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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ovid's_Square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovid's_Square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ovid's Square</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovid's_Square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_Park_(Parcul_Arheologic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_Park_(Parcul_Arheologic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Archaeology Park (<i>Parcul Arheologic</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_Park_(Parcul_Arheologic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Mosaics_(Edificiul_Roman_cu_Mozaic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Mosaics_(Edificiul_Roman_cu_Mozaic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roman Mosaics (<i>Edificiul Roman cu Mozaic</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Mosaics_(Edificiul_Roman_cu_Mozaic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genoese_Lighthouse_(Farul_Genovez)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genoese_Lighthouse_(Farul_Genovez)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Genoese Lighthouse (<i>Farul Genovez</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genoese_Lighthouse_(Farul_Genovez)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casino_(Cazinoul)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casino_(Cazinoul)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Casino (<i>Cazinoul</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casino_(Cazinoul)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_with_Lions_(Casa_cu_Lei)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_with_Lions_(Casa_cu_Lei)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>House with Lions (<i>Casa cu Lei</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_with_Lions_(Casa_cu_Lei)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_Oleg_Danovski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_Oleg_Danovski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>National Opera and Ballet Theater Oleg Danovski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_Oleg_Danovski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Mosque_of_Constanța_(Marea_Moschee_din_Constanța)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Mosque_of_Constanța_(Marea_Moschee_din_Constanța)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Grand Mosque of Constanța (<i>Marea Moschee din Constanța</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Mosque_of_Constanța_(Marea_Moschee_din_Constanța)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hünkar_Mosque_(Geamia_Hunchiar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hünkar_Mosque_(Geamia_Hunchiar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Hünkar Mosque (<i>Geamia Hunchiar</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hünkar_Mosque_(Geamia_Hunchiar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantasio_Theatre_(Teatrul_Fantasio)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantasio_Theatre_(Teatrul_Fantasio)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Fantasio Theatre (<i>Teatrul Fantasio</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantasio_Theatre_(Teatrul_Fantasio)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_Navy_Museum_(Muzeul_marinei_române)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_Navy_Museum_(Muzeul_marinei_române)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Romanian Navy Museum (<i>Muzeul marinei române</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_Navy_Museum_(Muzeul_marinei_române)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_Sciences_Museum_Complex_(Complexul_Muzeal_de_Științe_ale_Naturii)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_Sciences_Museum_Complex_(Complexul_Muzeal_de_Științe_ale_Naturii)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Natural Sciences Museum Complex (<i>Complexul Muzeal de Științe ale Naturii</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_Sciences_Museum_Complex_(Complexul_Muzeal_de_Științe_ale_Naturii)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distances_by_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distances_by_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Distances by road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distances_by_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_mayors_(1990–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_mayors_(1990–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>List of mayors (1990–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_mayors_(1990–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>City Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Consulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natives_of_Constanța" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives_of_Constanța"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Natives of Constanța</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives_of_Constanța-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constanța</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="كونستانتسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونستانتسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constancia_(Ruman%C3%ADa)" title="Constancia (Rumanía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Constancia (Rumanía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custants%C3%A3" title="Custantsã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Custantsã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstansa" title="Konstansa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konstansa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کونستانسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کونستانسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Канстанца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстанца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Канстанца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канстанца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Кюстенджа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кюстенджа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiul_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Municipiul Constanța – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Municipiul Constanța" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_guovlu" title="Constanța guovlu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Constanța guovlu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Κωνστάντζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνστάντζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanza_(Rumania)" title="Constanza (Rumania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constanza (Rumania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanco_(Rumanio)" title="Konstanco (Rumanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstanco (Rumanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantza_(Errumania)" title="Konstantza (Errumania) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantza (Errumania)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کنستانتسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانتسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constancia" title="Constancia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constancia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%B0%A8" title="콘스탄차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1" title="Կոնստանցա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնստանցա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_(grad)" title="Constanța (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Constanța (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%C3%A6" title="Констанцæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Констанцæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanza_(Romania)" title="Costanza (Romania) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costanza (Romania)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%94" title="קונסטנצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונסטנצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90" title="კონსტანცა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტანცა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Констанца шаары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Констанца шаары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantia_(Romania)" title="Constantia (Romania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantia (Romania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca_(Rum%C4%81nija)" title="Konstanca (Rumānija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konstanca (Rumānija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca" title="Konstanca – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstanca" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanza_(Romania)" title="Costanza (Romania) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Costanza (Romania)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca" title="Konstanca – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konstanca" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कोन्स्तांत्सा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोन्स्तांत्सा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="كونستانتسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كونستانتسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanta" title="Constanta – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Constanta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_(stad)" title="Constanța (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constanța (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1" title="コンスタンツァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンツァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstansa" title="Konstansa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konstansa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کونستانتسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کونستانتسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca" title="Konstanca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstanca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C3%A7a_(Rom%C3%AAnia)" title="Constança (Romênia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constança (Romênia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6stence" title="Köstence – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Köstence" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca" title="Konstanca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konstanca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca" title="Konstanca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konstanca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanca,_Romunija" title="Konstanca, Romunija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konstanca, Romunija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D3%99" title="Күстәнҗә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күстәнҗә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="กอนสตันซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กอนสตันซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Константса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Константса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6stence" title="Köstence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köstence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwontantsa" title="Kwontantsa – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwontantsa" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Констанца – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Констанца" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کونستانتسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کونستانتسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costansa_(Romania)" title="Costansa (Romania) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Costansa (Romania)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanc" title="Konstanc – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Konstanc" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" title="Constanţa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Constanţa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Constanța" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="康斯坦察 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="康斯坦察" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%96%A9" title="康斯坦薩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="康斯坦薩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="康斯坦察 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康斯坦察" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constan%C8%9Ba&params=44_10_N_28_38_E_region:RO_type:city(283872)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">28°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.167°N 28.633°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.167; 28.