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<li id="toc-Early_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jewish monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_of_king_Abu_Karib_to_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_of_king_Abu_Karib_to_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Conversion of king Abu Karib to Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_of_king_Abu_Karib_to_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_Dhu_Nuwas_and_the_persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Himyarite_realms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_Dhu_Nuwas_and_the_persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Himyarite_realms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>The rise of Dhu Nuwas and the persecution of Christians in the Himyarite realms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_Dhu_Nuwas_and_the_persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Himyarite_realms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_Jewish_rule_over_Himyar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_Jewish_rule_over_Himyar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>The end of Jewish rule over Himyar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_Jewish_rule_over_Himyar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aksumite-Sasanian_Wars_and_the_Sasanian_conquest_of_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aksumite-Sasanian_Wars_and_the_Sasanian_conquest_of_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Aksumite-Sasanian Wars and the Sasanian conquest of Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aksumite-Sasanian_Wars_and_the_Sasanian_conquest_of_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polytheistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polytheistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Polytheistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polytheistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jewish period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Christian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Himyarite_dynasties_after_the_coming_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himyarite_dynasties_after_the_coming_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Himyarite dynasties after the coming of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himyarite_dynasties_after_the_coming_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestral_divisions_of_Himyar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_divisions_of_Himyar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestral divisions of Himyar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_divisions_of_Himyar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Himyar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مملكة حمير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة حمير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Himyar dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Himyar dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="حمیر دؤولتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حمیر دؤولتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="হিমায়ির রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিমায়ির রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хім’ярыцкае царства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хім’ярыцкае царства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Химярит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химярит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiarites" title="Himiarites – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Himiarites" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himjariterne" title="Himjariterne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Himjariterne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Χιμιαρίτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιμιαρίτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himjaro" title="Himjaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Himjaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="حمیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%98%EC%95%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="힘야르 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힘야르 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հիմյարի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմյարի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Himjar" title="Kraljevina Himjar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Himjar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Himyar" title="Kerajaan Himyar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Himyar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8" title="חמיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ჰიმიარიტების სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიმიარიტების სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himjaras" title="Himjaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Himjaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مملكة حمير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة حمير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A4%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ヒムヤル王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒムヤル王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himjar" title="Himjar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Himjar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%CA%BCyariylar_podsholigi" title="Himʼyariylar podsholigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Himʼyariylar podsholigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himjaryci" title="Himjaryci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Himjaryci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Himiarita" title="Reino Himiarita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Himiarita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_himiarit" title="Regatul himiarit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul himiarit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Химьяр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химьяр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" title="Himyarite Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Himyarite Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Химјарско краљевство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Химјарско краљевство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himjarsko_Kraljevstvo" title="Himjarsko Kraljevstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Himjarsko Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Himyar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyariter" title="Himyariter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Himyariter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3" title="อาณาจักรฮิมยัร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักรฮิมยัร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyer_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Himyer Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Himyer Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Хим'яр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хим'яр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مملکت حمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت حمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Himyar" title="Vương quốc Himyar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Himyar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="希木叶尔王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希木叶尔王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q289577#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Himyar_(horse)" title="Himyar (horse)">Himyar (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Himyar</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Sabaean-language text"><span lang="xsa" dir="rtl">𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩧</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic</a>)<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مملكة حمير</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">110 BCE–530 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Himyarite_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Himyarite Kingdom at its height in 525 AD"><img alt="The Himyarite Kingdom at its height in 525 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Himyarite_Kingdom.png/250px-Himyarite_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Himyarite_Kingdom.png/375px-Himyarite_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Himyarite_Kingdom.png/500px-Himyarite_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Himyarite Kingdom at its height in 525 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen" title="Zafar, Yemen">Zafar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a> (from the beginning of the 4th century)<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite language">Ḥimyarite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">South Arabian polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (after 390 CE<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (after 500 CE)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 275–300 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shammar_Yahri%27sh" title="Shammar Yahri'sh">Shammar Yahri'sh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 390–420 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tubba_Abu_Karab_As%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubba Abu Karab As'ad">Abu Karib As'ad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 510s–530 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhu_Nuwas" title="Dhu Nuwas">Yusuf Ash'ar Dhu Nuwas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">110 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">530 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachma</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" 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.thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Yemen" title="Category:History of Yemen">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of <span class="fn org label">Yemen</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/131px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/197px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/262px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace,_Seiyun_(2286710698).