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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Exercise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Stress management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_sugar_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_sugar_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Blood sugar control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_sugar_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_pressure_lowering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_pressure_lowering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Blood pressure lowering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_pressure_lowering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stem_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Stem cells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Type 2 diabetes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سكري النوع الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكري النوع الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A7%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="টাইপ ২ ডায়াবেটিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাইপ ২ ডায়াবেটিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_2" title="Захарен диабет тип 2 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захарен диабет тип 2" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="དར་ཡོལ་གཅིན་སྙི་ཟ་ཁུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དར་ཡོལ་གཅིན་སྙི་ཟ་ཁུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetis_mellitus_de_tipus_2" title="Diabetis mellitus de tipus 2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diabetis mellitus de tipus 2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_2._typu" title="Diabetes mellitus 2. typu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diabetes mellitus 2. typu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diabetes mellitus type 2" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typ-2-Diabetes" title="Typ-2-Diabetes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Typ-2-Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%8B%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A6_%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ހަކުރު ބަލީގެ ދެވަނަ ވައްތަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަކުރު ބަލީގެ ދެވަނަ ވައްތަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_t%C3%BC%C3%BCpi_diabeet" title="II tüüpi diabeet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="II tüüpi diabeet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85_2" title="Σακχαρώδης διαβήτης τύπου 2 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σακχαρώδης διαβήτης τύπου 2" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_tipo_2" title="Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diabetes mellitus tipo 2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeto_tipo_2" title="Diabeto tipo 2 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diabeto tipo 2" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="2. motako diabetes mellitus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="2. motako diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%DB%B2" title="دیابت نوع ۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیابت نوع ۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diab%C3%A8te_de_type_2" title="Diabète de type 2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diabète de type 2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%ED%98%95_%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91" title="제2형 당뇨병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2형 당뇨병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%27in_ciwon_sukari_na_2" title="Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BA_2_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Տիպ 2 շաքարային դիաբետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիպ 2 շաքարային դիաբետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA_2" title="मधुमेह टाइप 2 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधुमेह टाइप 2" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_bolest_tip_2" title="Šećerna bolest tip 2 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šećerna bolest tip 2" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_melitus_tipe_2" title="Diabetes melitus tipe 2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diabetes melitus tipe 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabete_mellito_di_tipo_2" title="Diabete mellito di tipo 2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diabete mellito di tipo 2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92_2" title="סוכרת מסוג 2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכרת מסוג 2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B9_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7" title="ಮಧುಮೇಹ ಮೆಲ್ಲಿಟಸ್ 2ನೇ ವಿಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಧುಮೇಹ ಮೆಲ್ಲಿಟಸ್ 2ನೇ ವಿಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Diabetes mellitus type 2" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE_2_%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B7%D9%94%D8%B3" title="ٹایپ 2 ذیابیٖطٔس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹایپ 2 ذیابیٖطٔس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisukari_aina_ya_2" title="Kisukari aina ya 2 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisukari aina ya 2" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabete_(tipo_2)" title="Diabete (tipo 2) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Diabete (tipo 2)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_2" title="Дијабетес мелитус тип 2 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дијабетес мелитус тип 2" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_jenis_2" title="Diabetes jenis 2 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diabetes jenis 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8-%E1%81%82" title="ဆီးချိုအမျိုးအစား-၂ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီးချိုအမျိုးအစား-၂" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E5%9E%8B%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="2型糖尿病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2型糖尿病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_type_2" title="Diabetes type 2 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diabetes type 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AA_%E0%AD%A8" title="ମଧୁମେହ ଟାଇପ ୨ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଧୁମେହ ଟାଇପ ୨" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AA_2" title="ਸ਼ੱਕਰ ਰੋਗ ਟਾਈਪ 2 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੱਕਰ ਰੋਗ ਟਾਈਪ 2" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrzyca_typu_2" title="Cukrzyca typu 2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cukrzyca typu 2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_tipo_2" title="Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diabetes mellitus tipo 2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabet_zaharat_de_tipul_2" title="Diabet zaharat de tipul 2 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diabet zaharat de tipul 2" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_2-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Сахарный диабет 2-го типа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахарный диабет 2-го типа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeti_i_tipit_2" title="Diabeti i tipit 2 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diabeti i tipit 2" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Type 2 diabetes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladkorna_bolezen_tipa_2" title="Sladkorna bolezen tipa 2 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sladkorna bolezen tipa 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijabetes_melitus_tip_2" title="Dijabetes melitus tip 2 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dijabetes melitus tip 2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijabetes_melitus_tip_2" title="Dijabetes melitus tip 2 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dijabetes melitus tip 2" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyypin_2_diabetes" title="Tyypin 2 diabetes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyypin 2 diabetes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typ_2-diabetes" title="Typ 2-diabetes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Typ 2-diabetes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of diabetes mellitus</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Type 2 diabetes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Diabetes mellitus type 2; adult-onset diabetes;<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/200px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/300px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/400px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A blue circle is the universal symbol of diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/daɪəbiːtəs/</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">Increased thirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">frequent urination</a>, unexplained <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphagia" title="Polyphagia">increased hunger</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state" title="Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state">Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic retinopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, lower-limb <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputations</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pas2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fas2008-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Middle or older age<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Long term<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a>, lack of exercise, <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetics</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood test<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Maintaining normal weight, <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">exercising</a>, healthy diet<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Dietary changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">metformin</a>, insulin, <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">bariatric surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ann2016-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cet2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kre2005-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 year shorter <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a><a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">392 million (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-11">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> that is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">high blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, and relative lack of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a> Common symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">increased thirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">frequent urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a> and unexplained <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-3">[3]</a> Other symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Polyphagia" title="Polyphagia">increased hunger</a>, having a sensation of <a href="/wiki/Pins_and_needles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pins and needles">pins and needles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">sores</a> (wounds) that heal slowly.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-3">[3]</a> Symptoms often develop slowly.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a> Long-term complications from high blood sugar include <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic retinopathy</a>, which can result in <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, and poor blood flow in the lower-limbs, which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> The sudden onset of <a href="/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state" title="Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state">hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state</a> may occur; however, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">ketoacidosis</a> is uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-Pas2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fas2008-5">[5]</a> Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">lack of exercise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> Some people are <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetically</a> more at risk than others.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a> Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, with the other 10% due primarily to <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> In type 1 diabetes, there is a lower total level of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> to control blood glucose, due to an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a>-induced loss of insulin-producing <a href="/wiki/Beta_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta cells">beta cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as <a href="/wiki/Fasting_plasma_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting plasma glucose">fasting plasma glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_glucose_tolerance_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral glucose tolerance test">oral glucose tolerance test</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">glycated hemoglobin</a> (A1c).<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-3">[3]</a> Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet (high in <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> and low in <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> Treatment involves <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_diabetes" title="Diet in diabetes">dietary changes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">metformin</a> is typically recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Ann2016-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metformin2020-14">[14]</a> Many people may eventually also require <a href="/wiki/Insulin_(medication)" title="Insulin (medication)">insulin injections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kre2005-9">[9]</a> In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as through a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_glucose_monitor" title="Continuous glucose monitor">continuous glucose monitor</a>) is advised; however, this may not be needed in those who are not on insulin therapy.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> often improves diabetes in those who are <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cet2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As of 2015, there were approximately 392 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epi2006-18">[18]</a> Typically, it begins in middle or older age,<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cause-6">[6]</a> although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> Diabetes was one of the first diseases ever described, dating back to an Egyptian manuscript from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rip2011-21">[21]</a> Type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions in 400–500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with being overweight.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> The importance of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> in the disease was determined in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg/400px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg/600px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg/800px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes</figcaption></figure> The classic symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination (<a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">polyuria</a>), increased thirst (<a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">polydipsia</a>), increased hunger (<a href="/wiki/Polyphagia" title="Polyphagia">polyphagia</a>), and weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> Other symptoms that are commonly present at diagnosis include a history of <a href="/wiki/Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">itchiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>, recurrent <a href="/wiki/Vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulvovaginitis">vaginal infections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_taste" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of taste">loss of taste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Many people, however, have no symptoms during the first few years and are diagnosed on routine testing.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> A small number of people with type 2 diabetes can develop a <a href="/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state" title="Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state">hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state</a> (a condition of very high blood sugar associated with a <a href="/wiki/Decreased_level_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased level of consciousness">decreased level of consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes" title="Complications of diabetes">Complications of diabetes</a></div> Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToolsPredictRisk-26">[26]</a> This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a> and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of <a href="/wiki/Hospitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitalization">hospitalizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> In the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> It has also been associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive dysfunction">cognitive dysfunction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> through disease processes such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">vascular dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Other complications include hyperpigmentation of skin (<a href="/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">acanthosis nigricans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>, and frequent infections.