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coastal city in Constanța County, Romania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Constanța (disambiguation)">Constanța (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Romania</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Constanța</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg/268px-Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg/402px-Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg/536px-Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG/140px-Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG/210px-Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG/280px-Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1401" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="border;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg/124px-Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg/186px-Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg/248px-Biserica_%E2%80%9ESchimbarea_la_fa%C8%9B%C4%83%E2%80%9D_din_Constan%C8%9Ba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div style="border;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constan%C8%9Ba,_Farul_Genovez,_4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Farul_Genovez%2C_4.jpeg/60px-Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Farul_Genovez%2C_4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="60" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Farul_Genovez%2C_4.jpeg/90px-Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Farul_Genovez%2C_4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Farul_Genovez%2C_4.jpeg/120px-Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Farul_Genovez%2C_4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div style="border;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constanta_Moschee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constanta_Moschee.JPG/100px-Constanta_Moschee.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constanta_Moschee.JPG/150px-Constanta_Moschee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constanta_Moschee.JPG/200px-Constanta_Moschee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div style="border;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG/100px-Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG/150px-Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG/200px-Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Top: The <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Casino" title="Constanța Casino">Constanța Casino</a><br />Second row: the <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_History_and_Archaeology_Museum" title="Constanța History and Archaeology Museum">Museum of National History</a>, <span class="nowrap">the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Church_(Constan%C8%9Ba)" title="Greek Church (Constanța)">Greek Church</a></span><br />Third row: The <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Lighthouse" title="Genoese Lighthouse">Genoese Lighthouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Grand Mosque of Constanța">Grand Mosque of Constanța</a>, The house with Lions</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Constanta,_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Constanța"><img alt="Flag of Constanța" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Constanta%2C_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_of_Constanta%2C_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Constanta%2C_Romania.svg/150px-Flag_of_Constanta%2C_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Constanta%2C_Romania.svg/200px-Flag_of_Constanta%2C_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="136" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Constanța"><img alt="Coat of arms of Constanța" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png/67px-ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png/101px-ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png/135px-ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="888" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Constanța">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="11" data-lat="44.183" data-lon="28.634" data-overlays="["_45dccd7d96736f54950680dad3db84ada46ef4f0"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/11/44.183/28.634/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,44.183,28.634,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Constan%C8%9Ba&revid=1255422720&groups=_45dccd7d96736f54950680dad3db84ada46ef4f0" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,44.183,28.634,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Constan%C8%9Ba&revid=1255422720&groups=_45dccd7d96736f54950680dad3db84ada46ef4f0 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Constanța</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Romania.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Constanța is located in Romania"><img alt="Constanța is located in Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.961%;left:86.33%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Constanța"><img alt="Constanța" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Constanța</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Romania</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constan%C8%9Ba&params=44_10_N_28_38_E_region:RO_type:city(283872)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">28°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.167°N 28.633°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.167; 28.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 6th century BC as <b>Tomis</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024–)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Vergil Chițac<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">PNL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">124.89 km<sup>2</sup> (48.22 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,013.5 km<sup>2</sup> (391.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 m (82 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-RPL2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPL2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">263,688</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,112/km<sup>2</sup> (5,470/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2011)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">425,916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars</a> <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Turks</a> <a href="/wiki/Roma_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in Romania">Roma</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a> <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Romania" title="Aromanians in Romania">Aromanians</a> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Greeks</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_of_Romania" title="Armenians of Romania">Armenians</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>constănțean</i>, <i>constănțeancă</i> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">ro</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">900xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+40) 41</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CT</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primaria-constanta.ro">www<wbr />.primaria-constanta<wbr />.ro</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Sister cities:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lattakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattakia">Lattakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constanța</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[konˈstantsa]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/da\/Ro-Constan%C8%9Ba.ogg\/Ro-Constan%C8%9Ba.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Constan\u021ba.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Ro-Constan%C8%9Ba.ogg/Ro-Constan%C8%9Ba.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Constan%C8%9Ba.ogg" title="File:Ro-Constanța.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Port_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Port city">port city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">historical region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. It is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța County</a> and the country's <a href="/wiki/Cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities in Romania">fourth largest city</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and principal port on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast. It is also the oldest continuously inhabited city in the region, founded around 600 BC, and among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest in Europe</a>. </p><p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021 census</a>, Constanța has a population of 263,688. The <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_metropolitan_area" title="Constanța metropolitan area">Constanța metropolitan area</a> includes 14 localities within 30 km (19 mi) of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-RPL2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPL2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Romania" title="Metropolitan areas in Romania">metropolitan areas in Romania</a>. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> became a majority in the city in the early 20th century. The city still has small <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> communities, which were substantial in previous centuries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> residents, among others. Constanța has a rich multicultural heritage, as, throughout history, it has been part of different cultures, including Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian and Ottoman. Following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, Constanța became part of Romania, and the city, which at the time had a population of just over 5,000 inhabitants, grew significantly throughout the 20th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Port of Constanța">Port of Constanța</a> has an area of 39.26 km<sup>2</sup> (15.16 sq mi) and a length of about 30 km (19 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dobruja" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dobruja">History of Dobruja</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:24em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> 29 BC–27 BC<br /> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> 27 BC–395<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><img alt="Byzantine Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/21px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/32px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 395–680<br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> 680–971<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><img alt="Byzantine Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/21px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/32px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 971–1186<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire"><img alt="Second Bulgarian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> 1186–1356<br /> <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja" title="Despotate of Dobruja">Despotate of Dobruja</a> 1356–1419<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> 1419–1878<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Romania 1878–1918 <small>(<i>de facto</i> until Oct. 1916)</small><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> May 1918–Sept. 1918 <small>(<i>de facto</i> from Oct. 1916)</small><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> Sept. 1918–Nov. 1919 <small>(<i>de facto</i> until Dec. 1918)</small><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Romania 1919–present <small>(<i>de facto</i> since Dec. 1918)</small> </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg/220px-Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg/330px-Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg/440px-Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Tomis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Ovid in front of the Museum of National History</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_%28I%29.jpg/220px-Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_%28I%29.jpg/330px-Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_%28I%29.jpg/440px-Casino_de_Constan%C8%9Ba_en_1944_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7182" data-file-height="4716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Casino" title="Constanța Casino">Casino</a> after <a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">the occupation</a> of the port of Constanța by Soviet sailors in 1944.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tomis was founded in the 6th century BC as a <a href="/wiki/Greek_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colony">Greek colony</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were nearby the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgame" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgame">Orgame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kallatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallatis">Kallatis</a> in the same era. </p><p>The site had the advantage of a fine harbour, the Carasu valley offering an inland shortcut from the sea to the Danube, and fertile land nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peninsula on which it was sited has high cliffs protecting Tomis from cold winds and from attack.