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= [{"id":86704551,"identifier":"Attachment_86704551","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":80265373,"created_at":"2022-05-30T04:21:34.155-07:00","from_world_paper_id":206742668,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T05:27:45.908-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley","ai_title_tag":"Freedom of Association in Bangladesh Garments","grobid_abstract":"The right to freedom of association is fundamental to the establishment of labour unionism as an institution. The Bangladesh government while requires enabling legal provisions for unionisation in its garments industry, as this paper explicates, its legal regulation for the right to freedom of association is in palsy to uphold the labour unionism. This paper argues for the necessity of legislation capable of drawing from the complementary skills and resources of the government, factory owners, labour unions, and global brands to secure a sustained commitment and contribution towards socioeconomic and political dimensions of labour relations in the Bangladesh RMG industry.","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"International Labour Review","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"86704551"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"‘Freedom of association’ in the Bangladesh garments industry—a policy schizophrenia in labour regulation","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [220050323]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":86704551,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “‘Freedom of association’ in the Bangladesh garments industry—a policy schizophrenia in labour regulation”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86704551/mini_magick20240803-1-9q9f23.png?1722683558" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">‘Freedom of association’ in the Bangladesh garments industry—a policy schizophrenia in labour regulation</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="220050323" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SamidulIslam8"><img alt="Profile image of Samidul Islam" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/220050323/78032727/66578089/s65_samidul.islam.jpeg" />Samidul Islam</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, International Labour Review</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">23 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 80265373; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=80265373"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The right to freedom of association is fundamental to the establishment of labour unionism as an institution. The Bangladesh government while requires enabling legal provisions for unionisation in its garments industry, as this paper explicates, its legal regulation for the right to freedom of association is in palsy to uphold the labour unionism. This paper argues for the necessity of legislation capable of drawing from the complementary skills and resources of the government, factory owners, labour unions, and global brands to secure a sustained commitment and contribution towards socioeconomic and political dimensions of labour relations in the Bangladesh RMG industry.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":86704551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/80265373/_Freedom_of_association_in_the_Bangladesh_garments_industry_a_policy_schizophrenia_in_labour_regulation"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":86704551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/80265373/_Freedom_of_association_in_the_Bangladesh_garments_industry_a_policy_schizophrenia_in_labour_regulation"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="80265373" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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A Historical Exploration of Freedom of Association in the Readymade Garment Industry of Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35960882" href="https://rubd.academia.edu/MuhammadSaddamHussain">Muhammad Saddam Hussain</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The historical texture of the trade union movement in Bangladesh is the struggle for survival and subordination. Now garment workers are enjoying the rights of eight-hour working days, weekly holiday leave, maternity leave, and so on, thanks to the struggle of the trade union movement. But the trade union movement in Bangladesh was historically weakened by its division into multiple federations, each aligned with a different political party as its labour front. This study will seek to understand the factors that restrict the freedom of association of garment workers in Bangladesh. The necessity of finding and analysing obstacles regarding the formation of unions in the garment industry and ensuring the environment to foster effective trade unionism in garments can be determined through the outcomes of this research. This article presents a brief historical overview of trade union movement conditions under different regimes, from British India to modern Bangladesh. It also incorporates a clarification of the workers' freedom of association barriers and the recent changes in perceptions in this regard. The objective of the study was to learn about the practise of trade union organising in the garment industry in Bangladesh. This study will be significant for establishing the right to associate for workers in our society. This article also contributes to the debate on how national legislation undermines workers' freedom of association.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Commitment or Conspiracy? A Historical Exploration of Freedom of Association in the Readymade Garment Industry of Bangladesh","attachmentId":104941747,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105505649/Commitment_or_Conspiracy_A_Historical_Exploration_of_Freedom_of_Association_in_the_Readymade_Garment_Industry_of_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105505649/Commitment_or_Conspiracy_A_Historical_Exploration_of_Freedom_of_Association_in_the_Readymade_Garment_Industry_of_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="122619694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122619694/International_political_economy_civil_society_and_labour_relations_in_Bangladesh_the_case_of_the_ready_made_garments_industry">International political economy, civil society and labour relations in Bangladesh: the case of the ready-made garments industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="306649094" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KaziMahmudurRahman4">Kazi Mahmudur Rahman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Dominant discourse of trade led development justifies the treatment of