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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative and municipal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>City divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Museums and monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arctic_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Arctic Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twin towns – sister cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Former twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Murmansk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moermansk" title="Moermansk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moermansk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83" title="مورمانسك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مورمانسك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BArmansk" title="Múrmansk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Múrmansk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مورمانسک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مورمانسک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourmansk" title="Mourmansk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mourmansk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BArmansk" title="Múrmansk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Múrmansk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Rusya)" title="Murmansk (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Murmansk (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murm%C3%A1nska" title="Murmánska – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Murmánska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BA" title="Μούρμανσκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μούρμανσκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мурман – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мурман" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BArmansk" title="Múrmansk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Múrmansk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansko" title="Murmansko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Murmansko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مورمانسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورمانسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourmansk" title="Mourmansk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mourmansk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moermansk" title="Moermansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moermansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="무르만스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무르만스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF" title="Մուրմանսկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուրմանսկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मूरमान्स्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूरमान्स्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BArmansk" title="Múrmansk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múrmansk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="מורמנסק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מורמנסק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მურმანსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მურმანსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_(ad_Murmanum)" title="Romana (ad Murmanum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Romana (ad Murmanum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmanska" title="Murmanska – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Murmanska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmanskas" title="Murmanskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Murmanskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmanszk" title="Murmanszk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Murmanszk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मुर्मान्स्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुर्मान्स्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მურმანსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურმანსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moermansk" title="Moermansk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moermansk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="ムルマンスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムルマンスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_(Steed)" title="Murmansk (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Murmansk (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormansk" title="Mormansk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mormansk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مورمانسک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مورمانسک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murma%C5%84sk" title="Murmańsk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Murmańsk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansque" title="Murmansque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Murmansque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="මුරමන්ස්ක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුරමන්ස්ක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murma%C5%84sk" title="Murmańsk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Murmańsk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="มูร์มันสค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มูร์มันสค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мурманск – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мурманск" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA" title="Мурманськ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мурманськ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مورمانسک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مورمانسک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Murmansk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="摩尔曼斯克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩尔曼斯克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="מורמאנסק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מורמאנסק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murmansk&params=68_58_14_N_33_04_30_E_type:city_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°58′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°04′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.97056°N 33.07500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.97056; 33.07500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk,_Russia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmansk, Russia">Murmansk, Russia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Murmansk Oblast, Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Murmansk (disambiguation)">Murmansk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Murmansk Oblast, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Murmansk</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Мурманск</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref395_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami">Kildin Sami</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Мурман ланнҍ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Murmánska</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami">Skolt Sami</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Muurman<sup id="cite_ref-nds-muurman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nds-muurman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murmansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk skyline"><img alt="Murmansk skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Murmansk.jpg/250px-Murmansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Murmansk.jpg/375px-Murmansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Murmansk.jpg/500px-Murmansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="475" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Murmansk skyline</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Murmansk"><img alt="Coat of arms of Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg/70px-RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg/105px-RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg/140px-RUS_Murmansk_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="667" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Murmansk</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_f4dbabf59bf72a96735571f8d68350c50bf66f68"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Murmansk&revid=1258162930&groups=_f4dbabf59bf72a96735571f8d68350c50bf66f68" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Murmansk&revid=1258162930&groups=_f4dbabf59bf72a96735571f8d68350c50bf66f68 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk is located in Murmansk Oblast"><img alt="Murmansk is located in Murmansk Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg/250px-Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg/375px-Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg/500px-Outline_Map_of_Murmansk_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="548" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.736%;left:36.25%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Murmansk"><img alt="Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Murmansk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Murmansk</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Murmansk Oblast</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk is located in European Russia"><img alt="Murmansk is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.906%;left:37.384%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Murmansk"><img alt="Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Murmansk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Murmansk (European Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk is located in Europe"><img alt="Murmansk is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.042%;left:55.184%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Murmansk"><img alt="Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Murmansk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Murmansk (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murmansk&params=68_58_14_N_33_04_30_E_type:city_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°58′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°04′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.97056°N 33.07500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.97056; 33.07500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref395_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official foundation<br />date (<i>see text</i>)</th><td class="infobox-data">October 4, 1916<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status since</th><td class="infobox-data">July 19, 1916<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Deputies_of_the_City_of_Murmansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk (page does not exist)">Council of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Head/Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Dmitry Filippov (Head)<br />Evgeniy Nikora (Mayor)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">50 m (160 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">61st</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">City</a> of Murmansk<sup id="cite_ref-Ref395_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Murmansk Oblast,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref395_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City of Murmansk<sup id="cite_ref-Ref395_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Murmansk Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref811_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref811-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Murmansk Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref811_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref811-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">183000–183099</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 8152</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">47701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">October 