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and change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_innovation_and_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_at_the_end_of_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_at_the_end_of_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Earth at the end of the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_at_the_end_of_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wars and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_entertainment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and entertainment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_television_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_television_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Film, television and theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_television_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>Notable diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Energy and the environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Engineering and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engineering_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Engineering and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Space exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">20th century</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 171 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">171 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/20ste_eeu" title="20ste eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="20ste eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Jahrhundert" title="20. Jahrhundert – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="20. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="20ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="20ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_g%C4%93arhundred" title="20e gēarhundred – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="20e gēarhundred" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_20" title="القرن 20 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 20" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XX" title="Sieglo XX – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XX" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX%C3%A9mo_si%C3%A8cllo" title="XXémo siècllo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="XXémo siècllo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XX" title="Sieglu XX – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XX" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XX гӀасру – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XX гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%C9%99sr" title="XX əsr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XX əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B2%DB%B0._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۲۰. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۲۰. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-20" title="Abad ka-20 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-20" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="বিংশ শতাব্দী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিংশ শতাব্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="20 sè-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="20 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-20" title="Abad kaping-20 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-20" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XX быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XX быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XX стагоддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XX стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XX стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XX стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="20 век – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="20 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._vijek" title="20. vijek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="20. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXvet_kantved" title="XXvet kantved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XXvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="XX зуун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="XX зуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XX" title="Segle XX – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XX" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XX ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XX ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoriya:Siglo_20" title="Kategoriya:Siglo 20 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kategoriya:Siglo 20" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._stolet%C3%AD" title="20. století – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="20. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/20fed_ganrif" title="20fed ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="20fed ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="20. århundrede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="20. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_20" title="لقرن 20 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لقرن 20" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-lohku_(jahke%C4%8Duohti)" title="1900-lohku (jahkečuohti) – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1900-lohku (jahkečuohti)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Jahrhundert" title="20. Jahrhundert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="20. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._sajand" title="20. sajand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="20. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="20ός αιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="20ός αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_s%C3%A9cul" title="XX sécul – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XX sécul" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XX пинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XX пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XX" title="Siglo XX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-a_jarcento" title="20-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="20-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XX" title="Sigru XX – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XX" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XX. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده بیستم میلادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده بیستم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="20th century" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._%C3%B8ld" title="20. øld – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="20. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XXe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_iuw" title="20e iuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="20e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%C3%BA_haois" title="20ú haois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="20ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/20oo_eash" title="20oo eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="20oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/20mh_Linn" title="20mh Linn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="20mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83" title="XX бӀаьшу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="XX бӀаьшу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="20世紀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="20世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_s%E1%B9%B3-ki" title="20 sṳ-ki – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="20 sṳ-ki" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="20세기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="20세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="20-րդ դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="20-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="बीसवीं शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीसवीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._l%C4%9Btstotk" title="20. lětstotk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="20. lětstotk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._stolje%C4%87e" title="20. stoljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="20. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/20ma_yarcento" title="20ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="20ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maika-20_a_siglo" title="Maika-20 a siglo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Maika-20 a siglo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-20" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_20" title="Seculo 20 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 20" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="XX æнус – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XX æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._%C3%B6ldin" title="20. öldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="20. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XX secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-20" title="המאה ה-20 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-20" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_20" title="Abad ping 20 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 20" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XX საუკუნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XX საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XX ғасыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XX ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/20ves_kansbledhen" title="20ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="20ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_20" title="Karne ya 20 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 20" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="XX нэм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="XX нэм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-eafa_decemda" title="20-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="20-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_20an" title="Sedsala 20an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 20an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88_20" title="ຄິດຕະສະຕະວັດທີ່ 20 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິດຕະສະຕະວັດທີ່ 20" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_godu_symts" title="20 godu symts – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="20 godu symts" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_20" title="Saeculum 20 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 20" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._gadsimts" title="20. gadsimts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="20. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Joerhonnert" title="20. Joerhonnert – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="20. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XX виш йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XX виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_am%C5%BEius" title="XX amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XX amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XX secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twintegste_iew" title="Twintegste iew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twintegste iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonk%C3%A1m%C3%A1_bwa_XX" title="Bonkámá bwa XX – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bonkámá bwa XX" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_20" title="Sentenio 20 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 20" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_vuozisada" title="XX vuozisada – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="XX vuozisada" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/19xyxymoi" title="19xyxymoi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="19xyxymoi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XX" title="Sécul XX – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XX" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._sz%C3%A1zad" title="20. század – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="20. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="20 век – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="20 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇരുപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരുപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_20" title="Rautau 20 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 20" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे २० वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे २० वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XX ოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XX ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="القرن العشرين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن العشرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%DB%B2%DB%B0" title="قرن ۲۰ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قرن ۲۰" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-20" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaik_ka-20_SM" title="Abaik ka-20 SM – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abaik ka-20 SM" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="20 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="20 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seclo_XX" title="Seclo XX – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Seclo XX" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="20-р зуун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="20-р зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%82%E1%81%80_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၂၀ ရာစုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၂၀ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XX" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XX – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XX" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="20e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_ieuw" title="20e ieuw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="20e ieuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="बीसौँ शताब्दी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बीसौँ शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="20世紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="20世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_seculo" title="XX seculo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XX seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XX бӀешо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XX бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._juarhunert" title="20. juarhunert – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="20. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._%C3%A5rhundre" title="20. århundre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="20. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-talet" title="1900-talet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1900-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXe_s." title="XXe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XXe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/20esmi_sekle" title="20esmi sekle – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="20esmi sekle" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XX" title="Sègle XX – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XX" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XX курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XX курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_asr" title="XX asr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XX asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="20ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="20ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ویہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_20" title="Siglo 20 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 20" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D" title="شلمه پېړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شلمه پېړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Johrhunnert" title="20. Johrhunnert – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="20. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_wiek" title="XX wiek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XX wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XX-lea" title="Secolul al XX-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XX-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/20avel_tschientaner" title="20avel tschientaner – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="20avel tschientaner" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="20 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="20 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XX. стороча – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XX. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XX век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XX век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XX үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XX үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/20t_century" title="20t century – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="20t century" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Jierhunnert" title="20. Jierhunnert – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="20. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_20" title="Ngwagakgolo 20 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 20" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XX" title="Shekulli XX – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XX" title="Sèculu XX – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XX" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82_20_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83" title="ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 20 වන සියවස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 20 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="20th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._storo%C4%8Die" title="20. storočie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="20. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._stoletje" title="20. stoletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="20. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_stole%C4%87e" title="XX stoleće – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="XX stoleće" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarnigii_labaatanaad" title="Qarnigii labaatanaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qarnigii labaatanaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A2%D9%A0%DB%95%D9%85" title="سەدەی ٢٠ەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ٢٠ەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="20. век – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="20. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._vijek" title="20. vijek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="20. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-20" title="Abad ka-20 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-20" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-luku" title="1900-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1900-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-talet" title="1900-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1900-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-20_dantaon" title="Ika-20 dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-20 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lqern_wis_20" title="Lqern wis 20 – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lqern wis 20" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XX гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XX гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_20" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 20 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 20" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="20 వ శతాబ్దం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="20 వ శతాబ్దం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_20" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XX" title="Садаи XX – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XX" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="20. yüzyıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="20. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-nji_asyr" title="20-nji asyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="20-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XX століття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XX століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بیسویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیسویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_seco%C5%82o" title="XX secoło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XX secoło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_20" title="Thế kỷ 20 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 20" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumyel_20id" title="Tumyel 20id – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tumyel 20id" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._aastagasada" title="20. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="20. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/20inme_sieke" title="20inme sieke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="20inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-20_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-20 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-20 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="20世纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="20世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="20סטער י"ה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="20סטער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="20世紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="20世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_20%C4%B1ne" title="Seserra 20ıne – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 20ıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_e%C3%AAuw" title="20e eêuw – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="20e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_om%C5%BEios" title="XX omžios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XX omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="20世纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="20世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%C9%99sr" title="XX əsr – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="XX əsr" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6927#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">One hundred years, from 1901 to 2000</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/20th_century_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="20th century (disambiguation)">20th century (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/330px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/440px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i>, taken on December 24, 1968 by astronaut <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William "Bill" Anders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> space mission. It was the first photograph taken of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">20th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of the 19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of the 20th century">20th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> State leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_19th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century">20th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_21st_century" title="List of state leaders in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900s" title="1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910s" title="1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_births" title="Category:20th-century births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_deaths" title="Category:20th-century deaths">Deaths</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_establishments" title="Category:20th-century establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_disestablishments" title="Category:20th-century disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centurybox" title="Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centurybox" title="Template talk:Centurybox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>20th century</b> began on 1 January <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> (MCMI), and ended on 31 December <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> (MM).<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the 10th and last century of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> and was marked by new models of scientific understanding, unprecedented scopes of warfare, new modes of communication that would operate at nearly instant speeds, and new forms of art and entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> was also unprecedented,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the century started with around 1.6 billion people, and ended with around 6.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th century was dominated by significant geopolitical events that reshaped the political and social structure of the globe: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu pandemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Unprecedented <a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_science" title="20th century in science">advances in science and technology</a> defined the modern era, including the advent of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">shift from analog to digital computing</a> and the continuing advancement of transportation, including <a href="/wiki/Powered_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered flight">powered flight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>. The Earth's sixth mass extinction event, the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>, continued, and human <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation efforts</a> increased. </p><p>Major themes of the century include <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and new forms of <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organizations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> spread, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women earned the right to vote</a> in many countries in the world. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a> began through developments in emerging transportation and <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> and other influences of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">international corporations</a>, and what was arguably a truly <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">global economy</a> by the end of the 20th century. Poverty was reduced and the century saw rising standards of living, <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> growth, awareness of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">ecological extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a> became common, and <a href="/wiki/Video_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Video recording">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording">audio recording</a> saw mass adoption. These developments were made possible by the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> resources, which offered energy in an easily portable form, but also caused concern about pollution and long-term impact on the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. Humans started to explore <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a>, taking their first footsteps on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Great advances in <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide communication, ultimately leading to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Meanwhile, advances in <a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">medical technology</a> resulted in the near-eradication and <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">eradication of many infectious diseases</a>, as well as opening the avenue of biological <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>. Scientific discoveries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>, profoundly changed the foundational models of physical science, forcing scientists to realize that the universe was more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes (or fears) at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the period, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was the world's most powerful nation,<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">acted as the world's policeman</a> for the past century. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/750px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" decoding="async" width="750" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/1125px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/1500px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">World powers and empires in 1914, just before the First World War. </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Technological advancements during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> in Western Europe, and up to 17 million dead, the powers that had formed the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, later replaced by the United States and joined by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>) emerged victorious over the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>). In addition to annexing many of the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonial possessions</a> of the vanquished states, the Triple Entente exacted punitive restitution payments from them, plunging Germany in particular into <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">economic depression</a>. The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were dismantled at the war's conclusion. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> resulted in the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> and the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. The victorious <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> then established the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, a movement which grew out of post-war <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a> and which accelerated during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, gained momentum in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Spain</a> in the 1920s and 1930s, culminating in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, sparked by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s aggressive expansion at the expense of its neighbors. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> had rapidly transformed itself into a technologically advanced industrial power and, along with Germany and Italy, formed the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Japan's military <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> in East Asia and the Pacific Ocean brought it into conflict with the United States, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">a surprise attack</a> which drew the US into World War II. </p><p>After some years of dramatic military success, Germany was <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">defeated</a> in 1945, having been <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">invaded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">from the East</a> and by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">from the West</a>. After the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war in Asia</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropping of two atomic bombs</a> on Japan by the US, the first nation to develop <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> and the only one to use them in warfare. In total, World War II left some 60 million people dead. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/220px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/330px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/440px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> of the detonation of <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">first nuclear attack</a> in history, on 6 August 1945 over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, igniting the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear age">nuclear age</a> with the international security dominating thread of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutual assured destruction</a> in the latter half of the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following World War II, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, successor to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, was established as an international forum in which the world's nations could discuss issues diplomatically. It enacted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">resolutions</a> on such topics as the conduct of warfare, environmental protection, international <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, and human rights. <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> forces consisting of troops provided by various countries, with various United Nations and other aid agencies, helped to relieve famine, disease, and poverty, and to suppress some local armed conflicts. Europe slowly united, economically and, in some ways, politically, to form the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which consisted of 15 European countries by the end of the 20th century. </p><p>After the war, Germany was <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupied</a> and divided between the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western</a> powers and the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Europe</a> became Soviet <a href="/wiki/Puppet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet states">puppet states</a> under communist rule. Western Europe was rebuilt with the aid of the American <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, resulting in a major <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post-war economic boom</a>, and many of the affected nations became close allies of the United States. </p><p>With the Axis defeated and Britain and France rebuilding, the United States and the Soviet Union were left standing as the world's only superpowers. Allies during the war, they soon became hostile to one another as their competing ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">democratic capitalism</a> proliferated in Europe, which became divided by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. They formed competing military alliances (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>) which engaged in a decades-long standoff known as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The period was marked by a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">new arms race</a> as the USSR became the second nation to develop nuclear weapons, which were produced by both sides in sufficient numbers to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">end most human life on the planet</a> had a large-scale nuclear exchange ever occurred. <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutually assured destruction</a> is credited by many historians as having prevented such an exchange, each side being unable to <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">strike first</a> at the other without ensuring an equally devastating <a href="/wiki/Second_strike" title="Second strike">retaliatory strike</a>. Unable to engage one another directly, the conflict played out in a series of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> around the world—particularly in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban revolution">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghanistan</a>—as the USSR sought to <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">export communism</a> while the US attempted to <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">contain it</a>. The technological competition between the two sides led to substantial investment in <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> which produced innovations that reached far beyond the battlefield, such as <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">space exploration</a> and the Internet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_independence_dates.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Africa_independence_dates.PNG/220px-Africa_independence_dates.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Africa_independence_dates.PNG/330px-Africa_independence_dates.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Africa_independence_dates.PNG/440px-Africa_independence_dates.PNG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The international community grew in the second half of the century significantly due to a new wave of decolonization, particularly in Africa. Most of the newly independent states, were grouped together with many other so called <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Developing countries gained attention, particularly due to rapid population growth, leading to a record <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> of nearly 7 billion people by the end of the century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the latter half of the century, most of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European-colonized world</a> in Africa and Asia gained independence in a process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> opened the door for several nations to exert a strong influence over many world affairs. The US's global military presence spread <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> around the world with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood motion picture industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, rock music, and pop music, fast food and <a href="/wiki/Hippy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippy">hippy</a> counterculture, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Street_style" title="Street style">street style</a>, all of which came to be identified with the concepts of popular culture and <a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">youth culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">the Soviet Union collapsed</a> under internal pressure in 1991, most of the communist governments it had supported around the world <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">were dismantled</a>—with the notable exceptions of China, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>—followed by <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">difficult transitions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_innovation_and_change">Nature of innovation and change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature of innovation and change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to continuing industrialization and expanding trade, many significant changes of the century were, directly or indirectly, economic and technological in nature. Inventions such as the <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_computer" title="Mechanical computer">mechanical computers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> in the late 19th century, followed by <a href="/wiki/Supertanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertanker">supertankers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>; <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorways</a>; <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">broadcasting</a>; <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computers">digital computers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen food</a>; <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile telephone">mobile telephones</a> affected people's <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> across the developed world. The quantity of goods consumed by the average person expanded massively. Scientific research, engineering professionalization and technological development—much of it motivated by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> arms race—drove changes in everyday life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_change">Social change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> leader (<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">Washington, August 1963</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from the century, strong discrimination based on race and sex was significant in most societies. Although the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> had ended in the 19th century, movements for equality for non-white people in the white-dominated societies of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">North America</a>, Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">South Africa</a> continued. By the end of the 20th century, in many parts of the world, women had the same legal rights as men, and racism had come to be seen as unacceptable, a sentiment often backed up by legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> was <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constituted</a>, the disadvantaged classes of the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system in India</a> became entitled to <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> benefits in education, employment and government. </p><p>Attitudes toward pre-marital sex changed rapidly in many societies during the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> of the 1960s and 1970s. Attitudes towards homosexuality also began to change in the later part of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trauma brought on by events like World War I and World War II, with their <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties#Casualties_in_the_borders_of_1914–1918" title="World War I casualties">military death tolls</a> alone <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties#Total_deaths_by_country" title="World War II casualties">at bare minimum</a> being 29,697,963, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish Flu</a>, whose death count alone exceeded that, helped make society in many countries more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> and less neglectful of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth_at_the_end_of_the_20th_century">Earth at the end of the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earth at the end of the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>, Earth as seen from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> in December 1972. The photograph was taken by LMP <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>. The second half of the 20th century saw humanity's first <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Economic growth and technological progress had radically altered daily lives. Europe appeared to be at a sustainable peace for the first time in recorded history<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The people of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, a sixth of the world population at the end of the 20th century, had attained an <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">indigenous independence</a> for the first time in centuries. China, an ancient nation comprising a fifth of the world population, was finally <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">open to the world</a>, creating a new state after the near-complete destruction of the old cultural order. With the end of colonialism and the Cold War, nearly a billion people in Africa were left in new nation states. </p><p>The world was undergoing its second major period of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>; the first, which started in the 18th century, having been terminated by World War I. Since the US was in a dominant position, a major part of the process was <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a>. The influence of China and India was also rising, as the world's largest populations were rapidly integrating with the world economy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, dictatorship, and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> were pressing <a href="/wiki/Global_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Global issues">global issues</a>. The world was still blighted by small-scale wars and other violent conflicts, fueled by competition over resources and by ethnic conflicts. </p><p>Disease threatened to destabilize many regions of the world. New viruses such as the <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a> continued to spread. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> and other diseases affected large populations. Millions were infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS. The virus was becoming an <a href="/wiki/AIDS_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS in Africa">epidemic in southern Africa</a>. </p><p>Based on research done by climate scientists, the majority of the scientific community consider that in the long term environmental problems pose a serious threat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One argument is that of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> occurring due to human-caused emission of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> produced by the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted many nations to negotiate and sign the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto treaty</a>, which set mandatory limits on carbon dioxide emissions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a> increased from about 1.6 billion people in 1901 to 6.1 billion at the century's end.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_and_politics">Wars and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wars and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/220px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/330px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/440px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Map of territorial changes in Europe after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (as of 1923).</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of people killed during the century by government actions was in the hundreds of millions. This includes deaths caused by wars, genocide, politicide and mass murders. The deaths from acts of war during the two world wars alone have been estimated at between 50 and 80 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="also contradicted by figure of 100m by Tilly, below (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> estimated 262,000,000 deaths caused by <a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democide</a>, which excludes those killed in war battles, civilians unintentionally killed in war and killings of rioting mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a>, "Altogether, about 100 million people died as a direct result of action by organized military units backed by one government or another over the course of the century. Most likely a comparable number of civilians died of war-induced disease and other indirect effects."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that approximately 70 million Europeans died through war, violence and famine between 1914 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan during <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, a wave of mass political and social unrest then began to spread across the vast areas of the Russian Empire. The unrest was directed primarily against the Tsar, the nobility, and the ruling class. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">Sinking of the Titanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS Titanic</a> sank on <a href="/wiki/15_April" class="mw-redirect" title="15 April">15 April</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>. The largest ocean liner in service at the time, Titanic was four days into her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, with an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at 23:40 (ship's time)[a] on 14 April.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyfo">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> were the systematic destruction, mass murder and expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, spearheaded by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015245,_330_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015245,_330-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarslanDuclertKévorkian2015187_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarslanDuclertKévorkian2015187-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Eight_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Eight Nations">Alliance of Eight Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">French Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>) formed in 1900 to invade the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> represented the club of great powers in the early 20th century.</li> <li>Rising <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and increasing national awareness were among the many causes of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), the first of two wars to involve many major world powers including <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>/<a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. At the time, it was said by many to be the "<a href="/wiki/The_war_to_end_war" title="The war to end war">war to end all wars</a>".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> of 1916 was an armed uprising against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> done by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">agreement with the British Empire.</a> The revolt was led by <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Sharif Hussein bin Ali</a> who was promised by <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a>, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, that in exchange for fighting the Ottoman Empire, Sharif Hussein would gain control over all Arab lands under the Ottoman Empire. A promise the British Empire did not honor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During World War I, in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, 300 years of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Tsarist_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Tsarist Empire">Tsarist reign</a> were ended and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, established the world's first <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I#Territorial_gains_and_losses" title="Aftermath of World War I">end of World War I</a> saw the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">central powers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian-Hungarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> into several independent sovereign states throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.