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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynastic_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastic_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dynastic crisis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dynastic_crisis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dynastic crisis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dynastic_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Autocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Autocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Age of Autocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Autocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Executions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Other executions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Exiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dowager_Empress_Maria_Fyodorovna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowager_Empress_Maria_Fyodorovna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowager_Empress_Maria_Fyodorovna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_exiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_exiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Other exiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_exiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Romanovs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Romanovs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary Romanovs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Romanovs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanov_family_jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanov_family_jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Romanov family jewelry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanov_family_jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Heraldry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smaller_coat_of_arms_(elements)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaller_coat_of_arms_(elements)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Smaller coat of arms (elements)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaller_coat_of_arms_(elements)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Romanov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_van_Romanof" title="Huis van Romanof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Huis van Romanof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="عائلة رومانوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عائلة رومانوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Romanov" title="Dinastía Romanov – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Romanov" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovlar_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Romanovlar sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Romanovlar sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Раманавы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раманавы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Раманавы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Раманавы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Романови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Romanov" title="Dinastija Romanov – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Romanov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Rom%C3%A0nov" title="Dinastia Romànov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Romànov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovci" title="Romanovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Romanovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Romanov" title="Huset Romanov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Huset Romanov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanow" title="Romanow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Romanow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovid" title="Romanovid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Romanovid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%86" title="Οίκος των Ρομανώφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οίκος των Ρομανώφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Rom%C3%A1nov" title="Dinastía Románov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Románov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovoj" title="Romanovoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romanovoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_dinastia" title="Romanov dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Romanov dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="دودمان رومانوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان رومانوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="House of Romanov" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Romanov" title="Maison Romanov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maison Romanov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Romanov" title="Dinastía Romanov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Romanov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EB%85%B8%ED%94%84%EA%B0%80" title="로마노프가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마노프가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռոմանովներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոմանովներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Romanov" title="Dinastija Romanov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Romanov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Romanov" title="Dinastio Romanov – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Romanov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Romanov" title="Wangsa Romanov – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangsa Romanov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3manov%C3%A6ttin" title="Rómanovættin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómanovættin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov" title="Romanov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romanov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91" title="שושלת רומנוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת רומנוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რომანოვები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომანოვები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Романовтар әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Романовтар әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Romanov" title="Nasaba ya Romanov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Romanov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Romanovia" title="Domus Romanovia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Domus Romanovia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovu_dinastija" title="Romanovu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romanovu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Romanovų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romanovų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov-h%C3%A1z" title="Romanov-ház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Romanov-ház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Романови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="रोमानोव्ह घराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमानोव्ह घराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerabat_Romanov" title="Kerabat Romanov – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerabat Romanov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Романовууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Романовууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_Romanov" title="Huis Romanov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huis Romanov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95%E6%9C%9D" title="ロマノフ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマノフ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov" title="Romanov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov" title="Romanov – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romanov" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovlar" title="Romanovlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Romanovlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="رومانوف کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومانوف کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanowowie" title="Romanowowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Romanowowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Romanov" title="Dinastia Romanov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Romanov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovlar" title="Romanovlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Romanovlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Romanov" title="Dinastia Romanov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Romanov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Романовы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Романовы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Романовы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романовы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov%C3%ABt" title="Romanovët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romanovët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="House of Romanov" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovi" title="Romanovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romanovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A4" title="بنەماڵەی ڕۆمانۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بنەماڵەی ڕۆمانۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Романови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Romanov" title="Dinastija Romanov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Romanov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_(hallitsijasuku)" title="Romanov (hallitsijasuku) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanov (hallitsijasuku)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Romanov" title="Huset Romanov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Huset Romanov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Романовлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Романовлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Romanov Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Romanov Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Романови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رومانوف خاندان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومانوف خاندان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%E1%BB%99c_Romanov" title="Vương tộc Romanov – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương tộc Romanov" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="罗曼诺夫王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗曼诺夫王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="羅曼諾夫王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅曼諾夫王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="罗曼诺夫王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗曼诺夫王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q112707#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Romanov" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Romanov_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Romanov (disambiguation)">Romanov (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">House of Romanov<br /><div style="display:inline;" class="nickname"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Романовы</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Romanoff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/House_of_Romanoff.svg/200px-House_of_Romanoff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/House_of_Romanoff.svg/300px-House_of_Romanoff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/House_of_Romanoff.svg/400px-House_of_Romanoff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Argent, a griffin gules, holding in its right paw a sword, in the left an oval buckler or, on it an eagle displayed sable; the whole within a bordure of the last charged with eight lion's heads erased, alternately of the first and the third</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-woodward_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodward-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent house</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp</a> (since the mid-18th century)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1613<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1613-02-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current head</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia</a> (great-great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>, disputed<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prince Alexis Romanoff, (great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a>), disputed <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Emich_of_Leiningen" title="Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen">Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen</a>, under the regnal name Nicholas III (great-great-great-grandson of Alexander II of Russia), disputed<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatic">agnatic</a> line)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">cognatic</a> line)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a> (1613–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all Russia">Emperor of all Russia</a> (1721–1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias#Title" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Other titles...</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connected families</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltykov_family" title="Saltykov family">Saltykov family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhmanov_(surname)" title="Rakhmanov (surname)">Rakhmanov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1917 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of the Russian Imperial Family">Several minor branches</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>House of Romanov</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also transliterated as <b>Romanoff</b>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Рома́новы</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Romanovy</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rɐˈmanəvɨ]</a></span>) was the reigning <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">imperial house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna" title="Anastasia Romanovna">Anastasia Romanovna</a> married <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, the first crowned <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">tsar of all Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a>, and his immediate family were <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Romanov_family" title="Murder of the Romanov family">executed</a> in 1918, but there are still living descendants of other members of the imperial house. </p><p>The house consisted of <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> in Russia (the highest rank in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a> at the time) under the reigning <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>, which became extinct upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a> in 1598. The <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>, caused by the resulting <a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">succession crisis</a>, saw several <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretenders</a> and <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry" title="False Dmitry">imposters</a> lay claim to the Russian throne during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish-Lithuanian occupation</a>. On 21 February 1613, the <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I of Russia">Michael Romanov</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>, establishing the Romanovs as Russia's second reigning dynasty. </p><p>Michael's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a>, who took the title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">emperor</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1721, transformed the country into a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> through a series of wars and reforms. The direct male line of the Romanovs ended when <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a> died childless in 1762. As a result, her nephew <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Agnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatic">agnatic</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">House of Holstein-Gottorp</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a> that reigned in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>), ascended to the throne and adopted his Romanov mother's house name.