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/83px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/125px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/166px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/105px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/158px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/210px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baran_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/109px-Baran_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/164px-Baran_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/218px-Baran_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Kingdom of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B8%91ramawt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt">Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Awsan" title="Kingdom of Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Kingdom of Qatabān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Kingdom of Ma'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Kingdom of Ḥimyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najahid_dynasty" title="Najahid dynasty">Najahid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirid state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Ottoman eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Qasimid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Sultanate of Lahej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Ottoman vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/16px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/24px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Yemen" title="Template talk:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Himyar</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> in the southern highlands of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, as well as the name of the region which it claimed. Until 110 BCE, it was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qatabanian kingdom</a>, afterwards being recognized as an independent kingdom. According to classical sources, their capital was the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen" title="Zafar, Yemen">Zafar</a>, relatively near the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himyarite power eventually shifted to Sana'a as the population increased in the fifth century. After the establishment of their kingdom, it was ruled by kings from dhū-Raydān tribe. The kingdom was named Raydān.<sup id="cite_ref-EoAH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoAH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom conquered neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba'</a> in c. 25 BCE (for the first time), <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a> in c. 200 CE, and <a href="/wiki/Hadramaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadramaut">Haḍramaut</a> c. 300 CE. Its political fortunes relative to Saba' changed frequently until it finally conquered the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean Kingdom</a> around 280.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With successive invasion and Arabization, the kingdom collapsed in the early sixth century, as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> conquered it in 530 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller202456–58_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller202456–58-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Himyarites originally worshiped most of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">South-Arabian pantheon</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">ʿAthtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Amm" title="'Amm">'Amm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a>. Since at least the reign of <a href="/wiki/Malkikarib_Yuhamin" title="Malkikarib Yuhamin">Malkikarib Yuhamin</a> (c. 375–400 CE), <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> was adopted as the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> state religion. The religion may have been adopted to some extent as much as two centuries earlier, but inscriptions to polytheistic deities ceased after this date. It was embraced initially by the upper classes, and possibly a large proportion of the general population over time.<sup id="cite_ref-EoAH_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoAH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> kings ruled Himyar in 500 CE until 521–522 CE as well, Christianity itself became the main religion after the Aksumite conquest in 530 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descendants of the Himyarites, namely the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> families of Dhu'l-Kala and Dhu Asbah, played a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">early Islamic Syria</a>. They led the South Arabian contingents of the Muslim army during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">conquest of Homs</a> in 638 and contributed to making <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> a center for South Arabian settlement, culture and political power. Their chiefs supported <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan">Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan</a> against Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Muslim_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Muslim Civil War">First Muslim Civil War</a> (656–661). Their influence waned with their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Battle of Marj Rahit</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Quda%27a" title="Quda'a">Quda'a</a> confederation and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a> in 684 and practically diminished with the death of their leader at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khazir" title="Battle of Khazir">Battle of Khazir</a> in 686. Nonetheless, members of the Dhu'l-Kala and Dhu Asbah played important roles at different times through the remainder of Umayyad rule (661–750) as governors, commanders, scholars, and pietists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The Himyarite Kingdom was a confederation of tribes, several inscriptions and monumental buildings survive of this period which shows evidence of a wealthy, sophisticated, relatively literate society that had a rich variety of local gods and religions. Trade was already well established by the 3rd century AD, with Yemen supplying the Roman Empire with <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>. Further, the late 1st century AD writer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentioned that the kingdom was one of "the richest nations in the world". It was a hub of international trade, linking the Mediterranean, the Middle East and India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade linking East Africa with the Mediterranean world largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Ships from Ḥimyar regularly travelled the East African coast, and the state also exerted a large amount of influence both cultural, religious and political over the trading cities of East Africa whilst the cities of East Africa remained independent. The <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> describes the trading empire of Himyar and its ruler "<a href="/wiki/Charibael" title="Charibael">Charibael</a>" (probably Karab'il Watar Yuhan'em<span class="nowrap"> </span>II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"23. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives Charibael, lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called the Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, Paragraph 23.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg/220px-MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg/330px-MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg/440px-MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>The "Homerite Kingdom" is described in the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> in the 1st century <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period, the Kingdom of Ḥimyar conquered the kingdoms of Saba' and Qataban and took <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92af%C4%81r,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẓafār, Yemen">Raydan/Zafar</a> for its capital instead of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a>; therefore, they have been called <b>Dhu Raydan</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذو ريدان</span></span>). In the early 2nd century AD Saba' and Qataban split from the Kingdom of Ḥimyar; yet in a few decades Qataban was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> (conquered in its turn by Ḥimyar in the 4th century), whereas Saba' was finally conquered by Ḥimyar in the late 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_(bust).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/220px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/330px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/440px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Dhamarʿalīy Yuhbabirr "King of Saba, Dhu Raydan, Hadhramawt and Yamnat" (Himyarite Kingdom) 170–180 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ẓafār's ruins cover scattered over 120 hectare on Mudawwar Mountain 10 km north-north-west of the town of Yarim.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early, Empire and Late/Post art periods have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time in the north a Himyar General by the name of Nuh Ifriqis led an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a> and took control of eastern ports in modern-day Djibouti.