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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Amorality" title="Amorality">Amorality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Immorality##" title="Talk:Immorality">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Immorality</b> is the violation of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norms</a> or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be <a href="/wiki/Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrong">wrong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ancient_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Greece</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sexual_immorality"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sexual immorality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Modernity"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Modernity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Immoral_psychoanalysis"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Immoral psychoanalysis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Literary_references"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Literary references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Callicles" title="Callicles">Callicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus" title="Thrasymachus">Thrasymachus</a> are two characters of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s dialogues, <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_(dialogue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (dialogue)">Republic</a>, respectively, who challenge conventional morality.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue, as cowardice and rashness relate to courage. Some attitudes and actions – such as <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> – he saw as <a href="/wiki/Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrong">wrong</a> in themselves, with no question of a deficit/excess in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">mean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> is a central concept in understanding immorality. </p><p>Immorality is often closely linked with both <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">religion and sexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long-term struggle with more physical forms of religious experience linked to dance, intoxication and sexual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Durkheim">Durkheim</a> pointed out how many primitive rites culminated in abandoning the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>'s dour conclusion was that "In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sexual_immorality">Sexual immorality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sexual immorality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></div> <p>Coding of sexual behavior has historically been a feature of all human societies; as too has been the policing of breaches of its <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> – sexual immorality – by means of formal and <a href="/wiki/Informal_social_control" title="Informal social control">informal social control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interdictions and <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> among primitive societies<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were arguably no less severe than in traditional agrarian societies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter, the degree of control might vary from time to time and region to region, being least in urban settlements;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, only the last three centuries of intense urbanisation, commercialisation and modernisation have broken with the restrictions of the pre-modern world,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in favor of a successor society of fractured and competing sexual codes and subcultures, where sexual expression is integrated into the workings of the commercial world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, while the meaning of sexual immorality has been <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">drastically redefined in recent times</a>, arguably the boundaries of what is acceptable remain publicly policed and as highly charged as ever, as the decades-long debates in the US over reproductive rights after <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>, or 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">controversy over child images on Wikipedia</a> and Amazon would tend to suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defining sexual immorality across history is difficult as many different religions, cultures and societies have held contradictory views about sexuality. </p><p>But there is an almost universal disdain for two sexual practices throughout history. </p><p>These two behaviors include <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous">monogamous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romantic</a> relationship and <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> between immediate family members. </p><p>Other than these two things, some cultures throughout history have permitted sexual behaviors considered obscene by many cultures today, such as marriage between cousins, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underage_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Underage sexual abuse">underage sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> during <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war</a> or forced <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">assimilation</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">zoophilia</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Modernity">Modernity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modernity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> considered that the modern world was unable to put forward a coherent <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an inability underpinned philosophically by <a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">emotivism</a>. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> has often been accompanied by a cult of immorality,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as for example when <a href="/wiki/John_Ciardi" title="John Ciardi">John Ciardi</a> acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a> as "a monumentally moral descent into the hell of narcotic addiction".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Immoral_psychoanalysis">Immoral psychoanalysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immoral psychoanalysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> received much early criticism for being the unsavory product of an immoral town – Vienna; psychoanalysts for being both unscrupulous and dirty-minded.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freud himself however was of the opinion that "anyone who has succeeded in educating himself to truth about himself is permanently defended against the danger of immorality, even though his standard of morality may differ".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> referred to his ethical philosophy as Immoralism.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Tevenar_2007_p._55_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Tevenar_2007_p._55-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>When questioned by a proof-reader whether his description of <a href="/wiki/Meleager_of_Gadara" title="Meleager of Gadara">Meleager</a> as the immoral poet should be immortal poet, <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> replied: "Immorality I know. Immortality I cannot judge. As you please: Meleager will not sue us for libel".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Quincey" class="mw-redirect" title="De Quincey">De Quincey</a> set out an (inverted) hierarchy of immorality in his study <a href="/wiki/On_Murder_Considered_as_One_of_the_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts">On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts</a>: "if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he comes next to drinking and Sabbath-breaking, and from that to procrastination and incivility...this downward path".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorality" title="Amorality">Amorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudelaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminality" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminality">Criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">Disinhibition</a> – disregard for social conventions and norms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">Harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">Libertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit-experience" title="Limit-experience">Limit-experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann_Act" title="Mann Act">Mann Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Morality in Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perversion" title="Perversion">Perversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raunch_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Raunch culture">Raunch culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repressive_desublimation" title="Repressive desublimation">Repressive desublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">Selfishness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickedness" title="Wickedness">Wickedness</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>New School Dictionary</i>. Collins. 1999. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_00_472238-8" title="Special:BookSources/0 00 472238-8"><bdi>0 00 472238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+School+Dictionary&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=000472238-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmorality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/chooseyourwords/amoral-immoral">"amoral vs. immoral on Vocabulary.com"</a>. <i>www.vocabulary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dabhoiwala, 'The first sexual revolution', <i>The Oxford Historian</i> X (2012) p. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Freud, <i>On Sexuality</i> (PFL 7) p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. 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Lih, <i>The Wikipedia Revolution</i> (2010) p. 204–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G, Gutting ed., <i>The Cambridge Companion to Foucault</i> (2003) p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Berne, <i>Games People Play</i> (1966) p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in J. Campbell, <i>This is the Beat Generation</i> (1999) p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gay, <i>Freud</i> (1989) p. 194-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Freud, <i>Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis</i> (PFL 1) p. 485-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Tevenar_2007_p._55-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Von_Tevenar_2007_p._55_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Tevenar2007" class="citation book cs1">Von Tevenar, G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yf445ypX8D0C&pg=PA55"><i>Nietzsche and Ethics</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-045-2"><bdi>978-3-03911-045-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Ethics&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-045-2&rft.aulast=Von+Tevenar&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyf445ypX8D0C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmorality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. E. Lawrence, <i>Seven Pillars of Wisdom</i> (1936) p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas De Quincey, <i>On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts</i> (2004) p. 28</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, <i>L'Immoraliste</i> (1902)</li> <li>Catherine Edwards, <i>The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome</i> (2002)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Immorality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a 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