</li> <li>After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> techniques, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women became more independent</a> throughout the century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a> greatly increased in its scale and complexity during the first half of the 20th century. Notable developments included <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a>, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a> and the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a>. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a> in the mid-20th century marked the definite transition to <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern warfare</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">The Revolutions of 1917–1923</a> occurred during and World War I inspired by the Russian Revolution which saw many political changes in Europe and in Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">The Osage Murders of 1918-1931</a> were a series of killings of members of the Native American <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a>, who were the richest people per capita in the world at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1921 <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa Race Massacre</a>, was a racist anti black terrorist attack in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_District,_Tulsa" title="Greenwood District, Tulsa">Greenwood District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>, which was home to many successful and wealthy <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black Americans</a>. The attack was perpetrated by white residents and local white deputies. The perpetrators were armed by local government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1923 <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> failed coup d'état by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>) in Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a> to <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> that killed millions of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>, purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>.</li> <li>The 1934 to 1935 <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>, military retreat by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) from advancing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang_forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuomintang forces (page does not exist)">Kuomintang forces</a>.</li> <li>A violent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">civil war</a> broke out in Spain in 1936 when General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. Many consider this war as a testing battleground for World War II, as the fascist armies bombed some Spanish territories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, political <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> that took place from <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a> and <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>.</li> <li>The 1938 <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> carried out by the Nazi Party's <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA) and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) paramilitary forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945) became the deadliest conflict in human history involving primarily the axis, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> against the allies, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Many atrocities occurred, particularly <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> killing approximately 11 million victims. It ended with the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in Japan.</li> <li>The two world wars led to efforts to increase <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">international cooperation</a>, notably through the founding of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> after World War I, and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, after World War II.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">creation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, a Jewish state in the Middle East, at the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_British_Mandate_for_Palestine" title="End of the British Mandate for Palestine">end of the British Mandate for Palestine</a>, fueled many conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israelis and Palestinians</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">regional conflicts</a>. These were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the other countries of the predominantly Arab region.</li> <li>In 1948 <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">The Nakba</a> was, according to several historians, a targeted ethnic cleansing campaign against Arabs in Palestine perpetrated by Jewish Militias under <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Delta</a>, a plan ordered by <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a>. The campaign utilized methods of intimidation, violent attacks, and the destruction of several Arab villages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union's involvement in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> became a major force in <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">global politics</a>, notably in Eastern Europe, China, <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> gained near-absolute power.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Richard_M._Nixon_and_Leonid_Brezhnev_aboard_the_Sequoia_-_NARA_-_194518.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Sequoia_(presidential_yacht)" title="USS Sequoia (presidential yacht)">USS <i>Sequoia</i></a>, June 19, 1973</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1947–1991) involved an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> and increasing competition between the two major players in the world: the Soviet Union and the United States. This competition included the development and improvement of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">space technology</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Western_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Western bloc">Western bloc</a>, including wars in <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a> (1950–1953) and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> (1957–1975).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> authorities caused the deaths of millions of their own citizens to eliminate domestic opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 18 million people passed through the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>, with a further 6 million being <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union#Timeline" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">exiled</a> to remote areas of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalist movements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> led to the independence and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>-led India and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>-led Pakistan, although would lead to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">conflicts</a> between the two nations such as border and territorial disputes.</li> <li>After a <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">long period</a> of civil wars and conflicts with western powers, China's <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">last imperial dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">ended</a> in 1912. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">republic</a> was replaced, after <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">another civil war</a>, by the communist <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949. At the end of the 20th century, though still ruled by a communist party, China's economic system had <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">largely transformed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> influenced many <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movements</a> around the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States, and freedom movements in South Africa against <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> challenging <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">The end</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> led to the independence of many <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Asian</a> countries. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the United States, the USSR, or China for defense.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg/220px-20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg/330px-20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg/440px-20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, under British administration from 1842 to 1997, is one of the original <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a>, the first of several massive protests against the communist government of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, attempted countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the policies caused by the government's subordination to the Soviet Union (USSR).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">radical policy of modernization</a> leads to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a> causing the death of tens of millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. It is thought to be the largest <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bmj.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmj.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">two million deaths</a>, changed the dynamics between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Blocs</a>, and altered global <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North-South relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, fought between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and a coalition of Arab states, primarily <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.</li> <li>The 1968 <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, period of political liberalization and mass protest in the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a>, protests were sparked by a sudden increase in the prices of food and other everyday items while wages remained stagnant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, fought from 6 to 25 October <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a>, series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> caused an estimated two million deaths and contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union along with complete <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">political turmoil</a> in Afghanistan<sup id="cite_ref-bmj.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmj.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1981 <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a>, The government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted everyday life by introducing martial law and a military junta in an attempt to counter political opposition, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a> movement.</li> <li>The 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, worst nuclear disaster in history. Some Ukrainians viewed the Chernobyl disaster as another attempt by Russians to destroy them, comparable to the Holodomor.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> released Eastern and Central Europe from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet control</a>. Soon thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> dissolved; the former having many states seceded and the latter violently over several years, into <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor states</a>, with many rife with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">were reunified in 1990</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, culminating in the deaths of hundreds of civilian protesters and thousands of wounded, were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in a year that saw the collapse of a number of communist governments around the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a>, a failed attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to forcibly seize control of the country from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the CPSU at the time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>.</li> <li>The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, over a span of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were systematically killed by Hutu militias.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> began in earnest in the 1950s, and eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, a political and economic union that comprised 15 countries at the end of the 20th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_entertainment">Culture and entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th century in literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg/220px-Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg/330px-Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg/440px-Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/I_and_the_Village" title="I and the Village">I and the Village</a></i>, 1911, by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">modern painter</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>As the century began, Paris was the artistic capital of the world, where both French and foreign writers, composers and visual artists gathered. By the middle of the century New York City had become the artistic capital of the world.</li> <li>Theater, films, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many films and much music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.</li> <li>1953 saw the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">coronation of Queen Elizabeth II</a>, an iconic figure of the century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a> became more dominant not only in films but in comics and television as well. During the century a new skilled understanding of narrativist imagery was developed.</li> <li>Computer games and internet surfing became new and popular form of entertainment during the last 25 years of the century.</li> <li>In literature, science fiction, fantasy (with well-developed fictional worlds, rich in detail), and <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternative history</a> fiction gained popularity. <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective fiction</a> gained popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. In the United States in 1961 <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer_(novel)" title="Tropic of Cancer (novel)">Tropic of Cancer</a></i> a novel by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a> redefining pornography and censorship in publishing in America.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">20th-century music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg/220px-Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg/330px-Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg/440px-Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in 1956, a leading figure of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The invention of music recording technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph record</a>, and dissemination technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>, massively expanded the audience for music. Prior to the 20th century, music was generally only experienced in <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live performances</a>. Many new genres of music were established during the 20th century. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> revolutionized classical composition.</li> <li>In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>, which became widely influential on 20th-century composers.</li> <li>In classical music, <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a> branched out into many completely new domains, including <a href="/wiki/Dodecaphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecaphony">dodecaphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric</a> (chance) music, and <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tango" title="Argentine tango">Tango</a> was created in Argentina and became extremely popular in the rest of the Americas and Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music became popularized during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> develops as a form of jazz in the 1940s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a> develops in the 1920s and 1930s in the United States.