workers by subordinating their needs to the overarching imperatives of development. The official transcript of Ready-Made Garments (RMG) trade induced development is interpreted as progress, while for workers it is associated with the decline in the quality of life and as forms of suffering and even as enslavements. Based on a field survey on workers, in-depth interview on factory owners and observation, this article also provides an account of the political power relations underpinning the-worker/employer‖ constellation in the RMG sector in Bangladesh by investigating the formal and proto-formal arrangements/provisions. Since labour power is a critical input into RMG Industry (RGI), this article also identified the various modes of labour control in the RGI in Bangladesh. The analysis also shows the efforts in legitimizing those controlling practices. The core of this paper is an exposition of the governance mechanisms through how the new international division of labour (NIDL) wassustained despite the worker's struggles. At the end, it envisages to expose the gap between stated governance objectives and governance as experienced.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International political economy, civil society and labour relations in Bangladesh: the case of the ready-made garments industry","attachmentId":117251132,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122619694/International_political_economy_civil_society_and_labour_relations_in_Bangladesh_the_case_of_the_ready_made_garments_industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122619694/International_political_economy_civil_society_and_labour_relations_in_Bangladesh_the_case_of_the_ready_made_garments_industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="35126278" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35126278/Trade_Union_of_Garments_Worker_in_Bangladesh_Theory_and_Practice_Legal_Research_Monograph_Researcher">Trade Union of Garments Worker in Bangladesh:Theory & Practice Legal Research Monograph Researcher</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71236272" href="https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5">abrar faisal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Bangladeshi garment sector is a leading garment manufacturing industry in the world that has been growing constantly during the last decades. Today the garment sector represent the 80% of the national export and counts USD 19 billions revenues; these numbers describe the sector as the most important manufacturing industry in Bangladesh. The numbers are also outstanding when it comes to number of workers employed, about five millions, and number of factories about five thousands of different sizes. The cheap labour cost attracted many international brands that chose the Bangladeshi factories to produce their products for the European and US markets that take up to the 60% and 20% of the total export. In this thesis project we used the literature to understand the current status quo of the working conditions in the garment sector and to identify the major factors that influence, impact and contribute in making the labour standards low. We used the interviewing methodology to gather facts and opinions of the current system and to organize the information and draw the status of the system. Afterwards we analysed the findings using cultural and economic indicators and the design of recommendation that could contribute in improving the working conditions’ level. Through the literature review and the interviews we defined the working conditions as: wage, job security, safety, discrimination, harassment and freedom of association; through the analysis we could acknowledge that workers are clearly exploited and the conditions are far to comply with the International Labour Standards defined by the international organizations. In the specific we analysed how two factors, compliance and social dialogue impact on the working conditions; the result shows the very low law enforcement level and little practice of a dialogue among government, business associations and workers, where the latter has almost no power; we can conclude that they significantly contribute to keep the working conditions low. Finally we provided recommendations to improve the working conditions and distribute the benefits among workers, employers and government, guaranteeing the sectorial long-term expansion and the significant benefits for global buyers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trade Union of Garments Worker in Bangladesh:Theory \u0026 Practice Legal Research Monograph Researcher","attachmentId":54987547,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35126278/Trade_Union_of_Garments_Worker_in_Bangladesh_Theory_and_Practice_Legal_Research_Monograph_Researcher","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35126278/Trade_Union_of_Garments_Worker_in_Bangladesh_Theory_and_Practice_Legal_Research_Monograph_Researcher"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="123581128" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123581128/Challenges_and_Prospects_of_Labour_Management_Relations_in_the_Export_Oriented_Ready_Made_Garments_RMG_Industry_A_Study_in_Bangladesh">Challenges and Prospects of Labour-Management Relations in the Export Oriented Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Industry: A Study in Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58078085" href="https://univdhaka.academia.edu/MohammadMainudinMollah">Dr Mohammad Mainuddin Mollah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of research and innovation in social science, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Ready-made Garments (RMG) industry is one of the most significant earning sectors in Bangladesh. It generates over 80% of the country's total exports and provides employment opportunities for about 4.4 million people. However, the labor-management relations in this industry do not meet global standards. This research-based article focuses particularly on the labour-management relations in the RMG industry in Bangladesh. The study explains RMG workers employment and working conditions, the legal framework of labour-management relations, workers involvement with the trade unions and the existing dispute settlement and collective bargaining process in the RMG industry and their effectiveness Finally, the study finds out the opinions of the both workers and management on policy recommendations for ensuring labourmanagement relations in the RMG industry in Bangladesh.