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> There is also an association between type 2 diabetes and mild <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss_in_diabetes" title="Hearing loss in diabetes">hearing loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fat2009-32">[32]</a> While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">Generous consumption of alcohol</a> is also a risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> is more common in women than men in many parts of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_causes_of_type_2_diabetes" title="Lifestyle causes of type 2 diabetes">Lifestyle causes of type 2 diabetes</a></div> Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> (defined by a <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> of greater than 25), <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">lack of physical activity</a>, poor diet, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of cases in <a href="/wiki/Pima_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Indians">Pima Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Among those who are not obese, a high <a href="/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio" title="Waist–hip ratio">waist–hip ratio</a> is often present.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Smoking appears to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation#Type_2_diabetes" title="Sleep deprivation">Lack of sleep</a> has also been linked to type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Sleep2011-38">[38]</a> Laboratory studies have linked short-term sleep deprivations to changes in glucose metabolism, nervous system activity, or hormonal factors that may lead to diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Sleep2011-38">[38]</a> Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage#Type_2_diabetes" title="Sweetened beverage">sugar-sweetened drinks</a> in excess is associated with an increased risk.<a href="#cite_note-SSB2010-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The type of fats in the diet are important, with <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fatty acids">trans fatty acids</a> increasing the risk, and <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fat</a> decreasing the risk.<a href="#cite_note-Fat2009-32">[32]</a> Eating a lot of <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a> appears to play a role in increasing risk.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">lack of exercise</a> is believed to cause 7% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a> is another risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29589226-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutants</a> may also play a role.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_causes_of_type_2_diabetes" title="Genetic causes of type 2 diabetes">Genetic causes of type 2 diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_diabetes_type_2" title="Epigenetics of diabetes type 2">Epigenetics of diabetes type 2</a></div> Most cases of diabetes involve many <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> The proportion of diabetes that is <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">inherited</a> is estimated at 72%.<a href="#cite_note-Will2016-45">[45]</a> More than 36 genes and 80 <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single nucleotide polymorphisms</a> (SNPs) had been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Genetic2011-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Genetic2011-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/TCF7L2" title="TCF7L2">TCF7L2</a> <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>, for example, increases the risk of developing diabetes by 1.5 times and is the greatest risk of the common genetic variants.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Most of the genes linked to diabetes are involved in pancreatic <a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">beta cell</a> functions.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">monogenic</a> forms of diabetes or <a href="/wiki/Diabetes#Other_types" title="Diabetes">"other specific types of diabetes"</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Maturity_onset_diabetes_of_the_young" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturity onset diabetes of the young">maturity onset diabetes of the young</a> (MODY), <a href="/wiki/Donohue_syndrome" title="Donohue syndrome">Donohue syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabson%E2%80%93Mendenhall_syndrome" title="Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome">Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">Epigenetic</a> regulation may have a role in type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_conditions">Medical conditions</h3></div> There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-BookDM2008-50">[50]</a> Some of the medications include: <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiazide" title="Thiazide">thiazides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Those who have previously had <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a> are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> Other health problems that are associated include: <a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">pheochromocytoma</a>, and certain <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma" title="Glucagonoma">glucagonomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BookDM2008-50">[50]</a> Individuals with cancer may be at a higher risk of mortality if they also have diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone deficiency">Testosterone deficiency</a> is also associated with type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19444934-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18832284-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a> may also interact with type 2 diabetes, with <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a> increasing the risk and <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> decreasing it.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hyberbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function showing dynamical compensation in "healthy" insulin resistance (transition from A to B) and the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (transition from A to C)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png/220px-Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png/330px-Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png/440px-Glucoregulatory_hyperbola.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Hyberbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function showing dynamical compensation in "healthy" insulin resistance (transition from A to B) and the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (transition from A to C). <a href="/wiki/Disposition_index" title="Disposition index">Disposition metrics</a> integrate beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in a way so that the results remain constant across dynamical compensation. Changed from Cobelli et al. 2007, Hannon et al. 2018 and Dietrich et al. 2024<a href="#cite_note-Cobelli_2007-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hannon_2018-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> Type 2 diabetes is due to insufficient insulin production from <a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">beta cells</a> in the setting of <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Insulin resistance, which is the inability of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> to respond adequately to normal levels of insulin, occurs primarily within the muscles, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and fat tissue.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In the liver, insulin normally suppresses <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> release. However, in the setting of insulin resistance, the liver inappropriately releases glucose into the blood.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> The proportion of insulin resistance versus beta cell dysfunction differs among individuals, with some having primarily insulin resistance and only a minor defect in insulin secretion and others with slight insulin resistance and primarily a lack of insulin secretion.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Other potentially important mechanisms associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance include: increased breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> within <a href="/wiki/Fat_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat cell">fat cells</a>, resistance to and lack of <a href="/wiki/Incretin" title="Incretin">incretin</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> levels in the blood, increased retention of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and inappropriate regulation of metabolism by the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> However, not all people with insulin resistance develop diabetes since an impairment of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells is also required.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> In the early stages of insulin resistance, the mass of beta cells expands, increasing the output of insulin to compensate for the insulin insensitivity, so that the <a href="/wiki/Disposition_index" title="Disposition index">disposition index</a> remains constant.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31831356-61">[61]</a> But when type 2 diabetes has become manifest, the person will have lost about half of their beta cells.