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Himyarite generals went as far as invading Rhapta in modern-day Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 4th century, the rich Himyarite export of incense, which had once supplied pagan Rome in its religious offerings, now began to wane with the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Rome">Christianization of Rome</a>, contributing to a collapse in the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_monarchy">Jewish monarchy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia">Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion">Conversion</h4></div> <p>By 300, the Himyarite Kingdom had vanquished other political units (including the <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Saba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Hadrawat</a> kingdoms) and became the ruling power of southern Arabia, uniting the region for the first time. In the mid- to late-fourth century, Himyar or at least its ruling class had adopted Judaism, having transitioned from a polytheistic practice.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events are chronicled by the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Himyarites" title="Book of the Himyarites">Book of the Himyarites</a> and the fifth-century <i>Ecclessiastical History</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomean</a> <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>. Such sources implicate the motive for conversion as a wish on the part of the Himyarite rulers to distance themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> which had tried to convert them to Christianity. This also took place several decades after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> converted to Christianity in 328. No changes occurred in the people's script, calendar, or language (unlike at Aksum after its conversion).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion from polytheism and the institutionalization of Judaism as the official religion is credited in these sources to <a href="/wiki/Malkikarib_Yuhamin" title="Malkikarib Yuhamin">Malkīkarib Yuha’min</a> (r. c. 375–400). According to traditional Islamic sources, the conversion took place under his son, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Karib" title="Abu Karib">Abu Karib</a> (r. c. 400–445).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the mid-fourth century that inscriptions suddenly transition from polytheistic invocations to ones mentioning the high god <a href="/wiki/Rahmanan" title="Rahmanan">Rahmanan</a>, "the Lord of Heaven" or "Lord of Heaven and Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-Nebes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Sabaic inscription dating to this time, titled Ja 856 (or Fa 60) describes the replacement of a polytheistic temple dedicated to the god al-Maqah with a <i>mikrāb</i> (which might be the equivalent of a synagogue or an original form of organization local to Himyarite Judaism<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The evidence suggests a sharp break with polytheism, coinciding with the sudden appearance of Jewish and Aramaic words (‘<i>ālam</i>/world, <i>baraka</i>/bless, <i>haymanōt</i>/guarantee, <i>kanīsat</i>/meeting hall) and personal names (Yṣḥq/Isaac, Yhwd’/Juda), Yws’f/Joseph).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the nature of the Judaism practiced by the rulers is not clear<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Jewish nature of the kings rule was not frequently made explicit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_of_king_Abu_Karib_to_Judaism">Conversion of king Abu Karib to Judaism</h4></div> <p>According to Arabian legends and folklore, king <a href="/wiki/Abu_Karib" title="Abu Karib">Abu Karib</a> (r. 390–420) was the first Jewish convert. His conversion is thought to have followed a military expedition into northern Arabia in an effort to eliminate Byzantine influence, who had sought to expand their influence in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reached and seized <a href="/wiki/Yathrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Yathrib">Yathrib</a> (Medina) and there installed his son as governor. Later, he would learn that his son was killed, and so he returned to besiege the city, during which the Jewish population fought against him. Abu Karib fell ill during the siege, but two Jewish scholars named Ka'b and As'ad were able to restore him to health. They also convinced him to lift the siege and make peace; afterwards, he and his army converted. When he returned home, he brought the scholars back with him into the capital, where he was able to convince the population to also convert.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his eventual death, it was reported that a pagan, <a href="/wiki/Dhu_Shanatir" title="Dhu Shanatir">Dhū-Shanatir</a>, seized the throne as his children he left to rule were all still minors.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, however, Judaism itself was introduced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Malkikarib_Yuhamin" title="Malkikarib Yuhamin">Malkikarib Yuhamin</a>, the father of Abu Karib.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_rise_of_Dhu_Nuwas_and_the_persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Himyarite_realms">The rise of Dhu Nuwas and the persecution of Christians in the Himyarite realms</h4></div> <p>In 470, the Himyarite king <a href="/wiki/Sharhabil_Yakkuf" title="Sharhabil Yakkuf">Sharhabil Yakkuf</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ordered the execution of a Christian priest named Azqir for erecting a chapel with a cross in the city of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the year 500, during the rule of the Jewish monarch <a href="/wiki/Marthad%27ilan_Yu%27nim" title="Marthad'ilan Yu'nim">Marthad'ilan Yu'nim</a> (c. 400–502) the kingdom of Himyar exercised control over much of the Arabian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was around this time that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> invaded the peninsula, overthrowing the Himyarite king and installing in his place the native Christian king, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27dikarib_Ya%27fur" title="Ma'dikarib Ya'fur">Ma'dikarib Ya'fur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Himyarite prince and hardline follower of Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Dhu_Nuwas" title="Dhu Nuwas">Dhu Nuwas</a> (who had attempted to overthrow the dynasty several years earlier), took power after Ma'dikarib Ya'fur had died via a coup d'état, assuming authority after killing the Aksumite garrison in Zafār. He proceeded to engage the Ethiopian guards, and their Christian allies in the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihāma</a> coastal lowlands facing Abyssinia. After taking the port of <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mukhawān</a>, where he burnt down the local church, he advanced south as far as the fortress of Maddabān overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>, where he expected <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Kaleb Ella Aṣbeḥa</a> to land his fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Nebes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign eventually killed between 11,500 and 14,000, and took a similar number of prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mukhawān became his base, while he dispatched one of his generals, a Jewish prince named Sharaḥ'īl Yaqbul dhu Yaz'an, against <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najrān</a>, a predominantly Christian oasis, with a good number of Jews, who had supported with troops his earlier rebellion, but refused to recognize his authority after the massacre of the Aksumite garrison. The general blocked the caravan route connecting Najrān with Eastern Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nebes_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_end_of_Jewish_rule_over_Himyar">The end of Jewish rule over Himyar</h4></div> <p>Dhu Nuwas went on to try combatting the Christianizing influence from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> militarily and massacred the <a href="/wiki/Christian_community_of_Najran" title="Christian community of Najran">Christian community of Najran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is in part documented by an inscription made by Sarah'il Yaqbul-Yaz'an, <a href="/wiki/Ja_1028" title="Ja 1028">Ja 1028</a>, which describes the burning of a church and slaughtering of Abyssinians (Ethiopian Christians), claiming thousands of deaths and prisoners. These events are also discussed in several contemporary Christian sources: in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a>. Soon afterwards, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a> (d. 588) related a letter from another contemporary, Mar Simeon, directed to Abbot von Gabula about the events. In addition, an anonymous author produced the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Himyarites" title="Book of the Himyarites">Book of the Himyarites</a>, a sixth-century <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> chronicle of the persecution and martyrdom of the Christians of Najran. This event to a significant counterattack by the Ethiopian kingdom, leading to the conquest of Himyar in 525–530 and the ultimate defeat and deposition of Dhu Nuwas. This signified the end of the Jewish leadership of southern Arabia,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kaleb appointed a Christian Himyarite, <a href="/wiki/Sumyafa_Ashwa" title="Sumyafa Ashwa">Sumyafa Ashwa</a>, as his viceroy and vassal ruler of Himyar.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aksumite-Sasanian_Wars_and_the_Sasanian_conquest_of_Yemen">Aksumite-Sasanian Wars and the Sasanian conquest of Yemen</h4></div> <p>The Aksumite general, <a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a>, eventually deposed Sumyafa Ashwa and took power, becoming the new ruler of Himyar.