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the ancient city is covered by the modern day Constanta, making archaeology difficult. </p><p>In the 5th century BC it was under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, passing in this period from <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war for the <i>emporion</i> of Tomis took place in the middle of the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 29 BC the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> captured the region from the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> and annexed it as far as the Danube. </p><p>It was a member, perhaps the capital, of the Hexapolis alliance of Greek cities with <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Callatis">Callatis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysupolis" title="Dionysupolis">Dionysupolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesembria_(Zone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesembria (Zone)">Mesambria</a>. </p><p>In AD 8, the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (43 BC–17 AD) was banished to Tomis by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> for the last eight years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lamented his Tomisian exile in his poems <i><a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></i>. Tomis was "by his account a town located in a war-stricken cultural wasteland on the remotest margins of the empire".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of inscriptions found in and around the city show that Constanța stands over the site of Tomis.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these finds are now preserved in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was afterwards included in the Province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> and, from the time of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a> of which it was the capital. </p><p>In 269 the city was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> who succeeded in destroying only suburbs outside the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city lay at the seaward end of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Great Wall of Trajan</a>. Tomis was later called Constantiana, possibly in honour of <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a>, the half-sister of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> or his son <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, a name mentioned for the town by <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius of Caesarea</a>. In 395, Tomis was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">Maurice's Balkan campaigns</a>, Tomis was besieged by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> in the winter of 597/598. It was conquered at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal" title="Battle of Ongal">Battle of Ongal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in 680. It stayed under Bulgarian rule until the Byzantines under <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> retook it in the <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav%27s_invasion_of_Bulgaria" title="Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria">Rus-Byzantine War of 970-971</a>. Tomis was then seized by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Uprising of Asen and Peter</a> in 1186. </p><p>By the 14th century Italian nautical maps used the name Constanza.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After almost 200 years as part of Bulgaria, and becoming subsequently an independent principality of <a href="/wiki/Dobrotitsa" title="Dobrotitsa">Dobrotitsa</a>/Dobrotici and of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a>, Constanța fell under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule around 1419. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg/220px-Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg/330px-Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg/440px-Constan%C5%A3a_Generala_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Constanța panorama in 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercul_Militar_Constanta,_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cercul_Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg/220px-Cercul_Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cercul_Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg/330px-Cercul_Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cercul_Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg/440px-Cercul_Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Constanța Prefecture (nowadays the Constanța Military Circle) damaged during city's occupation by the Central Powers (1916–1918)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027,_Konstanza,_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Port of Constanța">port of Constanța</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>A railroad linking Constanța to <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83" title="Cernavodă">Cernavodă</a> was laid in 1860. In spite of damage done by railway contractors considerable remains of ancient walls, pillars, etc. came to light.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is thought to have been a port building was excavated, and revealed the substantial remains of one of the longest <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> pavements in the world. </p><p>In 1878, after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a>, Constanța and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a> were ceded by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to Romania. The city became Romania's main seaport and the transit point for much of Romania's exports. The <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Casino" title="Constanța Casino">Constanța Casino</a>, a historic monument and a symbol of the modern city, was the first building constructed on the shore of the Black Sea after Dobruja came under Romanian administration, with the cornerstone being laid in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 October 1916 (during <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cobadin" title="Second Battle of Cobadin">World War I</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (German, Turkish and Bulgarian troops) occupied Constanța. According to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> of May 1918, article X.b.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a treaty never ratified by Romania), Constanța remained under the joint control of the Central Powers. The city came afterwards under Bulgarian rule after a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/bg:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikisource:bg:Протокол за предаване на Северна Добруджа на България и за поправка на българо-турската граница по река Марица">protocol</a> regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria had been signed in Berlin on 24 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-entangled_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entangled-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was short-lived: five days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated after the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardar Offensive">successful offensive</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a>), and the Allied troops liberated the city in 1918. </p><p>In the interwar years, the city became Romania's main commercial hub, so that by the 1930s over half of its exports were exiting via the port. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when Romania joined the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, Constanța was a major target for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> bombers. While the town was left relatively unscathed, the port suffered extensive damage, recovering only in the early 1950s. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the blockading of the Ukrainian Black Sea ports led to renewed interest in the port of Constanta as one possible outlet for transporting grain to the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constanța is the administrative center of the county with the <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">same name</a> and the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(development_region)" title="Sud-Est (development region)">Southeastern development region</a> of Romania. The city is located on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, with a beach length of 13 kilometres (8 miles). <a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a>, a district of Constanța, is the largest and most modern resort on the Romanian coast. <a href="/wiki/Mineral_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral springs">Mineral springs</a> in the surrounding area and <a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">beachgoing</a> attract many visitors in summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg/220px-Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg/330px-Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg/440px-Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Casino at sunrise</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constanta,_lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg/170px-Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg/255px-Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg/340px-Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Lighthouse" title="Genoese Lighthouse">Genoese Lighthouse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg/220px-Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg/330px-Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg/440px-Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Details from the House with Lions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscheea_Carol_I,_Constanta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_Constanta.JPG/170px-Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_Constanta.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_Constanta.JPG/255px-Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_Constanta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_Constanta.JPG/340px-Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_Constanta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Grand Mosque of Constanța">Grand Mosque of Constanța</a>, the centre of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Islam in Romania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constan%C8%9Ba,_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel,_5.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg/220px-Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg/330px-Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg/440px-Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Constanța">The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geamia_Hunchiar_(H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque),_Constanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg/170px-Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg/255px-Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg/340px-Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Hunkar mosque in Constanța is still used by the Muslim minority</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovid's_Square"><span id="Ovid.27s_Square"></span>Ovid's Square</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ovid's Square"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Emperor Augustus</a> exiled the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> to what was then Tomis in 8 AD. In 1887 the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ferrari" title="Ettore Ferrari">Ettore Ferrari</a> designed a statue of the poet which gave its name to this square in the old town. In 1916, during the occupation of Dobruja by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, it was taken down by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> troops, but was later reinstated by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an exact replica of the statue in <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, Ovid's hometown in Italy. </p><p>The statue stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_History_and_Archaeology_Museum" title="Constanța History and Archaeology Museum">National History and Archaeology Museum</a> which is housed in the old City Hall and contains a large collection of ancient art.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology_Park_(Parcul_Arheologic)"><span id="Archaeology_Park_.28Parcul_Arheologic.29"></span>Archaeology Park (<i>Parcul Arheologic</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaeology Park (Parcul Arheologic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the heart of Constanța, the park displays dozens of vestiges of the city's past including columns, amphorae, capitals, fragments of 3rd and 4th-century buildings, and a 6th-century tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Mosaics_(Edificiul_Roman_cu_Mozaic)"><span id="Roman_Mosaics_.28Edificiul_Roman_cu_Mozaic.29"></span>Roman Mosaics (<i>Edificiul Roman cu Mozaic</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman Mosaics (Edificiul Roman cu Mozaic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vast complex of late Roman buildings on three levels once linked the upper town to the harbor and marked its commercial center. Today, only about a third of the original structures remain in Ovid's Square, including more than 9,150 sq ft (850 m<sup>2</sup>) of colourful, if poorly maintained, mosaics. Archaeological traces point to the existence of workshops, warehouses and shops in the area. Remains of the Roman public baths can be seen nearby. Roman aqueducts once brought water 6 miles (10 km) to the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genoese_Lighthouse_(Farul_Genovez)"><span id="Genoese_Lighthouse_.28Farul_Genovez.29"></span>Genoese Lighthouse (<i>Farul Genovez</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genoese Lighthouse (Farul Genovez)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soaring 26 feet (7.9 m), the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Lighthouse" title="Genoese Lighthouse">Genoese Lighthouse</a> was built in 1860 by the Danubius and Black Sea Company to honor Genoese merchants who established a flourishing sea trade community here in the 13th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casino_(Cazinoul)"><span id="Casino_.28Cazinoul.29"></span>Casino (<i>Cazinoul</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casino (Cazinoul)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commissioned by King Carol I in 1910 and designed by architects Daniel Renard and Petre Antonescu right on the seashore, the derelict <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Casino" title="Constanța Casino">Constanța Casino</a> features sumptuous Art Nouveau architecture. Once a huge attraction for European tourists, the casino lost its customers after the collapse of Communism. In 2021 renovation of the building finally began.