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31831356-61">[61]</a> The causes of the aging-related insulin resistance seen in obesity and in type 2 diabetes are uncertain. Effects of intracellular lipid metabolism and ATP production in liver and muscle cells may contribute to insulin resistance.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>WHO diabetes diagnostic criteria<a href="#cite_note-who2006-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:OGTT&action=edit">edit</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Condition </th> <th colspan="2">2-hour glucose </th> <th colspan="2">Fasting glucose </th> <th colspan="2">HbA1c </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unit </td> <td>mmol/L</td> <td>mg/dL </td> <td>mmol/L</td> <td>mg/dL </td> <td>mmol/mol</td> <td>DCCT % </td></tr> <tr> <td width="34%">Normal</td> <td>< 7.8</td> <td>< 140</td> <td>< 6.1</td> <td>< 110</td> <td>< 42</td> <td>< 6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Impaired fasting glycaemia">Impaired fasting glycaemia</a></td> <td>< 7.8</td> <td>< 140</td> <td>6.1–7.0</td> <td>110–125</td> <td>42–46</td> <td>6.0–6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Impaired glucose tolerance">Impaired glucose tolerance</a></td> <td>≥ 7.8</td> <td>≥ 140</td> <td>< 7.0</td> <td>< 126</td> <td>42–46</td> <td>6.0–6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a></td> <td>≥ 11.1</td> <td>≥ 200</td> <td>≥ 7.0</td> <td>≥ 126</td> <td>≥ 48</td> <td>≥ 6.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> definition of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is for a single raised glucose reading with symptoms, otherwise raised values on two occasions, of either:<a href="#cite_note-who-99-65">[65]</a> <ul><li>fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)</li></ul> <dl><dd>or</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_test" title="Glucose tolerance test">glucose tolerance test</a> with two hours after the oral dose a plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)</li></ul> A random blood sugar of greater than 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) in association with typical symptoms<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">glycated hemoglobin</a> (HbA1c) of ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_control_and_complications_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes control and complications trial">DCCT</a> %) is another method of diagnosing diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> In 2009, an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the <a href="/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association" title="American Diabetes Association">American Diabetes Association</a> (ADA), the <a href="/wiki/International_Diabetes_Federation" title="International Diabetes Federation">International Diabetes Federation</a> (IDF), and the <a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_the_Study_of_Diabetes" title="European Association for the Study of Diabetes">European Association for the Study of Diabetes</a> (EASD) recommended that a HbA1c threshold of ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %) should be used to diagnose diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Expert2009-66">[66]</a> This recommendation was adopted by the American Diabetes Association in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Positive tests should be repeated unless the person presents with typical symptoms and blood sugar >11.1 mmol/L (>200 mg/dL).<a href="#cite_note-Expert2009-66">[66]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>ADA diabetes diagnostic criteria<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch2-68">[68]</a>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Diabetes mellitus </th> <th>Prediabetes </th></tr> <tr> <td>HbA1c </td> <td>≥ 6.5% (≥ 48 mmol/mol) </td> <td>5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fasting glucose </td> <td>≥ 126 mg/dL </td> <td>100–125 mg/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td>2h glucose </td> <td>≥ 200 mg/dL </td> <td>140–199 mg/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Random glucose with classic symptoms </td> <td>≥ 200 mg/dL </td> <td>Not available </td></tr></tbody></table> Threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is based on the relationship between results of glucose tolerance tests, fasting glucose or HbA1c and complications such as <a href="/wiki/Retinopathy" title="Retinopathy">retinal problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> A fasting or random blood sugar is preferred over the glucose tolerance test, as they are more convenient for people.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> HbA1c has the advantages that fasting is not required and results are more stable but has the disadvantage that the test is more costly than measurement of blood glucose.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It is estimated that 20% of people with diabetes in the United States do not realize that they have the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Pathologic_Basis_of_Disease-70">[70]</a> This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a> in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">islet</a> cells in the pancreas and <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a> that is a new onset of high blood sugars associated with pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can typically be distinguished based on the presenting circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-Expert2009-66">[66]</a> If the diagnosis is in doubt <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> testing may be useful to confirm type 1 diabetes and <a href="/wiki/C-peptide" title="C-peptide">C-peptide</a> levels may be useful to confirm type 2 diabetes,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> with C-peptide levels normal or high in type 2 diabetes, but low in type 1 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screening">Screening</h2></div> Universal <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screening</a> for diabetes in people without risk factors or symptoms is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2021-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> (USPSTF) recommended in 2021 screening for type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years old who are <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">BMI</a> over 25) or have <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2021-73">[73]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">people of Asian descent</a>, screening is recommended if they have a BMI over 23.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2021-73">[73]</a> Screening at an earlier age may be considered in people with a <a href="/wiki/Family_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Family history">family history</a> of diabetes; some ethnic groups, including Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans; a history of <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2021-73">[73]</a> Screening can be repeated every 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2021-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association" title="American Diabetes Association">American Diabetes Association</a> (ADA) recommended in 2024 screening in all adults from the age of 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch2-68">[68]</a> ADA also recommends screening in adults of all ages with a BMI over 25 (or over 23 in <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>) with another risk factor: <a href="/wiki/First-degree_relative" class="mw-redirect" title="First-degree relative">first-degree relative</a> with diabetes, ethnicity at high risk for diabetes, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> ≥130/80 mmHg or on therapy for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, history of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">physical inactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> or severe obesity.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch2-68">[68]</a> ADA recommends repeat screening every 3 years at minimum.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch2-68">[68]</a> ADA recommends yearly tests in people with <a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">prediabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch2-68">[68]</a> People with previous <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a> are also recommended screening.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch2-68">[68]</a> There is no evidence that screening changes the risk of death and any benefit of screening on adverse effects, incidence of type 2 diabetes, HbA1c or socioeconomic effects are not clear.<a href="#cite_note-Selph_et_al-2015-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">NICE</a> guidelines suggest taking action to prevent diabetes for people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR2022-76">[76]</a> For people of <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black African</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African-Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Asians in the United Kingdom">South Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> descent the recommendation to start prevention starts at the BMI of 27,5.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR2022-76">[76]</a> A study based on a large sample of people in England suggest even lower BMIs for certain ethnic groups for the start of prevention, for example 24 in South Asian and 21 in <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_type_2_diabetes" title="Prevention of type 2 diabetes">Prevention of type 2 diabetes</a></div> Onset of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented through proper nutrition and regular exercise.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hemmingsen2017-80">[80]</a> Intensive lifestyle measures may reduce the risk by over half.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schellenberg2013-81">[81]</a> The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of diabetes by about 28%.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2016-83">[83]</a> Evidence for the benefit of dietary changes alone, however, is limited,<a href="#cite_note-Hemmingsen2017-80">[80]</a> with some evidence for a diet high in green leafy vegetables<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and some for limiting the intake of sugary drinks.<a href="#cite_note-Schwing-85">[85]</a> There is an association between higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice and diabetes, but no evidence of an association with 100% fruit juice.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A 2019 review found evidence of benefit from <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A 2017 review found that, long term, lifestyle changes decreased the risk by 28%, while medication does not reduce risk after withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> While low <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> levels are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, correcting the levels by supplementing vitamin D3 does not improve that risk.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In those with <a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">prediabetes</a>, diet in combination with physical activity delays or reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmingsen2017-80">[80]</a> In those with prediabetes, <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">metformin</a> may delay or reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to diet and exercise or a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> intervention, but not compared to intensive diet and exercise, and there was not enough data on outcomes such as mortality and diabetic complications and health-related quality of life, according to a 2019 Cochrane review.<a href="#cite_note-Madsen2019-90">[90]</a> In those with prediabetes, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-glucosidase_inhibitor" title="Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor">alpha-glucosidase inhibitors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">acarbose</a> may delay or reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes when compared to placebo, however there was no conclusive evidence that acarbose improved cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular events, according to a 2018 Cochrane review.<a href="#cite_note-Moelands2018-91">[91]</a> In those with prediabetes, <a href="/wiki/Pioglitazone" title="Pioglitazone">pioglitazone</a> may delay or reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to placebo or no intervention, but no difference was seen compared to metformin, and data were missing on mortality and complications and quality of life, according to a 2020 Cochrane review.<a href="#cite_note-Ipsen2020-92">[92]</a> In those with prediabetes, there was insufficient data to draw any conclusions on whether <a href="/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor" title="SGLT2 inhibitor">SGLT2 inhibitors</a> may delay or reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, according to a 2016 Cochrane review.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_management" title="Diabetes management">Diabetes management</a></div> Management of type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle interventions, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose level">blood glucose levels</a> in the normal range.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> Self-monitoring of blood glucose for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes may be used in combination with education,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> although the benefit of self-monitoring in those not using multi-dose insulin is questionable.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> In those who do not want to measure blood levels, measuring urine levels may be done.<a href="#cite_note-NICE2009Self-95">[95]</a> Managing other cardiovascular risk factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">microalbuminuria</a>, improves a person's life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> Decreasing the systolic blood pressure to less than 140 mmHg is associated with a lower risk of death and better outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Intensive blood pressure management (less than 130/80 mmHg) as opposed to standard blood pressure management (less than 140–160 mmHg systolic to 85–100 mmHg diastolic) results in a slight decrease in stroke risk but no effect on overall risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Intensive blood sugar lowering (HbA1c < 6%) as opposed to standard blood sugar lowering (HbA1c of 7–7.9%) does not appear to change mortality.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The goal of treatment is typically an HbA1c of 7 to 8% or a fasting glucose of less than 7.2 mmol/L (130 mg/dL); however these goals may be changed after professional clinical consultation, taking into account particular risks of <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a> and life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch6-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Hypoglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in older people with type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Despite guidelines recommending that intensive blood sugar control be based on balancing immediate harms with long-term benefits, many people – for example people with a life expectancy of less than nine years who will not benefit, are <a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">over-treated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular <a href="/wiki/Eye_examination" title="Eye examination">eye examinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> There is moderate evidence suggesting that treating <a href="/wiki/Gum_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum disease">gum disease</a> by <a href="/wiki/Scaling_and_root_planing" title="Scaling and root planing">scaling and root planing</a> results in an improvement in blood sugar levels for people with diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson2015-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_2">Lifestyle</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exercise">Exercise</h4></div> A proper diet and regular exercise are foundations of diabetic care,<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> with one review indicating that a greater amount of exercise improved outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Regular exercise may improve blood sugar control, decrease body fat content, and decrease blood lipid levels.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet">Diet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_diabetes" title="Diet in diabetes">Diet in diabetes</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a> to promote weight loss is generally recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Diet09-107">[107]</a> Around 80 percent of obese people with type 2 diabetes achieve complete remission with no need for medication if they sustain a weight loss of at least 15 kilograms (33 lb),<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> but most patients are not able to achieve or sustain significant weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-UpToDate-110">[110]</a> Even modest weight loss can produce significant improvements in glycemic control and reduce the need for medication.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Several diets may be effective such as the <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">low-fat diet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Low_glycemic_index_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Low glycemic index diet">monitored carbohydrate diets</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Low_carbohydrate_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Low carbohydrate diet">low carbohydrate diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch5-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Other recommendations include emphasizing intake of fruits, vegetables, reduced saturated fat and low-fat dairy products, and with a macronutrient intake tailored to the individual, to distribute calories and carbohydrates throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch5-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADA2013-nutrition-115">[115]</a> A 2021 review showed that consumption of tree nuts (<a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a>) reduced fasting blood glucose in diabetic people.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_2_diabetes&action=edit">[update]</a>, there is insufficient data to recommend nonnutritive sweeteners, which may help reduce caloric intake.