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</a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ovid</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Ovid" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Ovid" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ovid" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ovid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ovid (disambiguation)">Ovid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Publius Ovidius Naso (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Latin: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːso(ː)]</a>; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒvɪd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OV-id</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Roman poet</a> who lived during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. He was a younger contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canonical</a> poets of <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> considered him the last of the Latin love <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quint._Inst._10.1.93-5">[4]</a> Although Ovid enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime, the emperor Augustus <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Ovid" title="Exile of Ovid">exiled him</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, the capital of the newly-organised province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, where he remained for the last nine or ten years of his life. Ovid himself attributed his banishment to a "poem and a mistake", but his reluctance to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation among scholars. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ovid</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovid_18th_century_engraving_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anonymous 18th-century engraving"><img alt="Anonymous 18th-century engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1092"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Anonymous 18th-century engraving</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Publius Ovidius Naso<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> 20 March 43 BC<a href="#cite_note-parised-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Ancient Rome)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">AD 17 or 18 (age 59–61) <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, drama</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ovid is most famous for the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, a continuous mythological narrative in fifteen books written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameters</a>. He is also known for works in <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">elegiac couplets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a> ("The Art of Love") and <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a>. His poetry was much imitated during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">literature</a>. The Metamorphoses remains one of the most important sources of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25-6">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life">1 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Birth,_early_life,_and_marriage">1.1 Birth, early life, and marriage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Literary_success">1.2 Literary success</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Exile_to_Tomis">1.3 Exile to Tomis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death">1.4 Death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Works">2 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Heroides_(%22The_Heroines%22)">2.1 Heroides ("The Heroines")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Amores_(%22The_Loves%22)">2.2 Amores ("The Loves")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_(%22Women's_Facial_Cosmetics%22)">2.3 Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ars_Amatoria_(%22The_Art_of_Love%22)">2.4 Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Remedia_Amoris_(%22The_Cure_for_Love%22)">2.5 Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Metamorphoses_(%22Transformations%22)">2.6 Metamorphoses ("Transformations")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fasti_(%22The_Festivals%22)">2.7 Fasti ("The Festivals")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ibis_(%22The_Ibis%22)">2.8 Ibis ("The Ibis")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tristia_(%22Sorrows%22)">2.9 Tristia ("Sorrows")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Epistulae_ex_Ponto_(%22Letters_from_the_Black_Sea%22)">2.10 Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Lost_works">2.11 Lost works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Spurious_works">3 Spurious works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Consolatio_ad_Liviam_(%22Consolation_to_Livia%22)">3.1 Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Halieutica_(%22On_Fishing%22)">3.2 Halieutica ("On Fishing")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Nux_(%22The_Walnut_Tree%22)">3.3 Nux ("The Walnut Tree")</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Somnium_(%22The_Dream%22)">3.4 Somnium ("The Dream")</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Style">4 Style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Legacy">5 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Criticism">5.1 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Ovid's_influence">5.2 Ovid's influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Literary_and_artistic">5.2.1 Literary and artistic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Retellings,_adaptations,_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works">5.2.2 Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Gallery">6 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Editions">10 Editions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Latin_and_English_translation">12.1 Latin and English translation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Original_Latin_only">12.2 Original Latin only</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#English_translation_only">12.3 English translation only</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Ovid wrote more about his own life than most other Roman poets. Information about his biography is drawn primarily from his poetry, especially Tristia 4.10,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> which gives a lengthy autobiographical account of his life. Other sources include <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth,_early_life,_and_marriage">Birth, early life, and marriage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth, early life, and marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulmona0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/170px-Sulmona0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/170px-Sulmona0001.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/255px-Sulmona0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/340px-Sulmona0001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Ovid by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ferrari" title="Ettore Ferrari">Ettore Ferrari</a> in the Piazza XX Settembre, <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> Ovid was born in the <a href="/wiki/Paeligni" title="Paeligni">Paelignian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Sulmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulmo">Sulmo</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_L%27Aquila" title="Province of L'Aquila">province of L'Aquila</a>, Abruzzo), in an <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine</a> valley east of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, to an important <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Ovidia_gens" title="Ovidia gens">gens Ovidia</a>, on 20 March 43 BC – a significant year in Roman politics.<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-parised-2">[1]</a> Along with his brother, who excelled at oratory, Ovid was educated in rhetoric in Rome under the teachers <a href="/wiki/Arellius_Fuscus" title="Arellius Fuscus">Arellius Fuscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Latro" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcius Latro">Porcius Latro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> His father wanted him to study <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> so that he might practice law. According to Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not the argumentative pole of rhetoric. Following the death of his brother at 20 years of age, Ovid renounced law and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens, Greece">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> He held minor public posts, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Triumviri#Roman_triumvirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumviri">tresviri capitales</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Centumviral_court" title="Centumviral court">Centumviral court</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> and as one of the <a href="/wiki/Decemviri#Decemviri_Litibus_Iudicandis" title="Decemviri">decemviri litibus iudicandis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> but resigned to pursue poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision of which his father apparently disapproved.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Ovid's first recitation has been dated to around 25 BC, when he was eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> He was part of the circle centered on the esteemed patron <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Corvinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus">Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus</a>, and likewise seems to have been a friend of poets in the circle of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Maecenas</a>. In Tristia 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macer, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Propertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Propertius">Propertius</a>, Ponticus and Bassus, and claims to have heard <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> recite. He only barely met <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>, a fellow member of Messalla's circle, whose elegies he admired greatly.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> He married three times and had divorced twice by the time he was thirty. He had one daughter and grandchildren through her.<a href="#cite_note-HornblowerSpawforth2014-18">[16]</a> His last wife was connected in some way to the influential <a href="/wiki/Gens_Fabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Fabia">gens Fabia</a> and helped him during his exile in Tomis (now <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> in Romania).<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_success">Literary success</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary success" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary career primarily writing poetry in <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac meter</a> with erotic themes.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The chronology of these early works is not secure, but scholars have established tentative dates. His earliest extant work is thought to be the Heroides, letters of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may have been published in 19 BC, although the date is uncertain as it depends on a notice in Am. 2.18.19–26 that seems to describe the collection as an early published work.<a href="#cite_note-Trist._4.10.53%E2%80%934-21">[19]</a> The authenticity of some of these poems has been challenged, but this first edition probably contained the first 14 poems of the collection. The first five-book collection of the <a href="/wiki/Amores_(Ovid)" title="Amores (Ovid)">Amores</a>, a series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna, is thought to have been published in 16–15 BC; the surviving version, redacted to three books according to an epigram prefixed to the first book, is thought to have been published <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8–3 BC. Between the publications of the two editions of the Amores can be dated the premiere of his tragedy Medea, which was admired in antiquity but is no longer extant. Ovid's next poem, the Medicamina Faciei (a fragmentary work on women's beauty treatments), preceded the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a> (the Art of Love), a parody of <a href="/wiki/Didactic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic poetry">didactic poetry</a> and a three-book manual about seduction and intrigue, which has been dated to AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a>). Ovid may identify this work in his exile poetry as the carmen, or song, which was one cause of his banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same year. This corpus of elegiac, erotic poetry earned Ovid a place among the chief Roman elegists Gallus, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw himself as the fourth member.<a href="#cite_note-Trist._4.10.53%E2%80%934-21">[19]</a> By AD 8, Ovid had completed <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, a hexameter <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Greek and Roman mythology, from the emergence of the cosmos to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">apotheosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. The stories follow each other in the telling of human beings transformed to new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>, etc. Simultaneously, he worked on the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a>, a six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of the calendar of <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman festivals</a> and astronomy. The composition of this poem was interrupted by Ovid's exile,<a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a> and it is thought that Ovid abandoned work on the piece in Tomis. It is probably in this period that the double letters (16–21) in the Heroides were composed, although there is some contention over their authorship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_to_Tomis">Exile to Tomis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile to Tomis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Ovid" title="Exile of Ovid">Exile of Ovid</a></div> In AD 8, Ovid was banished to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, by the exclusive intervention of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> without any participation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> or of any <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman judge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> This event shaped all his following poetry. Ovid wrote that the reason for his exile was carmen et error – "a poem and a mistake",<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> claiming that his crime was worse than murder,<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> more harmful than poetry.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The Emperor's grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Younger" title="Julia the Younger">Julia the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (the latter adopted by him), were also banished around the same time. Julia's husband, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_1)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a>, was put to death for a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> against <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, a conspiracy of which Ovid potentially knew.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia" title="Lex Julia">Julian marriage laws of 18 BC</a>, which promoted <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> marriage to increase the population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman mind. Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious crime of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. He may have been banished for these works, which appeared subversive to the emperor's moral legislation. However, in view of the long time that elapsed between the publication of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> used the poem as a mere justification for something more personal.