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His research interests include international mediation, the termination of proxy conflicts, local peacemaking efforts in the context of peacekeeping missions, and early warning and conflict prevention. He uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods.<br /><br />He completed his PhD in International Relations at the University of Oxford in 2015. His dissertation focused on international mediation efforts in civil wars in Africa. The thesis puts forward a novel theory of legitimacy-based mediation to explain why African third parties outperform non-African third parties.<br /><br />Upon completion of his PhD, he joined the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI) at the University of Manchester as a research associate at the Making Peacekeeping Data Work Project, which examines how the UN can better interrogate the data that its peacekeeping missions collect. He has also held a research fellowship position at the London School of Economics (LSE), during which he mainly focuses on transnational conflict in Africa.<br /><br />His research has been awarded with several prizes, including the Lord Bryce Prize for best dissertation in International Relations/Comparative Studies in Great Britain.<br /><br />In addition to his academic work, he has been engaged in various consultancies for the African Union (AU), the European Institute of Peace (EIP), the Political Instability Task Force (PITF) of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the United Nations Operations Crisis Center (UNOCC), the European External Actions Service (EEAS), among others.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul 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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-c94da032-1b8e-48ce-b215-97c53f9f23a4"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-c94da032-1b8e-48ce-b215-97c53f9f23a4"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Allard Duursma</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502519"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502519/Peacekeeping_Mediation_and_the_Conclusion_of_Local_Ceasefires_in_Non_State_Conflicts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184319/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502519/Peacekeeping_Mediation_and_the_Conclusion_of_Local_Ceasefires_in_Non_State_Conflicts">Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article theorizes on how military and civilian components of peacekeeping operations contrib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article theorizes on how military and civilian components of peacekeeping operations contribute to the conclusion of local ceasefires in non-state conflicts involving armed opposition groups or communal groups. A mediation-based logic suggests that civilian peacekeeping staff can provide technical support aimed at resolving the conflict issues and engage with state officials to promote peace. A capabilities-based logic suggest that military peacekeepers can provide security during the negotiations, arrange logistics, and put military pressure on the conflict parties, which all should make the conclusion of a ceasefire more likely. The analysis supports both the capabilitiesbased and the mediation-based logic. An instrumental variable estimation helps to account for endogeneity. This article contributes to the literature on peacekeeping, mediation, and ceasefires through shifting the focus to non-state conflicts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44859cfb8d9bcbc1d469a85b2cc3f8be" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184319,"asset_id":114502519,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184319/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502519"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502519"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502519; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502519]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502519]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502519; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502519']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502498"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502498/Peacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violence_Shapes_Local_Peacebuilding_by_Civilian_Peacekeepers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeepers Without Helmets: How Violence Shapes Local Peacebuilding by Civilian Peacekeepers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184271/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502498/Peacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violence_Shapes_Local_Peacebuilding_by_Civilian_Peacekeepers">Peacekeepers Without Helmets: How Violence Shapes Local Peacebuilding by Civilian Peacekeepers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are increasingly deployed during ongoing violen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are increasingly deployed during ongoing violent conflict, they are also increasingly staffed with civilian personnel tasked with peacebuilding at the local level. How does violent conflict affect civilian peacekeepers' peacebuilding efforts locally? Shifting the research focus from military to civilian peacekeepers, we argue that the latter have various incentives and the capacity to concentrate their local-level peacebuilding efforts in violence-affected areas. We test our argument using novel, georeferenced data on peacebuilding by "Civil Affairs" personnel of the peacekeeping operation in the Central African Republic. Consistent with our expectation, violence positively correlates with civilian peacekeepers' peacebuilding interventions both within and across localities. Furthermore, mediation analyses suggest that this correlation is not merely due to greater UN military deployments in violence-affected areas. Instrumental variable regression supports a causal interpretation: violence leads to more efforts by civilian peacekeepers. These findings inform expectations and assessments of peacekeeping effectiveness.