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(PDF) Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="wXUU3MI2MMwwQz4BLwEs_gI0e6sLDKkvzOCoDUSHh9C5nGmEC6QlwRPi3_MWinUwIHID_294TYesOd6X57Uf0g" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2011/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Field Methods" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nancy Breen" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/121984472/Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to_Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the “Everyday Discrimination” scale (EDS)," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/121984472/Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to_Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the “Everyday Discrimination” scale (EDS)," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/NancyBreen3" /> <meta name="description" content="Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the “Everyday Discrimination” scale (EDS)," /> <title>(PDF) Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/121984472/Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to_Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739839723000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739839723000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the “Everyday Discrimination” scale (EDS), which measures frequency of various types of discrimination, in a multiethnic population. Cognitive testing included 30 participants of various race/ethnic backgrounds and identified items that were redundant, unclear, or inconsistent (e.g., cognitive challenges in quantifying acts of discrimination). Psychometric analysis included secondary data from two national studies, including 570 Asian Americans, 366 Latinos, and 2,884 African Americans, and identified redundant items as well as those exhibiting differential item functioning (DIF) by race/ethnicity. Overall, qualitative and quantitative techniques complemented one another, as cognitive interviewing findings provided context and explanation for quantitative results. Researchers sh...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Nancy Breen","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NancyBreen3"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2024-07-12","datePublished":"2011-01-01","headline":"Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116818270/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Psychology","Anthropology","Cognition","Item Response Theory","Medicine","Differential Item Functioning","African American","Interview","Asian American","Ethnic Group","Field Methods","Cognitive interview","Response Bias"],"publication":"Field Methods","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"SAGE 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":121984472,"created_at":"2024-07-12T02:46:59.447-07:00","from_world_paper_id":257184254,"updated_at":"2024-07-15T22:27:03.627-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the “Everyday Discrimination” scale (EDS), which measures frequency of various types of discrimination, in a multiethnic population. Cognitive testing included 30 participants of various race/ethnic backgrounds and identified items that were redundant, unclear, or inconsistent (e.g., cognitive challenges in quantifying acts of discrimination). Psychometric analysis included secondary data from two national studies, including 570 Asian Americans, 366 Latinos, and 2,884 African Americans, and identified redundant items as well as those exhibiting differential item functioning (DIF) by race/ethnicity. Overall, qualitative and quantitative techniques complemented one another, as cognitive interviewing findings provided context and explanation for quantitative results. Researchers sh...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"Field Methods"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [187217317]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":116818270,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/116818270/mini_magick20240801-1-xors3l.png?1722539586" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="187217317" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NancyBreen3"><img alt="Profile image of Nancy Breen" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Nancy Breen</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, Field Methods</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">19 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 121984472; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Proponents of survey evaluation have long advocated the integration of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but this recommendation has rarely been practiced. The authors used both methods to evaluate the “Everyday Discrimination” scale (EDS), which measures frequency of various types of discrimination, in a multiethnic population. Cognitive testing included 30 participants of various race/ethnic backgrounds and identified items that were redundant, unclear, or inconsistent (e.g., cognitive challenges in quantifying acts of discrimination). Psychometric analysis included secondary data from two national studies, including 570 Asian Americans, 366 Latinos, and 2,884 African Americans, and identified redundant items as well as those exhibiting differential item functioning (DIF) by race/ethnicity. Overall, qualitative and quantitative techniques complemented one another, as cognitive interviewing findings provided context and explanation for quantitative results. Researchers sh...