<a href="#cite_note-Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_V%C3%A1zquez_1992_p.10-31">[28]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/280px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/280px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/420px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/560px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Ovid Banished from Rome (1838), by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J.M.W. Turner</a></figcaption></figure> In exile, Ovid wrote two poetry collections, <a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a>, which illustrated his sadness and desolation. Being far from Rome, he had no access to libraries, and thus might have been forced to abandon his <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a>, a poem about the Roman calendar, of which only the first six books exist – January through June. He learned <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Sarmatian and Getic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The five books of the elegiac Tristia, a series of poems expressing the poet's despair in exile and advocating his return to Rome, are dated to AD 9–12. The Ibis, an elegiac curse poem attacking an unnamed adversary, may also be dated to this period. The <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a>, a series of letters to friends in Rome asking them to effect his return, are thought to be his last compositions, with the first three books published in AD 13 and the fourth book between AD 14 and 16. The exile poetry is particularly emotive and personal. In the Epistulae he claims friendship with the natives of Tomis (in the Tristia they are frightening barbarians) and to have written a poem in their language (Ex Ponto, 4.13.19–20). Yet he pined for Rome – and for his third wife, addressing many poems to her. Some are also to the Emperor Augustus, yet others are to himself, to friends in Rome, and sometimes to the poems themselves, expressing loneliness and hope of recall from banishment or exile.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The obscure causes of Ovid's exile have given rise to much speculation by scholars. The medieval texts that mention the exile offer no credible explanations: their statements seem incorrect interpretations drawn from the works of Ovid.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Ovid himself wrote many references to his offense, giving obscure or contradictory clues.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> In 1923, scholar J. J. Hartman proposed a theory that is little considered among scholars of Latin civilization today: that Ovid was never exiled from Rome and that all of his exile works are the result of his fertile imagination. This theory was supported and rejected[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in the 1930s, especially by Dutch authors.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> In 1985, a research paper by Fitton Brown advanced new arguments in support of Hartman's theory.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Brown's article was followed by a series of supports and refutations in the short space of five years.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Among the supporting reasons Brown presents are: Ovid's exile is only mentioned by his own work, except in "dubious" passages by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> but no other author until the 4th century;<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> that the author of <a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a> was able to separate the poetic "I" of his own and real life; and that information on the geography of Tomis was already known by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and by Ovid himself in his <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Most scholars, however, oppose these hypotheses.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> One of the main arguments of these scholars is that Ovid would not let his Fasti remain unfinished, mainly because this poem meant his consecration as an imperial poet.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ovid died at Tomis in AD 17 or 18.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> It is thought that the Fasti, which he spent time revising, were published posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Heroides_("The_Heroines")'>Heroides ("The Heroines")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=7" title='Edit section: Heroides ("The Heroines")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/150px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="508" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="2676"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 508px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/150px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="508" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/225px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/300px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> in a fresco from <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Double_Heroides" title="Double Heroides">Double Heroides</a></div> The Heroides ("Heroines") or Epistulae Heroidum are a collection of twenty-one poems in elegiac couplets. The Heroides take the form of letters addressed by famous mythological characters to their partners expressing their emotions at being separated from them, pleas for their return, and allusions to their future actions within their own mythology. The authenticity of the collection, partially or as a whole, has been questioned, although most scholars would consider the letters mentioned specifically in Ovid's description of the work at Am. 2.18.19–26 as safe from objection. The collection comprises a new type of generic composition without parallel in earlier literature.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> The first fourteen letters are thought to comprise the first published collection and are written by the heroines <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)" title="Phyllis (mythology)">Phyllis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)" title="Phaedra (mythology)">Phaedra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oenone" title="Oenone">Oenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle" title="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deianeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Deianeira">Deianeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canace" title="Canace">Canace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laodamia_of_Phylace" class="mw-redirect" title="Laodamia of Phylace">Laodamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypermnestra" title="Hypermnestra">Hypermnestra</a> to their absent male lovers. Letter 15, from the historical <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a>, seems spurious (although referred to in Am. 2.18) because of its length, its lack of integration in the mythological theme, and its absence from Medieval manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> The final letters (16–21) are paired compositions comprising a letter to a lover and a reply. <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hero_and_Leander" title="Hero and Leander">Hero and Leander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acontius" title="Acontius">Acontius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cydippe" title="Cydippe">Cydippe</a> are the addressees of the paired letters. These are considered a later addition to the corpus because they are never mentioned by Ovid and may or may not be spurious. The Heroides markedly reveal the influence of rhetorical declamation and may derive from Ovid's interest in rhetorical <a href="/wiki/Suasoria" title="Suasoria">suasoriae</a>, persuasive speeches, and <a href="/wiki/Ethopoeia" title="Ethopoeia">ethopoeia</a>, the practice of speaking in another character. They also play with generic conventions; most of the letters seem to refer to works in which these characters were significant, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> in the case of Dido and <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> 64 for Ariadne, and transfer characters from the genres of epic and tragedy to the elegiac genre of the Heroides.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> The letters have been admired for their deep psychological portrayals of mythical characters, their rhetoric, and their unique attitude to the classical tradition of mythology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] They also contribute significantly to conversations on how gender and identity were constructed in Augustan Rome.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> A popular quote from the Heroides anticipates Machiavelli's "the end justifies the means". Ovid had written "Exitus acta probat" – the result justifies the means. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Amores_("The_Loves")'>Amores ("The Loves")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=8" title='Edit section: Amores ("The Loves")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amores_(Ovid)" title="Amores (Ovid)">Amores (Ovid)</a></div> The Amores is a collection in three books of love poetry in elegiac meter, following the conventions of the elegiac genre developed by <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>. Elegy originates with Propertius and Tibullus, but Ovid is an innovator in the genre. Ovid changes the leader of his elegies from the poet, to Amor (Love or Cupid). This switch in focus from the triumphs of the poet, to the triumphs of love over people is the first of its kind for this genre of poetry. This Ovidian innovation can be summarized as the use of love as a metaphor for poetry.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The books describe the many aspects of love and focus on the poet's relationship with a mistress called Corinna. Within the various poems, several describe events in the relationship, thus presenting the reader with some vignettes and a loose narrative. Book 1 contains 15 poems. The first tells of Ovid's intention to write epic poetry, which is thwarted when <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> steals a metrical foot from him, changing his work into love elegy. Poem 4 is didactic and describes principles that Ovid would develop in the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a>. The fifth poem, describing a noon tryst, introduces Corinna by name. Poems 8 and 9 deal with Corinna selling her love for gifts, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's failed attempt to arrange a meeting. Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing her hair and 15 stresses the immortality of Ovid and love poets. The second book has 19 pieces; the opening poem tells of Ovid's abandonment of a <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a>. Poems 2 and 3 are entreaties to a guardian to let the poet see Corinna, poem 6 is a lament for Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 and 8 deal with Ovid's affair with Corinna's servant and her discovery of it, and 11 and 12 try to prevent Corinna from going on vacation. Poem 13 is a prayer to <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> for Corinna's illness, 14 a poem against abortion, and 19 a warning to unwary husbands. Book 3 has 15 poems. The opening piece depicts personified Tragedy and Elegy fighting over Ovid. Poem 2 describes a visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest in other men, 10 is a complaint to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> because of her festival that requires abstinence, 13 is a poem on a festival of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, and 9 a lament for <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>. In poem 11 Ovid decides not to love Corinna any longer and regrets the poems he has written about her. The final poem is Ovid's farewell to the erotic muse. Critics have seen the poems as highly self-conscious and extremely playful specimens of the elegiac genre.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_("Women's_Facial_Cosmetics")">Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae" title="Medicamina Faciei Femineae">Medicamina Faciei Femineae</a></div> About a hundred elegiac lines survive from this poem on beauty treatments for women's faces, which seems to parody serious didactic poetry. The poem says that women should concern themselves first with manners and then prescribes several compounds for facial treatments before breaking off. The style is not unlike the shorter <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> didactic works of <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Ars_Amatoria_("The_Art_of_Love")'>Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=10" title='Edit section: Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></div> <blockquote><div class="poem"> Si quis in hoc artem populo non novit amandi, hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> </div></blockquote> The Ars Amatoria is a didactic elegiac poem in three books that sets out to teach the arts of seduction and love. The first book addresses men and teaches them how to seduce women, the second, also to men, teaches how to keep a lover. The third addresses women and teaches seduction techniques. The first book opens with an invocation to Venus, in which Ovid establishes himself as a praeceptor amoris (1.17) – a teacher of love. Ovid describes the places one can go to find a lover, like the theater, a triumph, which he thoroughly describes, or arena – and ways to get the girl to take notice, including seducing her covertly at a banquet. Choosing the right time is significant, as is getting into her associates' confidence. Ovid emphasizes care of the body for the lover. Mythological digressions include a piece on the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_women" title="Rape of the Sabine women">Rape of the Sabine women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>. Book 2 invokes Apollo and begins with a telling of the story of <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a>. Ovid advises men to avoid giving too many gifts, keep up their appearance, hide affairs, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves with slaves to stay on their lover's good side. The care of Venus for procreation is described as is Apollo's aid in keeping a lover; Ovid then digresses on the story of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus#Hephaestus_and_Aphrodite" title="Hephaestus">Vulcan's trap for Venus and Mars</a>. The book ends with Ovid asking his "students" to spread his fame. Book 3 opens with a vindication of women's abilities and Ovid's resolution to arm women against his teaching in the first two books. Ovid gives women detailed instructions on appearance telling them to avoid too many adornments. He advises women to read elegiac poetry, learn to play games, sleep with people of different ages, flirt, and dissemble. Throughout the book, Ovid playfully interjects, criticizing himself for undoing all his didactic work to men and mythologically digresses on the story of <a href="/wiki/Procris#Ovid" title="Procris">Procris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalus#Husband_of_Procris" title="Cephalus">Cephalus</a>. The book ends with his wish that women will follow his advice and spread his fame saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was our teacher". (Ovid was known as "Naso" to his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Remedia_Amoris_("The_Cure_for_Love")'>Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=11" title='Edit section: Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remedia_Amoris" title="Remedia Amoris">Remedia Amoris</a></div> This elegiac poem proposes a cure for the love Ovid teaches in the Ars Amatoria, and is primarily addressed to men. The poem criticizes suicide as a means for escaping love and, invoking Apollo, goes on to tell lovers not to procrastinate and be lazy in dealing with love. Lovers are taught to avoid their partners, not perform magic, see their lover unprepared, take other lovers, and never be jealous. Old letters should be burned and the lover's family avoided. The poem throughout presents Ovid as a doctor and utilizes medical imagery. Some have interpreted this poem as the close of Ovid's didactic cycle of love poetry and the end of his erotic elegiac project.