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="800df188b45e5f7d4645ae86c3a76bba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184271,"asset_id":114502498,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184271/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502498"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502498"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502498; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502498]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502498]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502498; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502498']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "800df188b45e5f7d4645ae86c3a76bba" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502498]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502498,"title":"Peacekeepers Without Helmets: How Violence Shapes Local Peacebuilding by Civilian Peacekeepers","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114502498/Peacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violence_Shapes_Local_Peacebuilding_by_Civilian_Peacekeepers","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111184271,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184271/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"duursma_smidt_2023_peacekeepers_without_helmets_how_violence_shapes_local_peacebuilding_by_civilian_peacekeepers.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184271/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Peacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111184271/duursma_smidt_2023_peacekeepers_without_helmets_how_violence_shapes_local_peacebuilding_by_civilian_peacekeepers-libre.pdf?1707145158=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPeacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219631\u0026Signature=RA6iTUqK-5e-DD6ISu1RmpraSHgdWV0yDlzpOS4uhiUpo2Z1TsTimJhz6wapRsRTEoVUndNXEM4akxLQpQZApmXDIakaNqxVtFDZKn1tFavTL~MCqTeiWlYmj5bnbFf9sg3uZqztd5qw5462MSX4geq45PyyR5UscoTr8MyvNXndfzjwYYI5Y6fxrY-anJPvPzmcofa0Uy-JXwZ9OH1UkkNijY16Mf0iHHi5R04qbdOicH8opEoiT3C5OjlWT3QRxEe-4JLyOiBPh44R~ZCh2TyeK4rD4tnUfe7gJBiaJm-JrCdFjt6Mwby8xFzlTbIsZ6lOodL52QLwBBUmut76hQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502404"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502404/Fueling_Factionalism_The_Impact_of_Peace_Processes_on_Rebel_Group_Fragmentation_in_Civil_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fueling Factionalism? The Impact of Peace Processes on Rebel Group Fragmentation in Civil Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184190/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502404/Fueling_Factionalism_The_Impact_of_Peace_Processes_on_Rebel_Group_Fragmentation_in_Civil_Wars">Fueling Factionalism? The Impact of Peace Processes on Rebel Group Fragmentation in Civil Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma">Allard Duursma</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FeikeFliervoet">Feike Fliervoet</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While peace processes increase the likelihood that a civil war is resolved, they can also complic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While peace processes increase the likelihood that a civil war is resolved, they can also complicate peace by increasing the risk of rebel fragmentation. In this article, we argue that negotiations exacerbate pre-existing structural and substantial divisions within rebel organizations, therefore increasing the likelihood of a rebel split. More specifically, we put forward a theoretical framework that specifies why factions within a rebel group may disagree with the onset of negotiations, the conclusion of a peace agreement, or the implementation of an agreement-and thus break away during the peace process. We empirically assess the merit of this framework by systematically comparing the impact of these phases in a peace process on the fragmentation of rebel organizations. Using data that more accurately reflect the moment a rebel split takes place than earlier studies, we find that peace processes have a greater substantial impact on rebel fragmentation than previously assumed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c80be5e9e3c910a5d607b964f2922bdb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184190,"asset_id":114502404,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184190/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502404"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502404"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502404; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502404]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502404]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502404; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502404']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c80be5e9e3c910a5d607b964f2922bdb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502404]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502404,"title":"Fueling Factionalism? The Impact of Peace Processes on Rebel Group Fragmentation in Civil Wars","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"While peace processes increase the likelihood that a civil war is resolved, they can also complicate peace by increasing the risk of rebel fragmentation. In this article, we argue that negotiations exacerbate pre-existing structural and substantial divisions within rebel organizations, therefore increasing the likelihood of a rebel split. More specifically, we put forward a theoretical framework that specifies why factions within a rebel group may disagree with the onset of negotiations, the conclusion of a peace agreement, or the implementation of an agreement-and thus break away during the peace process. We empirically assess the merit of this framework by systematically comparing the impact of these phases in a peace process on the fragmentation of rebel organizations. 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In this article, we explore campaign size and, in particular, the role of individual and collective motives in facilitating the growth of nonviolent campaigns. We start by assuming that, after campaign onset, barriers to growth emerge because some aggrieved individuals who are sympathetic to the cause are wary of incurring the (opportunity) costs of participating in campaign rallies. On occasion, we argue, organizers respond to this challenge by staging events that generate rewarding emotional experiences for participants and spectators, such as concerts, mass singing, or other collecti ve expressi ve acts. Since the feelings of empowerment, solidarity, catharsis, or glee that accompany these events can only be enjoyed by those who are physically present at campaign rallies, the provision of such "emotive events" creates an individual-level incentive for passi ve supporter s to mobilize. As this incenti ve attracts new participants, campaigns can growpotentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns. Resumen Si bien los académicos de la resistencia pacífica reconocen que las campañas a gran escala tienen más probabilidades de ser campañas exitosas, en la actualidad no entendemos bien por qué algunas protestas pacíficas se convierten en movimientos masivos mientras que otras no. En este artículo, exploramos el tamaño de las campañas y, en particular, el papel de los motivos individuales y colectivos para facilitar el crecimiento de las campañas pacíficas. