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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_and_Ottoman_Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_and_Ottoman_Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Portuguese and Ottoman Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_and_Ottoman_Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sultanates_and_the_British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanates_and_the_British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Sultanates and the British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanates_and_the_British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Communist rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Contemporary Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inner_Hadhramaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_Hadhramaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Inner Hadhramaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_Hadhramaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wadis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wadis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Wadis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wadis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span>Desert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_Hadhramaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_Hadhramaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span><i>Coastal Hadhramaut</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_Hadhramaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Oil and gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hadhrami_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadhrami_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hadhrami diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadhrami_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hadhramaut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q20748094 badge-problematic mw-list-item" title="problematic"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حضرموت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضرموت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99zr%C9%99m%C3%B6vt" title="Həzrəmövt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həzrəmövt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4" title="হাজরামাউত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাজরামাউত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حضرموت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حضرموت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaout" title="Hadramaout – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hadramaout" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%ED%8A%B8" title="하드라마우트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하드라마우트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramawt" title="Hadramawt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hadramawt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5)" title="חצרמוות (חבל ארץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצרמוות (חבל ארץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჰადრამავთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰადრამავთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8C%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹളർമൌത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹളർമൌത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88" title="ハドラマウト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハドラマウト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hadhramaut" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazramavt" title="Hazramavt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hazramavt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حضرموت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حضرموت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaute" title="Hadramaute – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hadramaute" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hadhramaut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Хадрамаут (регион) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хадрамаут (регион)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хадрамаут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хадрамаут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut" title="Hadramaut – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hadramaut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hadhramaut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramut" title="Hadramut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hadramut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хадрамаут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хадрамаут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حضرموت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حضرموت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%9B" title="哈德拉毛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈德拉毛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1517159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadhramaut&params=16_N_49_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°N</span> <span class="longitude">49°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16°N 49°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16; 49</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadramaut&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadramaut">Hadramaut</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in southern Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hadhramaut (disambiguation)">Hadhramaut (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Under_construction plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="page is in the middle of an expansion or major revamping"><img alt="page is in the middle of an expansion or major revamping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg/46px-Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg/70px-Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg/93px-Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="326" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>is in a state of significant expansion or restructuring.</b> You are welcome to assist in its construction by editing it as well. If this article or section <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=history">has not been edited in several days</a></span>, please remove this template.<br /><i>If you are the editor who added this template and you are actively editing, please be sure to replace this template with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:In_use" title="Template:In use">in use</a>}}</code> during the active editing session</i>. Click on the link for template parameters to use. <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks">This article was <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&diff=cur">last edited</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Abo_Yemen" title="User:Abo Yemen">Abo Yemen</a> <span class="plainlinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Abo_Yemen" title="User talk:Abo Yemen">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Abo_Yemen" title="Special:Contributions/Abo Yemen">contribs</a>)</span> 0 seconds ago. <i>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=purge">Update<span class="nowrap"> </span>timer</a>)</i></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region of Arabia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hadhramaut</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَضْرَمَوْتُ</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/278px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/417px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/556px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The old walled city of <a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace,_Seiyun_(2285894903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282285894903%29.jpg/183px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282285894903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282285894903%29.jpg/275px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282285894903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282285894903%29.jpg/366px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282285894903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Seiyun_Palace" title="Seiyun Palace">Seiyun Palace</a>, one of the world’s largest mud-brick structures</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg/91px-Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg/137px-Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg/182px-Minaret_Al_Muhdhar_Mosque_Tarim_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The Minerate of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muhdhar_Mosque" title="Al-Muhdhar Mosque">al-Muhdhar Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Hajarayn_(2286587356).