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially known as members of the House of Romanov, descendants after Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as <i>Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dlib.rsl.ru_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlib.rsl.ru-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> became the first heir to the throne, having the title <i><a href="/wiki/Tsesarevich" title="Tsesarevich">tsesarevich</a></i>, which was subsequently used for all main heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> of Nicholas II on 15 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 2 March] 1917 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–1922. In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Romanov_family" title="Murder of the Romanov family">executed</a> Nicholas II and his family. Of the House of Romanov's 65 members, 47 survivors went into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Vladimirovich,_Grand_Duke_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia">Kirill Vladimirovich</a>, the senior surviving <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">male-line</a> descendant of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surname_usage">Surname usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Surname usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legally, it remains unclear whether any <i><a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a></i> ever abolished the surname of Michael Romanov (or of his subsequent male-line descendants) after his accession to the Russian throne in 1613, although by tradition members of reigning dynasties seldom use surnames, being known instead by dynastic titles ("Tsarevich Ivan Alexeevich", "Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich", etc.). From January 1762 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> December 1761], the monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> claimed the throne as relatives of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anna_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia</a> (1708–1728), who had married <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a>. Thus they were no longer Romanovs by <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineage</a>, belonging instead to the Holstein-Gottorp <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a> that reigned in Denmark. The 1944 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> records the name of Russia's ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the terms "Romanov" and "House of Romanov" often occurred in official references to the Russian imperial family. The coat-of-arms of the Romanov <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a <a href="/wiki/Romanov_Tercentenary" title="Romanov Tercentenary">1913 jubilee</a>, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Anniversary of the Romanovs' rule".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, a special decree of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Russia">Provisional Government of Russia</a> granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The only exceptions, the <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a> descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a> (1891–1942), took (in exile) the surname <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Ильинские">Ilyinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg/220px-Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg/330px-Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg/440px-Romanov_boyar_residence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century residence of the Yuryev-Zakharyin boyars in <a href="/wiki/Zaryadye" title="Zaryadye">Zaryadye</a>, near <a href="/wiki/The_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kremlin">the Kremlin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png/250px-1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png/375px-1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png/500px-1_ruble_Nikolai_II_-_1913.png 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: <b>1 ruble <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai II">Nikolai II</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> – 1913</b> – On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nikolas II</a> in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael I</a> in Royal robes and <a href="/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">Monomakh's Cap</a>. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kobyla" title="Andrei Kobyla">Andrei Kobyla</a>, attested around 1347 as a <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> in the service of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Moscow" title="Prince of Moscow">prince of Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_prince_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand prince of Vladimir">grand prince of Vladimir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later generations assigned to Kobyla an illustrious <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">pedigree</a>. An 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> claimed that he was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russia in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">invading Germans</a>. Indeed, one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> rebellion of 1260–1274 against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic order">Teutonic order</a> was named Glande. This legendary version of the Romanov's origin is contested by another version of their descent from a boyar family from Novgorod.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His actual origin may have been less spectacular. Not only is <i>Kobyla</i> Russian for "<a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mare</a>", some of his relatives also had as nicknames the terms for horses and other domestic animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the <a href="/wiki/Konyushy" class="mw-redirect" title="Konyushy">royal equerries</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of Kobyla's sons, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Koshka" title="Feodor Koshka">Feodor</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Boyar_duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyar duma">boyar duma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a>, was nicknamed Koshka ("cat"). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin (descendants of <a href="/wiki/Zakhary_Ivanovich_Koshkin" title="Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin">Zakhary</a>), which later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev (descendants of Yakov Zakharyevich) and Zakharin-Yuriev (descendants of Yuri Zakharyevich).<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, the former became known as Yakovlev (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> among them), whereas the grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Yurievich_Zakharyin-Yuriev" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev">Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev</a> changed their name to "Romanov".<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Nikitich_Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Nikitich Romanov">Feodor Nikitich Romanov</a> was descended from the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a> through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the <a href="/wiki/Shuysky" title="Shuysky">Shuysky</a> branch, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorbatyi-Shuisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky">Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky</a>. A ninth generation ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I of Russia">Michael I Romanov</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dimitri Konstantinovich</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna" title="Anastasia Romanovna">Anastasia Zakharyina</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV</a> ("the Terrible") on 3 (13) February 1547.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since her husband had assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a>, which derives from the title "<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>", on 16 January 1547, she was crowned as the first <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsa">tsaritsa</a> of Russia. Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, Ivan launched a <a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">reign of terror</a> against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the eldest, <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan</a>, was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a>, a pious but lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death in 1584. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kostromatsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kostromatsar.jpg/220px-Kostromatsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kostromatsar.jpg/330px-Kostromatsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kostromatsar.jpg/440px-Kostromatsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>A crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipatiev Monastery">Ipatiev Monastery</a> imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (<a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illumination</a> from a book dated 1673).</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout Feodor's reign (1584–1598), the tsar's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a>, and his Romanov cousins contested the <i>de facto</i> rule of Russia. Upon the childless death of Feodor, the 700-year-old line of the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a> came to an end, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a></i> elected Godunov as tsar in 1598. Godunov's revenge on the Romanovs led to all the family and its relations being deported to remote corners of the Russian North and <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Urals</a>, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. The family's leader, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Nikitich_Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Nikitich Romanov">Feodor Nikitich Romanov</a>, was exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Antoniev_Siysky_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoniev Siysky Monastery">Antoniev Siysky Monastery</a> and forced to take monastic vows with the name <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Filaret_(Feodor_Romanov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov)">Filaret</a>. </p><p>The Romanovs' fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov's recognition was sought by several <a href="/wiki/Impostor" class="mw-redirect" title="Impostor">impostors</a> who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>. <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitriy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="False Dmitriy I">False Dmitriy I</a> made him a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitriy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="False Dmitriy II">False Dmitriy II</a> raised him to the dignity of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>. Upon the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish army</a> from Moscow in 1612, the <i>Zemsky Sobor</i> offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminian</a> princes, but all declined the honour.<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail I of Russia">Mikhail Romanov</a>, then living at the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipatiev Monastery">Ipatiev Monastery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother <a href="/wiki/Kseniya_Ivanovna_Shestova" class="mw-redirect" title="Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova">Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova</a>, who blessed him with the holy image of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_St._Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of St. Theodore">Our Lady of St. Theodore</a>. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the last Rurikid tsars<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sought advice from the <i>Zemsky Sobor</i> on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally accepted by the population as in-laws of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> and viewed as innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynastic_crisis">Dynastic crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dynastic crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/220px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/330px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/440px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> (1672–1725)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mikhail was succeeded by his only son <a href="/wiki/Alexis_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexis I of Russia">Alexei</a>, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon Alexei's death, there was a period of dynastic struggle between his children by his first wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ilyinichna_Miloslavskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya">Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia of Russia">Sofia Alexeyevna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a>) and his son by his second wife <a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Kyrillovna_Naryshkina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina">Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>. Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In numerous successful wars he expanded the tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Europe-oriented</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist">rationalist</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter. His only son to survive into adulthood, Tsarevich <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a>, did not support Peter's modernization of Russia. He had previously been arrested and died in prison shortly thereafter. Near the end of his life, Peter managed to alter the succession tradition of male heirs, allowing him to choose his heir. Power then passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine</a>, who ruled until her death in 1727.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a>, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, ending the Romanov male line.<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Anna_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna I of Russia">Anna I</a>, daughter of Peter the Great's half-brother and co-ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a>. Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a>, should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Great from inheriting the throne. Ivan VI was only a one-year-old infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Leopoldovna" title="Anna Leopoldovna">Anna Leopoldovna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Anthony_Ulrich_of_Brunswick" title="Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick">Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick</a>, the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. As a consequence, shortly after Empress Anna's death, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth Petrovna</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Legitimation#Family_law" title="Legitimation">legitimized</a> daughter of Peter I, managed to gain the favor of the populace and dethroned Ivan VI in a <i>coup d'état</i>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Preobrazhensky_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Preobrazhensky Regiment">Preobrazhensky Regiment</a> and the ambassadors of France and Sweden. Ivan VI was murdered in 1764 while imprisoned, and his parents died from illness during their captivity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperors_(or_Tsars)_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_(1721-1918).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Emperors_%28or_Tsars%29_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_%281721-1918%29.png/220px-Emperors_%28or_Tsars%29_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_%281721-1918%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Emperors_%28or_Tsars%29_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_%281721-1918%29.png/330px-Emperors_%28or_Tsars%29_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_%281721-1918%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Emperors_%28or_Tsars%29_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_%281721-1918%29.png/440px-Emperors_%28or_Tsars%29_of_Russia_-_lifespan_age_%281721-1918%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4556" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Lifespan age of all the russian emperors (1721–1918). The House of Romanov was noted for its succession of short-lived royals.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg/220px-COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg/330px-COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg/440px-COA_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov_chivalric.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorps</a> of Russia retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal descent</a> from Peter the Great, through <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anna_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia">Anna Petrovna</a> (Peter I's elder daughter by his second wife).<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1742, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Elizabeth_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Elizabeth of Russia">Empress Elizabeth of Russia</a> brought Anna's son, her nephew <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, to St. Petersburg and proclaimed him her heir. In time, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst">Anhalt-Zerbst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1762, shortly after the death of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her marriage, overthrew her unpopular husband, with the aid of her lover, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Orlov" title="Grigory Orlov">Grigory Orlov</a>. She reigned as <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. Catherine's son, <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a>, who succeeded his mother in 1796,<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was particularly proud to be a great-grandson of Peter the Great, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul's natural father was, in fact, her lover <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Saltykov" title="Sergei Saltykov">Sergei Saltykov</a>, rather than her husband, Peter. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed <a href="/wiki/House_law" title="House law">house laws</a> for the Romanovs – the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Laws" title="Pauline Laws">Pauline Laws</a>, among the strictest in Europe – which established <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture#Semi-Salic_law" title="Primogeniture">semi-Salic primogeniture</a> as the rule of succession to the throne, requiring <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox faith</a> for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs. Later, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>, responding to the 1820 <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a> marriage of his brother and heir,<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> dynasty). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Autocracy">Age of Autocracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Age of Autocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in 1801. Alexander I, succeeded him on the throne and later died without leaving a son. His brother, crowned <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>, succeeded him on the throne<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1825. The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas's elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia">Constantine Pavlovich</a> who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, following his marriage. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas' accession, led to the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russia and for military careers, from whom the last branches of the dynasty descended. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. While Alexander considered it his charge to maintain peace in Europe and Russia, he believed only a strong Russian military could keep the peace. By developing the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, giving increased autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">freeing the serfs</a> in 1861 he gained much popular support for his reign. </p><p>Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid-1860s. In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Nicholas_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia">Nicholas</a>, died suddenly. His wife, Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Alexandrovna_(Marie_of_Hesse)" title="Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)">Maria Alexandrovna</a>, who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dolgorukova" title="Catherine Dolgorukova">Catherine Dolgorukova</a>. Immediately following the death of his wife in 1880 he contracted a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a> with Dolgorukova.<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His legitimization of their children, and rumors that he was contemplating crowning his new wife as empress, caused tension within the dynasty. In particular, the grand duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during his wife's lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on 13 March 1881 Alexander was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">assassinated</a> by a hand-made bomb hurled by <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Hryniewiecki" title="Ignacy Hryniewiecki">Ignacy Hryniewiecki</a>. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and <a href="/wiki/Panslavist" class="mw-redirect" title="Panslavist">Panslavist</a> ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, evoking expectations of a more Russian than <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> dynasty. Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties (<a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1_dynasty" title="Petrović-Njegoš dynasty">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević dynasty">Serbia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas, until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings.<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Romanovs_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Romanovs_1892.jpg/300px-The_Romanovs_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Romanovs_1892.jpg/450px-The_Romanovs_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Romanovs_1892.jpg/600px-The_Romanovs_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A gathering of members of the Romanov family in 1892, at the summer military manoeuvres in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Selo" title="Krasnoye Selo">Krasnoye Selo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>His son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> succeeded Alexander II. This tsar, the second-to-last Romanov emperor, was responsible for conservative reforms in Russia. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state only after the death of his older brother, Nicholas. Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his politics as well as those of his son, Nicholas II. Alexander III was physically impressive, being not only tall (1.93 m or 6'4", according to some sources), but of large physique and considerable strength. His beard hearkened back to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of brusque authority, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> rule in Russia. Some of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. </p><p>Alexander had inherited not only his dead brother's position as <i><a href="/wiki/Tsesarevich" title="Tsesarevich">Tsesarevich</a></i>, but also his brother's Danish fiancée, Princess Dagmar. Taking the name <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Maria Feodorovna</a> upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, she was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a> and the sister of the future kings <a href="/wiki/Frederik_VIII_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik VIII of Denmark">Frederik VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a>, as well as of Britain's Queen <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra</a>, consort of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the marriage was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of being the first tsar not known to take mistresses. </p><p>His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander III's death due to kidney disease at age 49 in November 1894. Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not ready to be tsar...." Just a week after the funeral, Nicholas married his fiancée, <a href="/wiki/Alix_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt">Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt</a>, a favorite grandchild of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom. Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father's harsh policies. For her part the shy Alix, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and mother to their five children, yet avoided many of the social duties traditional for Russia's tsarinas.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seen as distant and severe, unfavorable comparisons were drawn between her and her popular mother-in-law, Maria Fyodorovna.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the army at the front lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an authoritarian approach in government affairs even more than she had done during peacetime. His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty's reputation during World War I, due to both her German origin and her unique relationship with <a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>, whose role in the life of her only son was not widely known. Alexandra was a carrier of the gene for <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">haemophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_in_European_royalty" title="Haemophilia in European royalty">inherited from her maternal grandmother</a>, Queen Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her son, <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarevich Alexei of Russia">Alexei</a>, the long-awaited heir to the throne, inherited the disease and suffered agonizing bouts of protracted bleeding, the pain of which was sometimes partially alleviated by Rasputin's ministrations. Nicholas and Alexandra also had four daughters: the Grand Duchesses <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Olga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Tatiana_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia">Tatiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1899%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899–1918)">Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia">Anastasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line were: <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Russia">Paul</a> (1796–1801), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> (1801–1825), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> (1825–1855), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> (1855–1881), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> (1881–1894), and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> (1894–1917).<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia">Constantine Pavlovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Michael Alexandrovich</a>, both morganatically married, are occasionally counted among Russia's emperors by historians who observe that the Russian monarchy did not legally permit <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnums</a>. Yet neither was crowned; Constantine renounced the throne before his brother's death, and Michael deferred his acceptance of the throne, effectively ending the monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall">Downfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Nicholas_II_and_children_with_Cossacks_of_the_Guard%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Romanovs visiting a regiment during World War I. From left to right, Grand Duchess Anastasia, Grand Duchess Olga, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>, Tsarevich Alexei, Grand Duchess Tatiana, and Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1899%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899–1918)">Maria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II in favor of his brother Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Michael Alexandrovich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter declined to accept imperial authority save to delegate it to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> pending a future democratic referendum, effectively terminating the Romanov dynasty's rule over Russia. </p><p>After the February Revolution, Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest in the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palace" title="Alexander Palace">Alexander Palace</a>. While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> in August 1917. In the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional Government. In April 1918, the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, in the Urals, where they were placed in the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_House" title="Ipatiev House">Ipatiev House</a>. Here, on the night of 16–17 July 1918, the entire Russian Imperial Romanov family, along with several of their retainers, were <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">executed</a> by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executions">Executions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">Execution of the Romanov family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_the_Romanovs" title="Canonization of the Romanovs">Canonization of the Romanovs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg/220px-Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg/330px-Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg/440px-Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChurchOn_Blood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ChurchOn_Blood.jpg/220px-ChurchOn_Blood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ChurchOn_Blood.jpg/330px-ChurchOn_Blood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ChurchOn_Blood.jpg/440px-ChurchOn_Blood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Saints,_Yekaterinburg" title="Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg">Church on the Blood</a>", built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were killed</figcaption></figure> <p>Late on the night of 16 July, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held. There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death. </p><p>The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and positively identified two years later using DNA analysis. The Crown Prince Alexei and one Romanov daughter were not accounted for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family. Of the several "Anastasias" that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in 1984, was the most convincing. In 1994, however, scientists used DNA to prove that Anna Anderson was not the tsar's daughter but a Polish woman named Franziska Schanzkowska.