</li> <li>Blues and country went on to influence <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> in the 1950s, which along with <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">folk music</a>, increased in popularity with the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> of the mid-to-late 1960s.</li> <li>Rock soon branched into many different genres, including <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> and became the dominant genre of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>.</li> <li>This was challenged with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> in the 1980s and 1990s.</li> <li>Other genres such as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> all developed during the latter half of the century and went through various periods of popularity.</li> <li>Synthesizers began to be employed widely in music and crossed over into the mainstream with <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave music</a> in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instruments">Electronic instruments</a> have been widely deployed in all manners of popular music and has led to the development of such genres as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synth-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_television_and_theatre"><span id="Film.2C_television_and_theatre"></span>Film, television and theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film, television and theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/220px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/330px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/440px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> in his 1921 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kid_(1921_film)" title="The Kid (1921 film)">The Kid</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Coogan" title="Jackie Coogan">Jackie Coogan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">History of film</a></div> <p>Film as an artistic medium was created in the 20th century. The first modern movie theatre was established in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> developed as the center of American film production. While the first films were in black and white, <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">technicolor</a> was developed in the 1920s to allow for color films. <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound films</a> were developed, with the first full-length feature film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i>, released in 1927. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> were established in 1929. Animation was also developed in the 1920s, with the first full-length <a href="/wiki/Cel_animated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cel animated">cel animated</a> feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i>, released in 1937. <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a> was developed in the 1980s, with the first full-length <a href="/wiki/CGI-animated" class="mw-redirect" title="CGI-animated">CGI-animated</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> released in 1995. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> are among the most popular <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> stars of the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo" title="Jean-Paul Belmondo">Jean-Paul Belmondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Roden" title="Karel Roden">Karel Roden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soad_Hosny" title="Soad Hosny">Soad Hosny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro" title="Fernanda Montenegro">Fernanda Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Marceau" title="Sophie Marceau">Sophie Marceau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Rushdi" title="Fatima Rushdi">Fatima Rushdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mifune" title="Toshiro Mifune">Toshiro Mifune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoukry_Sarhan" title="Shoukry Sarhan">Shoukry Sarhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Mikkelsen" title="Lars Mikkelsen">Lars Mikkelsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Wahbi" title="Youssef Wahbi">Youssef Wahbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faten_Hamama" title="Faten Hamama">Faten Hamama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Servillo" title="Toni Servillo">Toni Servillo</a> are among the most popular movie stars of the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Parajanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Parajanov">Sergey Parajanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezz_El-Dine_Zulficar" title="Ezz El-Dine Zulficar">Ezz El-Dine Zulficar</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> are among the most important and popular filmmakers of the 20th century.</li> <li>In theater, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway theater">Broadway</a> in New York City, playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> introduced innovative language and ideas to the idiom. In musical theater, figures such as <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lerner_and_Loewe" title="Lerner and Loewe">Lerner and Loewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Karim" title="Mohammed Karim">Mohammed Karim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> had an enormous impact on both film and the culture in general.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern dance</a> is born in America as a 'rebellion' against centuries-old European ballet. <a href="/wiki/Dancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancers">Dancers</a> and choreographers <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">Ruth St. Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reda" title="Mahmoud Reda">Mahmoud Reda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lim%C3%B3n" title="José Limón">José Limón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Humphrey" title="Doris Humphrey">Doris Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a> re-defined movement, struggling to bring it back to its 'natural' roots and along with Jazz, created a solely American art form. Alvin Ailey is credited with popularizing modern dance and revolutionizing African-American participation in 20th-century concert dance. His company gained the nickname "Cultural Ambassador to the World" because of its extensive international touring. Ailey's choreographic masterpiece Revelations is believed to be the best known and most often seen modern dance performance.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Television">History of Television</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Baer">Ralph Baer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a></i>, the first video game console, released in 1972.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a></div> <p>Video games—due to the great technological steps forward in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> since the second <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> period—are one of the new forms of entertainment that emerged in the 20th century alongside films. </p> <ul><li>While already conceptualized in the <a href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</a>–<a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s">50s</a>, video games only emerged as an industry during the <a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a>, and then exploded into social and cultural phenomena in the late 1970s and early <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">golden age of arcade video games</a>, with notable releases such as <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_(video_game)" title="Asteroids (video game)">Asteroids</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Galaga" title="Galaga">Galaga</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/1942_(video_game)" title="1942 (video game)">1942</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zaxxon" title="Zaxxon">Zaxxon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker-122_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-122-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the worldwide success of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the release in the <a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> console, the first one to break the record of 100 million units sold, with <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(1997_video_game)" title="Gran Turismo (1997 video game)">Gran Turismo</a></i> being the system's best selling video game.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a> becomes a discipline. Some game designers in this century stand out for their work, such as <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kojima" title="Hideo Kojima">Hideo Kojima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier" title="Sid Meier">Sid Meier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_(HDR).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg/170px-Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg/255px-Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg/340px-Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3874" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> is an iconic building of the 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th-century_art" title="20th-century art">20th-century art</a></div> <ul><li>The art world experienced the development of new styles and explorations such as <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_stijl" class="mw-redirect" title="De stijl">de stijl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">color field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal art">minimal art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">lyrical abstraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> movement revolutionized art and culture and set the stage for both <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and its counterpart <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">postmodern art</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> practices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> began as a form of architecture and design but fell out of fashion after World War I. The style was dynamic and inventive but unsuited to the depression of the Great War.</li> <li>In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> departed from the decorated styles of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. Streamlined forms inspired by machines became commonplace, enabled by developments in <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a> and technologies. Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop.</li> <li>The automobile increased the mobility of people in the Western countries in the early-to-mid-century, and in many other places by the end of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">City design</a> throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The popularity of sport increased considerably—both as an activity for all and as entertainment, particularly on television.</li> <li>The modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, first held in 1896, grew to include tens of thousands of athletes in dozens of sports.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> was first held in 1930 and was held every four years after World War II.</li> <li>American League <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> was formed in 1900 and in 1903, both National and American agreed to play in the first <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> with over 100,000 in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Boxing, also known as "Prize Fighting" became popular over this decade although <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bare-knuckle fighting">bare-knuckle fighting</a> was still popular.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_science" title="20th century in science">20th century in science</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/170px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/255px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>The pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple new fields of mathematics were developed in the 20th century. In the first part of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Measure_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure theory">measure theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">functional analysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> were established, and significant developments were made in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra">abstract algebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>. The development of <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formal_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal logic">formal logic</a> led to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems" title="Gödel's incompleteness theorems">Gödel's incompleteness theorems</a>. </p><p>Later in the 20th century, the development of computers led to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoyerMath_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoyerMath-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computationally-intense results include the study of <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractals</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a proof of the <a href="/wiki/Four_color_theorem" title="Four color theorem">four color theorem</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>New areas of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, were developed during the first half of the century. In the process, the internal structure of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> came to be clearly understood, followed by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>.</li> <li>It was found that all the known <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a> can be traced to only four <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a>. It was discovered further that two forces, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>, can be merged in the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak interaction</a>, leaving only three different fundamental interactions.</li> <li>Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>, finally revealed the source of <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> energy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> was invented, and became a powerful technique for determining the age of <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> animals and plants as well as historical objects.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A much better understanding of the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> was achieved, its <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age</a> (about 13.8 billion years) was determined, and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory on its origin was proposed and generally accepted.</li> <li>The age of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, including Earth, was determined, and it turned out to be much older than believed earlier: more than 4 billion years, rather than the 20 million years suggested by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed via numerous <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> was discovered in 1930 on the edge of the Solar System, although in the early 21st century, it was reclassified as a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> instead of a planet proper, leaving eight planets.</li> <li>No trace of life was discovered on any of the other planets orbiting <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">the Sun</a> (or elsewhere in the universe), although it remained undetermined whether some forms of primitive life might exist, or might have existed, somewhere in the Solar System. <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planets">Extrasolar planets</a> were observed for the first time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg/220px-Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg/330px-Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg/440px-Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Wheat yields greatly increased from the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in the world's <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> fathered the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, the set of research <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a> initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s that increased agricultural production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s, and is often credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a> was unanimously accepted and significantly developed. The <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of DNA">structure of DNA</a> was determined in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James Watson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nobelmedicine1962_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelmedicine1962-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nobelmedicine1962_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelmedicine1962-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nobelmedicine1962_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelmedicine1962-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> (not finished in the 20th century) and <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">cloning the first mammal</a> in 1996.