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Abraha's death, his son <a href="/wiki/Masruq_ibn_Abraha" title="Masruq ibn Abraha">Masruq ibn Abraha</a> continued the Aksumite vice-royalty in Yemen, resuming payment of tribute to the Aksumites. However, his maternal brother <a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Dhi_Yazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan">Ma'adi Yakrib</a> revolted. </p><p>After being denied by <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>, Ma'adi Yakrib sought help from <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>, the Sassanid Persian Emperor, thus triggering the Aksumite–Persian wars. Khosrow I sent a small fleet and army under Persian military commander Wahrez to depose the king of Yemen. The war culminated with the Siege of Sana'a, capital of Aksumite Yemen. Following the capture of Sanaʽa by Sasanian forces, Wahrez placed Ma'adi Yakrib on the throne of Himyar as a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Persian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 575 or 578, the war resumed again, after Ma'adi Yakrib was killed by Aksumite servants. Wahrez led another army of 8000, ending Axumite overlordship on Yemen. Subsequently, Yemen was <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">annexed by the Sasanian Empire as a province</a>, and Wahrez was installed as its direct governor by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire">Sasanian emperor</a> Khosrow I.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a> remained under firm Sasanian control until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in the early 7th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polytheistic_period">Polytheistic period</h3></div> <p>There is evidence prior to the fourth century that the <a href="/wiki/Solar_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar goddess">solar goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Shams_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams (goddess)">Shams</a> was especially favoured in Himyar, being the national goddess and possibly an ancestral deity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_period">Jewish period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia">Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <p>During the fourth century onwards after the Himyarite kingdom (or at least its ruling class) converted to Judaism, or a Jewish-inflected monotheism, references to pagan gods disappeared from royal inscriptions and texts on public buildings, and were replaced by references to a single deity in official texts. Inscriptions in the Sabean language, and sometimes Hebrew, called this deity <i><a href="/wiki/Rahmanan" title="Rahmanan">Rahmanan</a></i> (<i>The Merciful</i>), “Lord of the Heavens and Earth,” the “God of Israel” and “Lord of the Jews”. Prayers invoking Rahman's blessings on the “people of Israel” in monumental inscriptions often ended with the Hebrew words <i>shalom</i> and <i>amen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is scanter material regarding the religious affiliations of the locals. All inscriptions are monotheistic, but the religious identity of their authors is not always explicit. However, there is evidence for the practice of Judaism among locals as well. The name "Israel" appears in four inscriptions and replaces the earlier term shaʿb/community:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one inscription from the fifth century mentions the "God of Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three inscriptions mention the "God of the Jews". MAFRAY-Ḥaṣī 1, describes the construction of a graveyard specifically for the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Hebrew inscription known as <a href="/wiki/DJE_23" title="DJE 23">DJE 23</a> from the village of <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Hadir" title="Bayt Hadir">Bayt Hadir</a>, 15 km east of <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>. It lists the <i>mishmarot</i> ("guards"), enumerating the twenty-four Priestly families (and their place of residence in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>) appointed to protect the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> after the return of the Jews following the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>. It is also written in biblical as opposed to Aramaic orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentions of synagogues, indicating the formal organization of Jews in Southern Arabia, are present in a fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> inscription and a late sixth century Greek inscription from the port of Qāniʾ which uses the phrase <i>eis Theos</i> to refer to God and mentions a <i>hagios topos</i>, a phrase typically connoting a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional evidence is also known.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian Julien Robin argues that the epigraphic evidence argues against viewing the Judaism of Himyar as rabbinic. This is based on the absence of belief in the afterlife (shared by the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>), the predominant use of a local language (Sabaic) as opposed to Hebrew, and the priestly emphasis of DJE 23, Himyarite Judaism may have been more "Priestly" than "Rabbinic".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Iwona Gajda interprets DJE 23 as evidence for the presence of rabbinic Judaism, and further points to evidence that the loanwords present in Ḥasī 1 indicate that its author was strongly familiar with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately, Jewish literary texts outside of Yemen do not discuss the Jewish community there.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, epigraphs from Palestine and Jordan do reflect communication and knowledge from the Yemenite Jewish community: </p> <ul><li>An inscription from Palestine using the <a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> script (a South Arabian script) is known.</li> <li>A Greek inscription from the village of <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_necropolis" title="Beit She'arim necropolis">Beit She'arim</a> mentions the burial of a "Himyarite".</li> <li>A fifth-century Hebrew epitaph from <a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> describes an individual named Ywsh br ʾWfy who "died in Ẓafār, the land of the Ḥimyarites".</li></ul> <p>These communication routes may have also transferred rabbinic and other Jewish teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_period">Christian period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia">Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <p>During the Ethiopian Christian period, Christianity appears to have become the official religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many churches began to be built.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the inscription RIÉ 191, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>, describes the construction of a church off the coast of Yemen. The Marib Dam inscription from 548 mentions a priest, a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of that monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the Himyarite period, Christian inscriptions continue to refer to the monotheistic deity using the name <a href="/wiki/Rahmanan" title="Rahmanan">Rahmanan</a>, but now these inscriptions are accompanied with crosses and references to Christ as the Messiah and the Holy Spirit. For example, one (damaged) inscription, as for example in Ist 7608 bis. Another extensive inscription, CIH 541, documents Abraha sponsoring the construction of a church at <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a>, besides invoking/mentioning the Messiah, Spirit, and celebrations hosted by a priest at another church. Abraha celebrated the construction of the dam by holding mass in the city church and inviting ambassadors from Rome and Persia. Later Islamic historiography also ascribes to Abraha the construction of a church at <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>. Abraha's inscriptions bear a relatively low Christology, perhaps meant to assuage the Jewish population, and their formulae resemble descriptions of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Dabub_inscription" title="Jabal Dabub inscription">Jabal Dabub inscription</a> is another South Arabian Christian graffito dating to the sixth century and containing a pre-Islamic variant of the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Whereas Abraha's predecessor more explicitly denoted Jesus as the Son of Rahmanan and as "Victor" (corresponding to Aksumite description under <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Kaleb of Axum</a>), and made use of Trinitarian formulae, Abraha began to only describe Jesus as God's "Messiah" (but not Son) and, in aligning himself more closely with <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, replaced Aksumite Christian with Syriac loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the phrase "Rahmanan and his son Christ the conqueror" in inscriptions from this time owes to the use of the Syriac loanword Masīḥ.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, the separation of Abraha's Himyar from the Akumsite kingdom corresponded to its greater alignment with the Christianity espoused in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and Syria. Inscriptions from this region disappear after 560.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraha's influence would end up extending across the regions he conquered, including regions of eastern Arabia, central Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, and an unidentified site called Gzm.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <p>As the Byzantines were usually equipped with armored horses, Indian fenestrated battle axe, round shield, spear, and scale or mail armor, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Paul Yule</a> argued that the Himyarite soldiers were armed in comparable fashion, if not as consistently.