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Challenges and Prospects of Labour-Management Relations in the Export Oriented Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Industry: A Study in Bangladesh","attachmentId":118017973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123581128/Challenges_and_Prospects_of_Labour_Management_Relations_in_the_Export_Oriented_Ready_Made_Garments_RMG_Industry_A_Study_in_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123581128/Challenges_and_Prospects_of_Labour_Management_Relations_in_the_Export_Oriented_Ready_Made_Garments_RMG_Industry_A_Study_in_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="96925616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96925616/Labor_Management_Relations_Following_the_Labor_Laws_of_Ready_Made_Garments_in_Bangladesh_The_Present_Perspective">Labor Management Relations Following the Labor Laws of Ready Made Garments in Bangladesh: The Present Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="252593345" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MohammadMuzahidulIslam2">Mohammad Muzahidul Islam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The study gives a brief overview of the field of Bangladesh LaborLlaw-2006 & Bangladesh Labor Law (Amendment)-2013, Labor relations, labor rights, wages and the important issues associated with it. It analyses from the present perspective of both the management and employees, the merits of trade unionism and also the negative consequences of trade unionism have been mentioned. Besides these, the contract negotiation tactics and preparations essential to the management have been briefly discussed. The study also deals with the labor relations practices in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh and the extent of implementation of labor laws in the same industry. The consequences of these have been analyzed using both primary and secondary data collected from trustworthy sources.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Labor Management Relations Following the Labor Laws of Ready Made Garments in Bangladesh: The Present Perspective","attachmentId":98688291,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96925616/Labor_Management_Relations_Following_the_Labor_Laws_of_Ready_Made_Garments_in_Bangladesh_The_Present_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96925616/Labor_Management_Relations_Following_the_Labor_Laws_of_Ready_Made_Garments_in_Bangladesh_The_Present_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="101295433" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101295433/_Restrictions_on_workers_Freedom_of_Association_and_Collective_Bargaining_The_Case_of_Bangladeshi_Workers_">"Restrictions on workers' Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining: The Case of Bangladeshi Workers"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="196905274" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FahadHossain69">Fahad Hossain</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis explores the restrictions on workers’ freedom of association and collective bargaining in Bangladesh. It examines the existing national and international legal frameworks for workers’ rights and the actual practices of employers and government bodies that impede the exercise of these rights. The study also explores the impact of these restrictions on workers, including their ability to negotiate fair wages, improve working conditions, and establish better job security. The thesis is based on doctrinal research based on available literatures– international legal instruments, domestic legislations, books, journal articles, case laws, commentaries, reports and online resources. The study identifies the key barriers that prevent workers from exercising their rights and suggests potential solutions to enhance workers’ freedom of association and collective bargaining in Bangladesh.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Restrictions on workers' Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining: The Case of Bangladeshi Workers\"","attachmentId":101876222,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101295433/_Restrictions_on_workers_Freedom_of_Association_and_Collective_Bargaining_The_Case_of_Bangladeshi_Workers_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101295433/_Restrictions_on_workers_Freedom_of_Association_and_Collective_Bargaining_The_Case_of_Bangladeshi_Workers_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="15783894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15783894/LABOUR_STANDARDS_IN_THE_BANGLADESH_GARMENT_INDUSTRY_A_POLITICAL_ECONOMY_PERSPECTIVE_LABOUR_STANDARDS_IN_THE_BANGLADESH_GARMENT_INDUSTRY_A_POLITICAL_ECONOMY_PERSPECTIVE">LABOUR STANDARDS IN THE BANGLADESH GARMENT INDUSTRY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE LABOUR STANDARDS IN THE BANGLADESH GARMENT INDUSTRY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34973776" href="https://laurentian.academia.edu/SadequlIslam">Sadequl Islam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines the current state of labour standards in the garment industry of Bangladesh. It explores the reasons why private efforts at firm and association levels are ineffective. It also explores the reasons why government regulations are inadequate, why labour laws are flawed and often flouted in Bangladesh. The paper highlights the major features of recent multilateral initiatives that seek to improve worker safety in the garment industry of Bangladesh. The paper analyses the problem of labour standards in the clothing industry from a political economy perspective. Specifically, it highlights the importance of the institutional context in improving, monitoring, and enforcing labour standards. The main thesis of the paper is three-fold. First, economic owners and agents at the firm level, being myopic, are prone to maximize short-run profits at the expense of worker safety. Second, augmentation of the "visible hands" of the state in the form of increased regulations and laws is unlikely to succeed under a corrupt regime. Third, for sustained improvements in labour standards, a reconfiguration of institutions involving all stakeholders is necessary.