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Metamorphoses_("Transformations")'>Metamorphoses ("Transformations")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=12" title='Edit section: Metamorphoses ("Transformations")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/200px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="942"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/200px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/300px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/400px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Engraved frontispiece of <a href="/wiki/George_Sandys" title="George Sandys">George Sandys</a>'s 1632 London edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses Englished</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></div> The Metamorphoses, Ovid's most ambitious and well-known work, consists of a 15-book catalogue written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> about transformations in Greek and Roman mythology set within a loose mytho-historical framework. The word "metamorphoses" is of Greek origin and means "transformations". Appropriately, the characters in this work undergo many different transformations. Within an extent of nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different myths are mentioned. Each myth is set outdoors where the mortals are often vulnerable to external influences. The poem stands in the tradition of mythological and etiological catalogue poetry such as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Aetia_(Callimachus)" title="Aetia (Callimachus)">Aetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a>'s Heteroeumena, and <a href="/wiki/Parthenius_of_Nicaea" title="Parthenius of Nicaea">Parthenius</a>' Metamorphoses. The first book describes the formation of the world, the <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of man">ages of man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood</a>, the story of <a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a>'s rape by Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>'s by Jupiter. The second book opens with <a href="/wiki/Phaethon#Ovid" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a> and continues describing the love of Jupiter with <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>. The third book focuses on the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a> with the stories of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a>. The fourth book focuses on three pairs of lovers: <a href="/wiki/Pyramus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramus">Pyramus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thisbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thisbe">Thisbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a>. The fifth book focuses on the song of the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>, which describes the rape of <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a>. The sixth book is a collection of stories about the rivalry between gods and mortals, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Philomela_(princess_of_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomela (princess of Athens)">Philomela</a>. The seventh book focuses on <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cephalus" title="Cephalus">Cephalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procris" title="Procris">Procris</a>. The eighth book focuses on <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>' flight, the <a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a> hunt, and the contrast between pious <a href="/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon" title="Baucis and Philemon">Baucis and Philemon</a> and the wicked <a href="/wiki/Erysichthon_of_Thessaly" title="Erysichthon of Thessaly">Erysichthon</a>. The ninth book focuses on <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and the incestuous <a href="/wiki/Byblis" title="Byblis">Byblis</a>. The tenth book focuses on stories of doomed love, such as <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, who sings about <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>. The eleventh book compares the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> with the love of <a href="/wiki/Ceyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceyx">Ceyx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone">Alcyone</a>. The twelfth book moves from myth to history describing the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lapith#Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapith">battle of the centaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iphigeneia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphigeneia">Iphigeneia</a>. The thirteenth book discusses the <a href="/wiki/Achilles#Fate_of_Achilles'_armour" title="Achilles">contest over Achilles' arms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>. The fourteenth moves to Italy, describing the journey of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a>. The final book opens with a philosophical lecture by <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and the deification of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>. The end of the poem praises <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and expresses Ovid's belief that his poem has earned him immortality. In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars have focused on Ovid's organization of his vast body of material. The ways that stories are linked by geography, themes, or contrasts creates interesting effects and constantly forces the reader to evaluate the connections. Ovid also varies his tone and material from different literary genres; <a href="/wiki/Gian_Biagio_Conte" title="Gian Biagio Conte">G. B. Conte</a> has called the poem "a sort of gallery of these various literary genres".<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> In this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding to the full spectrum of classical poetry. Ovid's use of Alexandrian epic, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of erotic and psychological style with traditional forms of epic. A concept drawn from the Metamorphoses is the idea of the white lie or <a href="/wiki/Pious_fraud" title="Pious fraud">pious fraud</a>: "pia mendacia fraude". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Fasti_("The_Festivals")'>Fasti ("The Festivals")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=13" title='Edit section: Fasti ("The Festivals")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti (poem)</a></div> Six books in elegiacs survive of this second ambitious poem that Ovid was working on when he was exiled. The six books cover the first semester of the year, with each book dedicated to a different month of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a> (January to June). The project seems unprecedented in Roman literature. It seems that Ovid planned to cover the whole year, but was unable to finish because of his exile, although he did revise sections of the work at Tomis, and he claims at Trist. 2.549–52 that his work was interrupted after six books. Like the Metamorphoses, the Fasti was to be a long poem and emulated etiological poetry by writers like <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> and his fourth book. The poem goes through the Roman calendar, explaining the origins and customs of important Roman festivals, digressing on mythical stories, and giving astronomical and agricultural information appropriate to the season. The poem was probably dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> initially, but perhaps the death of the emperor prompted Ovid to change the dedication to honor <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>. Ovid uses direct inquiry of gods and scholarly research to talk about the calendar and regularly calls himself a <a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a>, a seer. He also seems to emphasize unsavory, popular traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a popular, <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> flavor, which some have interpreted as subversive to the Augustan moral legislation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> While this poem has always been invaluable to students of Roman religion and culture for the wealth of antiquarian material it preserves, it recently has been seen as one of Ovid's finest literary works and a unique contribution to Roman elegiac poetry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Ibis_("The_Ibis")'>Ibis ("The Ibis")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=14" title='Edit section: Ibis ("The Ibis")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibis_(Ovid)" title="Ibis (Ovid)">Ibis (Ovid)</a></div> The Ibis is an elegiac poem in 644 lines, in which Ovid uses a dazzling array of mythic stories to curse and attack an enemy who is harming him in exile. At the beginning of the poem, Ovid claims that his poetry up to that point had been harmless, but now he is going to use his abilities to hurt his enemy. He cites Callimachus' Ibis as his inspiration and calls all the gods to make his curse effective. Ovid uses mythical exempla to condemn his enemy in the afterlife, cites evil prodigies that attended his birth, and then in the next 300 lines wishes that the torments of mythological characters befall his enemy. The poem ends with a prayer that the gods make his curse effective. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Tristia_("Sorrows")'>Tristia ("Sorrows")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=15" title='Edit section: Tristia ("Sorrows")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></div> The Tristia consist of five books of elegiac poetry composed by Ovid in exile in Tomis. Book 1 contains 11 poems; the first piece is an address by Ovid to his book about how it should act when it arrives in Rome. Poem 3 describes his final night in Rome, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 the betrayal of a friend, and 5 and 6 the loyalty of his friends and wife. In the final poem Ovid apologizes for the quality and tone of his book, a sentiment echoed throughout the collection. Book 2 consists of one long poem in which Ovid defends himself and his poetry, uses precedents to justify his work, and begs the emperor for forgiveness. Book 3 in 14 poems focuses on Ovid's life in Tomis. The opening poem describes his book's arrival in Rome to find Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on the seasons spent in Tomis, 9 on the origins of the place, and 2, 3, and 11 his emotional distress and longing for home. The final poem is again an apology for his work. The fourth book has ten poems addressed mostly to friends. Poem 1 expresses his love of poetry and the solace it brings; while 2 describes a triumph of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 are to friends, 7 a request for correspondence, and 10 an autobiography. The final book of the Tristia with 14 poems focuses on his wife and friends. Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed to his wife, 2 and 3 are prayers to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, 4 and 6 are to friends, 8 to an enemy. Poem 13 asks for letters, while 1 and 12 are apologies to his readers for the quality of his poetry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Epistulae_ex_Ponto_("Letters_from_the_Black_Sea")'>Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=16" title='Edit section: Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></div> The Epistulae ex Ponto is a collection in four books of further poetry from exile. The Epistulae are each addressed to a different friend and focus more desperately than the Tristia on securing his recall from exile. The poems mainly deal with requests for friends to speak on his behalf to members of the imperial family, discussions of writing with friends, and descriptions of life in exile. The first book has ten pieces in which Ovid describes the state of his health (10), his hopes, memories, and yearning for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs in exile (3). Book 2 contains impassioned requests to Germanicus (1 and 5) and various friends to speak on his behalf at Rome while he describes his despair and life in exile. Book 3 has nine poems in which Ovid addresses his wife (1) and various friends. It includes a telling of the story of <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia#Among_the_Taurians" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia in Tauris</a> (2), a poem against criticism (9), and a dream of Cupid (3). Book 4, the final work of Ovid, in 16 poems talks to friends and describes his life as an exile further. Poems 10 and 13 describe Winter and Spring at Tomis, poem 14 is halfhearted praise for Tomis, 7 describes its geography and climate, and 4 and 9 are congratulations on friends for their consulships and requests for help. Poem 12 is addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Ovid complains, does not fit into meter. The final poem is addressed to an enemy whom Ovid implores to leave him alone. The last elegiac couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in stabbing your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's no place left where I can be dealt fresh wounds."<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lost works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One loss, which Ovid himself described, is the first five-book edition of the Amores, from which nothing has come down to us. The greatest loss is Ovid's only tragedy, Medea, from which only a few lines are preserved. <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> admired the work a great deal and considered it a prime example of Ovid's poetic talent.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> quotes from a lost translation by Ovid of <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>' Phaenomena, although the poem's ascription to Ovid is insecure because it is never mentioned in Ovid's other works.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> A line from a work entitled Epigrammata is cited by <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Even though it is unlikely, if the last six books of the Fasti ever existed, they constitute a great loss. Ovid also mentions some occasional poetry (<a href="/wiki/Epithalamium" title="Epithalamium">Epithalamium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> dirge,<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> even a rendering in <a href="/wiki/Getae#Culture" title="Getae">Getic</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a>) which does not survive. Also lost is the final portion of the Medicamina. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Spurious_works">Spurious works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spurious works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ovid" title="Pseudo-Ovid">Pseudo-Ovid</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Consolatio_ad_Liviam_("Consolation_to_Livia")'>Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=19" title='Edit section: Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Consolatio is a long elegiac poem of consolation to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>' wife <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> on the death of her son <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a>. The poem opens by advising Livia not to try to hide her sad emotions and contrasts Drusus' military virtue with his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes of the imperial family are described as are his final moments and Livia's lament over the body, which is compared to birds. The laments of the city of Rome as it greets his funeral procession and the gods are mentioned, and Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber river from quenching the pyre out of grief.<a href="#cite_note-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214-66">[62]</a> Grief is expressed for his lost military honors, his wife, and his mother. The poet asks Livia to look for consolation in <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. The poem ends with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him of his fate in Elysium. Although this poem was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Elegiae_in_Maecenatem" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegiae in Maecenatem">Elegiae in Maecenatem</a>, it is now thought that they are unconnected. The date of the piece is unknown, but a date in the reign of Tiberius has been suggested because of that emperor's prominence in the poem.