</li> <li>The role of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> in evolution was understood, and <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation" title="Bacterial conjugation">bacterial conjugation</a> was discovered.</li> <li>The convergence of various sciences for the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern evolutionary synthesis</a> (produced between 1936 and 1947), providing a widely accepted account of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_079_europe_(fleming).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/220px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/330px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>A stamp commemorating <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>. His discovery of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> changed the world of medicine by introducing the age of antibiotics.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">Placebo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Random sample">randomized</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blind_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind experiment">blinded</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> became a powerful tool for testing new medicines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a> drastically reduced mortality from <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial disease">bacterial diseases</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> was developed for <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>, ending a worldwide epidemic. Effective vaccines were also developed for a number of other serious infectious diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">mumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">rubella (German measles)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">chickenpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">hepatitis A</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">hepatitis B</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> led to the eradication of the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> virus in humans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> became a powerful diagnostic tool for a wide spectrum of diseases, from bone fractures to cancer. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Computerized_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerized tomography">computerized tomography</a> was invented. Other important diagnostic tools developed were <a href="/wiki/Sonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonography">sonography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>.</li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">vitamins</a> virtually eliminated <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and other vitamin-deficiency diseases from industrialized societies.</li> <li>New psychiatric drugs were developed. These include <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> for treating <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> for treating depression.</li> <li>The role of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a> in the causation of cancer and other diseases was proven during the 1950s (see <a href="/wiki/British_Doctors_Study" title="British Doctors Study">British Doctors Study</a>).</li> <li>New methods for cancer treatment, including <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a>, were developed. As a result, cancer could often be <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">cured</a> or placed in <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a>.</li> <li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood typing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood banking</a> made <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a> safe and widely available.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a> and development of <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_typing" title="Tissue typing">tissue typing</a> made <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ and tissue transplantation</a> a clinical reality.</li> <li>New methods for <a href="/wiki/Heart_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart surgery">heart surgery</a> were developed, including <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" title="Pacemaker">pacemakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart" title="Artificial heart">artificial hearts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> and heroin were widely illegalized after being found to be addictive and destructive. <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> were discovered and subsequently prohibited in many countries. <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition of drugs</a> caused a growth in the black market drug industry, and <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">expanded enforcement</a> led to a larger prison population in some countries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">Contraceptive</a> drugs were developed, which reduced population growth rates in industrialized countries, as well as decreased the taboo of <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a> throughout many western countries.</li> <li>The development of medical <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> during the 1920s helped raise the life expectancy of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetics</a> to three times of what it had been earlier.</li> <li>Vaccines, hygiene and clean water improved health and decreased mortality rates, especially among infants and the young.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_diseases">Notable diseases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> pandemic, <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">Spanish Flu</a>, killed anywhere from 17 to 100 million people between 1918 and 1919.</li> <li>A new <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> disease, called the <a href="/wiki/Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Immunodeficiency Virus">Human Immunodeficiency Virus</a>, or HIV, arose in Africa and subsequently killed millions of people throughout the world. HIV leads to a syndrome called <a href="/wiki/Acquired_Immunodeficiency_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome">Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome</a>, or AIDS. Treatments for HIV remained inaccessible to many people living with AIDS and HIV in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, and a cure has yet to be discovered.</li> <li>Because of increased <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life spans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of cancer, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and other diseases of <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a> increased slightly.</li> <li>Changes in food production, along with <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyles</a> due to labor-saving devices and the increase in home entertainment, contributed to an "epidemic" of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, at first in the rich countries, but by the end of the 20th century spreading to the developing world.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_the_environment">Energy and the environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Energy and the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oilfields_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg/220px-Oilfields_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg/330px-Oilfields_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg/440px-Oilfields_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9126" data-file-height="7009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">Oil field</a> in California, 1938. The first modern oil well was drilled in 1848 by Russian engineer F.N. Semyonov, on the <a href="/wiki/Apsheron_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsheron Peninsula">Apsheron Peninsula</a> north-east of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> were the dominant forms of energy sources.</li> <li>Widespread use of petroleum in industry—both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane—led to the geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. (For example, oil was a factor in Japan's decision to go to war against the United States in 1941, and the oil cartel, <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, used an oil embargo of sorts in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> in the 1970s).</li> <li>The increase in <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> consumption also fueled a major scientific controversy over its effect on air pollution, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemicals</a> accumulated in the environment, including in the bodies of humans and other animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> and worldwide <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> diminished the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_quality" title="Environmental quality">quality of the environment</a>.</li> <li>In the last third of the century, concern about humankind's impact on the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> made environmentalism popular. In many countries, especially in Europe, the movement was channeled into politics through <a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green parties</a>. Increasing awareness of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering_and_technology">Engineering and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Engineering and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/220px-First_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/330px-First_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/440px-First_flight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption>First flight of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i> on December 17, 1903, in <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a>; Orville piloting with Wilbur running at wingtip.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the prominent traits of the 20th century was the dramatic growth of technology. Organized research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, electronics, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. </p> <ul><li>Basic <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a> including <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">clothes dryers</a>, furnaces, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_machine" title="Exercise machine">exercise machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dishwashers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishwashers">dishwashers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a>, freezers, <a href="/wiki/Electric_stove" title="Electric stove">electric stoves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaners</a> became popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. Radios were popularized as a form of entertainment during the 1920s, followed by television during the 1950s.</li> <li>The first airplane, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i>, was flown in 1903. With the engineering of the faster <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> in the 1940s, mass <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a> became commercially viable.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> made mass production of the automobile viable. By the end of the 20th century, billions of people had automobiles for personal transportation. The combination of the automobile, <a href="/wiki/Motor_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor boat">motor boats</a> and air travel allowed for unprecedented personal mobility. In western nations, motor vehicle accidents became the greatest cause of death for young people. However, expansion of <a href="/wiki/Divided_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided highway">divided highways</a> reduced the death rate.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode tube</a> was invented, laying the foundation for amplification and switching technologies that led to silicon-based <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">solid-state transistors</a>, which revolutionized modern electronics.</li> <li>Air conditioning of buildings became common</li> <li>New materials, most notably <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velcro" class="mw-redirect" title="Velcro">Velcro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">teflon</a>, and plastics such as <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, and nylon came into widespread use for many various applications. These materials typically have tremendous performance gains in strength, temperature, chemical resistance, or mechanical properties over those known prior to the 20th century.</li> <li>Aluminum became an inexpensive metal and became second only to iron in use.</li> <li>Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> were developed for industrial processing and home use.</li> <li>Digital computers came into use, they greatly increased productivity and paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which revolutionized global communication and information sharing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Space exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/440px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967" /></a><figcaption>Photo of American astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">first moonwalk</a> in 1969, taken by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>. The relatively young <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> industries rapidly grew in the 66 years after the Wright brothers' first flight.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> gave a peaceful outlet to the political and military tensions of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, leading to the first <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> with the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a> mission in 1961, and man's first landing on another world—the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>—with America's <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission in 1969. Later, the first <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>. The United States developed the first reusable spacecraft system with the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>, first launched in 1981. As the century ended, a permanent crewed presence in space was being founded with the ongoing construction of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.</li> <li>In addition to human spaceflight, uncrewed space probes became a practical and relatively inexpensive form of exploration. The first orbiting space probe, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1957. Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. These satellites greatly advanced navigation, communications, military intelligence, geology, climate, and numerous other fields. Also, by the end of the 20th century, uncrewed probes had visited or flown by the Moon, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and various asteroids and comets, with <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> being the farthest manufactured object from Earth at 23,5 billion kilometers away from Earth as of 6 September 2022, and together with <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> both carrying The <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> containing sounds, music and greetings in 55 languages as well as 116 images of nature, human advancement, space and society.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, launched in 1990, greatly expanded our understanding of the Universe and brought brilliant images to TV and computer screens around the world.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, a series of satellites that allow land-based receivers to determine their exact location, was developed and deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_20th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 20th-century religious leaders">List of 20th-century religious leaders</a></div> <ul><li>1900s – A number of related <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism#Early_revivals:_1900–1929" title="Pentecostalism">revival movements</a> mark the start of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>.