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Aquarium" title="Constanța Aquarium">Constanța Aquarium</a> is nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_with_Lions_(Casa_cu_Lei)"><span id="House_with_Lions_.28Casa_cu_Lei.29"></span>House with Lions (<i>Casa cu Lei</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: House with Lions (Casa cu Lei)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blending pre-Romanesque and Genoese architectural styles, this late 19th century building features four columns adorned with imposing sculptured lions. During the 1930s, its elegant salons hosted the Constanța Masonic Lodge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_Oleg_Danovski">National Opera and Ballet Theater Oleg Danovski</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National Opera and Ballet Theater Oleg Danovski"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Built in 1957 to host theatre productions and operas, the state-funded Dobrogean Musical Theater hosted a multitude of shows written by some of Romania's most prolific composers and playwrights. In 1978, master choreographer <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Danovski" class="extiw" title="ro:Oleg Danovski">Oleg Danovski</a> formed the Classical and Contemporary Ballet Ensemble, revitalising the theater's significance. After Danovski's death in 1996, the shows slowed down, and in 2004 the theater was closed by the Culture Department of the City Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul">Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed in neo-Byzantine style between 1883 and 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Constanța">church</a> was severely damaged during World War II and was restored in 1951. The interior murals combine neo-Byzantine style with purely Romanian elements best observed in the iconostasis and pews, chandeliers and candlesticks (bronze and brass alloy), all designed by Ion Mincu and manufactured in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Mosque_of_Constanța_(Marea_Moschee_din_Constanța)"><span id="Grand_Mosque_of_Constan.C8.9Ba_.28Marea_Moschee_din_Constan.C8.9Ba.29"></span>Grand Mosque of Constanța (<i>Marea Moschee din Constanța</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grand Mosque of Constanța (Marea Moschee din Constanța)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Built in 1910 by King Carol I, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Grand Mosque of Constanța">Grand Mosque of Constanța</a> (originally the Carol I Mosque) is the seat of the Mufti, the spiritual leader of the 55,000 Muslims (Turks and Tatars by origin) who live along the coast of the Dobrogea region. The building combines Neo-Byzantine and Romanian architectural elements, making it one of the most distinctive mosques in the area. The highlight of the interior is a large Turkish carpet, a gift from <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdülhamid II</a>; woven at the <a href="/wiki/Hereke" title="Hereke">Hereke</a> factory in Turkey, it is one of the largest carpets in Europe, weighing 1,080 pounds. The 164 ft (50 m) minaret (tower) provides views of the old part of town and the harbor. Five times a day, the muezzin climbs 140 steps to the top to call the faithful to prayer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hünkar_Mosque_(Geamia_Hunchiar)"><span id="H.C3.BCnkar_Mosque_.28Geamia_Hunchiar.29"></span>Hünkar Mosque (<i>Geamia Hunchiar</i>)<span class="anchor" id="Hünkar_Mosque"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hünkar Mosque (Geamia Hunchiar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Completed in 1869, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Hünkar Mosque, Constanța">Hünkar Mosque</a> was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> for Turks who were forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–56) and settled in Constanța. It was restored in 1945 and 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fantasio_Theatre_(Teatrul_Fantasio)"><span id="Fantasio_Theatre_.28Teatrul_Fantasio.29"></span>Fantasio Theatre (<i>Teatrul Fantasio</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fantasio Theatre (Teatrul Fantasio)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally called the Tranulis Theater after its benefactor, this theater was built in 1927 by Demostene Tranulis, a local philanthropist of Greek origin. A fine building featuring elements of neoclassical architecture, it's in the heart of the new city on Ferdinand Boulevard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_Navy_Museum_(Muzeul_marinei_române)"><span id="Romanian_Navy_Museum_.28Muzeul_marinei_rom.C3.A2ne.29"></span>Romanian Navy Museum (<i>Muzeul marinei române</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Romanian Navy Museum (Muzeul marinei române)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest institution of its kind in Romania, this museum showcases the development of the country's military and civil navy. The idea for the museum was outlined in 1919, but it only opened on 3 August 1969 during the regime of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>. The collections include models of ships, knots, anchors and navy uniforms. It has also a special collection dedicated to figures who were important to the history of the Romanian navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_Sciences_Museum_Complex_(Complexul_Muzeal_de_Științe_ale_Naturii)"><span id="Natural_Sciences_Museum_Complex_.28Complexul_Muzeal_de_.C8.98tiin.C8.9Be_ale_Naturii.29"></span>Natural Sciences Museum Complex (<i>Complexul Muzeal de Științe ale Naturii</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Natural Sciences Museum Complex (Complexul Muzeal de Științe ale Naturii)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The zoo-like complex consists of a dolphinarium, exotic birds exhibition, and a micro-Delta. There's a planetarium next door. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamaia_Beach_(September_2013).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mamaia_Beach_%28September_2013%29.JPG/220px-Mamaia_Beach_%28September_2013%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mamaia_Beach_%28September_2013%29.JPG/330px-Mamaia_Beach_%28September_2013%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mamaia_Beach_%28September_2013%29.JPG/440px-Mamaia_Beach_%28September_2013%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2191" /></a><figcaption>Mamaia, view towards Constanța</figcaption></figure> <p>Constanța has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<i>Cfa</i> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>). Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny, with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F). Most summer days see a gentle breeze refreshing the daytime temperatures. Nights are warm and somewhat muggy because of the heat stored by the sea. </p><p>Autumn starts in mid or late September with warm and sunny days. September can be warmer than June, owing to the warmth accumulated by the Black Sea during the summer. The first frost occurs on average in mid November. </p><p>Winter is milder than other cities in southern Romania. Snow is not abundant but the weather can be very windy and unpleasant. Winter arrives much later than inland and December weather is often mild with high temperatures reaching 8 °C (46 °F) – 12 °C (54 °F). The average January temperature is 1 °C (34 °F). Winter storms, which occur when the sea becomes particularly treacherous, are a common occurrence between December and March. </p><p>Spring arrives early but it is quite cool. Often in April and May the Black Sea coast is one of the coolest places in Romania found at an altitude lower than 500 m (1,640 ft). </p><p>Four of the warmest seven years from 1889 to 2008 have occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008). As of September 2009, the winter and the summer of 2007 were respectively the warmest and the second warmest in recorded history with monthly averages for January (+6.5 °C) and June (+23.0 °C) breaking all-time records. Overall, 2007 was the warmest year since 1889 when weather recording began. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Constanța (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.7<br />(−12.5) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(1.40) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(1.02) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(1.47) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(1.26) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(1.76) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(1.67) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(1.43) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(1.73) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(1.75) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(1.63) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">467.1<br />(18.39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.83 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.25 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.83 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.21 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.29 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.99 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">82 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #A2A2A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112 </td> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">331 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">305 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100 </td> <td style="background: #9D9D9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,314 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA9120_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA9120-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meteomanz(snow days 2000-2023)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000),<sup id="cite_ref-extremes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity, 1973–1993)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Constanța (1961–1990 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.3<br />(47.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">396<br />(15.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.1<br />(10.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.4 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.7 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.9 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.2 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">311.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.1 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.3 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.1 </td> <td style="background: #939393; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,265.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:93%; width:200px; height:16px; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:120%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4; height:24px;"><b>Historical population of Constanța</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th> <th>%± </th></tr> <tr> <td>1853 </td> <td>5,204 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5,430 </td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12,725 </td> <td>134.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 census<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>27,201 </td> <td>113.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 census </td> <td>59,164 </td> <td>117.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 census<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>80,028 </td> <td>35.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 census </td> <td>78,586 </td> <td>−1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 census </td> <td>99,676 </td> <td>26.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 census </td> <td>150,276 </td> <td>50.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 census </td> <td>256,978 </td> <td>71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 census </td> <td>350,581 </td> <td>36.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 census </td> <td>310,471 </td> <td>−11.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 census </td> <td>283,872 </td> <td>−8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 census </td> <td>263,688 </td> <td>−7.