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al-Hajarayn_%282286587356%29.jpg/137px-Al-Hajarayn_%282286587356%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al-Hajarayn_%282286587356%29.jpg/206px-Al-Hajarayn_%282286587356%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al-Hajarayn_%282286587356%29.jpg/274px-Al-Hajarayn_%282286587356%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajarayn" title="Al-Hajarayn">Al-Hajarayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Dawan" title="Wadi Dawan">Wadi Dowan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Mukala_(2285805011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Al_Mukala_%282285805011%29.jpg/137px-Al_Mukala_%282285805011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Al_Mukala_%282285805011%29.jpg/206px-Al_Mukala_%282285805011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Al_Mukala_%282285805011%29.jpg/274px-Al_Mukala_%282285805011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a>, capital city of <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate" title="Hadhramaut Governorate">Hadhramaut </a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia,_Persia,_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_(Iraq)_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Hadhramaut in the Arabian Peninsula"><img alt="Map of Hadhramaut in the Arabian Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia%2C_Persia%2C_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_%28Iraq%29_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia%2C_Persia%2C_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_%28Iraq%29_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia%2C_Persia%2C_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_%28Iraq%29_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia%2C_Persia%2C_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_%28Iraq%29_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia%2C_Persia%2C_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_%28Iraq%29_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-1866_Johnson_Map_of_Arabia%2C_Persia%2C_Turkey_and_Afghanistan_%28Iraq%29_-_Geographicus_-_Arabia-johnson-1866_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Hadhramaut in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadhramaut&params=16_N_49_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°N</span> <span class="longitude">49°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16°N 49°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16; 49</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Countries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen" title="List of cities in Yemen">Most populous cities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim,_Yemen" title="Tarim, Yemen">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiyun" title="Seiyun">Seiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shihr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shihr">Ash Shihr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghaydah" title="Al Ghaydah">Al Ghaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah" title="Al-Wadiah">Al-Wadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayhut" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayhut">Sayhut</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate" title="Hadhramaut Governorate">Hadhramaut</a> (main)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah</a> (main)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">al Mahra</a> (main)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abyan_Governorate" title="Abyan Governorate">Abyan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lahij" title="Lahij">Lahij</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sharurah" title="Sharurah">Sharurah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-NIC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawr_Sayb%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawr Saybān (page does not exist)">Kawr Saybān</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,690 m (21,950 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadharem" title="Hadharem">Hadharem</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hadhramaut</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَضْرَمَوْتُ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥaḍramawt</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="en-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌhɑ.drəˈmɔ(ː)t/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" 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oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Hadramaut.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Hadramaut.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">حَضْرَمُوتُ</span>, <span title="Hadrami Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ayh-Latn">Ḥaḍramūt</i></span>) is a geographic region in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Arabia">southern part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> encompassing mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Muhafazat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhafazat">governorates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate" title="Hadhramaut Governorate">Hadhramaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabwa" title="Shabwa">Shabwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">al-Mahra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. It sometimes includes <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abyan_Governorate" title="Abyan Governorate">Abyan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahij" title="Lahij">Lahij</a> governorates in Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a> in south-western <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharurah" title="Sharurah">Sharurah</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. The name is of ancient origin, and is retained in the name of the Yemeni Governorate of Hadhramaut. The people of Hadhramaut are called the <a href="/wiki/Hadharem" title="Hadharem">Hadharem</a>. They formerly spoke <a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadramautic</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">old South Arabian</a> language, but they now predominantly speak <a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name of <i>Ḥaḍramawt</i> is not exactly known, and there are numerous competing hypotheses about its meaning. The most common <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> is that the region's name means "death has come," from Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَضَر</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥaḍara</i></span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'he came' and Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَوْت</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mawt</i></span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'death'. </p><p>Ḥaḍramawt has also been identified with <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazarmaveth" title="Hazarmaveth">Hazarmaveth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">חֲצַרְמָוֶת</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Ḥăṣarmāweṯ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Genesis_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 10">Genesis 10</a>:26<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a> 1:20).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, it is the name of a son of <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a>, who is identified with <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtan</a> in Islamic tradition, the purported ancestor of the South Arabian kingdoms. According to various Bible dictionaries, the name "Hazarmaveth" means "court of death," reflecting a meaning similar to the Arabic folk etymologies. </p><p>The origins of the name are unknown, with several scholarly proposals. <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Kamal Salibi</a> proposed that the diphthong "aw" in the name is an incorrect vocalization.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that "-ūt" is a frequent ending for place names in the Ḥaḍramawt, and given that "Ḥaḍramūt" is the colloquial pronunciation of the name and also its ancient pronunciation, the correct reading of the name should be "place of <i>ḥḍrm</i>." He proposes, then, that the name means "the green place," which is apt for its well-watered <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> whose lushness contrasts with the surrounding high desert plateau. </p><p>A now rejected etymology was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Juris_Zarins" title="Juris Zarins">Juris Zarins</a>, rediscoverer of the city claimed to be the ancient <a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">incense trade route</a> trade capital <a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Ubar</a> in Oman, who claimed that the name may come from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕδρευματα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hydreuma" title="Hydreuma">hydreumata</a></i></span>, i.e. enclosed (and often fortified) watering stations in wadis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it accurately describes the configuration of settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> Wadi Ḥaḍramawt, this explanation for the name is anachronistic and phonetically inconsistent (for example, the name contains pharyngeal fricatives, which are neither found nor substituted for existing sounds in Greek). </p><p>Variations of the name are attested as early as the middle of the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st millennium BC</a>. The names <i>ḥḍrmt</i> (𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩) and <i>ḥḍrmwt</i> (𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩) are found in texts of the <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Ḥaḍramitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Minaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a>), though the second form is not found in any known Ḥaḍramitic inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either form, the word itself can be a <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>, a tribal name, or the name of the kingdom of Ḥaḍramawt. In the late fourth or early <a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd century BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> gives the name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Άδρραμύτα</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a direct transcription of the Semitic name into Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hadhramaut" 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Yemen" title="Category:History of Yemen">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of <span class="fn org label">Yemen</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/131px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/197px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/262px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace,_Seiyun_(2286710698).