</li> <li>1904 – <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> dictates <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">The Book of the Law</a></i>, the foundational text of <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>.</li> <li>1922 – The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> establishes a doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism#Soviet_Union" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.</li> <li>1924 – <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a> abolishes the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, in favor of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. This marks the last widely recognized Muslim Caliphate.</li> <li>1930 – <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference#Seventh:_1930" title="Lambeth Conference">Seventh Lambeth Conference</a> allows for the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_birth_control#Anglicanism" title="Christian views on birth control">birth control within Anglicanism</a>, the first example of a modern Christian church supporting such a position.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1940s – <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> is formalized by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>.</li> <li>1950s – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> articulates <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>, a violent variety of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> that would later become foundational to <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> ideology. <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a> begins to teach <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a>.</li> <li>1953 – <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>, which has a unique cosmology based on <a href="/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology" title="Space opera in Scientology">science fiction</a> and his older system of <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>.</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> launches the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a>.</li> <li>1960 – The <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic movement</a> starts within Anglicanism, quickly spreading to other Christian sects.</li> <li>1962–65 – The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> is held, resulting in significant changes in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li>1970s – <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> beliefs and practices are popularized.</li> <li>1979 – In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> establishes a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">theocratic state within Iran</a>.</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, a network of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremists">Islamic extremists</a>, is founded among Arab members of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a>. It engages in a number of terror attacks throughout the 1990s, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001.</li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>, a Chinese <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> dating to the early 1990s, begins to be <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">persecuted</a> by the Chinese government.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> was a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Economic_slowdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic slowdown">economic slowdown</a> that lasted throughout the early 1930s.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> implemented a series of <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">five-year plans</a> for industrialization and economic development.</li> <li>Most countries abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> for their currency. The <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> involved currencies being <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange-rate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange-rate system">pegged</a> to the United States dollar; after the system <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">collapsed in 1971</a> most major currencies had a <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating exchange rate</a>.</li> <li>Economics was divided into two general economic schools: Keynesian and neoclassical</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, particularly the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, faced substantial petroleum shortages as well as elevated prices. The two worst crises of this period were the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy crisis</a>, when, respectively, the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> triggered interruptions in <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> oil exports.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_in_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease in the 20th century">Infectious disease in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_twentieth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Short twentieth century">Short twentieth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timelines_of_modern_history" title="Timelines of modern history">Timelines of modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_20th-century_women_artists" title="List of 20th-century women artists">List of 20th-century women artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_20th-century_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable 20th-century writers">List of notable 20th-century writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_1901%E2%80%932000" title="List of battles 1901–2000">List of battles 1901–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stories_set_in_a_future_now_in_the_past" title="List of stories set in a future now in the past">List of stories set in a future now in the past</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBikos" class="citation news cs1">Bikos, Konstantin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/counters/mil2000.html#:~:text=The%2021st%20Century%20Started%20in%202001&text=The%20year%20number%20in%20the,BC%2C%3A%20What's%20the%20difference%3F">"When Did the 21st Century Start?"</a>. <i>Time and Date</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 Jan</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+and+Date&rft.atitle=When+Did+the+21st+Century+Start%3F&rft.aulast=Bikos&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fcounters%2Fmil2000.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%252021st%2520Century%2520Started%2520in%25202001%26text%3DThe%2520year%2520number%2520in%2520the%2CBC%252C%253A%2520What%27s%2520the%2520difference%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002112920/https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/millennium.php">"The 21st Century and the 3rd Millennium When Did They Begin?"</a>. United States Naval Observatory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/millennium.php">the original</a> on 2019-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+21st+Century+and+the+3rd+Millennium+When+Did+They+Begin%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Ffaq%2Fdocs%2Fmillennium.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutzSandersonScherbov2004" class="citation cs2">Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren C.; Scherbov, Sergei (2004), Lutz, Wolfgang; Scherbov, Sergei (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315870571-2/end-world-population-growth-wolfgang-lutz-warren-sanderson-sergei-scherbov">"The End of World Population Growth"</a>, <i>The End of World Population Growth in the 21st Century</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315870571">10.4324/9781315870571</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-87057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-87057-1"><bdi>978-1-315-87057-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+End+of+World+Population+Growth+in+the+21st+Century&rft.atitle=The+End+of+World+Population+Growth&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315870571&rft.isbn=978-1-315-87057-1&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Warren+C.&rft.au=Scherbov%2C+Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315870571-2%2Fend-world-population-growth-wolfgang-lutz-warren-sanderson-sergei-scherbov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/">"World Population by Year - Worldometer"</a>. <i>www.worldometers.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldometers.info&rft.atitle=World+Population+by+Year+-+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fworld-population-by-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E.O._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.O. Wilson">Wilson, E.O.</a>, <i>The Future of Life</i> (2002) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-76811-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-76811-4">0-679-76811-4</a>). See also: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Leakey, Richard</a>, <i>The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46809-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46809-1">0-385-46809-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218012125/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/lists/mostrecent.htm">"The Sixth Extinction – The Most Recent Extinctions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/lists/mostrecent.htm">the original</a> on 2015-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Extinction+%E2%80%93+The+Most+Recent+Extinctions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petermaas.nl%2Fextinct%2Flists%2Fmostrecent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). <i>Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=Pop+Culture%3A+An+Overview&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F64%2FPop_Culture_An_Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellBell1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, P.; Bell, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132408/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/james-watson-francis-crick-maurice-wilkins-and-rosalind-franklin">"James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/james-watson-francis-crick-maurice-wilkins-and-rosalind-franklin">the original</a> on 21 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=James+Watson%2C+Francis+Crick%2C+Maurice+Wilkins%2C+and+Rosalind+Franklin&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Fjames-watson-francis-crick-maurice-wilkins-and-rosalind-franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2014" class="citation web cs1">Engel, Pamela (April 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-war-on-drugs-changed-americas-prison-population-2014-4?op=1">"Watch How Quickly The War On Drugs Changed America's Prison Population"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Watch+How+Quickly+The+War+On+Drugs+Changed+America%27s+Prison+Population&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-the-war-on-drugs-changed-americas-prison-population-2014-4%3Fop%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/communications/policy/GPS_History.html">"Global Positioning System History"</a>. 2012-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Positioning+System+History&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fdirectorates%2Fheo%2Fscan%2Fcommunications%2Fpolicy%2FGPS_History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2022" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Molly (2022-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/seventh-lambeth-conference-resolutions-9-20-1930-anglican-communion">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Seventh Lambeth Conference, Resolutions 9-20" (1930) by the Anglican Communion"</a>. <i>Embryo Project Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-5030">1940-5030</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embryo+Project+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=%22Seventh+Lambeth+Conference%2C+Resolutions+9-20%22+%281930%29+by+the+Anglican+Communion&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.issn=1940-5030&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fembryo.asu.edu%2Fpages%2Fseventh-lambeth-conference-resolutions-9-20-1930-anglican-communion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013" class="citation cs2">IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/"><i>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1 (WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5)</i></a>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2013%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Working+Group+1+%28WG1%29+Contribution+to+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change+%28IPCC%29+5th+Assessment+Report+%28AR5%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.au=IPCC+AR5+WG1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far5%2Fwg1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatechange2013.org/">Climate Change 2013 Working Group 1 website.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG22001" class="citation book cs1">IPCC TAR WG2 (2001). McCarthy, J. J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; White, K. S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514070847/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg2%2Findex.htm"><i>Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i></a>. Contribution of Working Group II to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521807685" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521807685"><bdi>978-0521807685</bdi></a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse_j1j8">the original</a></span> on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+II+to+the+Third+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521807685&rft.au=IPCC+TAR+WG2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclimatechange2000000unse_j1j8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> (pb: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521015006" title="Special:BookSources/0521015006">0521015006</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozarslanDuclertKévorkian2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamit_Bozarslan" class="extiw" title="fr:Hamit Bozarslan">Bozarslan, Hamit</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Duclert" class="extiw" title="fr:Vincent Duclert">Duclert, Vincent</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span>; Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2015). <i>Comprendre le génocide des arméniens—1915 à nos jours</i> [<i>Understanding the Armenian genocide: 1915 to the present day</i>] (in French). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallandier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallandier (page does not exist)">Tallandier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Tallandier" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Tallandier">fr</a>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-210-0681-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-210-0681-2"><bdi>979-10-210-0681-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprendre+le+g%C3%A9nocide+des+arm%C3%A9niens%E2%80%941915+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Tallandier%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-10-210-0681-2&rft.aulast=Bozarslan&rft.aufirst=Hamit&rft.au=Duclert%2C+Vincent&rft.au=K%C3%A9vorkian%2C+Raymond+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else"><i>"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brower, Daniel R. and Thomas Sanders. <i>The World in the Twentieth Century</i> (7th Ed, 2013)</li> <li>CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wO3qlZr7s3MC"><i>People of the century</i></a>. Simon and Schuster, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-87093-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-87093-2">0-684-87093-2</a></li> <li>Grenville, J. A. S. <i>A History of the World in the Twentieth Century</i> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin00gren">online free</a></li> <li>Hallock, Stephanie A. <i>The World in the 20th Century: A Thematic Approach</i> (2012)</li> <li>Langer, William. <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i> (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00lang">online free</a></li> <li>Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. <i>Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr">online</a></li> <li>Pindyck, Robert S. "What we know and don't know about climate change, and implications for policy." <i>Environmental and Energy Policy and the Economy</i> 2.1 (2021): 4–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c14502/c14502.