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 263,688 inhabitants live within the city limits,<sup id="cite_ref-RPL2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPL2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-INSSER_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSSER-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, the capital city, Romania has a number of major cities that are roughly equal in size: Constanța, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_metropolitan_area" title="Constanța metropolitan area">metropolitan area of Constanța</a> has a permanent population of 425,916 inhabitants (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-INSSER_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSSER-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. 61% of the total population of the county, and a minimum average of 120,000 per day, tourists or seasonal workers, transient people during the high tourist season. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>1853<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1896<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1912<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1930<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1956<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1966<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2002<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2011<sup id="cite_ref-ins2011_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins2011-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-ins2021_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>All </td> <td>5,204 </td> <td>10,419 </td> <td>27,201 </td> <td>60,106 </td> <td>99,676 </td> <td>150,276 </td> <td>310,471 </td> <td>283,872 </td> <td>263,688 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian people">Romanian</a> </td> <td>279 (5.4%) </td> <td>2,519 (24.1%) </td> <td>15,663 (57.6%) </td> <td>40,857 (68.0%) </td> <td>90,232 (90.5%) </td> <td>138,955 (92.5%) </td> <td>286,332 (92.2%) </td> <td>235,925 (83.11%) </td> <td>201,648 (76.47%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatars">Tatar</a> </td> <td>1,853 (35.6%) </td> <td rowspan="2">2,202 (21.1%) </td> <td>277 (1%) </td> <td>573 (1.0%) </td> <td>1,968 (2.0%) </td> <td>2,682 (1.8%) </td> <td>8,724 (2.8%) </td> <td>7,367 (2.6%) </td> <td>6,802 (2.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> </td> <td>104 (2.0%) </td> <td>2,451 (9%) </td> <td>3,491 (5.8%) </td> <td>3,260 (3.3%) </td> <td>4,840 (3.2%) </td> <td>9,018 (2.9%) </td> <td>6,525 (2.3%) </td> <td>4,383 (1.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> </td> <td>1,542 (29.6%) </td> <td>2,460 (23.6%) </td> <td>3,170 (11.6%) </td> <td>3,708 (6.2%) </td> <td>791 (0.8%) </td> <td>559 (0.4%) </td> <td>546 (0.17%) </td> <td>231 (0.08%) </td> <td>192 (0.07%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian people">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td>342 (6.5%) </td> <td>1,060 (10.1%) </td> <td>940 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,196 (2.0%) </td> <td>162 (0.2%) </td> <td>191 (0.1%) </td> <td>48 (0.01%) </td> <td>18 (0.01%) </td> <td>42 (0.02%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> </td> <td>344 (6.6%) </td> <td>855 (8.2%) </td> <td>1,266 (4.6%) </td> <td>1,678 (2.8%) </td> <td>585 (0.6%) </td> <td>240 (0.2%) </td> <td>44 (0.01%) </td> <td>31 (0.01%) </td> <td>29 (0.01%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>/Gypsy </td> <td>127 (2.5%) </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>282 (0.5%) </td> <td>4 (0.0%) </td> <td>35 (0.0%) </td> <td>2,962 (0.97%) </td> <td>2,225 (0.78%) </td> <td>1,515 (0.57%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethnicity information not available </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>10 (0.003%) </td> <td>29,411 (10.36%) </td> <td>46,990 (17.82%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg/220px-Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg/330px-Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg/440px-Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The port of Kustendje/Köstence in 1856. Drawing by Camille Allard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constanta_shipyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG/220px-Constanta_shipyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG/330px-Constanta_shipyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG/440px-Constanta_shipyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>View toward Constanța shipyard</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1878, Constanța was defined as a "poor Turkish <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> village." As of 1920, it was called "flourishing", and was known for exporting <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoica1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoica1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constanța is one of Romania's main industrial, commercial and tourist centers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first half of 2008, some 3,144 new companies were established in Constanța and its neighbouring localities, a number surpassed only in Bucharest and Cluj County.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Port of Constanța is the largest on the Black Sea and the fourth largest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also boasts a comparably large shipyard.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism has been an increasingly important economic activity in recent years. Although Constanța has been promoted as a seaside resort since the time of <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a>, the development of naval industry has had a detrimental effect on the city's beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a massive rehabilitation of the beaches was undertaken in 2020 with EU funds that has resulted in new hectares of beach both in downtown Constanta and Mamaia. Due to its proximity to other major tourist destinations, Constanța receives a significant number of visitors every year, who discover and visit the city's monuments and attractions, as well as the increasingly popular festival Neversea. Also, Constanța is a centre of commerce and education, both of which significantly contribute to the local economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A2-A4-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A2-A4-02.jpg/220px-A2-A4-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A2-A4-02.jpg/330px-A2-A4-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A2-A4-02.jpg/440px-A2-A4-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Romania)" title="A2 motorway (Romania)">A2 motorway</a>, also known as "Sun's Highway"</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening, in 1895, of the railway to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, which crosses the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a> at the <a href="/wiki/King_Carol_I_Bridge" title="King Carol I Bridge">bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83" title="Cernavodă">Cernavodă</a>, brought Constanța considerable transit trade in grain and petroleum, which are largely exported; coal and <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> head the list of imports, followed by machinery, iron goods, cotton and woollen fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Romania)" title="A2 motorway (Romania)">A2 motorway</a> provides a rapid road link between Constanța and Bucharest, while the <a href="/wiki/A4_motorway_(Romania)" title="A4 motorway (Romania)">A4 motorway</a> acts as the city's outer traffic ring, diverting heavy traffic to and from the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Port of Constanța">Port of Constanța</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg/220px-Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg/330px-Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg/440px-Portul_Turistic_Tomis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Touristic port of Constanta</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Port of Constanța">Port of Constanța</a> includes the North Port and the South Port, and is the fourth largest in Europe. It is protected by breakwaters, with a lighthouse at the entrance. The port is sheltered from the northerly winds, but southerly winds can prove dangerous at times. The Black Sea squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Naval_Forces" title="Romanian Naval Forces">Romanian fleet</a> is stationed here. A large canal (the <a href="/wiki/Danube-Black_Sea_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube-Black Sea Canal">Danube-Black Sea Canal</a>) connects the Danube River to the Black Sea at Constanța. </p><p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu_International_Airport" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport">Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constanta_pink_bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Constanta_pink_bus.jpg/220px-Constanta_pink_bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Constanta_pink_bus.jpg/330px-Constanta_pink_bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Constanta_pink_bus.jpg/440px-Constanta_pink_bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>One of Constanța's distinctive pink <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">MAZ</a> buses, formerly running on Route 44</figcaption></figure> <p>Constanța's public transport system is run by <i>CT Bus</i> (formerly <i>Regia Autonomă de Transport în Comun Constanța</i> - RATC), and consists of 19 year-round bus lines, and two seasonal lines, including a sightseeing <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double decker</a> open top bus line. </p><p>In the early 2000s, the city bought 130 new <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">MAZ</a> buses to replace the aging fleet of <a href="/wiki/DAC_(vehicle_manufacturer)" title="DAC (vehicle manufacturer)">DAC</a> buses. There is also a fleet of double decker <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> buses that run in the summer, providing access to and from the resort of <a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a>. As of October 2013, the cost of a return ticket is 3 lei.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trams were active until the late 2000s when they were decommissioned in favour of long-wheelbase buses. Two trolley bus lines were active until the early 2010s – now also decommissioned and replaced by buses. </p><p>At the end of March 2014, all public buses were upgraded with Wi-Fi for free use by all passengers. Speeds fall into the 3G <a href="/wiki/HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSDPA">HSDPA</a> mobile range. Also, as an upgrade to the ticketing system, since the same time, tickets and per day all bus lines subscriptions can be bought via SMS, accepted by all national operators.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018 Constanța municipality signed an €18 million-contract to acquire new buses manufactured by the Turkish company <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Isuzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadolu Isuzu">Anadolu Isuzu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 Constanta's new <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> minibusses entered service. </p><p>In October 2022 Constanta's new <a href="/wiki/BYD_Company" title="BYD Company">BYD</a> electric buses entered service with CT Bus. </p><p>Constanța is one of the main focuses of the <a href="/wiki/Rail-2-Sea" title="Rail-2-Sea">Rail-2-Sea</a> project which aims to connect it to the Polish <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> with a 3,663 kilometres (2,276 miles) long railway line passing through Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distances_by_road">Distances by road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Distances by road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>: 228 km (142 mi);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a>: 265 km (165 mi);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>: 453 km (281 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>: 599 km (372 mi);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>: 153 km (95 mi)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li>Abator</li> <li>Anadalchioi</li> <li>Badea Cârțan</li> <li>Boreal</li> <li>Casa de Cultură</li> <li>Centru</li> <li>C.E.T.</li> <li>Coiciu</li> <li>Compozitorilor</li> <li>Dacia</li> <li>Energia</li> <li>Faleză Nord</li> <li>Faleză Sud (Poarta 6)</li> <li>Far</li> <li>Gară</li> <li>Groapă</li> <li>Halta Traian</li> <li>I.C.I.L.