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> An elevated intake of <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">microbiota-accessible carbohydrates</a> can help reducing the effects of T2D.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viscous_fiber_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous fiber supplements">Viscous fiber supplements</a> may be useful in those with diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Culturally appropriate education may help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels for up to 24 months.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> There is not enough evidence to determine if lifestyle interventions affect mortality in those who already have type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Schellenberg2013-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress_management">Stress management</h4></div> Although psychological stress is recognized as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes,<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> the effect of <a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">stress management</a> interventions on disease progression are not established.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> is under way to assess the effects of <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>‐based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_sugar_control">Blood sugar control</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></div> There are several classes of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">diabetes medications</a> available. <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">Metformin</a> is generally recommended as a first line treatment as there is some evidence that it decreases mortality;<a href="#cite_note-Ann2016-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> however, this conclusion is questioned.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Metformin should not be used in those with severe kidney or liver problems.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association" title="American Diabetes Association">American Diabetes Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_the_Study_of_Diabetes" title="European Association for the Study of Diabetes">European Association for the Study of Diabetes</a> recommend using a <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonist</a> or <a href="/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor" title="SGLT2 inhibitor">SGLT2 inhibitor</a> as the first-line treatment in patients who have or are at high risk for <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerotic_cardiovascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease">atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch9-126">[126]</a> The higher cost of these drugs compared to metformin has limited their use.<a href="#cite_note-UpToDate-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Other classes of medications include: <a href="/wiki/Sulfonylurea" title="Sulfonylurea">sulfonylureas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiazolidinedione" title="Thiazolidinedione">thiazolidinediones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase-4_inhibitor" title="Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor">dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor" title="SGLT2 inhibitor">SGLT2 inhibitors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch9-126">[126]</a> A 2018 review found that SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, but not DPP-4 inhibitors, were associated with lower mortality than placebo or no treatment.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosiglitazone" title="Rosiglitazone">Rosiglitazone</a>, a thiazolidinedione, has not been found to improve long-term outcomes even though it improves blood sugar levels.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Additionally it is associated with increased rates of heart disease and death.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin_(medication)" title="Insulin (medication)">Injections of insulin</a> may either be added to oral medication or used alone.<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> Most people do not initially need insulin.<a href="#cite_note-Green2011-13">[13]</a> When it is used, a long-acting formulation is typically added at night, with oral medications being continued.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> Doses are then increased to effect (blood sugar levels being well controlled).<a href="#cite_note-AFP09-27">[27]</a> When nightly insulin is insufficient, twice daily insulin may achieve better control.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> The long acting insulins <a href="/wiki/Insulin_glargine" title="Insulin glargine">glargine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insulin_detemir" title="Insulin detemir">detemir</a> are equally safe and effective,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and do not appear much better than <a href="/wiki/NPH_insulin" title="NPH insulin">NPH insulin</a>, but as they are significantly more expensive, they are not cost effective as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In those who are <a href="/wiki/Pregnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant">pregnant</a>, insulin is generally the treatment of choice.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_pressure_lowering">Blood pressure lowering</h4></div> Many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90 mmHg for people with diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and a subsequent review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130–140 mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In people with diabetes and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> and either <a href="/wiki/Albuminuria" title="Albuminuria">albuminuria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system (such as an <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor blocker">angiotensin receptor blocker</a>) to reduce the risks of progression of kidney disease and present cardiovascular events.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch11-137">[137]</a> There is some evidence that <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors">angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</a> (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor blockers">angiotensin receptor blockers</a> (ARBs),<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aliskiren" title="Aliskiren">aliskiren</a> in preventing cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Although a 2016 review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS2016-140">[140]</a> There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS2016-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> The use of <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statins</a> in diabetes to prevent <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> should be considered after evaluating the person's total risk for cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch10-141">[141]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> (acetylsalicylic acid) to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch10-141">[141]</a> Aspirin is recommended in people with previous cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Aspirin as <a href="/wiki/Primary_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary prevention">primary prevention</a> may have greater risk than benefit, but could be considered in people aged 50 to 70 with another significant cardiovascular risk factor and low risk of bleeding after information about possible risks and benefits as part of shared-decision making.<a href="#cite_note-ADA2024ch10-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> supplementation to people with type 2 diabetes may improve markers of insulin resistance and HbA1c.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Sharing their <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">electronic health records</a> with people who have type 2 diabetes helps them to reduce their blood sugar levels. It is a way of helping people understand their own health condition and involving them actively in its management.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Weight loss surgery</a> in those who are <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a> is an effective measure to treat diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medication following surgery<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and long-term mortality is decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Schum2009-148">[148]</a> There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.