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Pollard, Sidney, ed. <i>Wealth and Poverty: an Economic History of the 20th Century</i> (1990), 260 pp; global perspective <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyeco00poll">online free</a></li> <li>Stearns, Peter, ed. <i>The Encyclopedia of World History</i> (2001)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (2008). "The Twentieth Century". <i>History of Humanity</i>. Vol. VII. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09311-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09311-8"><bdi>978-0-415-09311-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09311-8&rft.au=UNESCO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decades_and_years" title="Template talk:Decades and years"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decades_and_years37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>20th century</b><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a> ← <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> ← ↔ → <a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a> → <a href="/wiki/22nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd century">22nd century</a></span></small> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s"><b>1890s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1890">1890</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1891" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1891">1891</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1892" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1892">1892</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1893">1893</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1894" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1894">1894</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1895" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1895">1895</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1896">1896</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1897">1897</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1898">1898</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1899">1899</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1900s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="1900s (decade)"><b>1900s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1900">1900</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1901" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1901">1901</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1902">1902</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1903">1903</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1904" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1904">1904</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1905">1905</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1906" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1906">1906</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1907">1907</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1908" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1908">1908</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1909">1909</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1910s" title="1910s"><b>1910s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1910">1910</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1911">1911</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1912">1912</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1913">1913</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1914">1914</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1915" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1915">1915</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1916" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1916">1916</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1917">1917</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1918">1918</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1919">1919</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s"><b>1920s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1920">1920</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1921">1921</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1922">1922</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1923" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1923">1923</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1924">1924</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1925" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1925">1925</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1926">1926</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1927">1927</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1928">1928</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1929">1929</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s"><b>1930s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1930">1930</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1931">1931</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1932">1932</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1933">1933</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1934">1934</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1935">1935</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1936">1936</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1937">1937</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1938">1938</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1939">1939</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s"><b>1940s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1940">1940</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1941">1941</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1942" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1942">1942</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1943">1943</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1944">1944</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1945">1945</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1946">1946</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1947">1947</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1948">1948</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1949">1949</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s"><b>1950s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1950">1950</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1951">1951</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1952">1952</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1953">1953</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1954">1954</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1955" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1955">1955</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1956">1956</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1957" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1957">1957</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1958">1958</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1959">1959</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s"><b>1960s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1960">1960</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1961">1961</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1962">1962</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1963">1963</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1964">1964</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1965">1965</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1966">1966</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1967">1967</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1968">1968</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1969">1969</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s"><b>1970s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1970">1970</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1971">1971</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1972">1972</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1973">1973</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1974">1974</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1975" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1975">1975</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1976">1976</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1977">1977</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1978">1978</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1979">1979</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s"><b>1980s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1980">1980</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1981" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1981">1981</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1982">1982</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1983">1983</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1984">1984</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1985">1985</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1986">1986</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1987">1987</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1988">1988</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1989">1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s"><b>1990s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1990">1990</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1991">1991</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1992">1992</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1993">1993</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1994">1994</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1995">1995</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1996">1996</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1997">1997</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1998">1998</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1999">1999</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/2000s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="2000s (decade)"><b>2000s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2000">2000</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2001">2001</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2002">2002</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2003">2003</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2004">2004</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2005">2005</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2006">2006</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2007">2007</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2008">2008</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2009">2009</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Centuries_and_millennia50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centuries" title="Template:Centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centuries" title="Template talk:Centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Centuries_and_millennia50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Centuries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef; width:10%;">Millennium</th> <th colspan="10" style="background-color:#efefef; width:90%;">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">BC (BCE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:9%"><b><a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th</a></b></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/31st_century_BC" title="31st century BC">31st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">30th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century_BC" title="29th century BC">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century_BC" title="28th century BC">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century_BC" title="27th century BC">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century_BC" title="26th century BC">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century_BC" title="24th century BC">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century_BC" title="23rd century BC">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century_BC" title="22nd century BC">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC">21st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century_BC" title="20th century BC">20th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century_BC" title="19th century BC">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century_BC" title="18th century BC">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century_BC" title="17th century BC">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century_BC" title="16th century BC">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century_BC" title="15th century BC">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century_BC" title="13th century BC">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century_BC" title="12th century BC">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century_BC" title="11th century BC">11th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century_BC" title="10th century BC">10th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century_BC" title="9th century BC">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century_BC" title="4th century BC">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">AD (CE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd century">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd century">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="24th century">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="25th century">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="26th century">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="27th century">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="28th century">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="29th century">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="30th century">30th</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_20th_century240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:20th_century" title="Template:20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:20th_century" title="Template talk:20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:20th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:20th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_20th_century240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Key_events_of_the_20th_century" title="Key events of the 20th century">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of the 20th century">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900s" title="1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910s" title="1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_art" title="20th-century art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_science" title="20th century in science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_science_and_technology" title="1970s in science and technology">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_science_and_technology" title="1980s in science and technology">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology" title="1990s in science and technology">1990s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>State leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century_(1901%E2%80%931950)" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century_(1951%E2%80%932000)" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)">1951–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_20th-century_earthquakes" title="Lists of 20th-century earthquakes">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century" title="List of lunar eclipses in the 20th century">Lunar eclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots#20th_century" title="List of riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century" title="List of solar eclipses in the 20th century">Solar eclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_volcanic_eruptions_of_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of large volcanic eruptions of the 20th century">Volcanic eruptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century" title="Category:20th century">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6927#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6927#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6927#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Twentieth century"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1159810/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="20th century"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002012476">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Twentieth century"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139020">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975995h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975995h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ch460558&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000071420&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558421205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/a5205136-8c1a-4f52-904c-30521f10af37">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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