<a href="#cite_note-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Halieutica_("On_Fishing")'>Halieutica ("On Fishing")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=20" title='Edit section: Halieutica ("On Fishing")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Halieutica is a fragmentary didactic poem in 134 poorly preserved hexameter lines and is considered spurious. The poem begins by describing how every animal possesses the ability to protect itself and how fish use ars to help themselves. The ability of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is described. The poem goes on to list the best places for fishing, and which types of fish to catch. Although <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentions a Halieutica by Ovid, which was composed at Tomis near the end of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken in his attribution and that the poem is not genuine.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Nux_("The_Walnut_Tree")'>Nux ("The Walnut Tree")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=21" title='Edit section: Nux ("The Walnut Tree")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This short poem in 91 elegiac couplets is related to <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's fable</a> of "<a href="/wiki/The_Walnut_Tree" title="The Walnut Tree">The Walnut Tree</a>" that was the subject of human ingratitude. In a monologue asking boys not pelt it with stones to get its fruit, the tree contrasts the formerly fruitful <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> with the present barren time, in which its fruit is violently ripped off and its branches broken. In the course of this, the tree compares itself to several mythological characters, praises the peace that the emperor provides and prays to be destroyed rather than suffer. The poem is considered spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in an uncharacteristic way, although the piece is thought to be contemporary with Ovid.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Somnium_("The_Dream")'>Somnium ("The Dream")</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=22" title='Edit section: Somnium ("The Dream")' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This poem, traditionally placed at Amores 3.5, is considered spurious. The poet describes a dream to an interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the heat of noon a white heifer near a bull; when the heifer is pecked by a crow, it leaves the bull for a meadow with other bulls. The interpreter interprets the dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the poet, the heifer a girl, and the crow an old woman. The old woman spurs the girl to leave her lover and find someone else. The poem is known to have circulated independently and its lack of engagement with Tibullan or Propertian elegy argue in favor of its spuriousness; however, the poem does seem to be datable to the early empire.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Ovid is traditionally considered the final significant love elegist in the evolution of the genre and one of the most versatile in his handling of the genre's conventions. Like the other canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a <a href="/wiki/Persona#In_literature" title="Persona">persona</a> in his works that emphasizes subjectivity and personal emotion over traditional militaristic and public goals, a convention that some scholars link to the relative stability provided by the Augustan settlement.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> However, although <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> may have been inspired in part by personal experience, the validity of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a serious point of scholarly contention.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Ovid has been seen as taking on a persona in his poetry that is far more emotionally detached from his mistress and less involved in crafting a unique emotional realism within the text than the other elegists.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> This attitude, coupled with the lack of testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a real person<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> has led scholars to conclude that Corinna was never a real person, and that Ovid's relationship with her is an invention for his elegiac project.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> Some scholars have even interpreted Corinna as a <a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">metapoetic</a> symbol for the elegiac genre itself.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Ovid has been considered a highly inventive love elegist who plays with traditional elegiac conventions and elaborates the themes of the genre;<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.<a href="#cite_note-Quint._Inst._10.1.93-5">[4]</a> In some poems, he uses traditional conventions in new ways, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paraklausithyron" title="Paraklausithyron">paraklausithyron</a> of Am. 1.6, while other poems seem to have no elegiac precedents and appear to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such as the poem on Corinna's ruined hair (Am. 1.14). Ovid has been traditionally seen as far more sexually explicit in his poetry than the other elegists.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> His erotic elegy covers a wide spectrum of themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the love of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythical characters</a> is the subject of the Heroides, and the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a> and the other didactic love poems provide a handbook for relationships and seduction from a (mock-)"scientific" viewpoint. In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his <a href="/wiki/Enumeration" title="Enumeration">enumeration</a>, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Some commentators have also noted the influence of Ovid's interest in love elegy in his other works, such as the Fasti, and have distinguished his "elegiac" style from his "epic" style. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinze" title="Richard Heinze">Richard Heinze</a> in his famous Ovids elegische Erzählung (1919) delineated the distinction between Ovid's styles by comparing the Fasti and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> versions of the same legends, such as the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>–<a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> story in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the elegiac poems a sentimental and tender tone prevails, the hexameter narrative is characterized by an emphasis on solemnity and awe..."<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> His general line of argument has been accepted by <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, who wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">gods</a> are "serious" in epic as they are not in elegy; the speeches in epic are long and infrequent compared to the short, truncated and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic writer conceals himself while the elegiac fills his narrative with familiar remarks to the reader or his characters; above all perhaps, epic narrative is continuous and symmetrical... whereas elegiac narrative displays a marked asymmetry ...<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a></blockquote> Otis wrote that in the Ovidian poems of love, he "was <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesquing</a> an old theme rather than inventing a new one".<a href="#cite_note-OtisI-83">[79]</a> Otis states that the Heroides are more serious and, though some of them are "quite different from anything Ovid had done before [...] he is here also treading a very well-worn path" to relate that the motif of females abandoned by or separated from their men was a "stock motif of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">neoteric</a> poetry (the classic example for us is, of course, <a href="/wiki/Catullus_66" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus 66">Catullus 66</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-OtisI-83">[79]</a> Otis also states that <a href="/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)" title="Phaedra (mythology)">Phaedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a> (also present in the poem) "are clever re-touchings of <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>".<a href="#cite_note-OtisI-83">[79]</a> Some scholars, such as Kenney and Clausen, have compared Ovid with Virgil. According to them, Virgil was ambiguous and ambivalent while Ovid was defined and, while Ovid wrote only what he could express, Virgil wrote for the use of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/200px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/200px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/300px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/400px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1484 figure from Ovide Moralisé, edition by Colard Mansion</figcaption></figure> Ovid's works have been interpreted in various ways over the centuries with attitudes that depended on the social, religious and literary contexts of different times. It is known that since his own lifetime, he was already famous and criticized. In the <a href="/wiki/Remedia_Amoris" title="Remedia Amoris">Remedia Amoris</a>, Ovid reports criticism from people who considered his books insolent.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Ovid responded to this criticism with the following: <div style="margin-left:2em" class="poem"> Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's well known already it will be more so, if only my feet travel the road they've started. But you're in too much of a hurry: if I live you'll be more than sorry: many poems, in fact, are forming in my mind.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> </div> After such criticism subsided, Ovid became one of the best known and most loved Roman poets during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PeterXIII-87">[83]</a> Writers in the Middle Ages used his work as a way to read and write about sex and violence without orthodox "scrutiny routinely given to commentaries on the Bible".<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> In the Middle Ages the voluminous <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ovide_moralis%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Ovide moralisé">Ovide moralisé</a>, a French work that moralizes 15 books of the Metamorphoses was composed. This work then influenced <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>. Ovid's poetry provided inspiration for the Renaissance idea of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a>, and more specifically, for many Renaissance painters and writers. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Golding" title="Arthur Golding">Arthur Golding</a> moralized his own translation of the full 15 books, and published it in 1567. This version was the same version used as a supplement to the original Latin in the Tudor-era grammar schools that influenced such major Renaissance authors as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. Many non-English authors were heavily influenced by Ovid's works as well. <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, for example, alluded to Ovid several times in his <a href="/wiki/Essais" class="mw-redirect" title="Essais">Essais</a>, specifically in his comments on Education of Children when he says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The first taste I had for books came to me from my pleasure in the fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. For at about seven or eight years of age I would steal away from any other pleasure to read them, inasmuch as this language was my mother tongue, and it was the easiest book I knew and the best suited by its content to my tender age.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> also used the Metamorphoses as a platform of inspiration for his prodigious novel <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>. Ovid is both praised and criticized by Cervantes in his Don Quixote, where he warns against satires that can exile poets, as happened to Ovid.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_(1859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/280px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6265" data-file-height="4231"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/280px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/420px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/560px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid_among_the_Scythians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid among the Scythians">Ovid among the Scythians</a>, 1859. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery (London)</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, some <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> cut several passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses. While the Jesuits saw his poems as elegant compositions worthy of being presented to students for educational purposes, they also felt his works as a whole might corrupt students.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> The Jesuits took much of their knowledge of Ovid to the Portuguese colonies. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serafim_Leite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serafim Leite (page does not exist)">Serafim Leite</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serafim_Leite" class="extiw" title="pt:Serafim Leite">pt</a>] (1949), the <a href="/wiki/Ratio_studiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratio studiorum">ratio studiorum</a> was in effect in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> during the early 17th century, and in this period Brazilian students read works like the <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a> to learn <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> In the 16th century, Ovid's works were criticized in England. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> ordered that a contemporary translation of Ovid's love poems be <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Ban_of_1599" title="Bishops' Ban of 1599">publicly burned in 1599</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> of the following century viewed Ovid as a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>, thus as an <a href="/wiki/Immoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoral">immoral</a> influence.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> composed a famous translation of the Metamorphoses into stopped rhyming couplets during the 17th century, when Ovid was "refashioned [...] in its own image, one kind of Augustanism making over another".<a href="#cite_note-PeterXIII-87">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> of the 19th century, in contrast, considered Ovid and his poems "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and lacking in genuine passion".<a href="#cite_note-PeterXIII-87">[83]</a> Romantics might have preferred his poetry of exile.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> The picture <a href="/wiki/Ovid_among_the_Scythians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid among the Scythians">Ovid among the Scythians</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>, portrays the last years of the poet in exile in <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, and was seen by <a href="/wiki/Baudelaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Baudelaire took the opportunity to write a long essay about the life of an exiled poet like Ovid.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> This shows that the exile of Ovid had some influence in 19th century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> since it makes connections with its key concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Wildness" title="Wildness">wildness</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">misunderstood genius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> The exile poems were once viewed unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> They have enjoyed a resurgence of scholarly interest in recent years, though critical opinion remains divided on several qualities of the poems, such as their intended audience and whether Ovid was sincere in the "recantation of all that he stood for before".