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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="OUM4RebtmuI8WG783NeKewKUPtDbJ8moUaC71wdEpQ22Va+CVGivqGGrpQgZ5IVPn8Hp3XQNpmaKR/m29FcahQ==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rahshida Atkins" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reli-ability and have indicated" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/158970935/59172018/47413299/s200_rahshida.atkins.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reli-ability and have indicated" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://tcnj.academia.edu/RahshidaAtkins" /> <meta name="description" content="Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reli-ability and have indicated" /> <title>(PDF) Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES | Rahshida Atkins - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732489247000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732489247000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reli-ability and have indicated if the instrument was factor analyzed. However, little attention has been given to the quality of the factor analysis performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exploratory factor analyses done on instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination using guidelines from experts in psychometric theory. The techniques used for factor analysis were reviewed and critiqued and the adequacy of reporting was evaluated. Internet search engines and four electronic abstract databases were used to identify 16 relevant instruments that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Principal component analysis was the most frequent method of extraction (81%). Sample sizes were adequate for factor analysis in 81 percent of studies. The majo...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rahshida Atkins"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-12-04","dateModified":"2022-12-05","datePublished":"2014-01-01","headline":"Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"tcnj"}]}</script><link 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{"work":{"id":92206392,"created_at":"2022-12-04T23:40:35.681-08:00","from_world_paper_id":222015178,"updated_at":"2023-06-17T02:13:06.565-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.2190/HS.44.4.c","issue":"4","volume":"44","abstract":"Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reli-ability and have indicated if the instrument was factor analyzed. However, little attention has been given to the quality of the factor analysis performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exploratory factor analyses done on instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination using guidelines from experts in psychometric theory. The techniques used for factor analysis were reviewed and critiqued and the adequacy of reporting was evaluated. Internet search engines and four electronic abstract databases were used to identify 16 relevant instruments that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Principal component analysis was the most frequent method of extraction (81%). Sample sizes were adequate for factor analysis in 81 percent of studies. The majo...","page_numbers":"711-734","publication_date":"2014,,","publication_name":"INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [158970935]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":95324912,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/95324912/mini_magick20221206-1-fousu2.png?1670312651" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Racism and Racial Discrimination and Well-Being INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="158970935" href="https://tcnj.academia.edu/RahshidaAtkins"><img alt="Profile image of Rahshida Atkins" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/158970935/59172018/47413299/s65_rahshida.atkins.jpeg" />Rahshida Atkins</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014, INSTRUMENTS MEASURING PERCEIVED RACISM/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reli-ability and have indicated if the instrument was factor analyzed. However, little attention has been given to the quality of the factor analysis performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exploratory factor analyses done on instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination using guidelines from experts in psychometric theory. The techniques used for factor analysis were reviewed and critiqued and the adequacy of reporting was evaluated. Internet search engines and four electronic abstract databases were used to identify 16 relevant instruments that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Principal component analysis was the most frequent method of extraction (81%). Sample sizes were adequate for factor analysis in 81 percent of studies. The majo...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":95324912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":95324912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="95324912" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/92206392/Racism_and_Racial_Discrimination_and_Well_Being_INSTRUMENTS_MEASURING_PERCEIVED_RACISM_RACIAL_DISCRIMINATION_REVIEW_AND_CRITIQUE_OF_FACTOR_ANALYTIC_TECHNIQUES" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="47344643" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47344643/Instruments_measuring_perceived_racism_racial_discrimination_review_and_critique_of_factor_analytic_techniques">Instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination: review and critique of factor analytic techniques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="158970935" href="https://tcnj.academia.edu/RahshidaAtkins">Rahshida Atkins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Several compendiums of instruments that measure perceived racism and/or discrimination are present in the literature. Other works have reviewed the psychometric properties of these instruments in terms of validity and reliability and have indicated if the instrument was factor analyzed. However, little attention has been given to the quality of the factor analysis performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exploratory factor analyses done on instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination using guidelines from experts in psychometric theory. The techniques used for factor analysis were reviewed and critiqued and the adequacy of reporting was evaluated. Internet search engines and four electronic abstract databases were used to identify 16 relevant instruments that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Principal component analysis was the most frequent method of extraction (81%). Sample sizes were adequate for factor analysis in 81 percent of studies. The major...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination: review and critique of factor analytic techniques","attachmentId":66485879,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47344643/Instruments_measuring_perceived_racism_racial_discrimination_review_and_critique_of_factor_analytic_techniques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47344643/Instruments_measuring_perceived_racism_racial_discrimination_review_and_critique_of_factor_analytic_techniques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13778856" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13778856/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Development_and_Preliminary_Validation_of_a_Community_Version1">The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Community Version1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32888426" href="https://rockefeller.academia.edu/JonathanTobin">Jonathan Tobin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Community Version1","attachmentId":44964392,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13778856/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Development_and_Preliminary_Validation_of_a_Community_Version1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13778856/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Development_and_Preliminary_Validation_of_a_Community_Version1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="92551491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92551491/Development_and_reliability_of_a_Telephone_Administered_Perceived_Racism_Scale_TPRS_a_tool_for_epidemiological_use">Development and reliability of a Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS): a tool for epidemiological use</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21461878" href="https://duke.academia.edu/mayamcneilly">maya mcneilly</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethnicity & disease</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The conceptualization of perceived racism as a chronic stressor is relatively new to epidemiology. The Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS) captures the complexity of racism within five scales: Experience of Racism (by Blacks as a group and by the respondent), Emotional Responses, Behavioral Responses, Concern for Child(ren), and Past Experiences of Racism. The TPRS was developed for employed Black women. Exploratory factor analyses and tests of internal consistency were completed with 476 Black women, aged 36-53. Factor analyses on their responses to racism yielded five factors: passive emotions, active emotions, passive behaviors, internal active behaviors, and external active behaviors. Alpha reliability values ranged from 0.75 to 0.80 for the active and passive emotions subscales, from 0.59 to 0.69 for the passive behaviors subscale, and greater than 0.76 for both active behaviors subscales. Alpha reliabilities were 0.82, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.82 for Past Experiences...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development and reliability of a Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS): a tool for epidemiological use","attachmentId":95530524,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92551491/Development_and_reliability_of_a_Telephone_Administered_Perceived_Racism_Scale_TPRS_a_tool_for_epidemiological_use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92551491/Development_and_reliability_of_a_Telephone_Administered_Perceived_Racism_Scale_TPRS_a_tool_for_epidemiological_use"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="1098988" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1098988/Racial_discrimination_and_health_A_systematic_review_of_scales_with_a_focus_on_their_psychometric_properties">Racial discrimination and health: A systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="330988" href="https://ufrgs.academia.edu/RogerKellerCeleste">Roger Keller Celeste</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Science & Medicine, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The literature addressing the use of the race variable to study causes of racial inequities in health is characterized by a dense discussion on the pitfalls in interpreting statistical associations as causal relationships. In contrast, fewer studies have addressed the use of racial discrimination scales to estimate discrimination effects on health, and none of them provided a thorough assessment of the scales’ psychometric properties. Our aim was to systematically review self-reported racial discrimination scales to describe their development processes and to provide a synthesis of their psychometric properties. A computer-based search in PubMed, LILACS, PsycInfo, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted without any type of restriction, using search queries containing free and controlled vocabulary. After initially identifying 3060 references, 24 scales were included in the review. Despite the fact that discrimination stands as topic of international relevance, 23 (96%) scales were developed within the United States. Most studies (67%, N ¼ 16) were published in the last 12 years, documenting initial attempts at scale development, with a dearth of investigations on scale refinements or cross-cultural adaptations. Psychometric properties were acceptable; sixteen of all scales presented reliability scores above 0.7, 19 out of 20 instruments confirmed at least 75% of all previously stated hypotheses regarding the constructs under consideration, and conceptual dimensional structure was supported by means of any type of factor analysis in 17 of 21 scales. However, independent researchers, apart from the original scale developers, have rarely examined such scales. The use of racial terminology and how it may influence self-reported experiences of discrimination has not yet been thoroughly examined. The need to consider other types of unfair treatment as concurrently important health-damaging exposures, and the idea of a universal instrument which would permit cross-cultural adaptations, should be discussed among researchers in this emerging field of inquiry.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Racial discrimination and health: A systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties","attachmentId":10403515,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1098988/Racial_discrimination_and_health_A_systematic_review_of_scales_with_a_focus_on_their_psychometric_properties","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1098988/Racial_discrimination_and_health_A_systematic_review_of_scales_with_a_focus_on_their_psychometric_properties"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="121984485" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121984485/Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale_Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to">Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="187217317" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NancyBreen3">Nancy Breen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the ‘‘Everyday Discrimination’’ scale (EDS), which measures frequency of various types of discrimination, in a multiethnic population. Cognitive testing included 30 participants of various race/ethnic backgrounds and identified items that were redundant, unclear, or inconsistent (e.g., cognitive challenges in quantifying acts of discrimination). Psychometric analysis included secondary data from two national studies, including 570 Asian Americans, 366 Latinos, and 2,884 African Americans, and identified redundant items as well as those exhibiting differential item functioning (DIF) by race/ethnicity. Overall, qualitative and quantitative techniques complemented one another, as cognitive interviewing findings provided context and explanation for quantitative results. Researchers ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to","attachmentId":116738729,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121984485/Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale_Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121984485/Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale_Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="13778861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13778861/Perceived_Racism_and_Negative_Affect_Analyses_of_Trait_and_State_Measures_of_Affect_in_a_Community_Sample">Perceived Racism and Negative Affect: Analyses of Trait and State Measures of Affect in a Community Sample</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32888426" href="https://rockefeller.academia.edu/JonathanTobin">Jonathan Tobin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="19544059" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19544059/Race_Racism_and_Discrimination_Bridging_Problems_Methods_and_Theory_in_Social_Psychological_Research">Race, Racism, and Discrimination: Bridging Problems, Methods, and Theory in Social Psychological Research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39872350" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JasmineJones20">Jasmine Jones</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Race, Racism, and Discrimination: Bridging Problems, Methods, and Theory in Social Psychological Research","attachmentId":40686934,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19544059/Race_Racism_and_Discrimination_Bridging_Problems_Methods_and_Theory_in_Social_Psychological_Research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19544059/Race_Racism_and_Discrimination_Bridging_Problems_Methods_and_Theory_in_Social_Psychological_Research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="88158038" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title 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Validity","attachmentId":92187584,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88158038/The_Asian_American_Racism_Related_Stress_Inventory_Development_Factor_Analysis_Reliability_and_Validity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88158038/The_Asian_American_Racism_Related_Stress_Inventory_Development_Factor_Analysis_Reliability_and_Validity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="84375458" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title 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review","attachmentId":89420974,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84375458/The_consequences_of_perceived_discrimination_for_psychological_well_being_A_meta_analytic_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84375458/The_consequences_of_perceived_discrimination_for_psychological_well_being_A_meta_analytic_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="100381068" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100381068/Creation_and_validation_of_the_anti_racism_efficacy_measure_factor_analysis_and_measurement_invariance">Creation and validation of the anti-racism efficacy measure: factor analysis and measurement invariance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80578529" href="https://bu.academia.edu/PCopeland">Phillipe Copeland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SN Social Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study develops and validates the Anti-Racism Efficacy Scale (A-RES), a 4-item measure that examines (1) competence, or self-rated ability to challenge racism and (2) impact, the degree to which an individual believes they may create change in working against racism. Drawing on a sample of 1322 college students, including 26.6% White, 20.6% Black, 17.1% Latinx, 25.3% Asian or Pacific Islander, 1.2% American Indian, and 9.3% indicating either nothing, other or more than one racial grouping, we test for measurement invariance, conduct a factor analysis, and use ANOVA to compare factor scores by racial grouping. Past literature on antiracism has either not focused explicitly on efficacy, or has not developed means to measure it. The A-RES scale assesses the extent to which individuals feel they are capable of exerting some impact on racism in society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Creation and validation of the anti-racism efficacy measure: factor analysis and measurement invariance","attachmentId":101220753,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100381068/Creation_and_validation_of_the_anti_racism_efficacy_measure_factor_analysis_and_measurement_invariance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100381068/Creation_and_validation_of_the_anti_racism_efficacy_measure_factor_analysis_and_measurement_invariance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":95324912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":95324912,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_95324912" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="15390174" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15390174/Exploratory_and_Confirmatory_Factor_Analyses_of_the_Asian_American_Racism_Related_Stress_Inventory">Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34537664" href="https://sfsu.academia.edu/AlvinAlvarez">Alvin Alvarez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Assessment, 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