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"LABOUR STANDARDS IN THE BANGLADESH GARMENT INDUSTRY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE LABOUR STANDARDS IN THE BANGLADESH GARMENT INDUSTRY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE","attachmentId":38794053,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15783894/LABOUR_STANDARDS_IN_THE_BANGLADESH_GARMENT_INDUSTRY_A_POLITICAL_ECONOMY_PERSPECTIVE_LABOUR_STANDARDS_IN_THE_BANGLADESH_GARMENT_INDUSTRY_A_POLITICAL_ECONOMY_PERSPECTIVE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15783894/LABOUR_STANDARDS_IN_THE_BANGLADESH_GARMENT_INDUSTRY_A_POLITICAL_ECONOMY_PERSPECTIVE_LABOUR_STANDARDS_IN_THE_BANGLADESH_GARMENT_INDUSTRY_A_POLITICAL_ECONOMY_PERSPECTIVE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="112605158" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112605158/Labour_Laws_in_the_Garment_Sector_of_Bangladesh_a_Workers_View">Labour Laws in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: a Workers’ View</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="95238749" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MdAbdurRakib5">Md.Abdur Rakib</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Yuridika, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The labour laws of Bangladesh ensure the rights of the labourers. The objective of this study is to explore the labour law practices in the ready-made garment sector of Bangladesh. The survey is used to collect data, percentile and descriptive statistics are used to interpret the results. Most of the cases' employment conditions-maternity benefit, working hours, paid leave, sufficient wage-are at a satisfactory level but improvements are sometimes needed concerning trade unions, profit participation and health issues. The garment sector should implement the labour laws for the welfare of the labourers and the situation needs monitoring by the government. The purpose of the study 'Labour Laws in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: A Workers' View' by Mohammad Shahidul Islam and Abdur Rakib (Bangladesh) is to investigate labour law practices in the garment sector in Bangladesh. With a questionnaire, survey data was collected from companies and workers. The researchers concluded that in many cases the employment law situation was in order (i.e. employment conditions, maternity allowance, working hours and leave), but that in some cases improvement is needed (i.e. trade unions, profit participation, and the health of employees).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Labour Laws in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: a Workers’ View","attachmentId":109784448,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112605158/Labour_Laws_in_the_Garment_Sector_of_Bangladesh_a_Workers_View","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112605158/Labour_Laws_in_the_Garment_Sector_of_Bangladesh_a_Workers_View"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="38154126" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38154126/Beyond_factory_safety_labor_unions_militant_protest_and_the_accelerated_ambitions_of_Bangladesh_s_export_garment_industry">Beyond factory safety: labor unions, militant protest, and the accelerated ambitions of Bangladesh’s export garment industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="959250" href="https://juniv.academia.edu/HasanAshraf">Hasan Ashraf</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="584409" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/RebeccaPrentice">Rebecca Prentice</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dialectic Anthropology , 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article explores the relationship between labor unions and labor precarity in Bangladesh’s garment industry. After a string of high-profile factory disasters—including the 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza garment factory building—Bangladeshi labor unions have played a central role in new global initiatives to improve factory safety. These initiatives have provided an opportunity for unions to influence the governance of labor standards in a context of low levels of factory unionization. We argue that such global initiatives have deepened an existing divide between the conciliatory stance of mainstream, politically connected Bangladeshi unions and workers’ more radical responses to precarity. Militant protests have advanced workers’ interests historically, but are increasingly delegitimized and subject to violent crackdowns. This article contributes to our understanding of the fraught relationship between precarious workers and traditional labor unions by showing that when unions devote themselves to the technocratic improvement of labor standards without confronting the structural conditions of precarity itself, workers can be made more vulnerable—a situation that becomes heightened in a context of fast industrial expansion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond factory safety: labor unions, militant protest, and the accelerated ambitions of Bangladesh’s export garment industry","attachmentId":58187396,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38154126/Beyond_factory_safety_labor_unions_militant_protest_and_the_accelerated_ambitions_of_Bangladesh_s_export_garment_industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38154126/Beyond_factory_safety_labor_unions_militant_protest_and_the_accelerated_ambitions_of_Bangladesh_s_export_garment_industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="74843016" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74843016/The_Impact_of_International_Labour_Standards_on_Freedom_of_Association_in_Bangladesh">The Impact of International Labour Standards on Freedom of Association in Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9615137" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrBorhanUddinKhan">Dr. Borhan Uddin Khan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis focuses on examination of the impact of international labour standards on freedom of association in Bangladesh. The aim is to trace the influence of the ILO Conventions on freedom of association in the development of legislation and policy on the right to freedom of association in Bangladesh and to determine the effectiveness and relevance of the ILO&#39;s effort in this context. The present study undertakes to focus and analyse the impact from three perspectives. First, by outlining the legislative development of the right to freedom of association in Bangladesh, the thesis attempts to ascertain the impact of the ILO Conventions on freedom of association on domestic legislation and policy. Secondly, an assessment is undertaken of the extent to which the Government of Bangladesh has fulfilled its international obligations under the ILO Constitution and evaluate the role of the ILO supervisory machinery in ensuring the right to freedom of association in Bangladesh. Thirdl...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Impact of International Labour Standards on Freedom of Association in Bangladesh","attachmentId":82850426,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74843016/The_Impact_of_International_Labour_Standards_on_Freedom_of_Association_in_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74843016/The_Impact_of_International_Labour_Standards_on_Freedom_of_Association_in_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86704551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86704551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_86704551" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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