<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> The 20th Century British poet laureate, the late Ted Hughes, follows in the tradition of portraying a wild, immoral and violent Ovid in his free verse modern translation of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal of the fickle and immoral nature of the Gods.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovid's_influence">Ovid's influence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ovid's influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literary_and_artistic">Literary and artistic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literary and artistic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/220px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/220px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/330px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/440px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ovid as imagined in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>, 1493</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–810) <a href="/wiki/Moduin" title="Moduin">Moduin</a>, a poet in the court circle of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, who adopts the pen name Naso.</li> <li>(12th century) The <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> and the medieval <a href="/wiki/Courtoise_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtoise literature">courtoise literature</a>. In particular, the passage describing the Holy Grail in the Conte du Graal by <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a> contains elements from the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (Ovid)">Metamorphoses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113-101">[97]</a></li> <li>(13th century) The <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li>(14th century) <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz" title="Juan Ruiz">Juan Ruiz</a></li> <li>(15th century) <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li>(16th century–17th century) <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edwards_(poet)" title="Thomas Edwards (poet)">Thomas Edwards</a></li> <li>(17th century) <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, 1605 and 1615, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_F%C3%A1bula_de_Polifemo_y_Galatea" title="La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea">La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea</a>, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, 1651, Stormy Landscape with Philemon and Baucis by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1620, "Divine Narcissus" by Sor <a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Juana Inés de la Cruz</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1689.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a></li> <li>(1820s) During his <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> exile, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> compared himself to Ovid; memorably versified in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a> To Ovid (1821). The exiled Ovid also features in his long poem <a href="/wiki/The_Gypsies_(poem)" title="The Gypsies (poem)">Gypsies</a>, set in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> (1824), and in Canto VIII of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a> (1825–1832).</li> <li>(1916) <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a> has a quotation from Book 8 of Metamorphoses and introduces <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" title="Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a>. The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was in <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hero" title="Stephen Hero">Stephen Hero</a>, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and in <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>.</li> <li>(1920s) The title of the second poetry collection by <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>, Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers to Ovid's book. Mandelstam's collection is about his hungry, violent years immediately after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</li> <li>(1951) <a href="/wiki/Six_Metamorphoses_after_Ovid" title="Six Metamorphoses after Ovid">Six Metamorphoses after Ovid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, for solo oboe, evokes images of Ovid's characters from Metamorphoses.</li> <li>(1960) <a href="/wiki/God_Was_Born_in_Exile" title="God Was Born in Exile">God Was Born in Exile</a>, the novel by the Romanian writer <a href="/wiki/Vintila_Horia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintila Horia">Vintila Horia</a> about Ovid's stay in exile (the novel received the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> in 1960).</li> <li>(1961) The eight-line poem "<a href="/wiki/Ovid_in_the_Third_Reich" title="Ovid in the Third Reich">Ovid in the Third Reich</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hill" title="Geoffrey Hill">Geoffrey Hill</a> transposes Ovid to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">National Socialist Germany</a>.</li> <li>(1960s–2010s) <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> has made repeated use of Ovid's wording, imagery, and themes. <ul><li>(2006) His album <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(Bob_Dylan_album)" title="Modern Times (Bob Dylan album)">Modern Times</a> contains songs with borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a>'s translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.</li></ul></li> <li>(1971) <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> song The fountain of Salmacis from their album <a href="/wiki/Nursery_Cryme" title="Nursery Cryme">Nursery Cryme</a> faithfully reports the myth of <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a> as narrated in Ovid's <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>.</li> <li>(1978) Australian author <a href="/wiki/David_Malouf" title="David Malouf">David Malouf</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/An_Imaginary_Life" title="An Imaginary Life">An Imaginary Life</a> is about Ovid's exile in <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>.</li> <li>(1988) The novel <a href="/wiki/The_Last_World" title="The Last World">The Last World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ransmayr" title="Christoph Ransmayr">Christoph Ransmayr</a> uses anachronisms to weave together parts of Ovid's biography and stories from the Metamorphoses in an uncertain time setting.</li> <li>(2000) The Art of Love by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Brooks" title="Robin Brooks">Robin Brooks</a>, a comedy, emphasizing Ovid's role as lover. Broadcast 23 May on BBC Radio 4, with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nighy" title="Bill Nighy">Bill Nighy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Duff" title="Anne-Marie Duff">Anne-Marie Duff</a> (not to be confused with the 2004 radio play by the same title on Radio 3).</li> <li>(2004) The Art of Love by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rissik" title="Andrew Rissik">Andrew Rissik</a>, a drama, part of a trilogy, which speculates on the crime that sent Ovid into exile. Broadcast 11 April on BBC Radio 4, with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dillane" title="Stephen Dillane">Stephen Dillane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Aubrey" title="Juliet Aubrey">Juliet Aubrey</a> (not to be confused with the 2000 radio play by the same title on Radio 4).<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></li> <li>(2007) Russian author <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zorich" title="Alexander Zorich">Alexander Zorich</a>'s novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Star (page does not exist)">Roman Star</a> is about the last years of Ovid's life.</li> <li>(2007) the play "The Land of Oblivion " by Russian-American dramatist Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published in Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the mystery of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.</li> <li>(2008) "The Love Song of Ovid", a two-hour radio documentary by Damiano Pietropaolo, recorded on location in Rome (the recently restored house of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> on the Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania). Broadcast on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, CBC Radio One, 18 and 19 December 2008.</li> <li>(2012) The House Of Rumour, a novel by British author <a href="/wiki/Jake_Arnott" title="Jake Arnott">Jake Arnott</a>, opens with a passage from Metamorphoses 12.39–63, and the author muses on Ovid's prediction of the internet in that passage.</li> <li>(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 years later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to the places of Ovid's birth and death.</li> <li>(2015) In <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walking Dead (season 6)">The Walking Dead</a> season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a long-term plan to make her besieged community sustainable and writes on her blueprint a Latin phrase attributed to Ovid: "Dolor hic tibi proderit olim".<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The phrase is an excerpt from the longer phrase, "Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient and tough; someday this pain will be useful to you").<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></li> <li>(2017) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSgGgb7y-F8">...and while there he sighs</a>" for 31-tone organ and mezzosoprano by composer <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Costa_(composer,_conductor)" title="Fabio Costa (composer, conductor)">Fabio Costa</a> is based on the Syrinx and Pan scene from Metamorphoses, with performances in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a></li> <li>(2017) Canadian composer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Sabat" title="Marc Sabat">Marc Sabat</a> and German poet <a href="/wiki/Uljana_Wolf" title="Uljana Wolf">Uljana Wolf</a> collaborated on a free homophonic translation of the first 88 lines of Ovid's Metamorphoseon to create the cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered by the vocal ensemble Ekmeles in New York on 22 February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> twice mentions him in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a> as ranking alongside <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (Inferno, IV, 88)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retellings,_adaptations,_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works">Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="6068"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 353px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="353" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Metamorphoses, 1618</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>(1609) <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wisdom_of_the_Ancients&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wisdom of the Ancients (page does not exist)">The Wisdom of the Ancients</a>, a retelling and interpretation of Ovidian fables by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li>(1767) <a href="/wiki/Apollo_et_Hyacinthus" title="Apollo et Hyacinthus">Apollo et Hyacinthus</a>, an early opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></li> <li>(1916) Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation by Frank Justus Miller</li> <li>(1926) <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(play)" title="Orpheus (play)">Orphée</a>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, retelling of the <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> myth from the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)">Metamorphoses</a></li> <li>(1938) <a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a>, an opera by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></li> <li>(1949) <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(film)" title="Orpheus (film)">Orphée</a>, a film by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> based on his 1926 play, retelling of the <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> myth from the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)">Metamorphoses</a></li> <li>(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), by Brookes More</li> <li>(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses in European Culture (Commentary), by <a href="/wiki/Wilmon_Brewer" title="Wilmon Brewer">Wilmon Brewer</a></li> <li>(1991) <a href="/wiki/The_Last_World" title="The Last World">The Last World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ransmayr" title="Christoph Ransmayr">Christoph Ransmayr</a></li> <li>(1997) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaroid_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaroid Stories (page does not exist)">Polaroid Stories</a> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Iizuka" title="Naomi Iizuka">Naomi Iizuka</a>, a retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.</li> <li>(1994) <a href="/wiki/After_Ovid:_New_Metamorphoses" title="After Ovid: New Metamorphoses">After Ovid: New Metamorphoses</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hofmann" title="Michael Hofmann">Michael Hofmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Lasdun" title="James Lasdun">James Lasdun</a> is an anthology of contemporary poetry envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses</li> <li>(1997) <a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Ovid" title="Tales from Ovid">Tales from Ovid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> is a modern poetic translation of twenty four passages from Metamorphoses</li> <li>(2000) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid_Metamorphosed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovid Metamorphosed (page does not exist)">Ovid Metamorphosed</a> edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_Terry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil Terry (page does not exist)">Phil Terry</a>, a short story collection retelling several of Ovid's <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a></li> <li>(2002) An adaptation of Metamorphoses of the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(play)" title="Metamorphoses (play)">same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Zimmerman" title="Mary Zimmerman">Mary Zimmerman</a> was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></li> <li>(2006) <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Barber" title="Patricia Barber">Patricia Barber</a>'s song cycle, <a href="/wiki/Mythologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies">Mythologies</a></li> <li>(2008) Tristes Pontiques, translated from Latin by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Darrieussecq" title="Marie Darrieussecq">Marie Darrieussecq</a></li> <li>(2011) A stage adaptation of Metamorphoses by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bramley_(director)" title="Peter Bramley (director)">Peter Bramley</a>, entitled Ovid's Metamorphoses was performed by Pants on Fire, presented by the <a href="/wiki/Carol_Tambor_Theatrical_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Tambor Theatrical Foundation">Carol Tambor Theatrical Foundation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Flea_Theater" title="The Flea Theater">Flea Theater</a> in New York City and toured the United Kingdom</li> <li>(2012) "The Song of Phaethon", a <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a> song written and performed by Ian Crause (former leader of <a href="/wiki/Disco_Inferno_(band)" title="Disco Inferno (band)">Disco Inferno</a>) in Greek epic style, based on a Metamorphoses tale (as recounted in Hughes' <a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Ovid" title="Tales from Ovid">Tales from Ovid</a>) and drawing parallels between mythology and current affairs</li> <li>(2013) <a href="/wiki/Clare_Pollard" title="Clare Pollard">Clare Pollard</a>, Ovid's Heroines (Bloodaxe), new poetic version of <a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ovid by Anton von Werner"><noscript><img alt="Ovid by Anton von Werner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/57px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="628"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 57px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/57px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg" data-alt="Ovid by Anton von Werner" data-width="57" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/86px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/114px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ovid by <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Werner" title="Anton von Werner">Anton von Werner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orvieto105.