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":116818270,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/121984472/Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to_Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":116818270,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/121984472/Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to_Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The authors used both methods to evaluate the ‘‘Everyday Discrimination’’ scale (EDS), which measures frequency of various types of discrimination, in a multiethnic population. Cognitive testing included 30 participants of various race/ethnic backgrounds and identified items that were redundant, unclear, or inconsistent (e.g., cognitive challenges in quantifying acts of discrimination). Psychometric analysis included secondary data from two national studies, including 570 Asian Americans, 366 Latinos, and 2,884 African Americans, and identified redundant items as well as those exhibiting differential item functioning (DIF) by race/ethnicity. Overall, qualitative and quantitative techniques complemented one another, as cognitive interviewing findings provided context and explanation for quantitative results. Researchers ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluate a Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Scale Comparing Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Methods to","attachmentId":116738729,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121984485/Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale_Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121984485/Evaluate_a_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_Scale_Comparing_Cognitive_Interviewing_and_Psychometric_Methods_to"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13778856" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13778856/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Development_and_Preliminary_Validation_of_a_Community_Version1">The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Community Version1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32888426" href="https://rockefeller.academia.edu/JonathanTobin">Jonathan Tobin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper describes 2 studies that evaluated a new instrument, the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version (PEDQ-CV). The PEDQ-CV can be used across ethnic groups to assess perceived racism or ethnic discrimination. The scales measure several subdimensions of racism, permitting the examination of different forms of this race-related stressor. The first study evaluated the psychometric properties of the PEDQ-CV in a large sample of community-dwelling adults. The second evaluated psychometric properties of a brief version of the PEDQ-CV, developed for research protocols requiring a shorter administration time. Tests were made of reliability and several forms of construct validity. Both versions of the PEDQ-CV have good reliability and construct validity. The PEDQ-CV can facilitate the development of an integrative body of knowledge across different ethnic groups regarding the existence, determinants, and consequences of discrimination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Community Version1","attachmentId":44964392,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13778856/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Development_and_Preliminary_Validation_of_a_Community_Version1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13778856/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Development_and_Preliminary_Validation_of_a_Community_Version1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="55279489" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55279489/Measuring_Everyday_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_in_Health_Surveys">Measuring Everyday Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Health Surveys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59833139" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NinezPonce">Ninez Ponce</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While it is clear that self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination is related to illness, there are challenges in measuring self-reported discrimination or unfair treatment. In the present study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of a self-reported instrument across racial/ethnic groups in a population-based sample, and we test and interpret findings from applying two different widely-used approaches to asking about discrimination and unfair treatment. Even though we found that the subset of items we tested tap into a single underlying concept, we also found that different groups are more likely to report on different aspects of discrimination. Whether race is mentioned in the survey question affects both frequency and mean scores of reports of racial/ethnic discrimination. Our findings suggest caution to researchers when comparing studies that have used different approaches to measure racial/ethnic discrimination and allow us to suggest practical empirical guidelines for measu...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Measuring Everyday Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Health Surveys","attachmentId":71224681,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55279489/Measuring_Everyday_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_in_Health_Surveys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55279489/Measuring_Everyday_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_in_Health_Surveys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="113250317" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113250317/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Community_Version_Validation_in_a_multiethnic_Asian_sample">The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire—Community Version: Validation in a multiethnic Asian sample</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166765502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RCrupi">Robert Crupi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version (PEDQ-CV) Lifetime Exposure scale in a multiethnic Asian sample {N = 509). The 34-item scale measures perceived interpersonal racial/ethnic discrimination and includes four subscales assessing different types of discrimination: Social Exclusion, Stigmatization, Discrimination at Work/ School, and Threat/Aggression. The Lifetime Exposure seale demonstrated excellent reliability across the full group and in all major subgroups. Subscales displayed good reliability across the full group and moderate-to-good reliability in each subgroup. The Lifetime Exposure scale was significantly correlated with the depression and anxiety subscales of the SCL-90-R, providing preliminary evidence of construct validity. The data suggest the Lifetime Exposure scale, previously validated in Black and Latino adults, is also appropriate for use with Asian samples, and can be used