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, gunmen shot at Nicholas who immediately fell dead as a result of multiple bullet wounds. Then the dark room where the family was held filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets. With limited visibility, the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating more dust and debris. As a result of this many of the gunmen themselves became injured. Alexandra was soon shot in the head by military commissar <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ermakov" title="Peter Ermakov">Peter Ermakov</a> and was killed. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to find the remaining imperial family still alive and uninjured. Maria attempted to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, leading to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut. The noise produced as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the head, but several of the others, including the young and frail tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. The gunmen then proceeded to shoot each family member once again. Even so, two of the daughters were still alive 10 minutes later, and were then bludgeoned with the butt of a rifle ending their lives. Later it was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds sewn into the children's clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the murder of the Romanov family, the Bolsheviks made several attempts to dispose of the bodies. Initially the bodies were to be thrown down a mineshaft; however, the location of the disposal site was revealed to locals, causing them to change the location. Instead of a burial, the Bolsheviks decided to burn two of the corpses of the former royal family. Burning the corpses proved to be difficult as it took significant time, so the group resorted to disfiguring the pair with acid. In a rush, the Bolsheviks threw nine additional bodies into a grave and covered them with acid as well. </p><p>The bodies of the Romanovs were then hidden and moved several times before being interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summer of 1979 when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and then decided to conceal the find until the fall of communism. In 1991 the grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent democracy of post-Soviet Russia, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used by Russian and international scientists to make accurate identifications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ipatiev House has the same name as the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipatiev Monastery">Ipatiev Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian Crown in 1613. The large memorial church "<a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Saints,_Yekaterinburg" title="Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg">on the blood</a>" has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood. </p><p>Nicholas II and his family were proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Passion-bearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion-bearer">passion-bearers</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> in 2000. In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed <i>because</i> of his faith, like a martyr; but who died <i>in</i> faith at the hand of murderers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remains">Remains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg/220px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg/330px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg/440px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_Family_Remains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Tombstones marking the burial of Tsar Nicholas II and his family in St. Catherine's Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1970s, Dr. Alexander Avdonin discovered the mass grave containing the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, and three of five Romanov children. The remains were found near Old Koptyaki road in Yekaterinburg, Russia. The grave contained 44 heavily degraded bone and tooth fragments. Avdonin released his discovery following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 prompting investigation by the Russian government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area where the remains were found was near the old Koptyaki Road, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites about 70 meters (230 ft) from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Yekaterinburg.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologists stated that the bones were from a boy who approximately between the ages of 10 and 13 years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was between the ages of 18 and 23 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Anastasia was 17 years old while Maria was 19 years. Their brother Alexei would have been 14 within two weeks of his murder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alexei's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years old at the time of the murder respectively. The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped material was found that appeared to have been from a blue-and-white striped cloth; Alexei commonly wore a blue-and-white striped undershirt. </p><p>In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by one of his workers. The excavation uncovered the following items in the two pits which formed a "T": </p> <ul><li>remains of 44 human bone fragments;</li> <li>bullet jackets from short barrel guns/pistols;</li> <li>wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments;</li> <li>pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used as containers for acid;</li> <li>iron nails;</li> <li>iron angles;</li> <li>seven fragments of teeth;</li> <li>fragment of fabric of a garment.</li></ul> <p>Geneticists used a combination of autosomal STR and mtDNA sequencing to detect relationships between the family members' remains. Using a DNA sample from <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, a grand nephew of Alexandra, scientists matched his DNA to her and her children's remains found in the mass grave. The investigation concluded that Alexei and one Romanov daughter were missing. Experts continue to debate which daughter was missing from the grave as United States experts believe the missing child is Anastasia while Russian experts believe it to be Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the two children that were not discovered in the grave managed to escape Russia before persecution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As for Nicholas II, scientists used mtDNA heteroplasmy using samples from Princess Xenia Cheremeteff Sfiri and the Duke of Fife. In the early 1990s, considerable controversy surrounded the accuracy of mtDNA heteroplasmy for DNA testing particularly for distant relatives. In an attempt to refine the results of the investigation, Russian authorities exhumed the remains of Nicholas II's brother, George Alexandrovich. George's remains matched the heteroplasmy of the remains found in the grave indicating that they did in fact belong to Tsar Nicholas II. </p><p>After the bodies were exhumed in June 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they remained in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should be reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A commission eventually chose St. Petersburg. The remains were transferred with full military honor guard and accompanied by members of the Romanov family from Yekaterinburg to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal military honor guard cortege from the airport to St Petersburg's <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a> where they (along with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel near the tombs of their ancestors. At the cathedral, the remaining Romanov family hosted a formal funeral for Tsar Nicholas II attended by many relatives and representatives from nations worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_executions">Other executions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 July 1918, the day after the killing at <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> of the tsar and his family, members of the extended Russian imperial family met a brutal death by being killed near <a href="/wiki/Alapayevsk" title="Alapayevsk">Alapayevsk</a> by Bolsheviks. They included: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ioann_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia">Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia">Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pavlovich_Paley" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Pavlovich Paley">Vladimir Pavlovich Paley</a>, Grand Duke Sergei's secretary Varvara Yakovleva, and Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)">Elisabeth Feodorovna</a>, a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and elder sister of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Tsarina Alexandra</a>. Following the 1905 assassination of her husband, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Sergei Alexandrovich</a>, Elisabeth Feodorovna had ceased living as a member of the Imperial family and took up life as a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">serving nun</a>, but was nonetheless arrested and slated for death with other Romanovs.<sup id="cite_ref-timemag_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timemag-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were thrown down a mine shaft into which explosives were then dropped, all being left to die there slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Mine shaft in Alapaevsk where remains of the Romanovs killed there were found</figcaption></figure> <p>The bodies were recovered from the mine by the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> in 1918, who arrived too late to rescue them. Their remains were placed in coffins and moved around Russia during struggles between the White and the opposing <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. By 1920 the coffins were interred in a former Russian mission in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, now beneath a parking area. In 1981 Grand Duchess Elisabeth was <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a>, and in 1992 by the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Patriarchate">Moscow Patriarchate</a>. In 2006 representatives of the Romanov family were making plans to re-inter the remains elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-orphcn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orphcn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="website with no author nor references (August 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The town became a place of pilgrimage to the memory of Elisabeth Fyodorovna, whose remains were eventually re-interred in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>On 13 June 1918, <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> revolutionary authorities killed <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia</a> and Nicholas Johnson (Michael's secretary) in <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their bodies have never been found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The exiled <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia</a> died on 26 January 1918, with some rumors claiming he was killed by the Bolsheviks. His morganatic son Prince Artemy Nikolayevich Romanovsky-Iskander was killed the following year in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 1919, revolutionary authorities killed Grand Dukes <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Dmitry Konstantinovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Nikolai Mikhailovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Paul Alexandrovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">George Mikhailovich</a>, who had been held in the prison of the Saint <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>. The four Grand Dukes were buried in a mass grave in the fortress, though Dmitry Konstantinovich's body was collected by his former adjutant, rolled up in a rug and taken away for a private burial in the garden of a house in Petrograd, where he remains to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-King_&_Wilson_184_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_&_Wilson_184-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exiles">Exiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dowager_Empress_Maria_Fyodorovna">Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Maria Feodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russia aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1912)" title="HMS Marlborough (1912)">HMS <i>Marlborough</i></a>, which her nephew, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> of the United Kingdom, had sent to rescue her, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, who was Maria's elder sister. After a stay in England with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Queen Alexandra</a>, she returned to her native Denmark, first living at <a href="/wiki/Amalienborg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalienborg Palace">Amalienborg Palace</a>, with her nephew, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">Christian X</a>, and later, at Villa <a href="/wiki/Hvid%C3%B8re" title="Hvidøre">Hvidøre</a>. Upon her death in 1928 her coffin was placed in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral" title="Roskilde Cathedral">Roskilde Cathedral</a>, the burial site of members of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_royal_family" title="Danish royal family">Danish royal family</a>. </p><p>In 2005 the coffin with her remains was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> to be buried beside that of her husband. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a> officiated by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow</a>. Descendants and relatives of the Dowager Empress attended, including her great-grandson Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_Andreevich_of_Russia" title="Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia">Michael Andreevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_Ivanovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia">Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia</a>, the last living member of the Imperial Family born before the fall of the dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Dimitri_Romanov" title="Prince Dimitri Romanov">Dmitri</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Romanov,_Prince_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia">Nicholas Romanov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_exiles">Other exiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other exiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the other exiles who managed to leave Russia were Maria Feodorovna's two daughters, the Grand Duchesses <a href="/wiki/Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia">Xenia Alexandrovna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olga_Alexandrovna_Romanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Alexandrovna Romanova">Olga Alexandrovna</a>, with their husbands, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Alexander Mikhailovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kulikovsky" title="Nikolai Kulikovsky">Nikolai Kulikovsky</a>, respectively, and their children, as well as the spouses of Xenia's elder two children and her granddaughter. Xenia remained in England, following her mother's return to Denmark, although after their mother's death Olga moved to Canada with her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both sisters dying in 1960. Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Marie_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Maria Pavlovna</a>, widow of Nicholas II's uncle, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir</a>, and her children the Grand Dukes <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kiril_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Kiril Vladimirovich of Russia">Kiril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Boris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Andrei</a>, and Kiril's wife <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Melita_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Victoria Melita</a> and children, also managed to flee Russia. Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Dmitri Pavlovich</a>, a cousin of Nicholas II, had been exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia. Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Nicholas Nikolaievich</a>, who was supreme commander of Russian troops during World War I prior to Nicholas II taking command, along with his brother, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Peter</a>, and their wives, Grand Duchesses <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anastasia_of_Montenegro" title="Princess Anastasia of Montenegro">Anastasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Milica_of_Montenegro" title="Princess Milica of Montenegro">Militza</a>, who were sisters, and Peter's children, son-in-law, and granddaughter also fled the country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Saxe-Altenburg_(1865%E2%80%931927)" title="Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg (1865–1927)">Elizaveta Mavrikievna</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Konstantin Konstantinovich</a>, escaped with her daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Vera_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Vera Constantinovna of Russia">Vera Konstantinovna</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Prince_Georgy_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia">Georgii Konstantinovich</a>, as well as her grandson Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vsevolod_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia">Vsevolod Ivanovich</a> and her granddaughter Princess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_Ivanovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia">Catherine Ivanovna</a> to Sweden. Her other daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Tatiana_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia">Tatiana Konstantinovna</a>, also escaped with her children <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Bagration" title="Natasha Bagration">Natasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teymuraz_Bagration" title="Teymuraz Bagration">Teymuraz</a>, as well as her uncle's aide-de-camp Alexander Korochenzov. They fled to Romania and then Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_Constantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Gabriel Constantinovich of Russia">Gavriil Konstantinovich</a> was imprisoned before fleeing to Paris. </p><p>Ioann Konstantinovich's wife, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helen_of_Serbia" title="Princess Helen of Serbia">Elena Petrovna</a>, was imprisoned in Alapayevsk and Perm, before escaping to Sweden and Nice, France. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Olga Constantinovna of Russia">Olga Constantinovna of Russia</a>, Dowager Queen of Greece, who had returned to Russia in her widowhood, was able to escape to Switzerland with the help of the Danish embassy. Her daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark">Maria Georgievna</a>, wife of George Mikhailovich, had been vacationing in England with her daughters <a href="/wiki/Princess_Nina_Georgievna_of_Russia" title="Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia">Nina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Xenia_Georgievna_of_Russia" title="Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia">Xenia</a> when the war broke out and chose not to return to Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Romanovs">Contemporary Romanovs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary Romanovs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been numerous post-Revolution reports of Romanov survivors and <a href="/wiki/Romanov_impostors" title="Romanov impostors">unsubstantiated claims</a> by individuals to be members of the deposed Tsar Nicholas II's family, the best known of whom was <a href="/wiki/Anna_Anderson" title="Anna Anderson">Anna Anderson</a>. Proven research has, however, confirmed that all of the Romanovs held prisoners inside the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_House" title="Ipatiev House">Ipatiev House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Kirill Vladimirovich</a>, a male-line grandson of Tsar Alexander II, claimed the headship of the <a href="/wiki/Abolished_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolished monarchy">deposed</a> Imperial House of Russia, and assumed, as <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a>, the title "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia#Emperors_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias</a>" in 1924 when the evidence appeared conclusive that all Romanovs higher in the line of succession had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirill was followed by his only son <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Vladimir Kirillovich</a>, married to <a href="/wiki/Leonida_Bagration_of_Mukhrani" title="Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani">Princess Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani.</a><sup id="cite_ref-burkeI_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir's only child is <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia">Maria Vladimirovna</a> (born 1953), who had one child in her marriage with Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">George Mikhailovich</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1991, the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute, largely due to disagreements over the validity of <a href="/wiki/Dynasty#Dynasts" title="Dynasty">dynasts</a>' marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Laws" title="Pauline Laws">Pauline laws</a>, which granted succession rights only to the offspring born out of equal unions with other reigning or <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">mediatised houses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-petit_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, her son George Mikhailovich has contracted a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian citizen</a> Rebecca Bettarini,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving him and his mother as the last remaining members the Imperial House (according to their claims).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have argued in support of the rights of the late <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_Romanov" title="Prince Nicholas Romanov">Prince Nicholas Romanov</a>, whose brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Dimitri_Romanov" title="Prince Dimitri Romanov">Prince Dimitri Romanov</a> was the next male heir of his branch after whom it was passed to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew_Romanoff" title="Prince Andrew Romanoff">Prince Andrew Romanov</a> and then to his son Prince Alexis Romanoff .<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of them were born out of unequal marriages and are or were members of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_Family_Association" title="Romanov Family Association">Romanov Family Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed in 1979, a private organization of most living male-line descendants of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a> (other than Maria Vladimirovna and her son), publicly acknowledges that dynastic claims of family members should not be advanced, and is officially committed to support whichever form of government chosen by the Russian people.<sup id="cite_ref-rfa_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfa-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Emich_of_Leiningen" title="Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen">Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen</a> (a great-nephew of Vladimir Kirillovich through his sister, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Kirillovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia">Maria</a>) has been a claimant to the defunct Russian throne since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his supporters argue that the marriage of Maria Vladimirovna's parents was in contravention of the Pauline Laws. They maintain that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mukhrani" title="House of Mukhrani">House of Bagration-Mukhrani</a> did not possess sovereign status and was not recognized as equal by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> for the purpose of dynastic marriages at the time of the union of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Tatiana_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia">Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantine_Bagration_of_Mukhrani_(1889%E2%80%931915)" title="Konstantine Bagration of Mukhrani (1889–1915)">Prince Constantine Bagration-Mukhransky</a> in 1911, thirty seven years prior to that of <a href="/wiki/Leonida_Bagration_of_Mukhrani" title="Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani">Princess Leonida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, as the <a href="/wiki/Next_of_kin" title="Next of kin">next of kin</a> to Vladimir (in the exclusion of his daughter), the Russian <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_Party_of_Russia" title="Monarchist Party of Russia">Monarchist Party</a> recognises Karl Emich as the heir to the Russian throne, since he and his wife converted on 1 June 2013, from <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, enabling his accession.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main article: <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of the Russian Imperial Family">Branches of the Russian Imperial Family</a> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Family">Russian Imperial Family</a> was split into four main branches named after the sons of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Alexandrovichi (descendants of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>) (with further subdivisions named The Vladimirovichi and The Pavlovichi after two of Alexander II's younger sons)</li> <li>The Konstantinovichi (descendants of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Nicholaevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaevich of Russia</a>)</li> <li>The Nikolaevichi (descendants of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831-1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831-1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia</a>)</li> <li>The Mikhailovichi (descendants of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nicolaevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevich of Russia</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanov_family_jewelry">Romanov family jewelry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Romanov family jewelry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Regalia of the Russian tsars</a></div> <p>Most of the treasures are in the diamond fund of Russia and are the most expensive exhibits in museums.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection of jewels and jewelry collected by the Romanov family during their reign are commonly referred to as the "Russian Crown Jewels"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they include official state regalia as well as personal pieces of jewelry worn by Romanov rulers and their family. After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at auction by <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in London in March 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining collection is on view today in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury" title="Kremlin Armoury">Kremlin Armoury</a> in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 August 2009, a Swedish public news outlet reported that a collection of over 60 jewel-covered cigarette cases and cufflinks owned by Grand Duchess Vladimir had been found in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)">Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a>, and was returned to the descendants of Grand Duchess Vladimir. The jewelry was allegedly turned over to the Swedish embassy in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> in November 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Marie_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> to keep it safe. The value of the jewelry has been estimated at 20 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> (about 2.6 million US dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Arms of the Russian Empire</a></div> <table border="0" class="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:25%; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/124px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/186px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/248px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/124px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/186px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/247px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;">The Imperial Arms of the House of Romanov, with and without background shield, which were restricted in use to the Emperor and certain members of the Imperial Family </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smaller_coat_of_arms_(elements)"><span id="Smaller_coat_of_arms_.28elements.29"></span>Smaller coat of arms (elements)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Smaller coat of arms (elements)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_(large).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_%28large%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_%28large%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_%28large%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_%28large%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_%28large%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow_Oblast_%28large%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tsardom of Muscovy</figcaption></figure> <p>The centerpiece is the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow" title="Coat of arms of Moscow">coat of arms of Moscow</a> that contains the iconic <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George the Dragon-slayer</a> with a blue cape (cloak) attacking golden serpent on red field. </p><p>The wings of double-headed eagle contain coat of arms of following lands: </p> <dl><dt>Right wing</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg/50px-COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg/75px-COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg/100px-COA_of_kingdom_of_Kazan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Tsardom of Kazan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tsardom of Kazan, the coat of arms of Kazan that contains black crowned <a href="/wiki/Zilant" title="Zilant">Zilant</a> with red tongue, wings and tail on white field.