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ovid by Luca Signorelli"><noscript><img alt="Ovid by Luca Signorelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/120px-Orvieto105.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/120px-Orvieto105.jpg" data-alt="Ovid by Luca Signorelli" data-width="120" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/180px-Orvieto105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/240px-Orvieto105.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ovid by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld"><noscript><img alt="Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/99px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/99px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg" data-alt="Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld" data-width="99" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/149px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/199px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld">Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" 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data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Metamorphoses" title="Cultural influence of Metamorphoses">Cultural influence of Metamorphoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Metamorphoses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of characters in Metamorphoses">List of characters in Metamorphoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tamorphoses_(2014_film)" title="Métamorphoses (2014 film)">Metamorphoses (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid_Prize" title="Ovid Prize">Ovid Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Prosody (Latin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinus_(Ovid)" title="Sabinus (Ovid)">Sabinus (Ovid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_in_Ovid%27s_Metamorphoses" title="Tragedy in Ovid's Metamorphoses">Tragedy in Ovid's Metamorphoses</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> Naso means "the one with the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nasus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:nasus">nose</a>" (i.e. "Bignose"). Ovid habitually refers to himself by his nickname in his poetry because the Latin name Ovidius does not fit into <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">elegiac metre</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> It was a pivotal year in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">history of Rome</a>. A year before Ovid's birth, the murder of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> took place, an event that precipitated the end of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Rome">republican</a> regime. After Caesar's death, a series of civil wars and alliances followed (See <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">Roman civil wars</a>), until the victory of Caesar's nephew, Octavius (later called <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>) over <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> (leading supporter of Caesar), from which arose a new political order.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Fasti is, in fact, unfinished. Metamorphoses was already completed in the year of exile, missing only the final revision.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> In exile, Ovid said he never gave a final review on the poem.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Ovid cites <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> in I 64, II 224, V 649, VII 407, VIII 788, XV 285, 359, 460, and others. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-parised-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parised_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parised_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOvid1800" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. <q>[Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphoseon&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1800&rft.au=Ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>: "Ovid" </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney" class="citation web cs1">Kenney, Edward John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet">"Ovid"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ovid&rft.series=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Edward+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOvid-Roman-poet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quint._Inst._10.1.93-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quint._Inst._10.1.93_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint._Inst._10.1.93_5-1">b</a> Quint. Inst. 10.1.93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25_6-0">^</a> Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US, 1999), p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195143388" title="Special:BookSources/0195143388">0195143388</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195143386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195143386">978-0195143386</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConte1987" class="citation book cs1">Conte, Gian Biagio (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJGp_dkXnuUC">Latin Literature: A History</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801862533" title="Special:BookSources/9780801862533"><bdi>9780801862533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Literature%3A+A+History&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780801862533&rft.aulast=Conte&rft.aufirst=Gian+Biagio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJGp_dkXnuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> (in Portuguese) Met., Ovid, translation to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> by Paulo Farmhouse Alberto, Livros Cotovia, Intro, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Seneca, Cont. 2.2.8 and 9.5.17 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Trist. 1.2.77 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Trist. 4.10.33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Trist. 2.93ff.; Ex P. 5.23ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Fast. 4.383–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Trist. 4.10.21 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Trist. 4.10.57–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1982" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (1982). Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044360-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044360-6"><bdi>0-14-044360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%3A+The+Erotic+Poems%2C+Translated+With+An+Introduction+And+Notes&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-14-044360-6&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HornblowerSpawforth2014-18"><a href="#cite_ref-HornblowerSpawforth2014_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198706779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198706779"><bdi>978-0198706779</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0198706779&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIgdBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World s.v. Ovid </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The most recent chart that describes the dating of Ovid's works is in Knox. P. "A Poet's Life" in A Companion to Ovid ed. Peter Knox (Oxford, 2009) pp. xvii–xviii </li> <li id="cite_note-Trist._4.10.53–4-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trist._4.10.53%E2%80%934_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trist._4.10.53%E2%80%934_21-1">b</a> Trist. 4.10.53–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerAntony_Spawforth1996" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726/page/1085">1085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866172-6"><bdi>978-0-19-866172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=1085&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866172-6&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Antony+Spawforth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780198661726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Carlos de Miguel Moura. O mistério do exílio ovidiano. In Portuguese. In: Àgora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate 4 (2002), pp. 99–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Tristia 1, 7, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> See Trist. II, 131–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ovid, Tristia 2.207 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto 2.9.72 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto 3.3.72 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Norwood, Frances, "The Riddle of Ovid's Relegatio", Classical Philology (1963) p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-José_González_Vázquez_1992_p.10-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_V%C3%A1zquez_1992_p.10_31-0">^</a> José González Vázquez (trans.), Ov. Tristes e Pónticas (Editorial Gredos, Madrid, 1992), p. 10 and Rafael Herrera Montero (trans.), Ov. Tristes; Cartas del Ponto (Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2002). The scholars also add that it was no more indecent than many publications by <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> that circulated freely in that time. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakay2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakay, Kornél (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/21600/21619/21619.pdf">Kik vagyunk? Honnan jöttünk?</a> [Who are we? Where did we come from?] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Püski Kiadó. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9906-45-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9906-45-X"><bdi>963-9906-45-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918144532/https://mek.oszk.hu/21600/21619/21619.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kik+vagyunk%3F+Honnan+j%C3%B6tt%C3%BCnk%3F&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=P%C3%BCski+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9906-45-X&rft.aulast=Bakay&rft.aufirst=Korn%C3%A9l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F21600%2F21619%2F21619.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The first two lines of the Tristia communicate his misery: Parve – nec invideo – sine me, liber, ibis in urbem; ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo!: "Little book – for I don't begrudge it – go on to the city without me; Alas for me, because your master is not allowed to go with you!" </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> J. C. Thibault, The Mystery of Ovid's Exile (Berkeley-L. A. 1964), pp. 20–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> About 33 mentions, according to Thibault (Mystery, pp. 27–31). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> A. W. J. Holleman, "Ovid's exile", Liverpool Classical Monthly 10.3 (1985), p. 48. H. Hofmann, "The unreality of Ovid's Tomitan exile once again", Liverpool Classical Monthly 12.2 (1987), p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> A. D. F. Brown, "The unreality of Ovid's Tomitan exile", Liverpool Classical Monthly 10.2 (1985), pp. 18–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Cf. the summary provided by A. Alvar Ezquerra, Exilio y elegía latina entre la Antigüedad y el Renacimiento (Huelva, 1997), pp. 23–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Naturalis Historia, 32.152: "His adiciemus ab Ovidio posita animalia, quae apud neminem alium reperiuntur, sed fortassis in Ponto nascentia, ubi id volumen supremis suis temporibus inchoavit". </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Silvae, 1.2, 254–55: "nec tristis in ipsis Naso Tomis". </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Short references in Jerome (Chronicon, 2033, an. Tiberii 4, an. Dom. 17: "Ovidius poeta in exilio diem obiit et iuxta oppidum Tomos sepelitur") and in Epitome de Caesaribus (I, 24: "Nam [Augustus] poetam Ovidium, qui et Naso, pro eo, quod tres libellos amatoriae artis conscripsit, exilio damnavit"). </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> A. D. F. Brown, "The unreality of Ovid's Tomitan exile", Liverpool Classical Monthly 10.2 (1985), pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> J. M. Claassen, "Error and the imperial household: an angry god and the exiled Ovid's fate", Acta classica: proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa 30 (1987), pp. 31–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Although some authors such as Martin (P. M. Martin, "À propos de l'exil d'Ovide... et de la succession d'Auguste", Latomus 45 (1986), pp. 609–11.) and Porte (D. Porte, "Un épisode satirique des Fastes et l'exil d'Ovide", Latomus 43 (1984), pp. 284–306.) detected in a passage of the Fasti (2.371–80) an Ovidian attitude contrary to the wishes of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to his succession, most researchers agree that this work is the clearest testimony of support of Augustan ideals by Ovid (E. Fantham, Ovid: Fasti. Book IV (Cambridge 1998), p. 42.) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, R. Scott (15 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16zxAgAAQBAJ&q=Ancient+Rome:+An+Anthology+of+Sources">Ancient Rome: An Anthology of Sources</a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1624661167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1624661167"><bdi>978-1624661167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Anthology+of+Sources&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1624661167&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16zxAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAncient%2BRome%3A%2BAn%2BAnthology%2Bof%2BSources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2004" class="citation book cs1">Green, Steven J. (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUDE65WEMoC&q=ovid%20fasti%20published%20posthumously&pg=PA22">Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary</a>. Brill. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004139855" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004139855"><bdi>978-9004139855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%2C+Fasti+1%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-9004139855&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPUDE65WEMoC%26q%3Dovid%2520fasti%2520published%2520posthumously%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Knox, P. Ovid's Heroides: Select Epistles (Cambridge, 1995) pp. 14ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Knox, P. pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Knox, P. pp. 18ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindheim2003" class="citation book cs1">Lindheim, Sara H. (2003). Mail and Female: Epistolary Narrative and Desire in Ovid's Heroides. The University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mail+and+Female%3A+Epistolary+Narrative+and+Desire+in+Ovid%27s+Heroides&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lindheim&rft.aufirst=Sara+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanassaki1992" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassaki, Lucia (1992). "The Triumph of Love in Ovid's Amores 1, 2". Materiali e Discussioni per l'Analisi dei Testi Classici. 28 (28): 125–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40236002">10.2307/40236002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40236002">40236002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materiali+e+Discussioni+per+l%27Analisi+dei+Testi+Classici&rft.atitle=The+Triumph+of+Love+in+Ovid%27s+Amores+1%2C+2&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=125-41&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40236002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40236002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Athanassaki&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Conte, G. p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Book 1 Verse 1, 2: "If you do not know the art of love, read my book, and you will be a 'doctor' of love in the future". </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiveley,_Genevieve.2011" class="citation book cs1">Liveley, Genevieve. (2011). Ovid's Metamorphoses : a reader's guide. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7081-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-7081-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/703573507">703573507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses+%3A+a+reader%27s+guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F703573507&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7081-1&rft.au=Liveley%2C+Genevieve.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Conte, G. Latin Literature a History trans. J. Solodow (Baltimore, 1994) p. 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Conte, G. p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Herbert-Brown, G. "Fasti: the Poet, the Prince, and the Plebs" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 126ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidExPontoBkFour.htm">PoetryInTranslation.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108154119/https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidExPontoBkFour.php">Archived</a> 8 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a translation of all of Ovid's exile poetry can be found here by A. S. Kline, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Quint. Inst. 10.1.98. Cfr. Tacitus, Dial. Orat. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Lact. Div. Inst. 2.5.24. Another quotation by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Probus</a> ad Verg. Georg. 1, 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Inst. gramm. 5, 13, Gramm. Lat. 2, 149, 13 Keil. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ex P. 1.2.131 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Ex P. 1.7.30 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ex P. 4.13.19> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214_66-1">b</a> Knox, P. "Lost and Spurious Works" in Knox, P. (2009) p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Pliny Nat. 32.11 and 32.152 and Knox, P. "Lost" in Knox, P. (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Knox, P. "Lost" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 212–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Knox, P. "Lost" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 210–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> See also Kenney, E. J. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/638022">"The Manuscript Tradition of Ovid's Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Remedia Amoris"</a>. The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1–31; see pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Ettore Bignone, Historia de la literatura latina (<a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>: Losada, 1952), p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> A. Guillemin, "L'élement humain dans l'élégie latine". In: Revue des études Latines (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1940), p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> In fact, it is generally accepted in most modern classical scholarship on elegy that the poems have little connection to autobiography or external reality. See Wycke, M. "Written Women:Propertius' Scripta Puella" in JRS 1987 and Davis, J. Fictus Adulter: Poet as Auctor in the Amores (Amsterdam, 1989) and Booth, J. "The Amores: Ovid Making Love" in A Companion to Ovid (Oxford, 2009) pp. 70ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Booth, J. pp. 66–68. She explains: "The text of the Amores hints at the narrator's lack of interest in depicting unique and personal emotion." p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Apuleius Apology 10 provides the real names for every elegist's mistress except Ovid's. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Barsby, J. Ovid Amores 1 (Oxford, 1973) pp.16ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Keith, A. "Corpus Eroticum: Elegiac Poetics and Elegiac Puellae in Ovid's 'Amores'" in Classical World (1994) 27–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Barsby, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Booth, J. p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Jean Bayet, Literatura latina (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>: Ariel, 1985), p. 278 and Barsby, pp. 23ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Quoted by Theodore F. Brunner, "Deinon vs. eleeinon: Heinze Revisited" In: The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr. 1971), pp. 275–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, Ovid as an epic poet (CUP Archive, 1970), p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521076153" title="Special:BookSources/0521076153">0521076153</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521076159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521076159">978-0521076159</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OtisI-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OtisI_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OtisI_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OtisI_83-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, Ovid as an epic poet, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Kenney, E. J. y ClausenL, W. V. História de la literatura clásica (Cambridge University), vol. II. Literatura Latina. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: Gredos, w/d, p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Ov. Rem. VI, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Ov. Rem. VI, 389-392. Translated by A. S. Kline and available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/CuresforLove.htm">Ovid: Cures for Love</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103155/https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/CuresforLove.php">Archived</a> 23 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterXIII-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-2">c</a> See chapters II and IV in P. Gatti, Ovid in Antike und Mittelalter. Geschichte der philologischen Rezeption, Stuttgart 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515103756" title="Special:BookSources/978-3515103756">978-3515103756</a>; Peter Green (trad.), The poems of exile: Tristia and the Black Sea letters (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2005), p. xiii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520242602" title="Special:BookSources/0520242602">0520242602</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520242609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520242609">978-0520242609</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Robert Levine, "Exploiting Ovid: Medieval Allegorizations of the Metamorphoses", Medioevo Romanzo XIV (1989), pp. 197–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, The complete essays of Montaigne (translated by Donald M. Frame), <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a> 1958, p. 130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804704864" title="Special:BookSources/0804704864">0804704864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804704861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804704861">978-0804704861</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Frederick A. De Armas, Ovid in the Age of Cervantes (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Agostinho de Jesus Domingues, Os Clássicos Latinos nas Antologias Escolares dos Jesuítas nos Primeiros Ciclos de Estudos Pré-Elementares No Século XVI em Portugal (Faculdade de Letras da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_do_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade do Porto">Universidade do Porto</a>, 2002), <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Serafim da Silva Leite, História da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil. <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1949, pp. 151–52 – Tomo VII. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Ovid's Metamorphoses, Alan H. F. Griffin, Greece & Rome, Second Series, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Apr. 1977), pp. 57–70. Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Peter Green (trad.), The poems of exile: Tristia and the Black Sea letters (University of California Press, 2005), p. xiv. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520242602" title="Special:BookSources/0520242602">0520242602</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520242609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520242609">978-0520242609</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 2007–2008", in <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> Bulletin, v. 66, no. 2 (Fall, 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Timothy Bell Raser, The simplest of signs: Victor Hugo and the language of images in France, 1850–1950 (University of Delaware Press, 2004), p. 127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874138671" title="Special:BookSources/0874138671">0874138671</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874138672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874138672">978-0874138672</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Matt Cartmill, A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History, Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 118–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674937368" title="Special:BookSources/0674937368">0674937368</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid2005" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsofexiletris00ovid">The Poems of Exile: Tristia and the Black Sea Letters</a>. Translated by Green, Peter. University of California Press. p. xxxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520931374" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520931374"><bdi>978-0520931374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+Exile%3A+Tristia+and+the+Black+Sea+Letters&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0520931374&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsofexiletris00ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaassen2013" class="citation book cs1">Claassen, Jo-Marie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycvUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Ovid Revisited: The Poet in Exile</a>. A&C Black. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472521439" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472521439"><bdi>978-1472521439</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103144/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycvUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. 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Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.huygens-fokker.org&rft.atitle=Huygens-Fokker+Foundation+%7C+concert+Fokker+organ+%7C+23+April+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huygens-fokker.org%2Factivities%2Fconcerts%2F2017-04-23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/UWXgdJshN28">"Seeds of skies, alibis"</a>. YouTube. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWXgdJshN28">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Seeds+of+skies%2C+alibis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUWXgdJshN28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkinbroadway.com/world/Metamorphoses.html">TalkinBroadway.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050122095529/http://www.talkinbroadway.com/world/Metamorphoses.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Review: Metamorphoses </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Editions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>McKeown, J. (ed), Ovid: Amores. Text, Prolegomena and Commentary in four volumes, Vol. I–III (Liverpool, 1987–1998) (ARCA, 20, 22, 36).</li> <li>Ryan, M. B.; Perkins, C. A. (ed.), Ovid's Amores, Book One: A Commentary (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011) (Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, 41).</li> <li>Tarrant, R. J. (ed.), P. Ovidi Nasonis Metamorphoses (Oxford: OUP, 2004) (Oxford Classical Texts).</li> <li>Anderson, W. S., Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996).</li> <li>Anderson, W. S., Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972).</li> <li>Kenney, E. J. (ed.), P. Ovidi Nasonis Amores, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Ars Amatoria, Remedia Amoris (Oxford: OUP, 19942) (Oxford Classical Texts).</li> <li>Myers, K. Sara Ovid Metamorphoses 14. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. (Cambridge University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Ramírez de Verger, A. (ed.), Ovidius, Carmina Amatoria. Amores. Medicamina faciei femineae. Ars amatoria. Remedia amoris. (München & Leipzig: Saur, 20062) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li> <li>Dörrie, H. (ed.), Epistulae Heroidum / P. Ovidius Naso (Berlin & New York: de Gruyter, 1971) (Texte und Kommentare; Bd. 6).</li> <li>Fornaro, P. (ed.), Publio Ovidio Nasone, Heroides (Alessandria: Edizioni del'Orso, 1999)</li> <li>Alton, E.H.; Wormell, D.E.W.; Courtney, E. (eds.), P. Ovidi Nasonis Fastorum libri sex (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Teubner, 19974) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, Elaine</a>. Fasti. Book IV. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. (Cambridge University Press, 1998).</li> <li>Wiseman, Anne and Peter Wiseman Ovid: Fasti. (Oxford University Press, 2013).</li> <li>Goold, G.P., et alii (eds.), Ovid, Heroides, Amores; Art of Love, Cosmetics, Remedies for Love, Ibis, Walnut-tree, Sea Fishing, Consolation; Metamorphoses; Fasti; Tristia, Ex Ponto, Vol. I-VI, (Cambridge, Massachusetts/London: HUP, 1977–1989, revised ed.) (Loeb Classical Library)</li> <li>Hall, J.B. (ed.), P. Ovidi Nasonis Tristia (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Teubner 1995) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Ingleheart" title="Jennifer Ingleheart">Ingleheart, Jennifer</a> Tristia Book 2. (Oxford University Press, 2010).</li> <li>Richmond, J. A. (ed.), P. Ovidi Nasonis Ex Ponto libri quattuor (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Teubner 1990) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Turpin2016" class="citation book cs1">William Turpin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/348/ovid--amores--book-1-">Ovid, Amores (Book 1)</a>. Dickinson College commentaries. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0067">10.11647/OBP.0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-162-5"><bdi>978-1-78374-162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%2C+Amores+%28Book+1%29&rft.series=Dickinson+College+commentaries&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0067&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-162-5&rft.au=William+Turpin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fproduct%2F348%2Fovid--amores--book-1-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"> A free textbook for download.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewer,_Wilmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer, Wilmon">Brewer, Wilmon</a>, Ovid's Metamorphoses in European Culture (Commentary), Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, NH, Revised Edition 1978</li> <li>More, Brookes, Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, NH, Revised Edition 1978</li> <li>Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Ed. Charles Martindale. Cambridge, 1988.</li> <li>Richard A. Dwyer "Ovid in the Middle Ages" in <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a>, 1989, pp. 312–14</li> <li>Federica Bessone. P. Ovidii Nasonis Heroidum Epistula XII: Medea Iasoni. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, 1997. pp. 324.</li> <li>Theodor Heinze. P. Ovidius Naso. Der XII. Heroidenbrief: Medea an Jason. Mit einer Beilage: Die Fragmente der Tragödie Medea. Einleitung, Text & Kommentar. Mnemosyne Supplement 170 Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 1997. pp. xi, 288.</li> <li>R. A. Smith. Poetic Allusion and Poetic Embrace in Ovid and Virgil. Ann Arbor; The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>, 1997. pp. ix, 226.