<a href="#cite_note-Schum2009-148">[148]</a> It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes" title="Epidemiology of diabetes">Epidemiology of diabetes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg/330px-Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg/495px-Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg/660px-Prevalence_of_total_diabetes_by_age_and_GBD_super-region_in_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of total diabetes by age and <a href="/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Burden of Disease">Global Burden of Disease</a> super-region in 2021</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Diabetes_Federation" title="International Diabetes Federation">International Diabetes Federation</a> estimates nearly 537 million people lived with diabetes worldwide in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> 90–95% of whom have type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Diabetes is common both in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> Some ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> are at particularly high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Vij2010-24">[24]</a> Type 2 diabetes in normal weight individuals represents 60 to 80 percent of all cases in some Asian countries. The mechanism causing diabetes in non-obese individuals is poorly understood.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Rates of diabetes in 1985 were estimated at 30 million, increasing to 135 million in 1995 and 217 million in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2006-18">[18]</a> This increase is believed to be primarily due to the global population aging, a decrease in exercise, and increasing rates of obesity.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2006-18">[18]</a> Traditionally considered a disease of adults, type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed in children in parallel with rising <a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">obesity</a> rates.<a href="#cite_note-Will2011-10">[10]</a> The five countries with the greatest number of people with diabetes as of 2000 are India having 31.7 million, China 20.8 million, the United States 17.7 million, Indonesia 8.4 million, and Japan 6.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-Wild_2004-157">[157]</a> It is recognized as a global <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_diabetes" title="History of diabetes">History of diabetes</a></div> Diabetes is one of the first diseases described<a href="#cite_note-Rip2011-21">[21]</a> with an Egyptian manuscript from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> mentioning "too great emptying of the urine."<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or honey urine noting that the urine would attract ants.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek <a href="/wiki/List_of_physicians_named_Apollonius" title="List of physicians named Apollonius">Apollonius Memphites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> The disease was rare during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a> with <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> commenting that he had only seen two cases during his career.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> Type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians <a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charaka</a> in 400–500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with being <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when the Canadians <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> in 1921 and 1922.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> This was followed by the development of the longer acting <a href="/wiki/NPH_insulin" title="NPH insulin">NPH insulin</a> in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-22">[22]</a> In 1916, Elliot Joslin proposed that in people with diabetes, periods of fasting are helpful.<a href="#cite_note-Koutroumpakis2019-159">[159]</a> Subsequent research has supported this, and <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> is a first line treatment in type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Koutroumpakis2019-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> In 2020, Diabetes Severity Score (DISSCO) was developed which is a tool that might better than HbA1c identify if a person's condition is declining.<a href="#cite_note-ToolsPredictRisk-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-DISSCO2020-160">[160]</a> It uses a computer algorithm to analyse data from anonymised electronic patient records and produces a score based on 34 indicators.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-DISSCO2020-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stem_cells">Stem cells</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes#Stem_cells" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1 diabetes § Stem cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_management#Stem_cells" title="Diabetes management">Diabetes management § Stem cells</a></div> In April 2024 scientists reported the first case of reversion of type 2 diabetes by use of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> in a 59-year old man treated in 2021 who has since remain insulin-free.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Replication in more patients and evidence over longer periods would be needed before considering this treatment as a possible cure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Interesting Engineering. Retrieved 2024-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interesting+Engineering&rft.atitle=World%E2%80%99s+first+diabetes+cure+with+cell+therapy+achieved+in+China&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Fhealth%2Fstem-cell-therapy-diabetes-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AType+2+diabetes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Diabetes mellitus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Type_2_diabetes" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Type 2 diabetes">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Diabetes mellitus type 2">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Type_2_diabetes" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Type 2 diabetes">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Type_2_diabetes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Type 2 diabetes">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Type_2_diabetes" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Type 2 diabetes">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Type_2_diabetes" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Type 2 diabetes">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Type_II_diabetes" class="extiw" title="v:Type II diabetes">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diabetesatlas.org/">IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.html">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/47/Supplement_1">ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2024</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883" class="extiw" title="d:Q3025883">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E11">E11</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=250.00">250.00</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=250.02">250.02</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/125853">125853</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003924">D003924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb3661.htm">3661</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000313.htm">000313</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview">article/117853</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disease_of_the_pancreas_and_glucose_metabolism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disease_of_the_pancreas_and_glucose_metabolism" title="Template:Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disease_of_the_pancreas_and_glucose_metabolism" title="Template talk:Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disease_of_the_pancreas_and_glucose_metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disease_of_the_pancreas_and_glucose_metabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disease of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">pancreas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucose_metabolism_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose metabolism disorder">glucose metabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">type 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_onset_diabetes_of_the_young" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturity onset diabetes of the young">MODY</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_1" title="MODY 1">1</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_2" title="MODY 2">2</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_3" title="MODY 3">3</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_4" title="MODY 4">4</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_5" class="mw-redirect" title="MODY 5">5</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_6" title="MODY 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Complications of diabetes mellitus">Complications</a> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Diabetes" title="Template:Diabetes">Template:Diabetes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abnormal <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhyperglycemia" title="Oxyhyperglycemia">Oxyhyperglycemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_triad" title="Whipple's triad">Whipple's triad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a> disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">Insulin resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinsulinism" title="Hyperinsulinism">Hyperinsulinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hyperinsulinism" title="Congenital hyperinsulinism">Congenital hyperinsulinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabson%E2%80%93Mendenhall_syndrome" title="Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome">Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other pancreatic disorders and conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_beta_cell_function" title="Pancreatic beta cell function">Pancreatic beta cell function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulinoma" title="Insulinoma">Insulinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulitis" title="Insulitis">Insulitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diabetes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:turquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diabetes" title="Template:Diabetes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diabetes" title="Template talk:Diabetes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diabetes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diabetes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diabetes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:turquoise;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1</a> (SAID cluster)</li> <li>Type 1 diabetes (<a href="/wiki/Latent_autoimmune_diabetes_in_adults" title="Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults">LADA</a> cluster)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Type 2</a> (SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)</li> <li>Type 4 (<a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes and pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">Prediabetes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glucose" title="Impaired fasting glucose">Impaired fasting glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Impaired glucose tolerance">Impaired glucose tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">Insulin resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis-prone_diabetes" title="Ketosis-prone diabetes">Ketosis-prone diabetes</a> (KPD)</li> <li>Type 3a (<a href="/wiki/Maturity-onset_diabetes_of_the_young" title="Maturity-onset diabetes of the young">MODY</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MODY_1" title="MODY 1">Type 1</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_2" title="MODY 2">2</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_3" title="MODY 3">3</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_4" title="MODY 4">4</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_5" class="mw-redirect" title="MODY 5">5</a> <a href="/wiki/MODY_6" title="MODY 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_diabetes" title="Neonatal diabetes">Neonatal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_neonatal_diabetes" title="Transient neonatal diabetes">Transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_neonatal_diabetes" title="Permanent neonatal diabetes">Permanent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3c_diabetes" title="Type 3c diabetes">Type 3c (pancreatogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_diabetes" title="Type 3 diabetes">Type 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_deafness" title="Diabetes and deafness">MIDD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:turquoise;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomarkers_of_diabetes" title="Biomarkers of diabetes">Biomarkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">Glycated hemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_test" title="Glucose tolerance test">Glucose tolerance test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprandial_glucose_test" title="Postprandial glucose test">Postprandial glucose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructosamine" title="Fructosamine">Fructosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_test" title="Glucose test">Glucose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-peptide" title="C-peptide">C-peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noninvasive_glucose_monitor" title="Noninvasive glucose monitor">Noninvasive glucose monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_tolerance_test" title="Insulin tolerance test">Insulin tolerance test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_Score_for_Insulin_Resistance" title="Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance">Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_model_assessment" title="Homeostatic model assessment">Homeostatic model assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPINA-GBeta" title="SPINA-GBeta">SPINA-GBeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPINA-GR" title="SPINA-GR">SPINA-GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_index" title="Disposition index">Disposition index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:turquoise;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_management" title="Diabetes management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_type_2_diabetes" title="Prevention of type 2 diabetes">Prevention</a></li> <li>Metabolic assessment and monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose_monitoring" title="Blood glucose monitoring">Blood glucose monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_glucose_profile" title="Ambulatory glucose profile">Ambulatory glucose profile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_diabetes" title="Diet in diabetes">Diet in diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_(medication)" title="Insulin (medication)">Insulin therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_insulin_therapy" title="Intensive insulin therapy">intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_insulin_therapy" title="Conventional insulin therapy">conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsatile_insulin" title="Pulsatile insulin">pulsatile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_shoe" title="Diabetic shoe">Diabetic shoes</a></li> <li>Cure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">Embryonic stem cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_insulin_delivery_system" title="Automated insulin delivery system">Artificial pancreas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery#Results_and_health_benefits_of_gastric_bypass" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:turquoise;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes" title="Complications of diabetes">Complications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_coma" title="Diabetic coma">Diabetic comas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_hypoglycemia" title="Diabetic hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">Ketoacidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state" title="Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state">Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot" title="Diabetic foot">Diabetic foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_ulcer" title="Diabetic foot ulcer">ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_arthropathy" title="Neuropathic arthropathy">Neuropathic arthropathy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organs in diabetes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_angiopathy" title="Diabetic angiopathy">Blood vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_myonecrosis" title="Diabetic myonecrosis">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">Nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_cardiomyopathy" title="Diabetic cardiomyopathy">Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_dermadrome" title="Diabetic dermadrome">Diabetes-related skin disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_dermopathy" title="Diabetic dermopathy">Diabetic dermopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_bulla" title="Diabetic bulla">Diabetic bulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_cheiroarthropathy" title="Diabetic cheiroarthropathy">Diabetic cheiroarthropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_ulcer" title="Diabetic foot ulcer">Diabetic foot ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:turquoise;width:1%">Advocacy & Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T1International" title="T1International">T1International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Insulin_Project" title="Open Insulin Project">Open Insulin Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_T1D" title="Breakthrough T1D">Breakthrough T1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diabetes_Federation" title="International Diabetes Federation">International Diabetes Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Diabetes_Day" title="World Diabetes Day">World Diabetes Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_UK" title="Diabetes UK">Diabetes UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:turquoise;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_diabetes" title="Outline of diabetes">Outline of diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes" title="Glossary of diabetes">Glossary of diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes" title="Epidemiology of diabetes">Epidemiology of diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_diabetes" title="History of diabetes">History of diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_type_1_diabetes" title="List of people with type 1 diabetes">Notable people with type 1 diabetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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