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/83px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/125px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/166px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/105px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/158px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/210px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baran_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/109px-Baran_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/164px-Baran_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/218px-Baran_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Kingdom of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B8%91ramawt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt">Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Awsan" title="Kingdom of Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Kingdom of Qatabān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Kingdom of Ma'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Kingdom of Ḥimyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najahid_dynasty" title="Najahid dynasty">Najahid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirid state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Ottoman eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Qasimid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Sultanate of Lahej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Ottoman vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/16px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/24px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Yemen" title="Template talk:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Kingdom of Hadhramaut</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history of Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffon_hadhramaut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Griffon_hadhramaut.jpg/220px-Griffon_hadhramaut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Griffon_hadhramaut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>An ancient sculpture of a griffin, from the royal palace at Shabwa, the then-capital city of Hadhramaut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ruins6.JPG/220px-Ruins6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ruins6.JPG/330px-Ruins6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ruins6.JPG/440px-Ruins6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Remains of <a href="/wiki/Khor_Rori" title="Khor Rori">Khor Rori</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Kingdom of Hadramout</a> existed before the birth of Christ, but its exact establishment date cannot be confirmed. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Shabwa" title="Shabwa">Shabwa</a> and it was not far from the city of <a href="/wiki/Timna" title="Timna">Teman</a> (the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Kingdom of Qataban</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a tribal federation consisting of several tribes united by their common veneration of the god <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>. Hadramout was originally the name of one of the tribes. The mention of Hadramout and its god Sin is found in the inscription of Surwah by the Makrib Sabean writer <a href="/wiki/Karib%27il_Watar" title="Karib'il Watar">Karib'il Watar I</a> around 700–680 BCE. The Kingdom, led by King Shahr-al-Khuraymat, formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Kingdom of Ma'in</a> and the Kingdom of Qataban and became independent from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sheba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sheba">Kingdom of Sheba</a> around 330 BCE, during which the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite dynasty</a> ruled the Kingdom of Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the Kingdom of Hadramout and the Himyarite Kingdom remained tense, with both sides waging wars against each other for control of the trade routes and territory in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hadhrami are referred to as Chatramotitai in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> texts. Hadhramautic texts come later than Sabaean ones, and some Sabaean texts from Hadhramaut are known. Greek, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Sabaean and Hadhramautic texts preserve the names of a large number of kings of Hadhramaut, but there is as yet no definitive chronology of their reigns. Their capital was <a href="/wiki/Shabwa" title="Shabwa">Shabwa</a> in the northwest corner of the kingdom, along the Incense trade route. <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> called it a <i>metropolis</i>. It was an important cult centre as well. At first, the religion was <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">South Arabian polytheism</a>, distinguished by the worship of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Babylonian moon god Sin</a>. By the sixth century, the monotheistic cult of <a href="/wiki/Rahmanan" title="Rahmanan">Rahmanan</a> was followed in the local temple.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political history of Hadhramaut is not easy to piece together. Numerous wars involving Hadhramaut are referenced in Sabaean texts. From their inscriptions, the Hadhrami are known to have fortified Libna (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalat_(Yemen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalat (Yemen) (page does not exist)">Qalat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA)" class="extiw" title="ar:القلعة (حضرموت)">ar</a>]</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against Himyar and to have fortified <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">mwyt</span> (<i>Ḥiṣn al-Ghurāb</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حِصْن ٱلْغُرَاب</span></span>) against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> in the period following the death of <a href="/wiki/Dh%C5%AB_Nuw%C4%81s" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhū Nuwās">Dhū Nuwās</a> (525/7). The kingdom ceased to exist by the end of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd century CE">3rd century CE</a>, having been annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a>. Hadhramaut continued to be used in the full titulature of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">kings of Sabaʾ and Dhu Raydān</a> (Himyar).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century CE, Hadramout was known for its frankincense and myrrh trade.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incense trade route (southern incense route) that passed through the southern part of Hadramout helped the region flourish economically and culturally.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Hadramout played a significant role in connecting the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic">Islamic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadramawt_Flag_(17).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hadramawt_Flag_%2817%29.png/220px-Hadramawt_Flag_%2817%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hadramawt_Flag_%2817%29.png/330px-Hadramawt_Flag_%2817%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hadramawt_Flag_%2817%29.png/440px-Hadramawt_Flag_%2817%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2506" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Hadhramaut in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi,_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi%2C_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi%2C_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi%2C_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi%2C_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi%2C_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hadhramaut_in_Houghton_Typ_794.34.475_-_K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi%2C_Kitab-%C4%B1_cihann%C3%BCma_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Hadhramaut in a 1732 copy of the map by Ottoman geographer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a> (1609–57), from the first printed atlas in the Ottoman Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 7th century, Islam spread to Hadramout, and it was gradually integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. The region played a role in Islamic history during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. In the 11th century, the Hadramout region came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdids</a>, who were of Banu Hadhrami origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> They established the <a href="/wiki/Qasimid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasimid dynasty">Qasimi dynasty</a>, which ruled the region for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239">: 239 </span></sup> </p><p>Early Islamic authors believed the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Kinda_(tribe)" title="Kinda (tribe)">Kinda</a> tribe that founded a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">kingdom</a> in central Arabia were originally from Hadhramaut, although distinct from the settled Hadhrami population.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miqdad_ibn_Aswad" title="Miqdad ibn Aswad">Miqdad ibn Aswad</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Muhammad">companion of Muhammad</a>, was reportedly from Hadhramaut.<sup id="cite_ref-Miqdad_biography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miqdad_biography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets</a> before them are believed to have dwelt here, including <a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hud</a> of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a>. He is thought to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Qabr_Hud" title="Qabr Hud">Qabr Hud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_1960–2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI_1960–2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeulenWissman_1964_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeulenWissman_1964-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also called <i>Shiʿb Hud</i>, but this is not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Serjeant1954_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serjeant1954-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Harawi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Harawi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_and_Ottoman_Influence">Portuguese and Ottoman Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portuguese and Ottoman Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the Portuguese arrived in Hadhramaut and established several settlements along the southern coast. However, their influence was short-lived as the <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Yemeni Imams</a> managed to drive them out by the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> Subsequently, Hadhramaut came under Ottoman influence, and the Ottomans maintained control over the region until the early <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sultanates_and_the_British_rule">Sultanates and the British rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sultanates and the British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathiri_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathiri_flag.svg/210px-Kathiri_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathiri_flag.svg/315px-Kathiri_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathiri_flag.svg/420px-Kathiri_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a> state in Hadhramaut</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg/210px-Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg/315px-Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg/420px-Flag_of_Quaiti_Hadramaut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a> state in Hadhramaut</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a> sultans ruled the vast majority of Hadramaut, under a loose British protectorate, the Aden Protectorate, from 1882 to 1967, when the Hadhramaut was annexed by South Yemen. The Qu'aiti dynasty was founded by Umar bin Awadh al-Qu'aiti, a Yafa'i tribesman whose wealth and influence as hereditary <a href="/wiki/Jemadar" title="Jemadar">Jemadar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>'s armed forces enabled him to establish the Qu'aiti dynasty in the latter half of the 19th century, winning British recognition of his paramount status in the region in 1882. The British Government and the traditional and scholarly sultan Ali bin Salah signed a treaty in 1937, appointing the British government as "advisors" in Hadhramaut. The British exiled him to Aden in 1945, but the Protectorate lasted until 1967.