4<sup id="cite_ref-Holiday_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holiday-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citymurmansk.ru">citymurmansk<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg/220px-MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg/330px-MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg/440px-MurmanskProspektLenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Central part of Murmansk</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Murmansk</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Мурманск</span>; <a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami language">Kildin Sami</a>: <span lang="sjd">Мурман ланнҍ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Sami</a>: <i lang="sms">Muurman</i><sup id="cite_ref-nds-muurman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nds-muurman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>: <i lang="se">Murmánska</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Port_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Port city">port city</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> in the far <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">northwest part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. It sits on both slopes and banks of a modest <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">ria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kola_Bay" title="Kola Bay">Kola Bay</a>, an estuarine inlet of the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>, with its bulk on the east bank of the inlet. It is in the north of the rounded <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> which covers most of the <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>. The city is 108 kilometres (67 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Norway–Russia border">border with Norway</a> and 182 kilometres (113 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Finland–Russia border">border with Finland</a>. </p><p>Benefiting from the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a>, Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia, with highway and railway access to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> system on Earth. It lies over 2° north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. Its connectivity contrasts with the isolation of Arctic ports like the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dikson_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Dikson (urban-type settlement)">Dikson</a> on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic">Canadian Arctic</a>. Despite long, snowy winters, Murmansk's climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it. </p><p>Although there was a building boom in the early twentieth century's arms races, Murmansk's population has been in decline since the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, from <span class="nowrap">468,039 (<a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 Soviet census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Census1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">336,137 (<a href="/wiki/2002_Russian_census" title="2002 Russian census">2002 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-PopCensus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopCensus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">307,257 (<a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_census" title="2010 Russian census">2010 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 270,384 (2021 Census).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle, with over 100,000 more inhabitants than <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, Russia. It is a major port of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the city is derived from <i>Murman</i>, from an old name for <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian people">Norwegians</a> by Russians, likely a borrowing from Old Norse <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nor%C3%B0ma%C3%B0r" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:norðmaðr">norðmaðr</a></i>, which gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Murman_Coast" title="Murman Coast">Murman Coast</a> and the surrounding region including the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0),_1936_%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29%2C_1936_%D0%B3.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29%2C_1936_%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29%2C_1936_%D0%B3.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29%2C_1936_%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29%2C_1936_%D0%B3.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29%2C_1936_%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Murmansk, 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG/330px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG/440px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_1942_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3721" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>War destruction in Murmansk (1942)</figcaption></figure> <p>Murmansk was the last city founded in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> needs led to the construction of the railroad from <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a> to an ice-free location on the <a href="/wiki/Murman_Coast" title="Murman Coast">Murman Coast</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_North_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a>, to which Russia's <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I"> allies</a> shipped military supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminus became known as the Murman station and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population that quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Polyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Alexandrovsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kola_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kola (town)">Kola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 29 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> July 12], 1916, Russian <a href="/wiki/Transport_Minister_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport Minister (Russia)">Transport Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trepov" title="Alexander Trepov">Alexander Trepov</a> petitioned to grant urban status to the railway settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 6 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> July 19], 1916, the petition was approved and the town was named <b>Romanov-on-Murman</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане</span></span>, <i>Romanov-na-Murmane</i>), after the Imperial Russian dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 21 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> October 4], 1916, the official ceremony was performed,<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the date is now considered the official date of the city's foundation. After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of March 1917, on April 3 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> April 16], 1917, the town was given its present name.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG/220px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG/330px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG/440px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3266" data-file-height="1685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Glory_(1899)" title="HMS Glory (1899)">HMS <i>Glory</i></a>, flagship of the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Russia_Squadron" title="British North Russia Squadron">British North Russia Squadron</a> in Murmansk in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the winter of 1917 the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Russia_Squadron" title="British North Russia Squadron">British North Russia Squadron</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Webster_Kemp" title="Thomas Webster Kemp">Thomas Kemp</a> was based at Murmansk.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinvig_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinvig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1918 to 1920, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the town was <a href="/wiki/North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">occupied by the Western powers</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allied</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and was also controlled by <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 13, 1926, local self-government was organized in Murmansk for the first time, during a <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary session</a> of the Murmansk City <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a>, which elected a Presidium.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this, the city was governed by the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Alexandrovsky_Uyezd,_Arkhangelsk_Governorate" title="Alexandrovsky Uyezd, Arkhangelsk Governorate">Alexandrovsky Uyezd</a> and later of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Governorate" title="Murmansk Governorate">Murmansk Governorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 1, 1927, the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a> (VTsIK) issued two resolutions: "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast", which transformed Murmansk Governorate into <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Okrug" title="Murmansk Okrug">Murmansk Okrug</a> within <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> and made Murmansk the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed a redistricting proposal, which included a plan to enlarge the city by merging the surrounding territories in the north, south, and west into Murmansk.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this plan was not confirmed by the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, in 1935–1937 several rural localities of <a href="/wiki/Kolsky_District" title="Kolsky District">Kolsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyarny_District" title="Polyarny District">Polyarny Districts</a> were merged into Murmansk anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee resolution of February 26, 1935, the administrative center of Polyarny District was moved from <a href="/wiki/Polyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Polyarnoye</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sayda-Guba" title="Sayda-Guba">Sayda-Guba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook48_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook48-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the provisions of the resolution were not fully implemented, and due to military construction in Polyarnoye, the administrative center was instead moved to Murmansk in the beginning of 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook48_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook48-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug, Murmansk continued to serve as the administrative center of Polyarny District until September 11, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 10, 1938, when the VTsIK adopted a Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug, the city of Murmansk became a separate administrative division of the okrug, equal in status to that of the districts.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This status was retained when Murmansk Okrug was transformed into Murmansk Oblast on May 28, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans were promised the use of the port they called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Norwegenhafen</i></span> for transportation of goods and raw materials from 1922 to 1941. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Murmansk was a link to the Western world for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with large quantities of goods important to the respective military efforts traded with the USSR's <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>: primarily military equipment, manufactured goods and raw materials brought into the Soviet Union. The supplies were brought to the city in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German forces in Finnish territory launched an offensive against the city in 1941 as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Operation Silver Fox</a>. However, fierce Soviet resistance and harsh local weather-conditions,along with the bad terrain, prevented the Germans from capturing the city and cutting off the vital Karelian railway line and the ice-free harbor. The <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> bombed the city 792 times during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murmansk suffered extensive destruction, the magnitude of which was rivaled only by the destruction in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the rest of the war, Murmansk served as a transit point for weapons and other supplies entering the Soviet Union from other Allied nations. The city's resistance was commemorated at the 40th anniversary of the victory over the Germans in the formal designation of Murmansk as a <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a> on May 6, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> Murmansk was a center of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> and icebreaker activity. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the nearby city and naval base of <a href="/wiki/Severomorsk" title="Severomorsk">Severomorsk</a> remains the headquarters of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern Fleet</a>. </p><p>In 1974, a massive 35.5-meter (116 ft) tall statue <i><a href="/wiki/Alyosha_Monument,_Murmansk" title="Alyosha Monument, Murmansk">Alyosha</a></i>, depicting a Soviet World War II soldier, was installed on a 7-meter (23 ft) high foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Azimut_Hotel_Murmansk" title="Azimut Hotel Murmansk">Hotel Arctic</a> opened in 1984, becoming the tallest building above the Arctic Circle. </p><p>On January 1, 2015, the territory of Murmansk was expanded when the <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">urban-type settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roslyakovo,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Roslyakovo, Murmansk Oblast">Roslyakovo</a>, previously under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">closed administrative-territorial formation</a> of Severomorsk, was abolished and its territory merged into Murmansk.<sup id="cite_ref-Roslyakovo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roslyakovo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is incorporated as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">City</a> of Murmansk</b>—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Murmansk Oblast">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref395_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the City of Murmansk is incorporated as <b>Murmansk Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref811_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref811-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_divisions">City divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: City divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG/220px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG/440px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Lenin Avenue</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city is divided into three administrative okrugs:<sup id="cite_ref-MurmanskCharter_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurmanskCharter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninsky_Administrative_Okrug,_Murmansk" title="Leninsky Administrative Okrug, Murmansk">Leninsky</a> (Ленинский (Lenin))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktyabrsky_Administrative_Okrug,_Murmansk" title="Oktyabrsky Administrative Okrug, Murmansk">Oktyabrsky</a> (Октябрьский (October))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervomaysky_Administrative_Okrug" title="Pervomaysky Administrative Okrug">Pervomaysky</a> (Первомайский (First May))</li></ul> <p>City districts were established in Murmansk for the first time by the Decree of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> of April 20, 1939; at the time, three city districts (<a href="/wiki/Kirovsky_City_District,_Murmansk" title="Kirovsky City District, Murmansk">Kirovsky</a>, Leninsky, and Mikoyanovsky) were created.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were abolished on June 2, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same city districts were created for the second time on June 23, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikoyanovsky City District was renamed Oktyabrsky on October 30, 1957, but on September 30, 1958, all three city districts were again abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 10, 1967, two city districts were created (Leninsky and Oktyabrsky); Pervomaysky City District was split from Oktyabrsky on February 21, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Charter of the Hero City of Murmansk, adopted on December 17, 1995, the districts started to be referred to as administrative okrugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/220px-Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/330px-Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/440px-Photographing_Murmansk_from_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>View of Murmansk</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murmansk experiences a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dfc</i>), with long and cold (though average by <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">arctic</a> standards) winters and short, cool summers. In the city, freezing temperatures are routinely experienced from October to May. Average temperatures exceed 0 degrees Celsius only from May through October. The average low during the coldest part of the year in Murmansk is approximately −14 °C (7 °F). However, temperatures routinely plunge below −20 °C (−4 °F) during the winter. </p><p>Murmansk's brief summer is mild, with average highs in July exceeding +17 °C (63 °F). The city is slightly wetter during the summer than the winter and receives an annual average of just under 500 mm (20 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a>" is above the horizon from 22 May to 23 July (63 days), and the period with continuous darkness is somewhat shorter — the <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> lasts from 2 December to 10 January (40 days). </p><p>Extreme temperatures range from −39.4 °C (−38.9 °F) on January 6, 1985, and January 27, 1999, up to 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) on July 9, 1972; the record cold daily maximum is −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F), set on January 6, 1985, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) last set on July 9, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Murmansk has been affected by <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> in recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">similar to other Arctic locations</a>. For example, December 2007 had an average high of 0.8 °C (33.4 °F), while a 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) average high was measured for March 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer has also been affected, with a 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) average high for June 2013, and a 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) average high during July 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Murmansk (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6<br />(14.7) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3<br />(15.3) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8<br />(19.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.7<br />(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6<br />(14.7) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.1<br />(−13.2) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.1<br />(−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.1<br />(10.2) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.4<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.7<br />(−5.3) </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.5<br />(−19.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39.4<br />(−38.9) </td> <td style="background: #1616FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.6<br />(−37.5) </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.6<br />(−26.7) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.0<br />(−11.2) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.2<br />(−6.2) </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.2<br />(−26.0) </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.9<br />(−30.8) </td> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−39.4<br />(−38.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">529<br />(20.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30<br />(12) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">149 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #000082; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">183 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #030303; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.4 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.6 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.3 </td> <td style="background: #5E5E5E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.7 </td> <td style="background: #0A0A0A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #B5B565; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infoclimat<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Sea temperature data for Murmansk </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">3.4<br />(38.12) </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">1.9<br />(35.42) </td> <td style="background: #3232FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">2.2<br />(35.96) </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">3.9<br />(35.96) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7.1<br />(44.78) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10.9<br />(51.62) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">5.3<br />(41.54) </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">4.6<br />(40.28) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5.69<br />(42.245) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#fff; font-weight:normal; font-size:100%;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,716</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">117,069</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1243.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">221,874</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+89.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">308,642</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1979 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">380,817</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">468,039</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">336,137</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−28.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">307,257</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">270,384</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murmansk_(19591668996).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Murmansk_%2819591668996%29.jpg/220px-Murmansk_%2819591668996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Murmansk_%2819591668996%29.jpg/330px-Murmansk_%2819591668996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Murmansk_%2819591668996%29.jpg/440px-Murmansk_%2819591668996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Children in Murmansk</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, was 307,257, of these, 141,130 men (45.9%) and 166,127 women (54.1%),<sup id="cite_ref-ms_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-murmanskstat.gks.ru_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murmanskstat.gks.ru-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down from 468,039 recorded in the 1989 Census. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has been consistently losing population, as the extensive military facilities the city is built around have declined. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> make up the majority of the population, but <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a> minorities also live in the city. </p><p>Ethnic composition (2010):<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> – 89.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> – 4.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> – 1.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> – 0.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> – 0.7%</li> <li>Others – 2.6%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2010, direct mayoral elections were abolished; they were reinstituted in January 2014, with the most recent elections for mayor and city council taking place in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums_and_monuments">Museums and monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Museums and monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murmansk has two main museums: Murmansk Oblast Museum and Murmansk Oblast Art Museum; there are also several small museums. There are three professional theaters, libraries, and an <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquarium</a> in Murmansk. Murmansk is the venue of the decommissioned <i><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></i> which is now a museum ship. <a href="/wiki/Alyosha_Monument,_Murmansk" title="Alyosha Monument, Murmansk">Alyosha Monument, Murmansk</a> or Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War monument is also located in Murmansk. The main square of Murmansk is <a href="/wiki/Five_Corners,_Murmansk" title="Five Corners, Murmansk">Five Corners, Murmansk</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lenin, converted into a museum ship"><img alt="Lenin, converted into a museum ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg/240px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg/360px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg/480px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></i>, converted into a museum ship</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_with_no_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument of sailors in Murmansk"><img alt="Monument of sailors in Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/House_with_no_light.jpg/120px-House_with_no_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/House_with_no_light.jpg/180px-House_with_no_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/House_with_no_light.jpg/239px-House_with_no_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="3239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument of sailors in Murmansk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War"><img alt="Memorial to Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG/270px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG/405px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG/540px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to the victims of the intervention of 1918–1920, Murmansk"><img alt="Monument to the victims of the intervention of 1918–1920, Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg/360px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg/480px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1918-1920_%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">intervention of 1918–1920</a>, Murmansk</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three professional theaters in Murmansk. The oldest is the Murmansk Puppetry, which opened in 1933. The largest in the city was the Murmansk Regional Drama Theater, which opened in 1939. The Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet was opened in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet"><img alt="Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG/270px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG/405px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG/540px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk Regional Drama Theater"><img alt="Murmansk Regional Drama Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg/240px-Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg/360px-Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg/480px-Oblastnoi_dramteatr_murmansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Murmansk Regional Drama Theater</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk Puppetry"><img alt="Murmansk Puppetry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png/272px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png/408px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png/545px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Murmansk Puppetry</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's association football teams are <a href="/wiki/FC_Sever_Murmansk" title="FC Sever Murmansk">FC Sever Murmansk</a>, which played in the Russian Second Division until 2014 when it folded due to financial difficulties, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=FC_Murmansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FC Murmansk (page does not exist)">FC Murmansk</a>, a football team founded in 2022. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stadium Stroitel"><img alt="Stadium Stroitel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/215px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/322px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/429px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB%2C_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="3010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stadium_Stroitel_(Murmansk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium Stroitel (Murmansk)">Stadium Stroitel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandy at Stroitel stadium"><img alt="Bandy at Stroitel stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg/282px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg/423px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg/564px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bandy at Stroitel stadium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Trade Unions Central Stadium venue of FC Sever Murmansk"><img alt="Trade Unions Central Stadium venue of FC Sever Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG/240px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Tsentralnyi Profsoyuz Stadion (Murmansk)">Trade Unions Central Stadium</a> venue of <a href="/wiki/FC_Sever_Murmansk" title="FC Sever Murmansk">FC Sever Murmansk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk Municipal Swimming Pool"><img alt="Murmansk Municipal Swimming Pool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD.JPG/270px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Bandy">Bandy</a> club <a href="/wiki/Murman_Murmansk" title="Murman Murmansk">Murman</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has played in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Super_League" title="Russian Bandy Super League">Russian Bandy Super League</a>, last in 2011–2012. Between 2012 and 2018, they were playing in the second tier <a href="/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Supreme_League" title="Russian Bandy Supreme League">Russian Bandy Supreme League</a>, but will from the 2018–19 season be a Super League team again.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their home arena, <a href="/wiki/Stadium_Stroitel_(Murmansk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium Stroitel (Murmansk)">Stadium Stroitel</a>, has an audience capacity of 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is one of only three places with representation in the female league, through the team <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arktika_(bandy_club)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arktika (bandy club) (page does not exist)">Arktika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proximity to pole and its side effects, <a href="/wiki/Polar_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar Night">Polar Night</a>, has brought sport festivals such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Festival_Polar_Olympiad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Festival Polar Olympiad (page does not exist)">North Festival Polar Olympiad</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ru%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:ruПраздник Севера">ru</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Festival (page does not exist)">Sun Festival</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Праздник Солнца">ru</a>]</span>. The former has been awarded every year since the inaugural tournament in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway, Finland, Sweden, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries take part in the North Festival Polar Olympiad.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To commemorate the 85th anniversary of the city's foundation, the snow-white Church of the Saviour on the Waters was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/White_Monuments_of_Vladimir_and_Suzdal" title="White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal">White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal</a> and built on the shore for the sailors of Murmansk.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fifteen religious associations have been registered in Murmansk.<sup id="cite_ref-listOfRelig_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listOfRelig-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest is the Russian Orthodox Church, Murmansk is the center of its Murmansk and Monchegorsk diocese, as well as the Murmansk Metropolis. The city has about a dozen Orthodox churches, the department of the head of the diocese and the metropolis of Metropolitan Simon is located in St. Nicholas Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Saviour-on-Water_Murmansk_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Saviour on the Waters, Murmansk"><img alt="Church of the Saviour on the Waters, Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Church_of_the_Saviour-on-Water_Murmansk_4.JPG/240px-Church_of_the_Saviour-on-Water_Murmansk_4.JPG" decoding="async" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/270px-%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/405px-%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, 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Nicholas Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/270px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/405px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/540px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Nicholas Cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murmansk's evening newspaper is <i><a href="/wiki/Vecherniy_Murmansk" title="Vecherniy Murmansk">Vecherniy Murmansk</a></i>; it has been published since 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> and is an important fishing and shipping destination. It is home port to <a href="/wiki/Atomflot" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomflot">Atomflot</a>, the world's only fleet of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">nuclear-powered icebreakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Murmansk" title="Port of Murmansk">Port of Murmansk</a> is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Sevmorput</a> (Northern Sea Route) and the administration of Russian Arctic maritime transport. In 2018, the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a> which through its ROSATOMFLOT subsidiary manages the Russian nuclear powered icebreaker fleet based in Murmansk.