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif/50px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif/75px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif/100px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.gif 2x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Tsardom of Poland</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tsardom of Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">coat of arms of Poland</a> that contains a crowned white eagle on a red field.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg/50px-COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg/75px-COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg/100px-COA_of_Tsardom_of_Tauric_Chersoneses_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses, the coat of arms of Byzantine Crimea that contains black crowned double-headed eagle on golden field, which has a smaller coat of arms with triple crossbeam cross on blue field.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg/50px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg/75px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg/100px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Combined coat of arms for Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Grand Duchies of Kiev, Vladimir, and Novgorod, the combined coat of arms of three grand duchies: <ul><li>Grand Duchy of Kiev, the coat of arms of Kiev that contains armed archangel (archistrategos) Michael in white on blue field.</li> <li>Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the coat of arms of Vladimir that contains golden crowned leopard holding a cross on red field.</li> <li>Republic of Novgorod, the coat of arms of Novgorod that contains two black bears holding onto a throne on which crossed stand scepter and cross located under <a href="/wiki/Trikirion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikirion">triple candlestick</a> (trikirion) on silver field and two silver fishes on blue field.</li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <dl><dt>Left wing</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg/50px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg/75px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg/100px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Tsardom of Astrakhan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tsardom of Astrakhan, the coat of arms of Astrakhan that contains five arches golden crown over silver <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">scimitar</a> on blue field.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Tsardom of Siberia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tsardom of Siberia, the coat of arms of Siberia that contains two black <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sables</a> who hold a crown and a red bow with two crossed arrows pointed down on <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a> field.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Tsardom of Georgia, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Georgia (country)">Coat of arms of Georgia</a> that also contains the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George the Dragon-slayer</a> with a red cape (cloak) attacking green serpent on golden field.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg/50px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg/75px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg/100px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Grand Duchy of Finland</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Grand Duchy of Finland, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">coat of arms of Finland</a> that contains golden crowned lion holding straight sword and curved sabre on red field with roses.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Russia_family_tree#Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Russia family tree">Rulers of Russia family tree</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg/700px-Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg/1050px-Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg/1400px-Romanov_rulers_family_tree_and_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Family tree and timeline of the Romanov dynasty</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin,_Mosc%C3%BA,_Rusia,_2016-10-03,_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow"><img alt="The Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg/120px-Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg/180px-Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg/240px-Gran_Palacio_del_Kremlin%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_28-29_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7368" data-file-height="4718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a>, Moscow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Empress Mother in the Grand Kremlin Palace"><img alt="Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Empress Mother in the Grand Kremlin Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg/120px-Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg/180px-Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg/240px-Grand_Kremlin_Palace_Andreevsky_hall_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Empress Mother in the Grand Kremlin Palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg"><img alt="The Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg/120px-Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg/180px-Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg/240px-Spb_06-2012_Palace_Embankment_various_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4052" data-file-height="2066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, Saint Petersburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg"><img alt="The Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/120px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/180px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/240px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a>, Saint Petersburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo"><img alt="The Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg/120px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg/180px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg/240px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the Peter and Paul Fortress with Peter and Paul Cathedral, mausoleum of the Romanovs"><img alt="Aerial view of the Peter and Paul Fortress with Peter and Paul Cathedral, mausoleum of the Romanovs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg/120px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg/180px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg/240px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6723" data-file-height="3847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> with <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>, mausoleum of the Romanovs</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanov_impostors" title="Romanov impostors">Romanov impostors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestors_of_Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia">Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">List of monarchs of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_duchesses_of_Russia" title="List of grand duchesses of Russia">List of grand duchesses of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="List of grand dukes of Russia">List of grand dukes of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Romanovs" title="List of films about the Romanovs">List of films about the Romanovs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romanovs_Collect:_European_Art_from_the_Hermitage_(exhibition)" title="The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)">The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Romanov descendants of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> descend in the male line from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Pronunciation: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Russian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rɐˈmanəf]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-woodward-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodward_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1896" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, John (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQMNAAAAYAAJ&dq=in+the+left+an+oval+buckler+or+,+on+it+an+romanoff&pg=PA339"><i>A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign: With English and French Glossaries</i></a>. W. & A. K. Johnston. p. 339<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Heraldry%2C+British+and+Foreign%3A+With+English+and+French+Glossaries&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=W.+%26+A.+K.+Johnston&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQMNAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Din%2Bthe%2Bleft%2Ban%2Boval%2Bbuckler%2Bor%2B%2C%2Bon%2Bit%2Ban%2Bromanoff%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imperialhouse.ru/en/imperialhouse-en/chipdom/maria.html">"Head of the Russian Imperial House, Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess (de jure Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of all Russias) Maria Wladimirovna"</a>. <i>Russian Imperial House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Imperial+House&rft.atitle=Head+of+the+Russian+Imperial+House%2C+Her+Imperial+Highness+the+Grand+Duchess+%28de+jure+Her+Imperial+Majesty+the+Empress+of+all+Russias%29+Maria+Wladimirovna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimperialhouse.ru%2Fen%2Fimperialhouse-en%2Fchipdom%2Fmaria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/prince-alexis-romanoff/">"Prince Alexis Romanoff"</a>. 19 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Alexis+Romanoff&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unofficialroyalty.com%2Fprince-alexis-romanoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsarnicholas.org/2021/11/29/obituary-prince-andrew-andreevich-romanoff-1923-2021/#:~:text=On%2028th%20November%2C%20the%20head,January%201923%20in%20London%2C%20England.">"Obituary: Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanoff (1923-2021)"</a>. 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary%3A+Prince+Andrew+Andreevich+Romanoff+%281923-2021%29&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsarnicholas.org%2F2021%2F11%2F29%2Fobituary-prince-andrew-andreevich-romanoff-1923-2021%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%252028th%2520November%252C%2520the%2520head%2CJanuary%25201923%2520in%2520London%252C%2520England.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObituaries2022" class="citation news cs1">Obituaries, Telegraph (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2022/01/17/prince-andrew-romanoff-grandnephew-russias-last-czar-became/">"Prince Andrew Romanoff, grandnephew of Russia's last czar who became an artist in the US – obituary"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Prince+Andrew+Romanoff%2C+grandnephew+of+Russia%27s+last+czar+who+became+an+artist+in+the+US+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Obituaries&rft.aufirst=Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fobituaries%2F2022%2F01%2F17%2Fprince-andrew-romanoff-grandnephew-russias-last-czar-became%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russculture.ru/2021/12/02/ushel-iz-gzizni-poslednii-nastojashii-romanov/">"Ушёл из жизни «последний настоящий Романов» | Русская Культура"</a>. 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BB+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8+%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussculture.ru%2F2021%2F12%2F02%2Fushel-iz-gzizni-poslednii-nastojashii-romanov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanovfamily.org/descendants.html">"The Imperial House of Russia, House of Romanov"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+House+of+Russia%2C+House+of+Romanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanovfamily.org%2Fdescendants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.imperialgerold.ru/">"The Heir to the All-Russian Emperorship, His Highness Prince of the Imperial Blood Nikolay Kirillovich of Russia, Prince zu Leiningen"</a>. <i>The Imperial Heraldy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Imperial+Heraldy&rft.atitle=The+Heir+to+the+All-Russian+Emperorship%2C+His+Highness+Prince+of+the+Imperial+Blood+Nikolay+Kirillovich+of+Russia%2C+Prince+zu+Leiningen.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.imperialgerold.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burkeI-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burkeI_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd" title="Hugh Massingberd">Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dmitri+Romanov%3A+Immigration%2C+friendship+with+Coco+Chanel%2C+the+Olympics&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.aulast=Isaeva&rft.aufirst=Ksenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbth.com%2Fmultimedia%2F2015%2F03%2F25%2Fromanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gotha-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotha_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha"><i>Almanach de Gotha</i></a>. 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Russian royalists site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.king-family.ru/romanovi/familiya.php">the original</a> on 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Romanov+surname.+Russian+royalists+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.king-family.ru%2Fromanovi%2Ffamiliya.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/proekty/romanov/kostroma-romanovskie_chtenija-1.zip">"Romanovs lectures. 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CNN. 11 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+proves+Bolsheviks+killed+all+of+Russian+czar%27s+children&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F03%2F11%2Fczar.children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (June 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00085006.1976.11091447">"Rodzianko and the Grand Dukes' Manifesto of 1 March 1917"</a>. <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 154–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1976.11091447">10.1080/00085006.1976.11091447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers+%2F+Revue+Canadienne+des+Slavistes&rft.atitle=Rodzianko+and+the+Grand+Dukes%27+Manifesto+of+1+March+1917&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-167&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1976.11091447&rft.aulast=Hasegawa&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1976.11091447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pikabu.ru/story/romanovyi_v_21_veke_11461976">"Романовы в 21 веке"</a>. <i>Пикабу</i> (in Russian). 30 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B2+21+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpikabu.ru%2Fstory%2Fromanovyi_v_21_veke_11461976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (1995). <i>The Romanovs The Final Chapter</i>. Jonathan Cape. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04192-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04192-4"><bdi>0-224-04192-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185630578">185630578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanovs+The+Final+Chapter&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185630578&rft.isbn=0-224-04192-4&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petit-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-petit_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy. <i>Le Petit Gotha</i>. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, pp. 780–782, 798–799, 808–809 (French) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9507974-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-9507974-3-1">2-9507974-3-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarsi2021" class="citation news cs1">Scarsi, Alice (21 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/1387143/royal-wedding-2021-grand-duke-george-russia-Victoria-Romanovna-Bettarini-royal-news">"Royal wedding! Russian Grand Duke to celebrate imperial nuptials THIS year"</a>. <i>Express</i>. Express Newspapers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express&rft.atitle=Royal+wedding%21+Russian+Grand+Duke+to+celebrate+imperial+nuptials+THIS+year&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Scarsi&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Froyal%2F1387143%2Froyal-wedding-2021-grand-duke-george-russia-Victoria-Romanovna-Bettarini-royal-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianlegitimist.org/a-legitimist-response-to-criticism-of-the-engagement-of-grand-duke-george">"A Legitimist Response to Criticism of the Engagement of Grand Duke George"</a>. <i>The Russian Legitimist</i>. 19 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Legitimist&rft.atitle=A+Legitimist+Response+to+Criticism+of+the+Engagement+of+Grand+Duke+George&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianlegitimist.org%2Fa-legitimist-response-to-criticism-of-the-engagement-of-grand-duke-george&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imperialhouse.ru/en/imperialhouse-en/chipdom.html">"Members of the Imperial House"</a>. <i>Russian Imperial House</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Imperial+House&rft.atitle=Members+of+the+Imperial+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimperialhouse.ru%2Fen%2Fimperialhouse-en%2Fchipdom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/prince-alexis-romanoff/">"Prince Alexis Romanoff"</a>. 19 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Alexis+Romanoff&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unofficialroyalty.com%2Fprince-alexis-romanoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsarnicholas.org/2021/11/29/obituary-prince-andrew-andreevich-romanoff-1923-2021/#:~:text=On%2028th%20November%2C%20the%20head,January%201923%20in%20London%2C%20England.">"Obituary: Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanoff (1923-2021)"</a>. 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary%3A+Prince+Andrew+Andreevich+Romanoff+%281923-2021%29&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsarnicholas.org%2F2021%2F11%2F29%2Fobituary-prince-andrew-andreevich-romanoff-1923-2021%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%252028th%2520November%252C%2520the%2520head%2CJanuary%25201923%2520in%2520London%252C%2520England.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObituaries2022" class="citation news cs1">Obituaries, Telegraph (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2022/01/17/prince-andrew-romanoff-grandnephew-russias-last-czar-became/">"Prince Andrew Romanoff, grandnephew of Russia's last czar who became an artist in the US – obituary"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Prince+Andrew+Romanoff%2C+grandnephew+of+Russia%27s+last+czar+who+became+an+artist+in+the+US+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Obituaries&rft.aufirst=Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fobituaries%2F2022%2F01%2F17%2Fprince-andrew-romanoff-grandnephew-russias-last-czar-became%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russculture.ru/2021/12/02/ushel-iz-gzizni-poslednii-nastojashii-romanov/">"Ушёл из жизни «последний настоящий Романов» | Русская Культура"</a>. 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BB+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8+%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussculture.ru%2F2021%2F12%2F02%2Fushel-iz-gzizni-poslednii-nastojashii-romanov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanovfamily.org/descendants.html">"The Imperial House of Russia, House of Romanov"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+House+of+Russia%2C+House+of+Romanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanovfamily.org%2Fdescendants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianlegitimist.org/news-blog/2017/7/10/romanov-family-association-spokesperson-ivan-artsishevsky-insults-church-imperial-house">"Romanov Family Association Spokesperson Ivan Artsyshevsky Insults Church, Imperial House"</a>. <i>The Russian Legitimist</i>. 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Legitimist&rft.atitle=Romanov+Family+Association+Spokesperson+Ivan+Artsyshevsky+Insults+Church%2C+Imperial+House&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianlegitimist.org%2Fnews-blog%2F2017%2F7%2F10%2Fromanov-family-association-spokesperson-ivan-artsishevsky-insults-church-imperial-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfa-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfa_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_Family_Association" title="Romanov Family Association">The Romanoff Family Association</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Romanov,_Prince_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia">Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanovfamily.org/family.html">The Romanoff Family Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217094503/http://www.romanovfamily.org/family.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.imperialgerold.ru/articles-materials/about-succession-to-the-imperial-throne-of-all-russia.html">"About Succession to the Imperial Throne of All Russia"</a>. <i>Heir to the All-Russian Imperial Throne His Highness Prince Nikolay Kirillovich of Russia, Prince of Leiningen</i>. 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heir+to+the+All-Russian+Imperial+Throne+His+Highness+Prince+Nikolay+Kirillovich+of+Russia%2C+Prince+of+Leiningen&rft.atitle=About+Succession+to+the+Imperial+Throne+of+All+Russia&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.imperialgerold.ru%2Farticles-materials%2Fabout-succession-to-the-imperial-throne-of-all-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.imperialgerold.ru/articles-materials/about-succession-to-the-imperial-throne-of-all-russia.html">"About Succession to the Imperial Throne of All Russia"</a>. <i>Heir to the All-Russian Imperial Throne His Highness Prince Nikolay Kirillovich of Russia, Prince of Leiningen</i>. 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heir+to+the+All-Russian+Imperial+Throne+His+Highness+Prince+Nikolay+Kirillovich+of+Russia%2C+Prince+of+Leiningen&rft.atitle=About+Succession+to+the+Imperial+Throne+of+All+Russia&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.imperialgerold.ru%2Farticles-materials%2Fabout-succession-to-the-imperial-throne-of-all-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="n:ru:Монархическая партия объявила об обретении наследника российского Императорского престола">n:ru:Монархическая партия объявила об обретении наследника российского Императорского престола</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikinews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Wikinews">Russian Wikinews</a>, 11.06.2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinbruins.nl/Christian.html">"Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descendants+of+King+Christian+IX+of+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinbruins.nl%2FChristian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gokhran.ru/en/diamond-fund/history.phtml">"HISTORY OF THE DIAMOND FUND"</a>. <i>www.gokhran.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gokhran.ru&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+DIAMOND+FUND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gokhran.ru%2Fen%2Fdiamond-fund%2Fhistory.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627113746/http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/russiancrownjewels.html">"The Russian Crown Jewels"</a>. 27 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/russiancrownjewels.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Crown+Jewels&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamousdiamonds.tripod.com%2Frussiancrownjewels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Russian Crown Jewels shown Goodrich Party". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 3 July 1922. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russian+Crown+Jewels+shown+Goodrich+Party&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1922-07-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Russian Jewels: Sold for 80,561 Pounds". <i>The Scotsman</i>. 17 March 1927. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Russian+Jewels%3A+Sold+for+80%2C561+Pounds&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1927-03-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvasha2013" class="citation web cs1">Kvasha, Semyon (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.com/arts/2013/05/01/treasures_of_imperial_russia_on_display_in_moscow_and_st_petersburg_25437.html">"Treasures of Imperial Russia on display in Moscow and St. Petersburg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+Imperial+Russia+on+display+in+Moscow+and+St.+Petersburg&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.aulast=Kvasha&rft.aufirst=Semyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbth.com%2Farts%2F2013%2F05%2F01%2Ftreasures_of_imperial_russia_on_display_in_moscow_and_st_petersburg_25437.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSveriges_Radio2009" class="citation news cs1">Sveriges Radio (28 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=3062139">"Russian Jewels Found at Foreign Ministry"</a>. <i>sverigesradio.se</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sverigesradio.se&rft.atitle=Russian+Jewels+Found+at+Foreign+Ministry&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.au=Sveriges+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fsida%2Fartikel.aspx%3Fprogramid%3D2054%26artikel%3D3062139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Romanov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Romanov&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:House_of_Romanov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhuA9d7RIOdaixGF11t91dOEXf1N2q-oL">Historical reconstruction series "Romanovs" – First Channel, Star Media, Babich Design (2013).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/214.html">The Russian Imperial Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has books from the Romanov family.</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.romanov" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.romanov">Romanov Collection</a>. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFC332; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:90%"><b>— <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal house</a> —</b></div><div></div><div><b>House of Romanov</b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Founding year: <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> </b><br />1613–1721 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Tsardom Elevated </b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Became Russian Empire</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </b><br />1721–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Empire abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Poniatowski family">House of Poniatowski (elect)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> </b><br />1815–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Kingdom abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Poniatowski family">House of Poniatowski (elect)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Lithuania">Grand Principality of Lithuania</a> </b><br />1795–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Grand Principality abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp">House of Holstein-Gottorp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp">Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp</a> </b><br />1739–1773 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Duchy of Oldenburg</a> </b><br />1773–1774 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp">House of Holstein-Gottorp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Masters</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> </b><br />1798–1803 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Masters</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Finland">Grand Principality of Finland</a> </b><br />1809–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Grand Principality abolished </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" title="Template:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" title="Template talk:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Paul_I_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Emperor Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pavlovna,_Grand_Duchess_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Emperor Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Mikhailovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Mikhailovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Mikhailovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna</a></li> <li>Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna</li> <li>Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alexander_I_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Children" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna</li> <li>Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nicholas_I_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Emperor Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia,_Duchess_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, Duchess of Leuchtenberg">Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Olga Constantinovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Vera_Konstantinovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dimitry Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Mikhailovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Great<br />grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia">Prince John Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_Constantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Gabriel Constantinovich of Russia">Prince Gabriel Constantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Tatiana_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia">Princess Tatiana Constantinovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia">Prince Constantine Constantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oleg_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Russia">Prince Oleg Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor_Constantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia">Prince Igor Constantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Georgy_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia">Prince Georgy Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Vera_Constantinovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Vera Constantinovna of Russia">Princess Vera Constantinovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Princess Natalia Constantinovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marina_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Marina Petrovna of Russia">Princess Marina Petrovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Roman_Petrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Roman Petrovich of Russia">Prince Roman Petrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Nadejda_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Nadejda