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communist_rule">Communist rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communist rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, the former British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Colony of Aden</a> and the former Aden Protectorate including Hadramaut became an independent <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> state, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Southern_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Southern Yemen">People's Republic of Southern Yemen</a>, later the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. South Yemen was <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">united</a> with <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a> in 1990 as the Republic of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_Yemen">Contemporary Yemen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capital and largest city of Hadhramaut is the port <a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a>. Mukalla had a 1994 population of 122,400 and a 2003 population of 174,700, while the port city of <a href="/wiki/Ash_Shihr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shihr">Ash Shihr</a> has grown from 48,600 to 69,400 in the same time. One of the more historically important cities in the region is <a href="/wiki/Tarim,_Yemen" title="Tarim, Yemen">Tarim</a>. An important locus of Islamic learning, it is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of Muhammad anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-No_Room_at_the_Inn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_Room_at_the_Inn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yemen" title="Geology of Yemen">Geology of Yemen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Geography of Yemen</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_fog_woodlands,_shrublands,_and_dune" title="South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune">South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saiyun_(2286703110).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saiyun_%282286703110%29.jpg/220px-Saiyun_%282286703110%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saiyun_%282286703110%29.jpg/330px-Saiyun_%282286703110%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saiyun_%282286703110%29.jpg/440px-Saiyun_%282286703110%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Region close to <a href="/wiki/Seiyun" title="Seiyun">Seiyun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hadhramaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Hadhramaut">Wadi Hadhramaut</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The borders of Hadhramaut have varied over time to include the territory between <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a>, but it always included the Wadi Hadhramaut, the lands between the Wadi and the coast, and the desert region of the <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Empty Quarter</a> north of the Wadi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This encompasses the current governorates of Hadramaut and Mahra in their entirety as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah Governorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SchofieldBlake220_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchofieldBlake220-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The current governorate of Hadhramaut roughly incorporates the former territory of the two sultanates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hadharem live in densely built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis. Hadharem harvest crops of wheat and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, tend <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">date palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> groves, and grow some coffee. On the plateau, Bedouins tend sheep and goats. Society is still highly tribal, with the old <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Seyyid</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, descended from the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Islamic prophet Muhammad</a>, traditionally educated, strict in their Islamic observance, and highly respected in religious and secular affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shaggain,_Mukalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg/220px-Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg/330px-Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg/440px-Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Al-Shaggain in <a href="/wiki/Burum,_Yemen" title="Burum, Yemen">Burum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brom_Mayfa_District" title="Brom Mayfa District">Brom Mayfa District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hadhramaut is geographically divided into <i>Inner Hadhramaut</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">حضرموت الداخل</span>) which is made up of Wadi Hadhramaut, smaller tributary wadis south from the main wadi, and <i>Coastal Hadhramaut</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">حضرموت الساحل</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consists of a narrow, arid <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a> bounded by the steep <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> of a broad <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> locally known as the <i>Jowl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">ٱلْجَوْل</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hadrami Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ayh-Latn">al-Jawl</i></span>, averaging 1,370 m (4,490 ft)).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undefined northern edge of Hadhramaut slopes down to the desert of the Empty Quarter, where the Hadhramaut Plateau or Highlands (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هَضْبَة حَضْرَمَوْت</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Haḍbat Ḥaḍramawt</i></span>) meets the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, elevation abruptly decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-GhazanfarFisher2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhazanfarFisher2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shibam in Wadi Hadhramaut, with mountains in the background"><img alt="Shibam in Wadi Hadhramaut, with mountains in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg/150px-146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg/225px-146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg/300px-146_%C5%A0ibam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a> in Wadi Hadhramaut, with mountains in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BirAli_Crater.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bir Ali Crater in Shabwa, the crater is about 1.3 Km wide and contains water with a surface of about 800 meters wide"><img alt="Bir Ali Crater in Shabwa, the crater is about 1.3 Km wide and contains water with a surface of about 800 meters wide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BirAli_Crater.JPG/150px-BirAli_Crater.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BirAli_Crater.JPG/225px-BirAli_Crater.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BirAli_Crater.JPG/300px-BirAli_Crater.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Ali" title="Bir Ali">Bir Ali</a> Crater in <a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwa</a>, the crater is about 1.3 Km wide and contains water with a surface of about 800 meters wide</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan,_Hadramaut,_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haid al-Jazil in Wadi Dawan"><img alt="Haid al-Jazil in Wadi Dawan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan%2C_Hadramaut%2C_Yemen.jpg/150px-Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan%2C_Hadramaut%2C_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan%2C_Hadramaut%2C_Yemen.jpg/225px-Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan%2C_Hadramaut%2C_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan%2C_Hadramaut%2C_Yemen.jpg/300px-Aerial_View_of_Haid_al-Jazil_-_a_Village_in_Wadi_Doan%2C_Hadramaut%2C_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haid_al-Jazil" title="Haid al-Jazil">Haid al-Jazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Dawan" title="Wadi Dawan">Wadi Dawan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inner_Hadhramaut">Inner Hadhramaut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inner Hadhramaut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mountains">Mountains</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Mountains" title="Hadhramaut Mountains">Hadhramaut Mountains</a></div> <p>The Hadhramaut Mountains (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جِبَال حَضْرَمَوْت</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jibāl Ḥaḍramawt</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Biladi1982_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biladi1982-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the "Mahrat Mountains"<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جِبَال ٱلْمَهْرَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jibāl Al-Mahrah</i></span>), are a mountain range in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scoville1979_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoville1979-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are contiguous with the Omani <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Mountains" title="Dhofar Mountains">Dhofar Mountains</a> to the northeast,<sup id="cite_ref-GhazanfarFisher2013_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhazanfarFisher2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and James Canton considered <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in the southwest to be in the mountains' recesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Canton2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canton2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wadis">Wadis</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wadis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_(iss069e010858).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_%28iss069e010858%29.jpg/220px-Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_%28iss069e010858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_%28iss069e010858%29.jpg/330px-Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_%28iss069e010858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_%28iss069e010858%29.jpg/440px-Dry_river_valleys_in_Yemen_%28iss069e010858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Image of Wadi Hadhramaut, its tributaries and the plateau from the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wadi Hadhramaut (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وادي حضرموت</span>) is the main <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> in the region which has 16 tributary wadis, which are:<sup id="cite_ref-NIC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its southern plateau: </p> <ul><li>Wadi Dahr</li> <li>Wadi Rahyah</li> <li>Wadi 'Amd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Dawan" title="Wadi Dawan">Wadi Dawan</a></li> <li>Wadi al'Ain</li> <li>Wadi Manoob bin Ali</li> <li>Wadi 'Adim</li> <li>Wadi 'Aynat</li> <li>Wadi Tena</li> <li>Wadi Sena</li></ul> <p>From its northern plateau: </p> <ul><li>Wadi Hanin</li> <li>Wadi Sad</li> <li>Wadi Na'am</li> <li>Wadi Ja'imah</li> <li>Wadi Thabi</li> <li>Wadi al-Jon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Desert">Desert</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastal_Hadhramaut"><i>Coastal Hadhramaut</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coastal Hadhramaut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Hadhramaut was known for being a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, which in the early 20th century was mainly exported to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero_1920_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero_1920-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> The region has also produced <a href="/wiki/Senna_(plant)" title="Senna (plant)">senna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>. Currently, Hadhramaut produces approximately 260,000 barrels of oil per day; one of the most productive fields is <i>Al Maseelah</i> in the strip (14), which was discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is keen to develop its oil fields to increase oil production to increase national wealth in response to the requirements of economic and social development in the country. Oil contributes 30–40% of the nation's GDP, over 70% of total state revenues, and more than 90% of the value of the country's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero_1920_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero_1920-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Oil and gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Soviet discovery in the southern governorate of <a href="/wiki/Shabwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabwah">Shabwah</a> has proven only marginally successful even when taken over by a different group. A Western consortium began exporting oil from <a href="/wiki/Al-Masilah" title="Al-Masilah">Masila</a> in the Hadhramaut in 1993, and production there reached 67,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d (420,000 bbl/d) in 1999. There are new finds in the Jannah (formerly known as the Joint Oil Exploration Area) and east Shabwah blocks. Yemen's oil exports in 1995 earned about US$1 billion. Yemen's offshore oil and gas deposits are estimated to contain billions of barrels of oil and gas. Marib oil contains associated natural gas. In September 1995, the Yemeni Government signed an agreement that designated <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> of France to be the lead company for a project for the export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In 1997, Yemen Gas Company joined with various privately held companies to establish <a href="/wiki/Yemen_LNG" title="Yemen LNG">Yemen LNG</a> (YLNG). In August 2005, the government gave final approval to three LNG supply agreements, enabling YLNG to award a $2 billion contract to an international consortium to build the country's first liquefaction plant at Balhat on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> coast. The project is a $3.7 billion investment over 25 years, producing approximately 6.7 million tons of LNG annually, with shipments likely to go to the United States and South Korea. Production of LNG began in October 2009. The Yemen government expects the LNG project to add $350 million to its budget and enable it to develop a petrochemicals industry.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hadramout produces approximately 258.8 thousand barrels per day.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the prominent oil fields is the Masila Basin Sector (14), discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is committed to developing its oil fields to increase oil production, aiming to enhance national wealth in response to the country's economic and social development needs. Oil contributes between 30% and 40% of the gross domestic product (GDP) value and represents more than 70% of the total general budget revenues of the state. Moreover, it constitutes more than 90% of the country's export value.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawi_sada" title="Ba 'Alawi sada">Ba 'Alawi sada</a></div> <p>The people of the region are known as the <a href="/wiki/Hadharem" title="Hadharem">Hadharem</a> belong generally to the semitic south Arabians who claim descent from <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Yarub bin Qahtan</a>. There is, however, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">سادة</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hadrami Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ayh-Latn">Sadah</i></span>; <small>Singular</small>: <i>Sayyid</i>), or descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Islamic Prophet Muhammad</a>, and of townsmen of northern origin, besides a considerable class of African or mixed descent. The Sada, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husain ibn Ali</a>, grandson of the Islamic Prophet, Form a numerous and highly respected <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a>. They are divided into families, tho chiefs of which are known as <i>Munsibs</i>, who are looked on as the religious leaders of the people and are even in some cases are regarded with great respect as saints. Among the leading families are that of <i>Sheikh Abu Bakar bin Salem</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">الشيخ ابو بكر بن سالم</span>) of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BDAynat" title="ʽAynat">ʽAynat</a>, <i>al-Aidarus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">العيدروس</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Shihr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihr">Shihr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Dawan" title="Wadi Dawan">Wadi Dawan</a>, and the <i>Sakkaf</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">سقاف</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Seiyun" title="Seiyun">Seiyun</a>. They do not bear arms, nor occupy themselves in trade nor manual labour nor even agriculture; though owning a large proportion of the land, they employ labourers to cultivate it. As compared with the other classes they are well educated and are strict tn their observance of religious duties, and owing to the respect due to their descent they exercise a strong influence both in temporal and spiritual affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteerPD-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mashayikh (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">المشايخ</span>) is another highly regarded group that is second in prestige to the Sada. Like the Sada, they don't bear arms.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men from this group are given the honorific surname <i>Sheikh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">شيخ</span>) and women are given the surname <i>Sheikha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Arabic language">Hadrami Arabic</a>: <span lang="ayh" dir="rtl">شيخة</span>) which is different from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيخ</span>) that is used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tribal chief</a> or a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribesmen, as in the rest of Arabia, are the predominant class in the population. All the adults carry arms. Some of the tribes have settled towns and villages, others live a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> life keeping however within the territory which is recognised as belonging to the tribe. They are divided into sections or families, each headed by a chief whilst the head of the tribe is called the <i>muqaddam</i> or <i>sultan</i>. He is the leader in peace and in war, but the tribesmen are not his subjects; he can only rule with their support.