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Murmansk is linked by the <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Railway" title="Kirov Railway">Kirov Railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and is linked to the rest of Russia by the <a href="/wiki/M18_highway_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="M18 highway (Russia)">M18 Kola Motorway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Airport" title="Murmansk Airport">Murmansk Airport</a> provides air links to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and St. Petersburg. </p><p>Buses and trolleybuses provide local transport. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk central rail station"><img alt="Murmansk central rail station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/293px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/439px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/585px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Murmansk central rail station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MurmanskHarbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port of Murmansk"><img alt="Port of Murmansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MurmanskHarbour.jpg/270px-MurmanskHarbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MurmanskHarbour.jpg/405px-MurmanskHarbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MurmanskHarbour.jpg/540px-MurmanskHarbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Murmansk" title="Port of Murmansk">Port of Murmansk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trolley Ziu-682 with Azimut Hotel Murmansk in the background"><img alt="Trolley Ziu-682 with Azimut Hotel Murmansk in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg/271px-Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg/406px-Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg/542px-Murmansk.Trolleybus%E2%84%966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trolley <a href="/wiki/Trolza" title="Trolza">Ziu</a>-682 with <a href="/wiki/Azimut_Hotel_Murmansk" title="Azimut Hotel Murmansk">Azimut Hotel Murmansk</a> in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An interchange of the Eastern Bypass Road and Planernaya Street"><img alt="An interchange of the Eastern Bypass Road and Planernaya Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/321px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/481px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/641px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchange</a> of the Eastern Bypass Road and Planernaya Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murmansk_(MMK_-_ULMM)_AN1445818.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murmansk Airport"><img alt="Murmansk Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Murmansk_%28MMK_-_ULMM%29_AN1445818.jpg/270px-Murmansk_%28MMK_-_ULMM%29_AN1445818.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Murmansk_%28MMK_-_ULMM%29_AN1445818.jpg/405px-Murmansk_%28MMK_-_ULMM%29_AN1445818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Murmansk_%28MMK_-_ULMM%29_AN1445818.jpg/540px-Murmansk_%28MMK_-_ULMM%29_AN1445818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Airport" title="Murmansk Airport">Murmansk Airport</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Draha_na_murmansk.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kirov Railway connects Murmansk city and Saint Petersburg."><img alt="Kirov Railway connects Murmansk city and Saint Petersburg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Draha_na_murmansk.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kirov_Railway" title="Kirov Railway">Kirov Railway</a> connects Murmansk city and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Routes_(RUS).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arctic Bridge sea route linking Murmansk to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba."><img alt="Arctic Bridge sea route linking Murmansk to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arctic_Routes_%28RUS%29.svg/239px-Arctic_Routes_%28RUS%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arctic_Routes_%28RUS%29.svg/359px-Arctic_Routes_%28RUS%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arctic_Routes_%28RUS%29.svg/478px-Arctic_Routes_%28RUS%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a> sea route linking Murmansk to the Canadian port of <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba" title="Churchill, Manitoba">Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arctic_Bridge">Arctic Bridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arctic Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a>, a sea route linking it to the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba" title="Churchill, Manitoba">Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. Even though the passage has not been fully tested for commercial shipping yet, Russian interest in this project (along with the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>) is substantial, as the bridge will serve as a major trade route between <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_State_Technical_University" title="Murmansk State Technical University">Murmansk State Technical University</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Murmansk is home to <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_State_Technical_University" title="Murmansk State Technical University">Murmansk State Technical University</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk_Arctic_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murmansk Arctic State University (page does not exist)">Murmansk Arctic State University</a> (formerly Murmansk State Pedagogical University), the Murmansk Institute of Humanities and the <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_College_of_Arts" title="Murmansk College of Arts">Murmansk College of Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the only art school of the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>, formerly the 'Murmansk Music School'). The city has 86 primary schools and 56 secondary schools, two boarding schools, and three reform schools. There is also a branch of the Naval Academy in Murmansk, where cadets study, to become officers of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <p>Murmansk is <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_Municipality" title="Luleå Municipality">Luleå</a>, Sweden (1972) Paused as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_Municipality" title="Vadsø Municipality">Vadsø</a>, Norway (1973)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a>, United States (1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, Netherlands (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a>, Turkey (2014)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus (2014)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China (2016)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Former_twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Former twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Former twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> (1993–2022) Cancelled as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a> (1962–2022) Cancelled as a result of <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø</a> (1972–2022) Cancelled because of concerns related to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a>, Iceland (1994–2022) Cancelled as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Alexeev" title="Nikita Alexeev">Nikita Alexeev</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaliy_Nikolayevich_Bubentsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaliy Nikolayevich Bubentsov">Vitaliy Nikolayevich Bubentsov</a>, Russian artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Goman" title="Aleksey Goman">Aleksey Goman</a>, pop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Grigorieva" title="Kate Grigorieva">Kate Grigorieva</a>, supermodel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Gunina" title="Valentina Gunina">Valentina Gunina</a>, chess grandmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyna_Hutchins" title="Halyna Hutchins">Halyna Hutchins</a>, cinematographer and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Konstantinov" title="Vladimir Konstantinov">Vladimir Konstantinov</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Kovalenko" title="Irina Kovalenko">Irina Kovalenko</a>, supermodel and Miss Russia winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Kruglova" title="Larisa Kruglova">Larisa Kruglova</a>, sprinter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Sergey Kuryokhin</a>, actor and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Malgina" title="Irina Malgina">Irina Malgina</a>, biathlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizaveta_Nazarenkova" title="Elizaveta Nazarenkova">Elizaveta Nazarenkova</a>, Uzbek rhythmic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Nikitin_(bass-baritone)" title="Yevgeny Nikitin (bass-baritone)">Yevgeny Nikitin</a>, opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlata_Ognevich" title="Zlata Ognevich">Zlata Ognevich</a>, Ukrainian singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rozhkov" title="Sergei Rozhkov">Sergei Rozhkov</a>, biathlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Semenov_(hockey_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Semenov (hockey player)">Alexei Semenov</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Subbotin" title="Sergey Subbotin">Sergey Subbotin</a>, former mayor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Volkov_(ice_hockey,_born_1997)" title="Konstantin Volkov (ice hockey, born 1997)">Konstantin Volkov</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Zdorovetskiy" title="Vitaly Zdorovetskiy">Vitaly Zdorovetskiy</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube personality">YouTube personality</a>, prankster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_Kunitskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yana Kunitskaya">Yana Kunitskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantamweight_(MMA)" title="Bantamweight (MMA)">bantamweight</a> fighter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref395-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref395_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref395_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref395_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref395_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref395_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref395_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #96-01-ZMO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nds-muurman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nds-muurman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nds-muurman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saan.oahpa.no/detail/sms/fin/Muurman.html">"Muurman (subst. erisnimi)"</a>. <i>Neahttadigisánit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neahttadigis%C3%A1nit&rft.atitle=Muurman+%28subst.