646">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pain"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933895x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pain"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933895x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569023">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="chléb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119184&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526066">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282647705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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