<sup id="cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteerPD-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the most powerful tribes in Hadhramaut was the <i>Qu’aiti</i>, a branch of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yafa%27a" title="Yafa'a">Yafa'a</a></i> tribe. Originally invited by the Sada to protect the settled districts against the marauding tribes, they established themselves as rulers of the of the country, and possessed the coastal districts with the towns of Mukalla and Shihr as well as Shibam in the interior. The family had accumulated great wealth and was in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> in India as commander of the Arab levy composed of his tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteerPD-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>the townsmen are the free inhabitants of the towns and villages as distinguished from the Sada and the tribesmen; they do not carry arms, but are the working members of the community, merchants, <a href="/wiki/Armed-forces_artificer" title="Armed-forces artificer">artificers</a>, cultivators, and servants and are entirely dependent on the tribes and chiefs under whose protection they live. The servile class contains a large African element, brought over formerly when the slave trade nourished on this coast; as all Islamic countries they are well treated, and often rise to positions of trust.<sup id="cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteerPD-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadhrami_diaspora">Hadhrami diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hadhrami diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadharem#Diaspora" title="Hadharem">Hadharem § Diaspora</a></div> <p>Since the early 19th century, large-scale Hadhramaut <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> has established sizable Hadhrami minorities all around the Indian Ocean,<sup id="cite_ref-Ho2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ho2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Maharashtrian Konkan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Khalidi1996_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalidi1996-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manger2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manger2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangolli" title="Gangolli">Gangolli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_(Northern_Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar (Northern Kerala)">Malabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Philippines">southern Philippines</a> and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hyderabad and Aurangabad, the community is known as <a href="/wiki/Chaush" title="Chaush">Chaush</a> and resides mostly in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Barkas,_Hyderabad" title="Barkas, Hyderabad">Barkas</a>. There are also settlements of Hadharem in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ahmadabad,_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadabad, Gujarat">Ahmadabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>. In South India, the <a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a> community also descends from Hadrami traders. </p><p>Earlier, several sultans in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Freitag_Clarence-Smith_1997_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freitag_Clarence-Smith_1997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura</a> were descents of Hadharem . In the 19th century, Hadhrami businessmen owned many of the maritime armada of barks, brigs, schooners and other ships in the Malay archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, several Indonesian ministers, including former Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Alatas" title="Ali Alatas">Ali Alatas</a> and former Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ie_Muhammad" title="Mar'ie Muhammad">Mar'ie Muhammad</a> are of Hadhrami descent, as is the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">Prime Minister of East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_Alkatiri" title="Mari Alkatiri">Mari Alkatiri</a> (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hadharem have also settled in large numbers along the East African coast,<sup id="cite_ref-Bang2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bang2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two former ministers in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, Shariff Nasser and <a href="/wiki/Najib_Balala" title="Najib Balala">Najib Balala</a>, are of Hadhrami descent. It has also been proved by genetic evidence<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the <a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba people</a> of Southern Africa bear some relation to the people of Hadramaut.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Hadhramaut region there has been a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">historical Jewish population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wahrman2004_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahrman2004-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also romanized as <b>Hadramaut</b>, <b>Hadramout</b> or <b>Hadramawt</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/detail.php?ID=7609&print=Y">"حضرموت"</a>. <i>المركز الوطني للمعلومات</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyemen-nic.info%2Fcontents%2FBrief%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D7609%26print%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#10:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 10:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#1:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Chronicles">1 Chronicles 1:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1981" class="citation journal cs1">Salibi, Kamal (1981). al-Qāḍī (ed.). 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September 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+City+of+Arabia&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fubar%2Fzarins%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dasi.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=32&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=22579382&wl_group=11&wl_subgroup=5">"General word list"</a>. <i>DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DASI%3A+Digital+Archive+for+the+Study+of+pre-islamic+arabian+Inscriptions&rft.atitle=General+word+list&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdasi.humnet.unipi.it%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D32%26prjId%3D1%26corId%3D0%26colId%3D0%26navId%3D22579382%26wl_group%3D11%26wl_subgroup%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophrastus: <i>Historia Plantarum</i>. 9,4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naval <i>Western Arabia & The Red Sea</i> p.224 Routledge, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20995-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20995-6">978-1-136-20995-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holger Gzella <i>Languages from the World of the Bible</i> p.162 Walter de Gruyter, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934078-63-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934078-63-1">978-1-934078-63-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodard <i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i> p.145 Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46934-0">978-1-139-46934-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard & Brunschvig <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> Vol. II, p.183 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05745-6">978-90-04-05745-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeston1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._F._L._Beeston" class="mw-redirect" title="A. F. L. Beeston">Beeston, A. F. L.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B8%8Dramawt%2C+I.+Pre-Islamic+Period&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Ḥaḍramawt, I. Pre-Islamic Period"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. 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Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0040-0708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0040-0708-6"><bdi>978-9-0040-0708-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadramaut%3A+Some+of+its+mysteries+unveiled&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.series=Publication+of+the+De+Goeje+Fund+no.+9.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-9-0040-0708-6&rft.aulast=van+der+Meulen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=von+Wissmann%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmskUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serjeant1954-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serjeant1954_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerjeant1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertram_Serjeant" title="Robert Bertram Serjeant">Serjeant, Robert Bertram</a> (1954). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/137033200/Serjeant-Hud-and-Other-Pre-Islamic-Prophets-1954">"Hud and Other Pre-islamic Prophets in Hadhramawt"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Mus%C3%A9on" title="Le Muséon">Le Muséon</a></i>. <b>67</b>. <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>: 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Hud+and+Other+Pre-islamic+Prophets+in+Hadhramawt&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Serjeant&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bertram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F137033200%2FSerjeant-Hud-and-Other-Pre-Islamic-Prophets-1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Harawi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Harawi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Harawi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Harawi" title="Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi">Al-Harawi, Ali ibn Abi Bakr</a>. <i>Kitab al-Isharat ila Ma rifat al-Ziyarat</i> [<i>Book of indications to make known the places of visitations</i>]. pp. 97, 220–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Isharat+ila+Ma+rifat+al-Ziyarat&rft.pages=97%2C+220-221&rft.aulast=Al-Harawi&rft.aufirst=Ali+ibn+Abi+Bakr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malekandathil-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekandathil" class="citation book cs1">Malekandathil, Pius. <i>The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India</i>. pp. 114–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+in+the+Making+of+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=114-115&rft.aulast=Malekandathil&rft.aufirst=Pius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html">"2 Yemens Become One, and