+erisnimi%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaan.oahpa.no%2Fdetail%2Fsms%2Ffin%2FMuurman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSBook24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook24_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast</i>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref811-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref811_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref811_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref811_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #531-01-ZMO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). June 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226151741/http://www.russianpost.ru/PostOfficeFindInterface/FindOPSByPostOfficeID.aspx?index=183000">"Main Murmansk post office"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianpost.ru/PostOfficeFindInterface/FindOPSByPostOfficeID.aspx?index=183000">the original</a> on February 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Murmansk+post+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianpost.ru%2FPostOfficeFindInterface%2FFindOPSByPostOfficeID.aspx%3Findex%3D183000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holiday-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holiday_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanova,_Anna2017" class="citation news cs1">Stepanova, Anna (September 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.murmansk.kp.ru/daily/26738.7/3765418/">"День города в Мурманске 2017: программа праздника и перекрытия дорог"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komsomolskaya+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+2017%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.au=Stepanova%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.murmansk.kp.ru%2Fdaily%2F26738.7%2F3765418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Est-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014Est_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810202114/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2014/bul_dr/mun_obr2014.rar">"Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2014 года"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2014/bul_dr/mun_obr2014.rar">the original</a> on August 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fdoc_2014%2Fbul_dr%2Fmun_obr2014.rar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn%2F2020%2FTom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1989-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1989_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php"><bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров</bdi></a> [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. <bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989]</bdi> (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via <i>Demoscope Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1989+%D0%B3.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%5BInstitute+of+Demography+at+the+National+Research+University%3A+Higher+School+of+Economics%5D&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus89_reg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopCensus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopCensus_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_State_Statistics_Service2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a> (May 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls"><bdi lang="ru">Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек</bdi></a> [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002]</bdi> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+3+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.au=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2F1_TOM_01_04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldgeography.com/2011/12/10-largest-cities-within-arctic-circle.html">"10 Largest Cities Within the Arctic Circle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Largest+Cities+Within+the+Arctic+Circle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldgeography.com%2F2011%2F12%2F10-largest-cities-within-arctic-circle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Этимологический словарь русского языка Макса Фасмера</i>. p. Мурман.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.pages=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/murmansk.html">It's Always Colder in Murmansk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910121807/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/murmansk.html">Archived</a> September 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 20, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Alexander (2007). "Russian and Soviet Naval Power and the Arctic from the XVI Century to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War". <i>The Journal of Slavic Military Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 359–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040701532958">10.1080/13518040701532958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145005700">145005700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Russian+and+Soviet+Naval+Power+and+the+Arctic+from+the+XVI+Century+to+the+Beginning+of+the+Great+Patriotic+War&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359-392&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518040701532958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145005700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSBook60-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook60_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast</i>, pp. 60–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinvig-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinvig_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Kinvig2007" class="citation cs2">Clifford Kinvig (November 23, 2007), <i>Churchill's Crusade</i>, Hambledon & London, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847250216" title="Special:BookSources/9781847250216"><bdi>9781847250216</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747256147">747256147</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9819337M">9819337M</a>, 1847250211</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Crusade&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747256147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9819337M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781847250216&rft.au=Clifford+Kinvig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW1z05NorthRussia.htm">"Bolshevik, North Russian, Royal Navy, Expeditionary Force, Archangel, Dvina River"</a>. Naval-history.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolshevik%2C+North+Russian%2C+Royal+Navy%2C+Expeditionary+Force%2C+Archangel%2C+Dvina+River&rft.pub=Naval-history.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FWW1z05NorthRussia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSBook48-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook48_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSBook48_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast</i>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 773–808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2007.0206">10.1353/jmh.2007.0206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30052890">30052890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159715267">159715267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=British+Lend+Lease+Aid+and+the+Soviet+War+Effort%2C+June+1941+%E2%80%93+June+1942&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=773-808&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159715267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30052890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2007.0206&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Trond. 25 June 2021. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sva.no/2021/magasin/dagen-for-mot-og-utholdenhet/">Dagen for mot og utholdenhet</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>" [day of courage and endurance]. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Varanger_Avis" title="Sør-Varanger Avis">Sør-Varanger Avis</a>. P.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rian.ru/society/20061004/54494341.html">Мурманску исполняется 90 лет</a><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620125619/http://www.b-port.com/info/smi/vm/?issue=538&article=10256">"Газета «Вечерний Мурманск» Выпуск № 93 от 28 мая 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b-port.com/info/smi/vm/?issue=538&article=10256">the original</a> on June 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%C2%BB+%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA+%E2%84%96+93+%D0%BE%D1%82+28+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-port.com%2Finfo%2Fsmi%2Fvm%2F%3Fissue%3D538%26article%3D10256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2004.murman.ru/nature/adm_delenie/murmansk/index-eng.shtml">"Nature Administrative-territorial system"</a>. 2004.murman.ru. October 4, 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature+Administrative-territorial+system&rft.pub=2004.murman.ru&rft.date=1916-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2004.murman.ru%2Fnature%2Fadm_delenie%2Fmurmansk%2Findex-eng.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intltravelnews.com/2012/04/alyosha-granite-monument-russias-litsa-riv">"Alyosha, granite monument on Russia's Litsa River"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alyosha%2C+granite+monument+on+Russia%27s+Litsa+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intltravelnews.com%2F2012%2F04%2Falyosha-granite-monument-russias-litsa-riv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roslyakovo-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roslyakovo_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #1812-01-ZMO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurmanskCharter-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurmanskCharter_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Murmansk, Article 3.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=230">"Météo Climat stats for Mourmansk"</a> (in French). Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat+stats+for+Mourmansk&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dstati%26id%3D230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=22113&month=12&year=2007">"December 2007"</a> (in Russian). Roshydromet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2007&rft.pub=Roshydromet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D22113%26month%3D12%26year%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=22113&month=3&year=2007">"March 2007"</a> (in Russian). Roshydromet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+2007&rft.pub=Roshydromet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D22113%26month%3D3%26year%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=22113&month=6&year=2013">"June 2013"</a> (in Russian). Roshydromet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+2013&rft.pub=Roshydromet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D22113%26month%3D6%26year%3D2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=22113&month=7&year=2018">"July 2018"</a> (in Russian). Roshydromet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=July+2018&rft.pub=Roshydromet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D22113%26month%3D7%26year%3D2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/22113.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Климат Мурманска</bdi></a> [The Climate of Murmansk]. <i>Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F22113.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/Murmansk_22113.csv">"Murmansk Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murmansk+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FRussianFederation%2FCSV%2FMurmansk_22113.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/murmansk/valeurs/22113.html">"Climatologie de l'année à Murmansk"</a>. Infoclimat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatologie+de+l%27ann%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Murmansk&rft.pub=Infoclimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie%2Fannee%2F1991%2Fmurmansk%2Fvaleurs%2F22113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russia.pogoda360.ru/807161/">"Погода в Мурманске сейчас. Температура воды в море. Подробный прогноз. Мурманск на карте погоды"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81.+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7.+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussia.pogoda360.ru%2F807161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ms-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ms_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Статистический сборник <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murmanskstat.gks.ru/census/DocLib1/Тома%20официальной%20публикации%20итогов%20ВПН-2010.aspx">Численность, размещение и возрастно-половой состав населения Мурманской области. Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения. Том 1. 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222192055/http://murmanskstat.gks.ru/census/DocLib1/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D-2010.aspx">Archived</a> December 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> / Федеральная служба государственной статистики, Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Мурманской области. Мурманск, 2012 — 75 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murmanskstat.gks.ru-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murmanskstat.gks.ru_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murmanskstat.gks.ru/census/DocLib7/02.doc">"Численность населения Мурманской области по полу на 14 октября 2010 года"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0+14+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmurmanskstat.gks.ru%2Fcensus%2FDocLib7%2F02.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173152/http://murmanskstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/murmanskstat/resources/073db3804e81006b8608f7b8fc91c3ba/16.xls">"Распределение населения Мурманской области по наиболее многочисленным национальностям по муниципальным образованиям"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murmanskstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/murmanskstat/resources/073db3804e81006b8608f7b8fc91c3ba/16.xls">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmurmanskstat.gks.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Frosstat_ts%2Fmurmanskstat%2Fresources%2F073db3804e81006b8608f7b8fc91c3ba%2F16.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203709/http://2014-2015.vybor-naroda.org/lentanovostey/51957-vybory-mera-murmanska-proydut-14-sentyabrya.html">"Выборы мэра Мурманска пройдут 14 сентября »"</a>. <i>2014-2015.vybor-naroda.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2014-2015.vybor-naroda.org/lentanovostey/51957-vybory-mera-murmanska-proydut-14-sentyabrya.html">the original</a> on February 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2014-2015.vybor-naroda.org&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+14+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2014-2015.vybor-naroda.org%2Flentanovostey%2F51957-vybory-mera-murmanska-proydut-14-sentyabrya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://region.murman.ru/society/culture/theaters/index.shtml">"Наыеярбн » Йскэрспю – Лсплюмяй Х Лсплюмяйюъ Накюярэ"</a>. Region.murman.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%8B%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BD+%C2%BB+%D0%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8E+%E2%80%93+%D0%9B%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B9+%D0%A5+%D0%9B%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%8E%D1%8A+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8E%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D&rft.pub=Region.murman.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregion.murman.ru%2Fsociety%2Fculture%2Ftheaters%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/season/135/&prev=/search?q=http://www.rusbandy.ru/season/135/&biw=1093&bih=614">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>translate.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=translate.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fseason%2F135%2F%26prev%3D%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fseason%2F135%2F%26biw%3D1093%26bih%3D614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/11995/">"Google Translate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.co.uk%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F11995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/13/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/13/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=hx-7UInoO4j_4QTTnYCoAQ&ved=0CC0Q7gEwAA">"Google Translate"</a>. Translate.google.se<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Translate&rft.pub=Translate.google.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F13%2F%26prev%3D%2Fsearch%253Fq%253Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F13%2F%2526hl%253Den%2526tbo%253Dd%2526biw%253D1024%2526bih%253D545%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Dhx-7UInoO4j_4QTTnYCoAQ%26ved%3D0CC0Q7gEwAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/club/48/">"Информация о команде "Арктика" Мурманск - Реестр - Федерация хоккея с мячом России"</a>. <i>rusbandy.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rusbandy.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5+%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%22+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA+-+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+-+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fclub%2F48%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171648/https://sport.gov-murman.ru/events/prazdnik-severa/">"Праздник Севера"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sport.gov-murman.ru/events/prazdnik-severa/">the original</a> on November 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsport.gov-murman.ru%2Fevents%2Fprazdnik-severa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619211551/http://norse.ru/culture/common/nord-holiday.html">"Международный Праздник Севера - Полярная Олимпиада"</a>. <i>norse.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norse.ru/culture/common/nord-holiday.html">the original</a> on June 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norse.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+-+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorse.ru%2Fculture%2Fcommon%2Fnord-holiday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo.murman.ru/www/vcards.nsf/images/NT00076D1E/$FILE/001.jpg">see photograph</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011120641/http://photo.murman.ru/www/vcards.nsf/images/NT00076D1E/$FILE/001.jpg">Archived</a> October 11, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-listOfRelig-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-listOfRelig_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221072930/http://gov-murman.ru/society/religious/index.shtml?name=gov-society-religious&base=index">"Религиозные объединения"</a>. Официальный портал Мурманской области. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov-murman.ru/society/religious/index.shtml?name=gov-society-religious&base=index">the original</a> on December 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov-murman.ru%2Fsociety%2Freligious%2Findex.shtml%3Fname%3Dgov-society-religious%26base%3Dindex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620083104/http://www.mmeparh.ru/node/92">"Храмы епархии"</a>. Сайт Мурманской и Мончегорской епархии. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmeparh.ru/node/92">the original</a> on June 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmeparh.ru%2Fnode%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymurmansk.ru/eng/murmansk/history/kultura_obrazova/">"Культура, образование, наука, спорт, церковь"</a>. Администрация города Мурманска – официальный сайт. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053315/https://www.citymurmansk.ru/eng/murmansk/history/kultura_obrazova/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%2C+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymurmansk.ru%2Feng%2Fmurmansk%2Fhistory%2Fkultura_obrazova%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716181054/http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/radwaste/30138">"Atomflot – Bellona"</a>. Bellona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/radwaste/30138">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomflot+%E2%80%93+Bellona&rft.pub=Bellona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellona.org%2Fenglish_import_area%2Finternational%2Frussia%2Fcivilian_nuclear_vessels%2Fradwaste%2F30138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsen2018" class="citation news cs1">Nilsen, Thomas (July 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023132/https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2018/07/vyasheslav-ruksha-will-lead-newly-established-northern-sea-route-directorate">"Vyacheslav Ruksha will lead the newly established Northern Sea Route Directorate"</a>. <i>The Barents Observer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2018/07/vyasheslav-ruksha-will-lead-newly-established-northern-sea-route-directorate">the original</a> on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=Vyacheslav+Ruksha+will+lead+the+newly+established+Northern+Sea+Route+Directorate&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Nilsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Farctic%2F2018%2F07%2Fvyasheslav-ruksha-will-lead-newly-established-northern-sea-route-directorate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2019" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Isaiah (July 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112224453/https://calrev.org/2019/07/18/cold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline/?v=7516fd43adaa">"Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline"</a>. <i>The California Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calrev.org/2019/07/18/cold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline/?v=7516fd43adaa">the original</a> on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+California+Review&rft.atitle=Cold+Ambition%3A+The+New+Geopolitical+Faultline&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalrev.org%2F2019%2F07%2F18%2Fcold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline%2F%3Fv%3D7516fd43adaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114947/http://barentsnova.com/business%2Doverview/our%2Dstories/1883%2Dchinese%2Dgoods%2Dmay%2Dcome%2Dto%2Dus%2Dvia%2Dmurmansk/">"Chinese goods may come to US via Murmansk"</a>. <i>Barentsnova</i>. August 18, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsnova.com/business-overview/our-stories/1883-chinese-goods-may-come-to-us-via-murmansk/">the original</a> on September 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barentsnova&rft.atitle=Chinese+goods+may+come+to+US+via+Murmansk&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsnova.com%2Fbusiness-overview%2Four-stories%2F1883-chinese-goods-may-come-to-us-via-murmansk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919224607/http://mki-51.ru/"><bdi lang="ru">Мурманский колледж искусств</bdi></a> [Murmansk College of Arts]. <i>mki-51.ru</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mki-51.ru/">the original</a> on September 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mki-51.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmki-51.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531051224/https://www.citymurmansk.ru/strukturnye_podr/?itemid=127">"Сведения об официальной деятельности"</a>. <i>citymurmansk.ru</i> (in Russian). Murmansk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citymurmansk.ru/strukturnye_podr/?itemid=127">the original</a> on May 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citymurmansk.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymurmansk.ru%2Fstrukturnye_podr%2F%3Fitemid%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupt2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haupt, Inger (February 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/vanortsamarbetet-mellan-lulea-och-murmansk-stoppas">"Vänortsamarbetet mellan Luleå och Murmansk stoppas"</a>. <i>SVT Nyheter</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=V%C3%A4nortsamarbetet+mellan+Lule%C3%A5+och+Murmansk+stoppas&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Inger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Flokalt%2Fnorrbotten%2Fvanortsamarbetet-mellan-lulea-och-murmansk-stoppas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wszczecinie.pl/aktualnosci,szczecin_wypowiedzial_umowe_o_przyjacielskiej_wspolpracy_z_murmanskiem,id-40370.html">"Szczecin wypowiedział umowę o przyjacielskiej współpracy z Murmańskiem"</a>. <i>wszczecinie.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wszczecinie.pl&rft.atitle=Szczecin+wypowiedzia%C5%82+umow%C4%99+o+przyjacielskiej+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82pracy+z+Murma%C5%84skiem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwszczecinie.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Cszczecin_wypowiedzial_umowe_o_przyjacielskiej_wspolpracy_z_murmanskiem%2Cid-40370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/life-and-public/2022/03/capital-lapland-freezes-partnership-murmansk">"The capital of Lapland freezes partnership with Murmansk"</a>. <i>The Independent Barents Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=The+capital+of+Lapland+freezes+partnership+with+Murmansk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Flife-and-public%2F2022%2F03%2Fcapital-lapland-freezes-partnership-murmansk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/tromso-avslutter-vennskapsbyavtale-med-russiske-byer-1.16153548">https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/tromso-avslutter-vennskapsbyavtale-med-russiske-byer-1.16153548</a>. <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a>.no. Retrieved 2022-10-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/life-and-public/2022/12/murmansk-terminates-sister-city-relations-akureyri">"Murmansk terminates sister city relations with Akureyri"</a>, The Barents Observer, 15 December 2022</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Мурманская областная Дума. Закон №96-01-ЗМО от 6 января 1998 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Мурманской области», в ред. Закона №1953-01-ЗМО от 24 декабря 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Мурманской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Мурманской области"». Опубликован: "Мурманский Вестник", №10, стр. 3, 16 января 1998 г.</span></span> (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law #96-01-ZMO of January 6, 1998 <i>On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Murmansk Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #1953-01-ZMO of December 24, 2015 <i>On Amending the Law of Murmansk Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Murmansk Oblast"</i>. ).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Мурманская областная Дума. Закон №531-01-ЗМО от 2 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе муниципального образования город Мурманск». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Мурманский Вестник", №234, стр. 3, 7 декабря 2004 г.</span></span> (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law #531-01-ZMO of December 2, 2004 <i>On the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Murmansk</i>. Effective as of January 1, 2005.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Совет депутатов города Мурманска. Решение №20-235 от 10 марта 2006 г. «Устав муниципального образования город Мурманск», в ред. Решения №15-202 от 4 февраля 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Мурманск, утверждённый Решением Совета Депутатов города Мурманска от 10.03.2006 (с изменениями и дополнениями от 31.05.2006 №23-263, от 05.10.2006 №24-298), с последующими изменениями, внесёнными Решениями Совета депутатов города Мурманска от 13.11.2007 №43-529, от 03.04.2008 №48-588 и от 03.06.2009 №5-57». Вступил в силу в соответствии со статьёй 81. Опубликован: "Вечерний Мурманск", спецвыпуск, стр. 1–12, 10 ноября 2006 г.</span></span> (Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk. Decision #20-235 of March 10, 2006 <i>Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Murmansk</i>, as amended by the Decision #15-202 of February 4, 2010 <i>On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Murmansk, Adopted by the Decision of the Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk of March 10, 2006 (with the Amendments and Supplements #23-263 of May 31, 2006, #24-298 of October 5, 2006), with Subsequent Amendments, Introduced by the Decisions of the Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk #43-529 of November 13, 2007, #48-588 of April 3, 2008, and #5-57 of June 3, 2009</i>. Effective as of the day determined by the provisions of Article 81.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАрхивный_отдел_Администрации_Мурманской_области._Государственный_Архив_Мурманской_области.1995" class="citation book cs1">Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). <i>Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920–1993 гг.). Справочник</i>. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%281920%E2%80%931993+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%22&rft.date=1995&rft.au=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurmansk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Мурманская областная Дума. Закон №1812-01-ЗМО от 19 декабря 2014 г. «Об упразднеии населённого пункта Мурманской области и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Мурманской области». Вступил в силу 1 января 2015 г. Опубликован: "Мурманский Вестник", No.246–247, с. 56, 25 декабря 2014 г.</span></span> (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law #1812-01-ZMO of December 19, 2014 <i>On Abolishing an Inhabited Locality in Murmansk Oblast and on Amending Various Legislative Acts of Murmansk Oblast</i>. Effective as of January 1, 2015.).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murmansk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Murmansk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Murmansk">Murmansk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420033954/http://www.citymurmansk.ru/">Official website of Murmansk</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408102844/http://www.murmansk1.ru/en/">News of Murmansk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murmanskguide.com/">Interactive map of Murmansk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515234642/http://murmanskguide.com/">Archived</a> May 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206082953/http://barentsnova.com/">Barentsnova.com, Murmansk business news, statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055414/http://atomic.msco.ru/cgi-bin/common.cgi?lang=eng&skin=menu1&fn=first">Atomic ice breaker fleet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/business_murmansk0s_gorgeous_garages/html/1.stm">Murmansk's gorgeous garages — a photo journal by BBC news journalist Jorn Madslien</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/murmansk/">Views of Murmansk group on Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/video/?JSONLINK=/video/world/2009/05/20/eor.chance.murmansk.cnn">Video overview of Murmansk in English, 4½ minutes, 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.mstu.edu.ru/">Murmansk State Technical University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514122417/http://eng.mstu.edu.ru/">Archived</a> May 14, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW1z05NorthRussia.htm">British North Russian Expeditionary Force 1918–1919 (based at Murmansk)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6103384.stm">"Big-dollar deals tempt Arctic firms" BBC article on the energy industry's effect on Murmansk</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Murmansk_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Murmansk Oblast">Administrative divisions of Murmansk Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murmansk</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Murmansk_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Murmansk Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandalakshsky_District" title="Kandalakshsky District">Kandalakshsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolsky_District" title="Kolsky District">Kolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovdorsky_District" title="Kovdorsky District">Kovdorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovozersky_District" title="Lovozersky District">Lovozersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Pechengsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tersky_District,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Tersky District, Murmansk Oblast">Tersky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed administrative-territorial<br />formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrovsk,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Alexandrovsk, Murmansk Oblast">Alexandrovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrovnoy,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast">Ostrovnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severomorsk" title="Severomorsk">Severomorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyayevo" title="Vidyayevo">Vidyayevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozyorsk" title="Zaozyorsk">Zaozyorsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(all levels)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apatity" title="Apatity">Apatity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadzhiyevo" title="Gadzhiyevo">Gadzhiyevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandalaksha" title="Kandalaksha">Kandalaksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovsk,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast">Kirovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola,_Russia" title="Kola, Russia">Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovdor" title="Kovdor">Kovdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monchegorsk" title="Monchegorsk">Monchegorsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenegorsk,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast">Olenegorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrovnoy,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast">Ostrovnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Polyarny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarnye_Zori" title="Polyarnye Zori">Polyarnye Zori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severomorsk" title="Severomorsk">Severomorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snezhnogorsk,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast">Snezhnogorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozyorsk" title="Zaozyorsk">Zaozyorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapolyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Zapolyarny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildinstroy" title="Kildinstroy">Kildinstroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molochny" title="Molochny">Molochny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmashi" title="Murmashi">Murmashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechenga_(urban-type_settlement),_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast">Pechenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revda,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Revda, Murmansk Oblast">Revda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safonovo,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Safonovo, Murmansk Oblast">Safonovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumanny" title="Tumanny">Tumanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umba,_Russia" title="Umba, Russia">Umba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhnetulomsky" title="Verkhnetulomsky">Verkhnetulomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenoborsky" title="Zelenoborsky">Zelenoborsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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title="Kyiv">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1763#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1763#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1763#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144250388">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211027/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCwjkJbDj77xkyCDbjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4101791-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80158497">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119639369">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119639369">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Murmansk (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge384787&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564196805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e488d673-f0d9-4eab-8109-2d2a248f7873">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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