to examine both within-group and between-groups differences in discrimination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire—Community Version: Validation in a multiethnic Asian sample","attachmentId":110258630,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113250317/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Community_Version_Validation_in_a_multiethnic_Asian_sample","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113250317/The_Perceived_Ethnic_Discrimination_Questionnaire_Community_Version_Validation_in_a_multiethnic_Asian_sample"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="114211217" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114211217/Measuring_perceived_mistreatment_across_diverse_social_groups_An_evaluation_of_the_Everyday_Discrimination_Scale">Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: An evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46460906" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaryECampbell">Mary E. Campbell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Science &amp; Medicine, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Specificity and Everyday Discrimination: Assessing the difficulty associated with identifying a main reason for discrimination among racial/ethnic minority respondents." Sociological Methods & Research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: An evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale","attachmentId":110968320,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114211217/Measuring_perceived_mistreatment_across_diverse_social_groups_An_evaluation_of_the_Everyday_Discrimination_Scale","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114211217/Measuring_perceived_mistreatment_across_diverse_social_groups_An_evaluation_of_the_Everyday_Discrimination_Scale"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="76033688" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76033688/Sources_of_Interactional_Problems_in_a_Survey_of_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination">Sources of Interactional Problems in a Survey of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33265039" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NancyBreen">Nancy Breen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cross-cultural variability in respondent processing of survey questions may bias results from multiethnic samples. We analyzed behavior codes, which identify difficulties in the interactions of respondents and interviewers, from a discrimination module contained within a field test of the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. In all, 553 (English) telephone interviews yielded 13,999 interactions involving 22 items. Multilevel logistic regression modeling revealed that respondent age and several item characteristics (response format, customized questions, length, and first item</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sources of Interactional Problems in a Survey of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination","attachmentId":83716992,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76033688/Sources_of_Interactional_Problems_in_a_Survey_of_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76033688/Sources_of_Interactional_Problems_in_a_Survey_of_Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="81582127" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81582127/Methodology_of_the_Discrimination_in_the_United_States_survey">Methodology of the Discrimination in the United States survey</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42395212" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsepSupriadi26">Asep Supriadi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Health Services Research, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of the Discrimination in the United States survey, the results of which provide the basis for several articles in this special issue of HSR: Health Services Research, was to document the self-reported prevalence of discrimination against six groups-African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, women, and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) adults-across multiple institutional and interpersonal domains. These domains include health services (health care) and social services (education, employment, housing, political participation, police, and the criminal justice system), as well as interpersonal domains that affect health outcomes, including slurs, microaggressions, harassment (sexual and nonsexual), and violence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Methodology of the Discrimination in the United States survey","attachmentId":87576842,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81582127/Methodology_of_the_Discrimination_in_the_United_States_survey","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81582127/Methodology_of_the_Discrimination_in_the_United_States_survey"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="53612010" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53612010/Assessment_of_Differential_Item_Functioning_in_the_Experiences_of_Discrimination_Index_The_Coronary_Artery_Risk_Development_in_Young_Adults_CARDIA_Study">Assessment of Differential Item Functioning in the Experiences of Discrimination Index: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="106297761" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TimothyCunningham4">Timothy Cunningham</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Epidemiology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The psychometric properties of instruments used to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination in epidemiologic studies are rarely assessed, especially regarding construct validity. The authors used 2000-2001 data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study to examine differential item functioning (DIF) in 2 versions of the Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) Index, an index measuring self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic and gender discrimination. DIF may confound interpretation of subgroup differences. Large DIF was observed for 2 of 7 racial/ethnic discrimination items: White participants reported more racial/ethnic discrimination for the ''at