Petrovna of Russia">Princess Nadejda Petrovna</a></li> <li>Princess Sofia Petrovna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Nina_Georgievna_of_Russia" title="Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia">Princess Nina Georgievna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Xenia_Georgievna_of_Russia" title="Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia">Princess Xenia Georgievna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Irina_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia">Princess Irina Alexandrovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia">Prince Andrei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Feodor_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Feodor Alexandrovich of Russia">Prince Feodor Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia">Prince Nikita Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Dmitri_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia">Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia">Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vasili_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia">Prince Vasili Alexandrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Great-great<br />grandchildren<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vsevolod_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia">Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_Ivanovna_of_Russia" title="Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia">Princess Catherine Ivanovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Romanov,_Prince_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia">Prince Nicholas Romanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Dimitri_Romanov" title="Prince Dimitri Romanov">Prince Dimitri Romanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Xenia_Andreevna_of_Russia" title="Princess Xenia Andreevna of Russia">Princess Xenia Andreevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_Andreevich_of_Russia" title="Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia">Prince Michael Andreevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew_Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Andrew Romanov">Prince Andrew Andreevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Olga_Andreevna_Romanoff" title="Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff">Princess Olga Andreevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_Feodorovich_of_Russia" title="Prince Michael Feodorovich of Russia">Prince Michael Feodorovich</a></li> <li>Princess Irene Feodorovna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov" title="Prince Nikita Romanov">Prince Nikita Nikitich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_Romanov" title="Prince Alexander Romanov">Prince Alexander Nikitich</a></li> <li>Princess Nadejda Dimitriievna</li> <li>Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich</li> <li>Prince Nicholas Rostislavovich</li> <li>Princess Marina Vassilievna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Great<sup>x3</sup><br />grandchildren<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Princess Natalia Nikolaevna</li> <li>Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna</li> <li>Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna</li> <li>Prince Alexis Andreevich</li> <li>Prince Peter Andreevich</li> <li>Prince Andrew Andreevich</li> <li>Prince Michael Mikhailovich</li> <li>Prince Feodor Nikitich</li> <li>Princess Stephena Rostislavovna</li> <li>Princess Alexandra Rostislavovna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Romanov_(born_1985)" title="Prince Rostislav Romanov (born 1985)">Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich</a></li> <li>Prince Nikita Rostislavovich</li> <li>Prince Nicholas Christopher</li> <li>Prince Daniel Joseph</li> <li>Princess Heather</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Great<sup>x4</sup><br />grandchildren<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prince Cory Christopher</li> <li>Princess Karlyn</li> <li>Princess Chelle</li> <li>Princess Madison</li> <li>Prince Jackson Daniel</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alexander_II_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Emperor Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1890%E2%80%931958)" title="Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958)">Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Great<br />grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Kirillovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Kira_Kirillovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Great-great<br />grandchild</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alexander_III_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Children" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Emperor Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nicholas_II_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Children" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Tatiana_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1899%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899–1918)">Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Murder_of_the_Romanov_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Murder_of_the_Romanovs" title="Template:Murder of the Romanovs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Murder_of_the_Romanovs" title="Template talk:Murder of the Romanovs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Murder_of_the_Romanovs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Murder of the Romanovs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Murder_of_the_Romanov_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Romanov_family" title="Murder of the Romanov family">Murder of the Romanov family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanovs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li> <li>Empress <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Tatiana_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entourage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Botkin" title="Eugene Botkin">Eugene Botkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Demidova" title="Anna Demidova">Anna Demidova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Trupp" title="Alexei Trupp">Alexei Trupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kharitonov" title="Ivan Kharitonov">Ivan Kharitonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ortino</li> <li>Jemmie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_(dog)" title="Joy (dog)">Joy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Goloshchyokin" title="Filipp Goloshchyokin">Filipp Goloshchyokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beloborodov" title="Alexander Beloborodov">Alexander Beloborodov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Didkovsky" title="Boris Didkovsky">Boris Didkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Safarov" title="Georgy Safarov">Georgy Safarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Tolmachyov" title="Nikolay Tolmachyov">Nikolay Tolmachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Voykov" title="Pyotr Voykov">Pyotr Voykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Lukoyanov" title="Fyodor Lukoyanov">Fyodor Lukoyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Yurovsky" title="Yakov Yurovsky">Yakov Yurovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovich_Nikulin" title="Grigory Petrovich Nikulin">Grigory Nikulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ermakov" title="Peter Ermakov">Peter Ermakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Medvedev-Kudrin" title="Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin">Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Spiridonovich_Medvedev" title="Pavel Spiridonovich Medvedev">Pavel Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Vaganov" title="Stepan Vaganov">Stepan Vaganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Georgievich_Kabanov" title="Alexey Georgievich Kabanov">Alexey Kabanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Reds</a> & <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Whites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_House" title="Ipatiev House">Ipatiev House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganina_Yama" title="Ganina Yama">Ganina Yama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_the_Romanovs" title="Canonization of the Romanovs">Canonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Martyr" title="New Martyr">New Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian saints">List of Russian saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Saints,_Yekaterinburg" title="Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg">Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanov_Family_Association" title="Romanov Family Association">Romanov Family Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provender_House" title="Provender House">Provender House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanov_impostors" title="Romanov impostors">Romanov impostors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Murder_of_the_Romanov_family" title="Category:Murder of the Romanov family">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Finland" title="Template:Royal houses of Finland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Finland" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Finland">Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">Griffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Neumarkt" title="House of Palatinate-Neumarkt">Palatinate-Neumarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">Bonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hesse" title="House of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Lithuania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Royal houses of Lithuania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Lithuania" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Lithuania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Lithuania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Lithuania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Lithuania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mindaugas" title="House of Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1thory_family" title="Báthory family">Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Wiśniowiecki">Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sobieski" title="House of Sobieski">Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leszczy%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Leszczyński">Leszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Poniatowski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Urach" title="House of Urach">Urach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Russia" title="Template:Royal houses of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Godunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuysky" title="Shuysky">Shuysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Royal houses of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainian rulers">Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurikids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Piast" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Piast">Piast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olshanski" class="mw-redirect" title="Olshanski">Olshanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelkovich" title="Olelkovich">Olelkovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giray_dynasty" title="Giray dynasty">Giray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoropadsky_family" title="Skoropadsky family">Skoropadsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">Drăculești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghica_family" title="Ghica family">Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino_family" title="Cantacuzino family">Cantacuzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantemire%C8%99ti" title="Cantemirești">Cantemirești</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavrocordatos_family" title="Mavrocordatos family">Mavrocordato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypsilantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypsilantis">Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soutzos_family" title="Soutzos family">Soutzos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourousis_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourousis family">Mourousi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplinburger_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplinburger dynasty">Süpplingenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Welf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="House of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">Nassau-Weilburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatine Zweibrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hesse" title="House of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lippe" title="House of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">Zähringen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Poland" title="Template:Royal houses of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">Griffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1thory_family" title="Báthory family">Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Wiśniowiecki">Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sobieski" title="House of Sobieski">Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leszczy%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Leszczyński">Leszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Poniatowski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After partitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Kingdom of Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Duchy of Gdańsk">Duchy of Gdańsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Duchy of Poznań">Duchy of Poznań</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_royal_family" title="Norwegian royal family">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_royal_family" title="Swedish royal family">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-reigning <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretenders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zogu" title="House of Zogu">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_royal_family" title="Bulgarian royal family">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_royal_family" title="Romanian royal family">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević dynasty">Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112707#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112707#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112707#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69724780">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305067972">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4429155832966333490009">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25151776726518010479">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/250215346">5</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/214656/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118749579">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115062">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Romanov (Dynasty : 1613-1917)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012067728">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005295051&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1096392">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5526429">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000069719&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568889505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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