</li> <li>Michael Simpson, The Metamorphoses of Ovid. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2001. pp. 498.</li> <li>Philip Hardie (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ovid. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2002. pp. xvi, 408.</li> <li>Ovid's Fasti: Historical Readings at its Bimillennium. Edited by Geraldine Herbert-Brown. Oxford, OUP, 2002, 327 pp.</li> <li>Susanne Gippert, Joseph Addison's Ovid: An Adaptation of the Metamorphoses in the Augustan Age of English Literature. Die Antike und ihr Weiterleben, Band 5. Remscheid: Gardez! Verlag, 2003. pp. 304.</li> <li>Heather van Tress, Poetic Memory. Allusion in the Poetry of Callimachus and the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Mnemosyne, Supplementa 258. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2004. pp. ix, 215.</li> <li>Ziolkowski, Theodore, Ovid and the Moderns. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2005. pp. 262.</li> <li>Desmond, Marilynn, Ovid's Art and the Wife of Bath: The Ethics of Erotic Violence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. pp. 232.</li> <li>Rimell, Victoria, Ovid's Lovers: Desire, Difference, and the Poetic Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 235.</li> <li>Pugh, Syrithe, Spenser and Ovid. Burlington: Ashgate, 2005. p. 302.</li> <li>Montuschi, Claudia, Il tempo in Ovidio. Funzioni, meccanismi, strutture. Accademia la colombaria studi, 226. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2005. p. 463.</li> <li>Pasco-Pranger, Molly, Founding the Year: Ovid's Fasti and the Poetics of the Roman Calendar. Mnemosyne Suppl., 276. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2006. p. 326.</li> <li>Martin Amann, Komik in den Tristien Ovids. (Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, 31). Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2006. pp. 296.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciaramenti2023" class="citation book cs1">Sciaramenti, Benedetta (2023). Metamorfosi e corpo: poesia ovidiana e arti figurative. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788876893438" title="Special:BookSources/9788876893438"><bdi>9788876893438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorfosi+e+corpo%3A+poesia+ovidiana+e+arti+figurative&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Giorgio+Bretschneider+Editore&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9788876893438&rft.aulast=Sciaramenti&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></li> <li>P. J. Davis, Ovid & <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>: A political reading of Ovid's erotic poems. London: Duckworth, 2006. p. 183.</li> <li>Lee Fratantuono, Madness Transformed: A Reading of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2011.</li> <li>Peter E. Knox (ed.), Oxford Readings in Ovid. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006. p. 541.</li> <li>Andreas N. Michalopoulos, Ovid Heroides 16 and 17. Introduction, text and commentary. (ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs, 47). Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2006. pp. x, 409.</li> <li>R. Gibson, S. Green, S. Sharrock, The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. pp. 375.</li> <li>Johnson, Patricia J. Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses. (Wisconsin Studies in Classics). Madison, WI: The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 2008. pp. x, 184.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandini_Pandey" title="Nandini Pandey">Nandini Pandey</a>, The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilkinson_(scholar)" title="Patrick Wilkinson (scholar)">Patrick Wilkinson</a>, Ovid Recalled (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 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38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Scriptor:Publius_Ovidius_Naso" class="extiw" title="s:la:Scriptor:Publius Ovidius Naso">Publius Ovidius Naso</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Ovid <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ovid&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ovid">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ovid&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Ovid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ovid&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ovid">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ovid&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/latin/ovid/notes.html">University of Virginia, "Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ovid">Works by Ovid in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2868">Works by Ovid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ovid%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ovid%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ovid%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ovid%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ovid</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4959">Works by Ovid</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101132135/http://ovidmeta.jp/search/p/search.php?BookId=1#book_card">Nihon University, "Ovid Metamorphoses: Paris 1651 (1619)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcc.dickinson.edu/ovid-amores/preface">Dickinson College Commentaries: Amores Book 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131162913/https://edsitement.neh.gov/curriculum-unit/ovids-metamorphoses-common-core-exemplar">Ovid's "Metamorphoses": A Common Core Exemplar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215055813/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/metamorphoses08.htm">SORGLL: Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, 183–235, (Daedalus & Icarus); read by Stephen Daitz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_and_English_translation">Latin and English translation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Latin and English translation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Ovidius">Perseus/Tufts: P. Ovidius Naso</a> Amores, Ars Amatoria, Heroides (on this site called Epistulae), Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid">Sacred Texts Archive: Ovid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220609/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid/">Archived</a> 22 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Amores, Ars Amatoria, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/">The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070722000211/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/">Archived</a> 22 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Covington_Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Covington Brooks">Nathan Covington Brooks</a>. Publisher: New York, <a href="/wiki/A._S._Barnes" class="mw-redirect" title="A. S. Barnes">A. S. Barnes</a> & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf">layered PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305180551/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> format)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_Latin_only">Original Latin only</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Original Latin only" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid.html">Latin Library: Ovid</a> Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut281.HTM">Works by Ovid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translation_only">English translation only</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: English translation only" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonykline.co.uk">New translations</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._S._Kline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. S. Kline (page does not exist)">A. S. Kline</a> Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208175849/http://www.fieralingue.it/modules/poetsonpoets/corner.php?pa=printpage&pid=13">Two translations from Ovid's Amores by Jon Corelis.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/romanelegy/ovid">English translations of Ovid's Amores with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309052035/https://sites.google.com/site/romanelegy/ovid">Archived</a> 9 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0061;layout=;loc=1.1;query=toc">Perseus/Tufts: Commentary on the Heroides of Ovid</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovid&oldid=1259096202">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovid&oldid=1259096202</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 09:45 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%B5" title="ኦቪድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦቪድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أوفيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوفيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu" title="Ovidiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ovidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%ADdio" title="Ovídio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ovídio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="ওভিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওভিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Авідзій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авідзій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Авідыюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авідыюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་བི་རྡི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་བི་རྡི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidije" title="Ovidije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ovidije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofydd" title="Ofydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ofydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οβίδιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οβίδιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Ovidio" title="Publio Ovidio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Publio Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ivid" title="Óivid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óivid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="오비디우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오비디우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%95%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8" title="Պուբլիուս Օվիդիուս Նասո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուբլիուս Օվիդիուս Նասո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="ओविद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओविद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publije_Ovidije_Nazon" title="Publije Ovidije Nazon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Publije Ovidije Nazon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Ovidio_Nasone" title="Publio Ovidio Nasone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Publio Ovidio Nasone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אובידיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אובידיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოვიდიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოვიდიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidijs" title="Ovidijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ovidijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidijus" title="Ovidijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ovidijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Овидиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Овидиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94vidio" title="Ôvidio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôvidio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓവിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓവിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="ओव्हिड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओव्हिड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოვიდიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოვიდიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="اوفيد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوفيد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Овид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Овид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="オウィディウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オウィディウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Публий Овидий Назон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Публий Овидий Назон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiy" title="Ovidiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ovidiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6" title="ਓਵਿਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਵਿਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owidiusz" title="Owidiusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Owidiusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%ADdio" title="Ovídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ovídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiy" title="Ovidiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ovidiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Публій Овідій Насо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Публій Овідій Насо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Овидиус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Овидиус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Ovidio_Nasone" title="Publio Ovidio Nasone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Publio Ovidio Nasone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbliu_Ov%C3%ACdiu_Nasuni" title="Pubbliu Ovìdiu Nasuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pubbliu Ovìdiu Nasuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publij_Ovidij_Naso" title="Publij Ovidij Naso – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Publij Ovidij Naso" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ئۆڤید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆڤید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Овидије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Овидије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidije" title="Ovidije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ovidije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆவிட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவிட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiy" title="Ovidiy – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ovidiy" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ออวิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออวิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Овідій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Овідій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidii" title="Ovidii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ovidii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7" title="奧維德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧維德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="奥维德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥维德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אווידיוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אווידיוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7" title="奧維德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧維德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uov%C4%97d%C4%97jos" title="Uovėdėjos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uovėdėjos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7" title="奧維德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧維德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 09:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xz5ct","wgBackendResponseTime":281,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.071","walltime":"1.416","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8308,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":210752,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25369,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":205116,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1091.155 1 -total"," 22.81% 248.928 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.91% 119.047 15 Template:Cite_book"," 10.79% 117.718 1 Template:IPA"," 9.53% 104.021 1 Template:Ovid"," 8.93% 97.409 8 Template:Navbox"," 6.58% 71.814 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 6.21% 67.714 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.72% 62.393 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.11% 44.824 2 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