school'' item, and black participants reported more racial/ethnic discrimination for the ''getting housing'' item. The large DIF by race/ethnicity in the index for racial/ethnic discrimination probably reflects item impact and is the result of valid group differences between blacks and whites regarding their respective experiences of discrimination. The authors also observed large DIF by race/ethnicity for 3 of 7 gender discrimination items. This is more likely to have been due to item bias. Users of the EOD Index must consider the advantages and disadvantages of DIF adjustment (omitting items, constructing separate measures, and retaining items). The EOD Index has substantial usefulness as an instrument that can assess self-reported experiences of discrimination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessment of Differential Item Functioning in the Experiences of Discrimination Index: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study","attachmentId":70376492,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53612010/Assessment_of_Differential_Item_Functioning_in_the_Experiences_of_Discrimination_Index_The_Coronary_Artery_Risk_Development_in_Young_Adults_CARDIA_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53612010/Assessment_of_Differential_Item_Functioning_in_the_Experiences_of_Discrimination_Index_The_Coronary_Artery_Risk_Development_in_Young_Adults_CARDIA_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="113709075" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113709075/Research_on_Discrimination_and_Health_An_Exploratory_Study_of_Unresolved_Conceptual_and_Measurement_Issues">Research on Discrimination and Health: An Exploratory Study of Unresolved Conceptual and Measurement Issues</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="197579896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DaphnaOyserman">Daphna Oyserman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Public Health, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objectives. Our goal in this study was to better understand racial and socioeconomic status (SES) variations in experiences of racial and nonracial discrimination. Methods. We used 1999 and 2000 data from the YES Health Study, which involved a community sample of 50 Black and 50 White respondents drawn from 4 neighborhoods categorized according to racial group (majority Black or majority White) and SES (≤ 150% or &gt; 250% of the poverty line). Qualitative and quantitative analyses examined experiences of discrimination across these neighborhoods. Results. More than 90% of Blacks and Whites described the meaning of unfair treatment in terms of injustice and felt certain about the attribution of their experiences of discrimination. These experiences triggered similar emotional reactions (most frequently anger and frustration) and levels of stress across groups, and low-SES Blacks and Whites reported higher levels of discrimination than their moderate-SES counterparts. Conclusions. Ex...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Research on Discrimination and Health: An Exploratory Study of Unresolved Conceptual and Measurement Issues","attachmentId":110605066,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113709075/Research_on_Discrimination_and_Health_An_Exploratory_Study_of_Unresolved_Conceptual_and_Measurement_Issues","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113709075/Research_on_Discrimination_and_Health_An_Exploratory_Study_of_Unresolved_Conceptual_and_Measurement_Issues"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="101075069" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101075069/An_item_factor_analysis_and_item_response_theory_based_revision_of_the_Everyday_Discrimination_Scale">An item factor analysis and item response theory-based revision of the Everyday Discrimination Scale</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37738104" href="https://independent.academia.edu/APanter">A. Panter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), a widely used measure of daily perceived discrimination, is purported to be unidimensional, to function well among African Americans, and to have adequate construct validity. Two separate studies and data sources were used to examine and cross-validate the psychometric properties of the EDS. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted on a sample of African American law students (N = 589), providing strong evidence of local dependence, or nuisance multidimensionality within the EDS. In Study 2, a separate nationally representative community sample (N = 3,527) was used to model the identified local dependence in an item factor analysis (i.e., bifactor model). Next, item response theory (IRT) calibrations were conducted to obtain item parameters. A five-item, revised-EDS was then tested for gender differential item functioning (in an IRT framework). Based on these analyses, a summed score to IRT-scaled score translation table is pr...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An item factor analysis and item response theory-based revision of the Everyday Discrimination Scale","attachmentId":101714457,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101075069/An_item_factor_analysis_and_item_response_theory_based_revision_of_the_Everyday_Discrimination_Scale","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101075069/An_item_factor_analysis_and_item_response_theory_based_revision_of_the_Everyday_Discrimination_Scale"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":116818270,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":116818270,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_116818270" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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ds2-5-body-xs">Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Explanation for the Gender Gap in Perceptions of Discrimination among African Americans: Considering the Role of Gender Bias in Measurement","attachmentId":57267732,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31301742/An_Explanation_for_the_Gender_Gap_in_Perceptions_of_Discrimination_among_African_Americans_Considering_the_Role_of_Gender_Bias_in_Measurement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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