<sup id="cite_ref-Himyar_Spätantike_Im_Jemen_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himyar_Spätantike_Im_Jemen-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area,_near_Najran,_Saudi_Arabia,_earl;y_6th_century_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area%2C_near_Najran%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_earl%3By_6th_century_%283%29.jpg/220px-Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area%2C_near_Najran%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_earl%3By_6th_century_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area%2C_near_Najran%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_earl%3By_6th_century_%283%29.jpg/330px-Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area%2C_near_Najran%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_earl%3By_6th_century_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area%2C_near_Najran%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_earl%3By_6th_century_%283%29.jpg/440px-Inscription_of_Himyarite_king_Dhu_Nuwas_at_Hima_Cultural_Area%2C_near_Najran%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_earl%3By_6th_century_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="9000" /></a><figcaption>Himyarite inscription of King Dhu Nuwas left near <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>, Saudi Arabia. Dated to the 6th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>It is a matter of debate whether the Ṣayhadic Himyarite language was spoken in the south-western Arabian peninsula until the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few 'Himyarite' texts seem to be rhymed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">List of rulers of Saba and Himyar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Himyarite_dynasties_after_the_coming_of_Islam">Himyarite dynasties after the coming of Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></div> <p>After the spread of Islam in Yemen, Himyarite noble families were able to re-establish control over parts of Yemen. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yufirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufirids">Yufirid Dynasty</a> over most of Yemen (847–997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdid Dynasty</a> over Southern Tihama (1159–1174)</li> <li>Manakhis over Taiz (ninth century)</li></ul> <p>Many Himyarites participated in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Syria">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> in the 630s and, along with other South Arabian tribes, settled in city of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> after its capture in 637.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city became the center of these tribes in <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Islamic Syria</a>, which served as the center of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> during <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> rule (661–750).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199445_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199445-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two principal Himyarite families that established themselves in Homs were the Dhu Asbah and Dhu'l-Kala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter had been the most influential family in South Arabia before the advent of Islam there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the leaders of the conquering Muslim troops was the Himyarite prince <a href="/wiki/Dhu%27l-Kala_Samayfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu'l-Kala Samayfa">Samayfa ibn Nakur</a> of the Dhu'l-Kala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Asbah chief Kurayb ibn Abraha Abu Rishdin led the Himyar of Homs, but he later moved to Egypt with most of the Dhu Asbah. Members of that family, Abraha ibn Sabbah and his son Abu Shamir, had participated in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 640–641.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samayfa was another dominant figure of the city and was referred to in the early Muslim sources as the "king of Himyar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the governorship of Syria by <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan">Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan</a> (640s–661), the Himyarites supported him against Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 656–661</span>) during the <a href="/wiki/First_Muslim_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Muslim Civil War">First Muslim Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> with Ali in 657, Samayfa led the Homs contingent in Mu'awiya's army and was slain. He was succeeded by his son Shurahbil as the power-broker of the Homs tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Werner_Caskel" title="Werner Caskel">Werner Caskel</a>, the Himyar and the other South Arabian tribes of Homs, including the <a href="/wiki/Hamdan" title="Hamdan">Hamdan</a>, formed a confederation called after their supposed ancestor <a href="/wiki/Qahtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahtan">Qahtan</a> in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Quda%27a" title="Quda'a">Quda'a</a> confederation, whose constituent tribes had long resided in Syria before the advent of Islam. To the chagrin of the South Arabians in Homs and the <a href="/wiki/Qays" title="Qays">Qays</a> tribes of northern Syria, the Quda'a, led by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Banu Kalb</a> tribe, held the supreme position among the tribal groups in the courts of the first Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 661–680</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199444–45_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199444–45-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the strong presence of the Himyarite elite and South Arabian tribesmen in Homs, their scholars there developed and propagated an ideology of Qahtanite preeminence that sought to compete with the elite groups of Islam, including the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, whose members held the office of the caliph. To that end, they composed and transmitted narratives of the pre-Islamic South Arabian kingdoms, including war stories of these kings' far-flung conquests and heroics and tales of their wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142–143_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142–143-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the deaths of Yazid I and his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a> in 683 and 684, respectively, the Qahtan and the Qays backed the rival caliphate of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, who was based in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, while the Quda'a supported the candidacy of the Umayyad <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199445–46_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199445–46-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurayb ibn Abraha also backed Ibn al-Zubayr in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qahtan joined Ibn al-Zubayr's representative in Syria, <a href="/wiki/Dahhak_ibn_Qays_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri">Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Battle of Marj Rahit</a> against Marwan and the Quda'a in 684. The latter decisively won that battle. Afterward, Dahhak's commander in Homs, <a href="/wiki/Nu%27man_ibn_Bashir_al-Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari">Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari</a>, was tracked down and killed by the Dhu'l-Kala. A member of the family who had served as the head of Yazid I's <i><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">shurta</a></i> (select troops), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalid_ibn_Ma%27dan_ibn_Abi_Karib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalid ibn Ma'dan ibn Abi Karib (page does not exist)">Khalid ibn Ma'dan ibn Abi Karib</a>, decapitated Nu'man and sent his head to Marwan I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after Marj Rahit, Qahtan and Quda'a reconciled under unclear circumstances and formed the super-tribal group of the <a href="/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">Yaman</a> in alliance against the Qays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199446_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199446-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">Qays–Yaman rivalry</a> for political power and privilege persisted through the remainder of Umayyad rule. </p><p>In 686 Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l-Kala, the leader of the Himyar in Syria, was slain commanding his troops in the Umayyad army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khazir" title="Battle of Khazir">Battle of Khazir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986146_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986146-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the Himyar in Homs "sank to military insignificance", according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986184_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986184-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khalid ibn Ma'dan maintained his position of prestige with the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a> and Syrian Muslim society in general, having shifted to a new role as a prominent Muslim scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurayb's cousin Ayyub ibn Shurahbil ibn Sabbah served as the governor of Egypt under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 717–720</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a Dhu'l-Kala member, Imran ibn al-Nu'man, served as the Caliph's governor of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Sind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200395_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200395-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Muslim_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Muslim Civil War">Third Muslim Civil War</a>, the Dhu Asbah tribesmen who had remained in South Arabia are recorded among the supporters of the Kharijite leader Abu Hamza.