</li> <li>I.C. Brătianu (Filimon Sîrbu between 1948 and 1990)</li> <li>Inel I</li> <li>Inel II</li> <li>Km. 4 (Billa)</li> <li>Km. 4–5</li> <li>Km. 5</li> <li>Medeea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a></li> <li>Palas</li> <li>Peninsulă</li> <li>Pescărie</li> <li>Piața Chiliei</li> <li>Piața Griviței</li> <li>Port</li> <li>Tăbăcărie</li> <li>Tomis I</li> <li>Tomis II</li> <li>Tomis III</li> <li>Tomis IV</li> <li>Tomis Nord</li> <li>Trocadero</li> <li>Unirii</li> <li>Victoria</li> <li>Viile Noi</li> <li>Zona Industrială</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_mayors_(1990–present)"><span id="List_of_mayors_.281990.E2.80.93present.29"></span>List of mayors (1990–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: List of mayors (1990–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current mayor of Constanța is Vergil Chițac (<a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a>). </p><p>The mayors elected since the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">1989 revolution</a> have been the following:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Nº </th> <th colspan="1">Name </th> <th colspan="1">Term start </th> <th colspan="1">Term end </th> <th colspan="1">Political party </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>Radu Marian </td> <td>1 January 1990 </td> <td>10 January 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> (FSN) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>Călin Marinescu </td> <td>January 1990 </td> <td>August 1990 </td> <td>National Salvation Front (FSN) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>Adrian Manole </td> <td>August 1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>National Salvation Front (FSN) </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>Tudor Baltă </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>National Salvation Front (FSN) </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>Corneliu Neagoe </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party</a> (PNȚCD) </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>Gheorghe Mihăeș </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Party (Romania)">Democratic Party</a> (PD) </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Radu_Maz%C4%83re" title="Radu Mazăre">Radu Mazăre</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>Independent, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD) </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>Decebal Făgădău </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD) </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>Vergil Chițac </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a> (PNL) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_Council">City Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: City Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constanța Municipal Council is made up of 27 councilors, with the following party composition: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccc">    </th> <th style="background:#ccc">Party </th> <th style="background:#ccc">Seats in <a href="/wiki/2004_Romanian_local_elections" title="2004 Romanian local elections">2004</a> </th> <th style="background:#ccc">Seats in <a href="/wiki/2008_Romanian_local_elections" title="2008 Romanian local elections">2008</a> </th> <th style="background:#ccc">Seats in <a href="/wiki/2012_Romanian_local_elections" title="2012 Romanian local elections">2012</a> </th> <th style="background:#ccc">Seats in <a href="/wiki/2016_Romanian_local_elections" title="2016 Romanian local elections">2016</a> </th> <th style="background:#ccc">Seats in <a href="/wiki/2016_Romanian_local_elections" title="2016 Romanian local elections">2020</a> </th> <th style="background:#ccc" colspan="13">Council following the 2020 local elections </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>15</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>19</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>15</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>13</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>8</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ED2128; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a> (PNL) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>6</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>4</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>10</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>10</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDD00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Save_Romania_Union" title="Save Romania Union">Save Romania Union</a> (USR) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>9</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td style="background-color:#00aae7; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#A7CF35; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a> (PMP) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>1</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6633; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Party (Romania)">Democratic Party</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)">Democratic Liberal Party</a> (PD/PDL) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>5</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#D90000; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Union_for_the_Progress_of_Romania" title="National Union for the Progress of Romania">National Union for the Progress of Romania</a> (UNPR) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#4E2172; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a> (PP-DD) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>N/A</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#004A92; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party</a> (PNȚCD) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>1</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0258A4; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a> (PRM) </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>0</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Media in Constanța">Media in Constanța</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constanța is home to several <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs, with <a href="/wiki/FC_Farul_Constan%C8%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Farul Constanța">FCV Farul Constanța</a> playing in the <a href="/wiki/Liga_I" title="Liga I">Romanian first division</a>. There are two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> teams in Constanța: <a href="/wiki/Farul_Constan%C8%9Ba_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farul Constanța (rugby)">RC Farul Constanța</a>, who play in <a href="/wiki/Divizia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_(Rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divizia Națională (Rugby)">Divizia Națională</a> BRD, and Constructorul Cleopatra Constanța, who play in Divizia A. One of the top Romanian <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> clubs, <a href="/wiki/HCM_Constan%C8%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="HCM Constanța">HCD Constanța</a>, is also based in the city. Olympic champion gymnasts <a href="/wiki/Camelia_Voinea" title="Camelia Voinea">Camelia Voinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicoleta_Daniela_Sofronie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicoleta Daniela Sofronie">Nicoleta Daniela Sofronie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simona_Am%C3%A2nar" title="Simona Amânar">Simona Amânar</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lina_Ponor" title="Cătălina Ponor">Cătălina Ponor</a> were born in Constanța. <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zvan_Florea" title="Răzvan Florea">Răzvan Florea</a>, swimmer who won bronze medal at <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> was also born in Constanța. Former <a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">World number 1</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> <a href="/wiki/Simona_Halep" title="Simona Halep">Simona Halep</a> is also a native of the city. </p><p>Constanța and <a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a>, the neighboring summer holiday resort, are home to the Constanța-Mamaia <a href="/wiki/European_Triathlon_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Triathlon Union">ETU</a> Triathlon European Cup that was held there in 2014 and 2015 and is also planned to take place in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Romania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania">List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania</a></div> <p>Constanța is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, Peru</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, Colombia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, Brazil</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Silivri" title="Silivri">Silivri</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tepeba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Tepebaşı, Eskişehir">Tepebaşı</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulates">Consulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Consulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Consulate General of Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Consulate General of Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Albania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Austria</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Cyprus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Finland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Kazakhstan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Lebanon</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of the Netherlands</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of North Macedonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Norway</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Honorary Consulate of Syria</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natives_of_Constanța"><span id="Natives_of_Constan.C8.9Ba"></span>Natives of Constanța</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Natives of Constanța"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="List of people from Constanța">List of people from Constanța</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>High schools <ul><li>Carol I Economic College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n_National_College_(Constan%C8%9Ba)" title="Mircea cel Bătrân National College (Constanța)">Mircea cel Bătrân National College</a></li> <li>Constantin Bratescu National College</li> <li>Pontica Technical College of Constanta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu_National_College_(Constan%C8%9Ba)" title="Mihai Eminescu National College (Constanța)">Mihai Eminescu National College</a></li> <li>Lucian Blaga High School</li> <li>Electrotechnics and Telecommunication High School</li> <li>George Călinescu High School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidius_High_School" title="Ovidius High School">Ovidius High School</a></li> <li>Decebal High School (Constanța)</li> <li>Traian High School (Constanța)</li> <li>International Computer Science High School of Constanța</li> <li>"Nicolae Rotaru" Sports High School</li> <li>Orthodox Theological Seminary</li> <li>National College of Arts "Queen Marie"</li> <li>Tomis Technical College</li></ul></li> <li>Universities <ul><li>Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy</li> <li>Constanța Maritime University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidius_University_of_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ovidius University of Constanța">Ovidius University</a></li> <li>Andrei Șaguna University</li> <li>Tomis University</li> <li>Dimitrie Cantemir University</li></ul></li> <li>International Schools <ul><li>Cambridge School of Constanța(CSC)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Custantsa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Кюстенджа</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Kyustendzha</i></span>, or <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Констанца</span></span>, <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Konstantsa</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a>: <i>Köstencĭ</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κωνστάντζα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Kōnstántza</i></span>, or <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Κωνστάντια</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Kōnstántia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Köstence</i>; historically known as <b>Tomis</b> or <b>Tomi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Τόμις</span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τόμοι</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rezultatevot.ro/elections/114/results?division=locality&countyId=6793&localityId=6988">"Rezultate Vot"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rezultate+Vot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frezultatevot.ro%2Felections%2F114%2Fresults%3Fdivision%3Dlocality%26countyId%3D6793%26localityId%3D6988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPL2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RPL2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RPL2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RPL2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls">"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021"</a> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)" title="National Institute of Statistics (Romania)">INSSE</a>. 