Celebrate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Yemens+Become+One%2C+and+Celebrate&rft.date=1990-05-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2F2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No_Room_at_the_Inn-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-No_Room_at_the_Inn_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandroni2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Alexandroni, Sam (October 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015416/http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041">"No Room at the Inn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041">the original</a> on July 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=No+Room+at+the+Inn&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft.aulast=Alexandroni&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F200710180041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalibPetourisLacknerKaptein2017" class="citation book cs1">Talib, Saadaldeen; Petouris, Thanos; Lackner, Helen; Kaptein, Nicolaas J. G.; Arai, Kazuhiro; Clarence-Smith, William G.; Spencer, James; Walker, Iain; Pétriat, Philippe (2017). Brehony, Noel (ed.). <i>Hadhramaut and its diaspora: Yemeni politics, identity and migration</i>. Library of modern Middle East studies. Hadhramaut Research Centre. London New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-167-9"><bdi>978-1-78672-167-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadhramaut+and+its+diaspora%3A+Yemeni+politics%2C+identity+and+migration&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.series=Library+of+modern+Middle+East+studies&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-167-9&rft.aulast=Talib&rft.aufirst=Saadaldeen&rft.au=Petouris%2C+Thanos&rft.au=Lackner%2C+Helen&rft.au=Kaptein%2C+Nicolaas+J.+G.&rft.au=Arai%2C+Kazuhiro&rft.au=Clarence-Smith%2C+William+G.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+James&rft.au=Walker%2C+Iain&rft.au=P%C3%A9triat%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchofieldBlake220-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchofieldBlake220_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofieldBlake1988" class="citation cs2">Schofield, Richard N.; Blake, Gerald Henry (1988), "Arabian Boundaries: Primary Documents, 1853–1957", <i>Archive Editions</i>, vol. 22, p. 220, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85207-130-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85207-130-3"><bdi>1-85207-130-3</bdi></a>, <q>...should be made along the coast to the west as far as the DHOFAR-HADHRAMAUT frontier...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+Editions&rft.atitle=Arabian+Boundaries%3A+Primary+Documents%2C+1853%E2%80%931957&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-85207-130-3&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft.au=Blake%2C+Gerald+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFميخائيل_رودينوف" class="citation book cs1">ميخائيل رودينوف. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20220809_20220809_1502/page/3/mode/2up"><i>عادات وتقاليد حضرموت الغربية</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.au=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20220809_20220809_1502%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxberger2002" class="citation book cs1">Boxberger, Linda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book4490"><i>On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8935-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8935-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-8935-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge+of+Empire%3A+Hadhramawt%2C+Emigration%2C+and+the+Indian+Ocean%2C+1880s-1930s&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8935-2&rft.aulast=Boxberger&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fbook4490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GhazanfarFisher2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GhazanfarFisher2013_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GhazanfarFisher2013_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazanfarFisher2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shahina_A._Ghazanfar" title="Shahina A. Ghazanfar">Ghazanfar, Shahina A.</a>; Fisher, Martin (April 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52">"1–2"</a>. <i>Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_University" title="Sultan Qaboos University">Sultan Qaboos University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 27–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-4017-3637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-4017-3637-4"><bdi>978-9-4017-3637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%E2%80%932&rft.btitle=Vegetation+of+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.place=Sultan+Qaboos+University%2C+Muscat%2C+Oman&rft.pages=27-55&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-9-4017-3637-4&rft.aulast=Ghazanfar&rft.aufirst=Shahina+A.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duc_tCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhadhramaut%2Bhighlands%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biladi1982-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biladi1982_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilādī1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilādī, ʿĀtiq ibn Ghayth (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrktAQAAIAAJ&q=جبال+حضرموت"><i>بين مكة وحضرموت: رحلات ومشاهدات</i></a> (in Arabic). دار مكة.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%3A+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bil%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BF%C4%80tiq+ibn+Ghayth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrktAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%2B%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2006_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Cavendish, Marshall</a> (2006). "I: Geography and climate". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=mahrat"><i>World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavendish Publishing">Cavendish Publishing</a>. pp. 9–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0"><bdi>0-7614-7571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I%3A+Geography+and+climate&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.pages=9-144&rft.pub=Cavendish+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7614-7571-0&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26q%3Dmahrat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scoville1979-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scoville1979_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoville2006" class="citation book cs1">Scoville, Sheila A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains"><i>Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula</i></a>. Vol. 2. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. pp. 117–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0"><bdi>0-7614-7571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Arabia%3A+a+geographical+and+tribal+history+of+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=117-122&rft.pub=Akademische+Druck-+u.+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7614-7571-0&rft.aulast=Scoville&rft.aufirst=Sheila+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAH8YAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhadhramaut%2Bmountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canton2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canton2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Canton" title="James Canton">Canton, James</a> (August 25, 2014). "4: Modernising Arabia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oU9QBgAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains"><i>From Cairo to Baghdad: British Travellers in Arabia</i></a>. London and New York City: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-3571-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-3571-3"><bdi>978-0-8577-3571-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Modernising+Arabia&rft.btitle=From+Cairo+to+Baghdad%3A+British+Travellers+in+Arabia&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8577-3571-3&rft.aulast=Canton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoU9QBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhadhramaut%2Bmountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero_1920-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_1920_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_1920_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G.W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/"><i>Arabia</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/H.M._Stationery_Office_Collection" title="H.M. Stationery Office Collection">H.M. Stationery Office</a>. pp. 84–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11767%2Fview%2F1%2F84%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cp_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Yemen.pdf">Yemen country profile</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (December 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world#/?tl_type=p&tl_id=5-A&pa=0000000000000000000000000000000000g&ct=0&ord=SA&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1urvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvnvvuvo&f=A">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200254/http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=53&aid=1&cid=YM,&syid=1997&eyid=2010&unit=TBPD">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html">CIA World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209041951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html">Archived</a> February 9, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GazetteerPD-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GazetteerPD_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from these sources, which are in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Office1917" class="citation book cs1">India Office (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20201031_20201031_1145/page/727/mode/2up"><i>Gazetteer of Arabia Vol. I (Qatar Digital Library)</i></a>. pp. 727–729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Arabia+Vol.