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394–95_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394–95-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible member of the family in Syria, Nadr ibn Yarim, led a summertime military expedition against the Byzantines under the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 750–754</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200395_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200395-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestral_divisions_of_Himyar">Ancestral divisions of Himyar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Himyar" title="Special:EditPage/Himyar">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg/220px-SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg/330px-SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg/440px-SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the Himyarite Kingdom, southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, in which ships passing between Egypt and India would stop. This is an imitation of a coin of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. 1st Century CE.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Himyar: The most famous of whose septs were Zaid Al-Jamhur, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Quda%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Quda'a">Banu Quda'a</a> and Sakasik.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlan" title="Kahlan">Kahlan</a>: The most famous of whose septs were <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Hamdan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anmar" title="Anmar">Anmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Ṭayy</a> (today their descendants are known as <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hij" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hij">Midhhij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinda_(tribe)" title="Kinda (tribe)">Kinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhm">Lakhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judham" class="mw-redirect" title="Judham">Judham</a></li></ul> <p>Kahlan septs emigrated from Yemen to dwell in the different parts of the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Great Flood (Sail Al-‘Arim of <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a>), due to the failure of trade under the Roman pressure and domain on both sea and land trade routes following Roman occupation of Egypt and Syria. </p><p>Naturally enough, the competition between <a href="/wiki/Kahlan" title="Kahlan">Kahlan</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ḥimyar</a> led to the evacuation of the first and the settlement of the second in Yemen. </p><p>The emigrating septs of Kahlan can be divided into four groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a>: Who, under the leadership of ‘Imrān bin ‘Amr Muzaiqbā’, wandered in Yemen, sent pioneers and finally headed northwards. Details of their emigration can be summed up as follows: <ul><li>Tha‘labah bin ‘Amr left his tribe Al-Azd for Ḥijāz and dwelt between Tha‘labiyah and Dhī Qār. When he gained strength, he headed for <a href="/wiki/Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah">Madīnah</a> where he stayed. Of his seed are Aws and Khazraj, sons of Haritha bin Tha‘labah.</li> <li>Haritha bin ‘Amr, known as Khuzā‘ah, wandered with his people in Hijaz until they came to Mar Az-Zahran. They conquered the Ḥaram, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a> after having driven away its people, the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a>.</li> <li>‘Imrān bin ‘Amr and his folks went to ‘Oman where they established the tribe of Azd whose children inhabited Tihama and were known as Azd-of-Shanu’a.</li> <li>Jafna bin ‘Amr and his family, headed for Syria where he settled and initiated the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassan</a> who was so named after a spring of water, in Ḥijāz, where they stopped on their way to Syria.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhm">Lakhm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Judham" title="Banu Judham">Judham</a>: Of whom was Nasr bin Rabi‘a, father of Manadhira, Kings of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hirah">al-Hirah</a>.</li> <li>Banū <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Ṭayy</a>: Who also emigrated northwards to settle by the so- called Aja and Salma Mountains which were consequently named as Tai’ Mountains. The tribe later became the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kinda</a>: Who dwelt in Bahrain but were expelled to Hadramout and Najd where they instituted a powerful government but not for long, for the whole tribe soon faded away.</li></ul> <p>Another tribe of Himyar, known as <a href="/wiki/Banu_Quda%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Quda'a">Banū Quḑā'ah</a>, also left Yemen and dwelt in <a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samāwah</a> on the borders of Iraq. </p><p>However, it is estimated that the majority of the Ḥimyar Christian royalty migrated into Jordan, Al-Karak, where initially they were known as Banū Ḥimyar (Sons of Ḥimyar). Many later on moved to central Jordan <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">to settle in Madaba under the family name of Al-Hamarneh (pop 12,000, est. 2010)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Sheba_and_Himyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Sheba and Himyar">Rulers of Sheba and Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub%27a_Abu_Kariba_As%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tub'a Abu Kariba As'ad">Tub'a Abu Kariba As'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen" title="Zafar, Yemen">Zafar, Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Persian wars">Ethiopian–Persian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Jewish states and dynasties">List of Jewish states and dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27l-Kala_Samayfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu'l-Kala Samayfa">Dhu'l-Kala Samayfa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although it may possibly have been adopted earlier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حِمْيَر</span>, <i>Ḥimyar; </i> <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Ṣayhadic</a>: [𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩧𐩣] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>, <i>Ḥmyrm</i>) or the <b>Himyarite Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مملكة حِمْيَر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mamlakat Ḥimyar</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ממלכת חִמְיָר</span>) historically referred to as the <b>Homerite Kingdom</b> by the Greeks and the Romans (its subjects being called <b>Homeritae</b>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In forming the pact, the Kalb and Quda'a changed their genealogical descent to Himyar from the north Arabian tribe of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27add" title="Ma'add">Ma'add</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199446_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199446-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Himyar">"Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>Himyar</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906073455/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Himyar">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Himyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHimyar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drouot.com/en/l/20578434-greece%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6himyaritesta">"GREECE. PALESTINE. HIMYARITES. Taran Yaub, ca. 200 A.D. … | Drouot.com"</a>. <i>drouot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drouot.com&rft.atitle=GREECE.+PALESTINE.+HIMYARITES.+Taran+Yaub%2C+ca.+200+A.D.+%E2%80%A6+%26%23124%3B+Drouot.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrouot.com%2Fen%2Fl%2F20578434-greece%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E5%258B%2592%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%259D%25A6himyaritesta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.integritycoinstore.com/products/greek-coinage-arabia-felix-himyarites-1st-century-ad-ngc-vf-store-191510">"Greek Coinage; Arabia Felix Himyarites, 1st Century AD, NGC VF, Store #191510"</a>. <i>Integrity Coin Store</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrity+Coin+Store&rft.atitle=Greek+Coinage%3B+Arabia+Felix+Himyarites%2C+1st+Century+AD%2C+NGC+VF%2C+Store+%23191510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.integritycoinstore.com%2Fproducts%2Fgreek-coinage-arabia-felix-himyarites-1st-century-ad-ngc-vf-store-191510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoAH-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoAH_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoAH_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jérémie Schiettecatte. Himyar. Roger S. Bagnall; Kai Brodersen; Craige B. Champion; Andrew Erskine; <a href="/wiki/Sabine_R._Huebner" title="Sabine R. Huebner">Sabine R. Huebner</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2017, 9781444338386.ff10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30219ff. ffhalshs-01585072ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Bafaqih 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair1867" class="citation journal cs1">Playfair, Col (1867). "On the Himyaritic Inscriptions Lately brought to England from Southern Arabia". <i>Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London</i>. <b>5</b>: 174–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3014224">10.2307/3014224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014224">3014224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Ethnological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Himyaritic+Inscriptions+Lately+brought+to+England+from+Southern+Arabia&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=174-177&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3014224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3014224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Col&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller202456–58-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller202456–58_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2024">Miller 2024</a>, p. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Julien Robin, "Arabia and Ethiopia," in Scott Johnson (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA289"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity</i></a>, Oxford University Press 2012 pp.247–333, p.279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2021" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of Judaism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 297–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51717-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51717-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51717-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+in+pre-Islamic+Arabia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51717-1&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2015" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian Julien (2015). "Ḥimyar, Aksūm, and Arabia Deserta in Late Antiquity: The Epigraphic Evidence". In Fisher, Greg (ed.). <i>Arabs and empires before Islam</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 164–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965452-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965452-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965452-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4imyar%2C+Aks%C5%ABm%2C+and+Arabia+Deserta+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+The+Epigraphic+Evidence&rft.btitle=Arabs+and+empires+before+Islam&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=164-167&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965452-9&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2011" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, Neil (6 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC"><i>A History of the World in 100 Objects</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. 287–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196683-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196683-0"><bdi>978-0-14-196683-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111025332/https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+100+Objects&rft.pages=287-291&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196683-0&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3mUtaSxCncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html">"Source"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2Fperiplus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32923104/Korotayev_A._Pre-Islamic_Yemen._Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_1996"><i>Pre-Islamic Yemen</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716100358/http://www.academia.edu/32923104/Korotayev_A._Pre-Islamic_Yemen._Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_Verlag_1996">Archived</a> 16 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Paul Alan Yule</a>, <i>Late Antique Arabia Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a ‘Decadent’ Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen</i>, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 29, Wiesbaden 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0417-2442">0417-2442</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06935-9">978-3-447-06935-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Paul Yule</a>, <i>Himyar–Die Spätantike im Jemen/Late Antique Yemen</i>, Aichwald 2007, pages 123–160<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929290-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929290-35-6">978-3-929290-35-6</a>; R. Stupperich and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Paul Alan Yule</a>, Ḥimyarite Period Bronze Sculptural Groups from the Yemenite Highlands, in: A. Sedov (ed.), Arabian and Islamic Studies A Collection of Papers in Honour of Mikhail Borishovic Piotrovskij on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, Moscow, 2014, 338–67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-903417-63-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-903417-63-6">978-5-903417-63-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Al Waqidi</i>. p. 843.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Waqidi&rft.pages=843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean". New York : Longmans, Green. 1912. pp. 33–35</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periplus+of+the+Erythraean+Sea%3A+travel+and+trade+in+the+Indian+Ocean%22.+New+York+%3A+Longmans%2C+Green.+1912.+pp.+33%E2%80%9335.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2012" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian J. (2012). "Arabia and Ethiopia". <i>The Oxford handbook of late antiquity</i>. Oxford handbooks. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 247–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabia+and+Ethiopia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+late+antiquity&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.series=Oxford+handbooks&rft.pages=247-332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2020" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron (2020). "South Arabian 'Judaism', Ḥimyarite Raḥmanism, and the Origins of Islam". In Segovia, Carlos Andrés (ed.). <i>Remapping emergent Islam: texts, social settings, and ideological trajectories</i>. Social worlds of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6298-806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6298-806-4"><bdi>978-94-6298-806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Arabian+%27Judaism%27%2C+%E1%B8%A4imyarite+Ra%E1%B8%A5manism%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Remapping+emergent+Islam%3A+texts%2C+social+settings%2C+and+ideological+trajectories&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Social+worlds+of+late+antiquity+and+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=26-29&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-94-6298-806-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nebes-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nebes_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nebes_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nebes_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbert Nebes, 'The Martyrs of Najrān and End of the Ḥimyar: On the Political History of South Arabia in the Early Sixth Century,' the Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcgCErhKGrAC&pg=PA43"><i>The Qur'ān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur'ānic Milieu,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309211104/https://books.google.com/books?id=GcgCErhKGrAC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> 9 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BRILL 2010 pp.27–60, p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2021" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of Judaism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 297–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51717-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51717-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51717-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+in+pre-Islamic+Arabia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=297-303&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51717-1&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2020" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron (2020). "South Arabian 'Judaism', Ḥimyarite Raḥmanism, and the Origins of Islam". In Segovia, Carlos Andrés (ed.). <i>Remapping emergent Islam: texts, social settings, and ideological trajectories</i>. Social worlds of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 30–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6298-806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6298-806-4"><bdi>978-94-6298-806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Arabian+%27Judaism%27%2C+%E1%B8%A4imyarite+Ra%E1%B8%A5manism%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Remapping+emergent+Islam%3A+texts%2C+social+settings%2C+and+ideological+trajectories&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Social+worlds+of+late+antiquity+and+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=30-34&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-94-6298-806-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2021" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of Judaism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 317–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51717-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51717-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51717-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+in+pre-Islamic+Arabia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=317-318&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51717-1&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Christian+Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Jewish Kingdom of Himyar (Yemen): Its Rise and Fall," by Jacob Adler, <i><a href="/wiki/Midstream_(magazine)" title="Midstream (magazine)">Midstream</a></i>, May/June 2000, Volume XXXXVI No. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Yule, <i>Himyar Spätantike im Jemen, Late Antique Yemen,</i> Aichwald, 2007, p. 98-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin, Christian Julien (2015). "Before Ḥimyar: Epigraphic Evidence for the Kingdoms of South Arabia". In Fisher, Greg (ed.). Arabs and Empires Before Islam. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinckler1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winckler, Hugo (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7n5FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA334"><i>Altorientalische Forschungen</i></a> (in German). 