31 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626052140/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C5%A3ia+rezident%C4%83+dup%C4%83+grupa+de+v%C3%A2rst%C4%83%2C+pe+jude%C8%9Be+%C8%99i+municipii%2C+ora%C8%99e%2C+comune%2C+la+1+decembrie+2021&rft.pub=INSSE&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F05%2FTabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Constanta" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Constanta">"Constanta"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Constanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DConstanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Constan%C5%A3a">"Constanţa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Constan%C5%A3a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FConstan%25C5%25A3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510203227/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Constanta">"Constanţa"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Constan%C5%A3a">"Constanţa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Oxford Dictionaries</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constan%C5%A3a&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FConstan%25C5%25A3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Constan%C5%A3a">"Constanţa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Constan%C5%A3a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FConstan%25C5%25A3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis and Short <i>Latin Dictionary</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Tomis">Tomis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617130255/https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Tomis">Archived</a> 17 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197:book=7:chapter=6&highlight=*to/mis">"Book 7, Chapter 6"</a>. In Meineke, A. (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> (in Greek). Leipzig: Teubner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606092814/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197:book=7:chapter=6&highlight=*to/mis">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Analele Universității București: Geografie (in Romanian): 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandru Suceveanu, (1977): 42, Maria Barbulescu, (2001): p 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222064513/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/a8po/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Politics", Book V, 6"</a>. In Jowett, Benjamin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/a8po/complete.html"><i>Aristotle's Politics</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Politics%22%2C+Book+V%2C+6&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Politics&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fa%2Faristotle%2Fa8po%2Fbook5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memnon, FHG III, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney" class="citation web cs1">Kenney, Edward John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet">"Ovid"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202234450/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ovid&rft.series=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Edward+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOvid-Roman-poet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge Companion to Ovid ed. Philip Hardie p.235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Collection+search%3A+You+searched+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fpeople%3D95085%26peoA%3D95085-3-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. 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Când a dărâmat România prima statuie"</a>. <i>Europa Liberă România</i> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611213109/https://romania.europalibera.org/a/stergerea-memoriei-sau-rescrierea-istoriei-cand-a-daramat-romania-prima-statuie/30665862.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europa+Liber%C4%83+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.atitle=%C8%98tergerea+memoriei+sau+rescrierea+istoriei.+C%C3%A2nd+a+d%C4%83r%C3%A2mat+Rom%C3%A2nia+prima+statuie&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Fati&rft.aufirst=Sabina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromania.europalibera.org%2Fa%2Fstergerea-memoriei-sau-rescrierea-istoriei-cand-a-daramat-romania-prima-statuie%2F30665862.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritagetribune.eu/romania/famous-constanta-casino-in-romania-can-finally-begin/">"Renovations for famous Constanta Casino in Romania can finally begin"</a>. <i>European Heritage Tribune</i>. 10 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007103336/https://heritagetribune.eu/romania/famous-constanta-casino-in-romania-can-finally-begin/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Heritage+Tribune&rft.atitle=Renovations+for+famous+Constanta+Casino+in+Romania+can+finally+begin&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritagetribune.eu%2Fromania%2Ffamous-constanta-casino-in-romania-can-finally-begin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA9120-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA9120_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Constanta_15480.csv">"WMO Normals 91-20 Romania - Constanta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117211556/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Constanta_15480.csv">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Normals+91-20+Romania+-+Constanta&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FRomania%2FCSV%2FConstanta_15480.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6240&ind=15480&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024">"CONSTANTA - Weather data by months"</a>. <i>Meteomanz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Statistical+Yearbook%3A+Geography%2C+Meteorology%2C+and+Environment&rft.atitle=AIR+TEMPERATURE+%28monthly+and+yearly+absolute+maximum+and+absolute+minimum%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insse.ro%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fro%2Fcap1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_154800_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Constanta (Konstanza), Dobrudscha / Rumänien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120420/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_154800_kt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Constanta+%28Konstanza%29%2C+Dobrudscha+%2F+Rum%C3%A4nien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_154800_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/RO/15480.TXT">"Constanta Climate Normals for 1961-1990"</a>. <i>ncei.noaa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214071916/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/RO/15480.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Constanta+Climate+Normals+for+1961-1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-VI%2FRO%2F15480.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914154017/http://www.spitalcfconstanta.ro/istoric.html">"The history of Constanța"</a> (in Romanian). 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Evoluție istorică</i>, Bucharest, 2005; pg. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a>, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioan N Roman, <i>La population de la Dobrogea d'après le recensement du 1er janvier 1913</i> in <i>La Dobrogea Roumaine</i>, Bucharest, 1919</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm1930.htm">"Ethnic composition of Romania 1930"</a>. <i>pop-stat.mashke.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024231617/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm1930.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop-stat.mashke.org&rft.atitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Romania+1930&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fromania-ethnic-comm1930.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm1956.htm">"Ethnic composition of Romania 1956"</a>. <i>pop-stat.mashke.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230544/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm1956.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop-stat.mashke.org&rft.atitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Romania+1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fromania-ethnic-comm1956.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm1966.htm">"Ethnic composition of Romania 1966"</a>. <i>pop-stat.mashke.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206231655/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm1966.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop-stat.mashke.org&rft.atitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Romania+1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fromania-ethnic-comm1966.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2011 census results per county, cities and towns <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=503&judet_id=634&localitate_id=635">"Structura Etno-demografică a României"</a>. 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Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C5%A3ia+rezident%C4%83+dup%C4%83+etnie+%28Etnii%2C+Macroregiuni%2C+Regiuni+de+dezvoltare%2C+Jude%C8%9Be%2C+Municipii%2C+ora%C8%99e+%C8%99i+comune%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F06%2FTabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoica1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoica1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoica1919" class="citation book cs1">Stoica, Vasile (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7314/view/1/77/"><i>The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuget+Liber%3A+Constan%C8%9Ba+are+3.144+de+firme+noi%2C+%C3%AEn+primele+%C8%99ase+luni+din+2008&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cugetliber.ro%2F1218661200%2Farticol%2F24287%2Fconstanta-are-3144-de-firme-noi-in-primele-sase-luni-din-2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070028/http://www.eosnap.com/snapshots/port-of-constanta-romania-on-the-black-sea/">"Port of Constanța Ranking"</a>. www.eosnap.com. 19 October 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C8%98antierul+Naval+Constan%C8%9Ba%3A+Despre+noi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snc.ro%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dabout_us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuler" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juler, Caroline. <i>Rumunia</i>. Przewodniki <i>National Geographic</i> (in Polish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digi24.ro&rft.atitle=Internet+gratuit+%C3%AEn+autobuzele+RATC.+Wireless+%C3%AEn+toate+mijloacele+de+transport+din+Constan%C5%A3a&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digi24.ro%2FStiri%2FRegional%2FDigi24%2BConstanta%2FStiri%2FInternet%2Bgratuit%2Bin%2Bautobuzele%2BRATC%2BWireless%2Bin%2Btoate%2Bmijloacele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seenews.com/news/anadolu-isuzu-signs-18-mln-euro-bus-supply-deal-with-romanias-constanta-620010">"Anadolu Isuzu signs 18 mln euro bus supply deal with Romania's Constanta"</a>. <i>seenews.com</i>. 13 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065823/https://seenews.com/news/anadolu-isuzu-signs-18-mln-euro-bus-supply-deal-with-romanias-constanta-620010">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNISCI+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Three+Seas+Initiative+as+a+new+model+of+regional+cooperation+in+Central+Europe%3A+A+Polish+perspective&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=177-194&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31439%2FUNISCI-101&rft.aulast=Lewkowicz&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F347344614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ziuaconstanta.ro/stiri/deschidere-editie/cine-sunt-primarii-pe-care-constanta-i-a-avut-in-perioada-1990-2015-550853.html">"Cine sunt primarii pe care Constanţa i-a avut în perioada 1990 – 2015"</a>. <i>Ziua de Constanța</i> (in Romanian). 9 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922021049/https://www.ziuaconstanta.ro/stiri/deschidere-editie/cine-sunt-primarii-pe-care-constanta-i-a-avut-in-perioada-1990-2015-550853.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ziua+de+Constan%C8%9Ba&rft.atitle=Cine+sunt+primarii+pe+care+Constan%C5%A3a+i-a+avut+%C3%AEn+perioada+1990+%E2%80%93+2015&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziuaconstanta.ro%2Fstiri%2Fdeschidere-editie%2Fcine-sunt-primarii-pe-care-constanta-i-a-avut-in-perioada-1990-2015-550853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triathlon.org/events/event/2014_constanta_mamaia_itu_triathlon_european_cup">"2014 Constanta-Mamaia ETU Triathlon European Cup | Triathlon.org"</a>. <i>www.triathlon.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201231110/http://www.triathlon.org/events/event/2014_constanta_mamaia_itu_triathlon_european_cup">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.triathlon.org&rft.atitle=2014+Constanta-Mamaia+ETU+Triathlon+European+Cup+%7C+Triathlon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.triathlon.org%2Fevents%2Fevent%2F2014_constanta_mamaia_itu_triathlon_european_cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triathlon.org/events/event/2016_constanta_mamaia_etu_triathlon_premium_european_cup">"2016 Constanta-Mamaia ETU Triathlon Premium European Cup | Triathlon.org"</a>. <i>www.triathlon.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184005/http://www.triathlon.org/events/event/2016_constanta_mamaia_etu_triathlon_premium_european_cup">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.triathlon.org&rft.atitle=2016+Constanta-Mamaia+ETU+Triathlon+Premium+European+Cup+%7C+Triathlon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.triathlon.org%2Fevents%2Fevent%2F2016_constanta_mamaia_etu_triathlon_premium_european_cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primaria-constanta.ro/oras/orase-infratite">"Orașe înfrățite"</a>. <i>primaria-constanta.ro</i> (in Romanian). Constanța. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021160339/http://primaria-constanta.ro/oras/orase-infratite">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=primaria-constanta.ro&rft.atitle=Ora%C8%99e+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primaria-constanta.ro%2Foras%2Forase-infratite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstan%C8%9Ba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Born, Robert (2012). <i>Die Christianisierung der Städte der Provinz Scythia Minor. Ein Beitrag zum spätantiken Urbanismus auf dem Balkan</i> [The Christianisation of the cities of Scythia Minor. A contribution to late antique urbanism in the Balkans]. Wiesbaden: Reichert, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-782-8">978-3-89500-782-8</a>, pp. 19–72.</li> <li>Livia Buzoianu and Maria Barbulescu, "Tomis", in Dimitrios V. Grammenos and Elias K. Petropoulos (eds), <i> Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea</i>, Vol. 1 (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2001) (BAR International Series; 1675 (1–2)), 287–336.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constan%C8%9Ba&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba#Q79808" class="extiw" title="voy:Constanța">Constanța</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primaria-constanta.ro/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Actual_Constan%C8%9Ba_county_CoA.png/100px-Actual_Constan%C8%9Ba_county_CoA.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Actual_Constan%C8%9Ba_county_CoA.png/150px-Actual_Constan%C8%9Ba_county_CoA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Actual_Constan%C8%9Ba_county_CoA.png/200px-Actual_Constan%C8%9Ba_county_CoA.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83" title="Cernavodă">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eforie" title="Eforie">Eforie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2r%C8%99ova" title="Hârșova">Hârșova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murfatlar" title="Murfatlar">Murfatlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83vodari" title="Năvodari">Năvodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negru_Vod%C4%83,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Negru Vodă, Constanța">Negru Vodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiu" title="Ovidiu">Ovidiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techirghiol" title="Techirghiol">Techirghiol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Romania" title="Communes of Romania">Communes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23_August,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="23 August, Constanța">23 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamclisi" title="Adamclisi">Adamclisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agigea" title="Agigea">Agigea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albe%C8%99ti,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Albești, Constanța">Albești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliman" title="Aliman">Aliman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzacea" title="Amzacea">Amzacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83neasa,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Băneasa, Constanța">Băneasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83ganu" title="Bărăganu">Bărăganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelu" title="Castelu">Castelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerchezu" title="Cerchezu">Cerchezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirnogeni" title="Chirnogeni">Chirnogeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciobanu" title="Ciobanu">Ciobanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioc%C3%A2rlia,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ciocârlia, Constanța">Ciocârlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobadin" title="Cobadin">Cobadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogealac" title="Cogealac">Cogealac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Comana, Constanța">Comana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbu,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Corbu, Constanța">Corbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costine%C8%99ti" title="Costinești">Costinești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucea,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Crucea, Constanța">Crucea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cump%C4%83na" title="Cumpăna">Cumpăna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuza_Vod%C4%83,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Cuza Vodă, Constanța">Cuza Vodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deleni,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Deleni, Constanța">Deleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobromir,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Dobromir, Constanța">Dobromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbr%C4%83veni,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Dumbrăveni, Constanța">Dumbrăveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2nele,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Fântânele, Constanța">Fântânele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2rliciu" title="Gârliciu">Gârliciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghind%C4%83re%C8%99ti" title="Ghindărești">Ghindărești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%83dina" title="Grădina">Grădina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Horia, Constanța">Horia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independen%C8%9Ba,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Independența, Constanța">Independența</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Corvin,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Corvin, Constanța">Ion Corvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Istria, Constanța">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limanu" title="Limanu">Limanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipni%C8%9Ba" title="Lipnița">Lipnița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumina,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Lumina, Constanța">Lumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereni,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Mereni, Constanța">Mereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu, Constanța">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Mihai Viteazu, Constanța">Mihai Viteazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vod%C4%83,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Mircea Vodă, Constanța">Mircea Vodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Nicolae Bălcescu, Constanța">Nicolae Bălcescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltina" title="Oltina">Oltina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrov,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ostrov, Constanța">Ostrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Pantelimon, Constanța">Pantelimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecineaga" title="Pecineaga">Pecineaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera" title="Peștera">Peștera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poarta_Alb%C4%83" title="Poarta Albă">Poarta Albă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasova,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Rasova, Constanța">Rasova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83cele,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Săcele, Constanța">Săcele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saligny,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Saligny, Constanța">Saligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiu" title="Saraiu">Saraiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimeni,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Seimeni, Constanța">Seimeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sili%C8%99tea,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Siliștea, Constanța">Siliștea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu%C8%99or" title="Târgușor">Târgușor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topalu" title="Topalu">Topalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topraisar" title="Topraisar">Topraisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoman" title="Tortoman">Tortoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzla,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Tuzla, Constanța">Tuzla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valu_lui_Traian" title="Valu lui Traian">Valu lui Traian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulturu,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Vulturu, Constanța">Vulturu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Romania_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Romania" title="Template:Cities in Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Romania" title="Template talk:Cities in Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Romania_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Cities in Romania</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u" title="Bacău">Bacău</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.0em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipiu" title="Municipiu">municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Romania" title="Metropolitan areas in Romania">metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_counties_by_population" title="List of Romanian counties by population">counties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Romania_(alphabetical_order_by_county)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RoJudCapitals" title="Template:RoJudCapitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RoJudCapitals" title="Template talk:RoJudCapitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RoJudCapitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RoJudCapitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Romania_(alphabetical_order_by_county)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <small>(alphabetical order by county)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u" title="Bacău">Bacău</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani" title="Botoșani">Botoșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba" title="Reșița">Reșița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i" title="Călărași">Călărași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe" title="Sfântu Gheorghe">Sfântu Gheorghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc" title="Miercurea Ciuc">Miercurea Ciuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobozia" title="Slobozia">Slobozia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta-Turnu Severin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piatra_Neam%C8%9B" title="Piatra Neamț">Piatra Neamț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Romania" title="Slatina, Romania">Slatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare" title="Satu Mare">Satu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal%C4%83u" title="Zalău">Zalău</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Romania" title="Alexandria, Romania">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslui" title="Vaslui">Vaslui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani" title="Focșani">Focșani</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> <small>(national capital)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/70px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/105px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/140px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Template:Romanian Black Sea resorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Template talk:Romanian Black Sea resorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian Black Sea resorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Romanian Black Sea resorts">Romanian Black Sea resorts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eforie" title="Eforie">Eforie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eforie" title="Eforie">Nord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eforie" title="Eforie">Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costine%C8%99ti" title="Costinești">Costinești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp,_Romania" title="Olimp, Romania">Olimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptun,_Romania" title="Neptun, Romania">Neptun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter,_Romania" title="Jupiter, Romania">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Aurora" title="Cap Aurora">Cap Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus,_Romania" title="Venus, Romania">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn,_Romania" title="Saturn, Romania">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Mai" title="2 Mai">2 Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vama_Veche" title="Vama Veche">Vama Veche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1333268/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4mgrCJBwkdcMVDJBXVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4096764-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87812880">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152917514">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152917514">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044799">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kostence">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constanța&oldid=1255422720">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constanța&oldid=1255422720</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Category:Constanța">Constanța</a></li><li><a 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