+I+%28Qatar+Digital+Library%29&rft.pages=727-729&rft.date=1917&rft.au=India+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20201031_20201031_1145%2Fpage%2F727%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxberger2002" class="citation book cs1">Boxberger, Linda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book4490"><i>On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 19–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8935-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8935-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-8935-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge+of+Empire%3A+Hadhramawt%2C+Emigration%2C+and+the+Indian+Ocean%2C+1880s-1930s&rft.pages=19-37&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8935-2&rft.aulast=Boxberger&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fbook4490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ho2006-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ho2006_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2006" class="citation cs2">Ho, Engseng (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C"><i>The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93869-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93869-4"><bdi>978-0-520-93869-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Graves+of+Tarim%3A+Genealogy+and+Mobility+across+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93869-4&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Engseng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMcZU0VHdG0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi1996-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi1996_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khalidi" title="Omar Khalidi">Khalidi, Omar</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52">"The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad"</a>, in Kulkarni; Naeem; De Souza (eds.), <i>Mediaeval Deccan History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a>: Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1715-4579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1715-4579-7"><bdi>978-8-1715-4579-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arabs+of+Hadramawt+in+Hyderabad&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Deccan+History&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-8-1715-4579-7&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_WNqSH4ByQC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manger2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manger2007_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManger2007" class="citation cs2">Manger, Leif (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/saj/2007/00000035/F0020004/art00003"><i>Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers</i></a>, vol. 35, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Journal_of_Social_Science" title="Asian Journal of Social Science">Asian Journal of Social Science</a>, pp. 405–433 (29)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadramis+in+Hyderabad%3A+From+Winners+to+Losers&rft.pages=405-433+%2829%29&rft.pub=Asian+Journal+of+Social+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Manger&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbrill%2Fsaj%2F2007%2F00000035%2FF0020004%2Fart00003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2018" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Joanna (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1342016/world">"Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+Arab+community+traces+ancestral+roots+to+Yemen%27s+Hadhramaut+Valley&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1342016%2Fworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freitag_Clarence-Smith_1997-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freitag_Clarence-Smith_1997_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitagClarence-Smith1997" class="citation book cs1">Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBTbS4eNGp8C"><i>Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-0041-0771-1" title="Special:BookSources/9-0041-0771-1"><bdi>9-0041-0771-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadhrami+Traders%2C+Scholars+and+Statesmen+in+the+Indian+Ocean%2C+1750s+to+1960s&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9-0041-0771-1&rft.aulast=Freitag&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Clarence-Smith%2C+William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBTbS4eNGp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimShouk2009" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Hassan; Shouk, Abu (March 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWwCQAAQBAJ&q=sultanate+arab+in+maluku&pg=PA141"><i>The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2578-6"><bdi>978-90-474-2578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hadhrami+Diaspora+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Identity+Maintenance+or+Assimilation%3F&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2578-6&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft.au=Shouk%2C+Abu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBWwCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsultanate%2Barab%2Bin%2Bmaluku%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bang2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bang2003_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBang2003" class="citation cs2">Bang, Anne K. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCgzr5jKQEkC"><i>Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, 1860–1925</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31763-4"><bdi>978-0-415-31763-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Scholars+of+the+Sea%3A+Family+Networks+in+East+Africa%2C+1860%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31763-4&rft.aulast=Bang&rft.aufirst=Anne+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCgzr5jKQEkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoodyall2013" class="citation journal cs1">Soodyall, Himla (October 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24300649/">"Lemba origins revisited: tracing the ancestry of Y chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba"</a>. <i>South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde</i>. <b>103</b> (12 Suppl 1): 1009–1013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7196%2Fsamj.7297">10.7196/samj.7297</a> (inactive November 10, 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0256-9574">0256-9574</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24300649">24300649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal+%3D+Suid-Afrikaanse+Tydskrif+vir+Geneeskunde&rft.atitle=Lemba+origins+revisited%3A+tracing+the+ancestry+of+Y+chromosomes+in+South+African+and+Zimbabwean+Lemba&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=12+Suppl+1&rft.pages=1009-1013&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.issn=0256-9574&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24300649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7196%2Fsamj.7297&rft.aulast=Soodyall&rft.aufirst=Himla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24300649%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspar2000" class="citation web cs1">Espar, David (February 22, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/tudor-parfitts-remarkable-quest.html">"Tudor Parfitt's Remarkable Quest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVA</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOVA&rft.atitle=Tudor+Parfitt%27s+Remarkable+Quest&rft.date=2000-02-22&rft.aulast=Espar&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fancient%2Ftudor-parfitts-remarkable-quest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wahrman2004-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wahrman2004_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahrman2004" class="citation book cs1">Wahrman, Miryam Z. (January 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYXcRVGNznEC&pg=PA150"><i>Brave New Judaism: When Science and Scripture Collide</i></a>. UPNE. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-032-4"><bdi>978-1-58465-032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+New+Judaism%3A+When+Science+and+Scripture+Collide&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-032-4&rft.aulast=Wahrman&rft.aufirst=Miryam+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYXcRVGNznEC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhroni1994" class="citation book cs1">Ahroni, Reuben (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d58QQocrWVkC&dq=hadramawt+jews&pg=PA201"><i>The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10110-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+British+Crown+Colony+of+Aden%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Ethnic+Relations&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10110-4&rft.aulast=Ahroni&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd58QQocrWVkC%26dq%3Dhadramawt%2Bjews%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnik2007" class="citation book cs1">Skolnik, Fred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEEOAQAAMAAJ&q=hadramawt+jews"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica: Gos-Hep</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865936-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865936-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865936-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%3A+Gos-Hep&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865936-7&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEEOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhadramawt%2Bjews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadhramaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhramaut&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hadhramaut" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.der.org/films/architecture-of-mud.html">Architecture of Mud: documentary Film about the rapidly disappearing mud brick architecture in the Hadhramaut region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ubar/zarins/zarins2.html"><i>Nova</i> special on Ubar, illustrating a <i>hydreuma</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030814110659/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/books/qaddal.htm">Book review of a biography of Qu'aiti sultan Alin din Salah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000712123052/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/freitag99.htm">Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baalawi.com">Ba`alawi.com Ba'alawi, the Definitive Resource for Islam and the Alawiyyen Ancestry</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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