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"A pre-Islamic basmala: reflections on its first epigraphic attestation and its original significance". <i>Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam</i>. <b>52</b>: 1–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Studies+in+Arabic+and+Islam&rft.atitle=A+pre-Islamic+basmala%3A+reflections+on+its+first+epigraphic+attestation+and+its+original+significance&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbach2022" class="citation journal cs1">Arbach, Mounir (2022). "Le christianisme en Arabie avant l'Islam". <i>Bulletin des Chrétiens d'Orient</i>: 17–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+des+Chr%C3%A9tiens+d%27Orient&rft.atitle=Le+christianisme+en+Arabie+avant+l%27Islam&rft.pages=17-26&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Arbach&rft.aufirst=Mounir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2023" class="citation book cs1">Grasso, Valentina A. (2023). <i>Pre-islamic Arabia: societies, politics, cults and identities during late antiquity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-25296-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-25296-6"><bdi>978-1-009-25296-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-islamic+Arabia%3A+societies%2C+politics%2C+cults+and+identities+during+late+antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-25296-6&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=Valentina+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himyar_Spätantike_Im_Jemen-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Himyar_Spätantike_Im_Jemen_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Yule2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Paul Yule</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dRtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Himyar Spätantike Im Jemen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(hardcover)</span> (Excavations (Archaeology) – Yemen (Republic), Himjar – Geschichte 30–570, Yemen (Republic) – Antiquities, Excavations (Archaeology)) (in English and German). Linden Soft. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783929290356" title="Special:BookSources/9783929290356"><bdi>9783929290356</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309214948/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Himyar/5dRtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himyar+Sp%C3%A4tantike+Im+Jemen&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Linden+Soft&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783929290356&rft.au=Paul+Yule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dRtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pro: C. Robin, Himyaritic, in <i>Encycl. Arab. Language & Linguistics</i>, 2010, 256–261, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14973-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14973-1">978-90-04-14973-1</a>; Contra: P. Stein, The ‘Himyaritic’ Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation, <i>Semitica et classica</i> 1, 2008, 203–212, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2295-8991">2295-8991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi200913_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Qadi2009">Al-Qadi 2009</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199445-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199445_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone1994">Crone 1994</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2003">Crone 2003</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986141_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199444–45-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199444–45_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone1994">Crone 1994</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142–143-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986142–143_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199445–46-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199445–46_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone1994">Crone 1994</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone199446-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199446_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone199446_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone1994">Crone 1994</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986146-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986146_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986184-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1986184_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1986">Madelung 1986</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200395-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200395_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200395_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2003">Crone 2003</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200394–95-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200394–95_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2003">Crone 2003</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Joseph (May–June 2000). 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Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.: 1–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1994.71.1.1">10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1818">0021-1818</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154370527">154370527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Were+the+Qays+and+Yemen+of+the+Umayyad+Period+Political+Parties%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-57&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154370527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-1818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1994.71.1.1&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (2003) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOu7XGjKmkAC"><i>Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity</i></a>. 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Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03679-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03679-5"><bdi>978-3-447-03679-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Islamic+Yemen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03679-5&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (Autumn 1986). "Apocalyptic Prophecies in Hims in the Umayyad Age". <i>Journal of Semitic Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=Apocalyptic+Prophecies+in+Hims+in+the+Umayyad+Age&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2024" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nathaniel (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSr6EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Emergence of Arabic Poetry: From Regional Identities to Islamic Canonization</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2531-2"><bdi>978-1-5128-2531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Arabic+Poetry%3A+From+Regional+Identities+to+Islamic+Canonization&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-2531-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSr6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStupperichYule2014" class="citation book cs1">Stupperich, R.; Yule, Paul (2014). "Ḥimyarite Period Bronze Sculptural Groups from the Yemenite Highlands". In A. Sedov (ed.). <i>Arabian and Islamic Studies A Collection of Papers in Honour of Mikhail Borishovic Piotrovskij on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday</i>. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyĭ muzeĭ Vostoka. pp. 338–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-903417-63-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-903417-63-6"><bdi>978-5-903417-63-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4imyarite+Period+Bronze+Sculptural+Groups+from+the+Yemenite+Highlands&rft.btitle=Arabian+and+Islamic+Studies+A+Collection+of+Papers+in+Honour+of+Mikhail+Borishovic+Piotrovskij+on+the+Occasion+of+his+70th+Birthday&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=338-67&rft.pub=Gosudarstvenny%C4%AD+muze%C4%AD+Vostoka&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-5-903417-63-6&rft.aulast=Stupperich&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Yule%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Yule, Paul</a> (2007). <i>Himyar Late Antique Yemen/Die Spätantike im Jemen</i>. Aichwald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929290-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929290-35-6"><bdi>978-3-929290-35-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himyar+Late+Antique+Yemen%2FDie+Sp%C3%A4tantike+im+Jemen&rft.pub=Aichwald&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-929290-35-6&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yule, Paul (2005). "Zafar-The Capital of the Ancient Himyarite Empire Rediscovered". <i>Jemen-Report</i>. <b>36</b>: 22–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jemen-Report&rft.atitle=Zafar-The+Capital+of+the+Ancient+Himyarite+Empire+Rediscovered&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=22-29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule2013" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Paul (2013). <i>Late Antique Arabia Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a 'Decadent' Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen</i>. Vol. 29. Wiesbaden: Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06935-9"><bdi>978-3-447-06935-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antique+Arabia+%E1%BA%92af%C4%81r%2C+Capital+of+%E1%B8%A4imyar%2C+Rehabilitation+of+a+%27Decadent%27+Society%2C+Excavations+of+the+Ruprecht-Karls-Universit%C3%A4t+Heidelberg+1998%E2%80%932010+in+the+Highlands+of+the+Yemen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Abhandlungen+Deutsche+Orient-Gesellschaft&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06935-9&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimyar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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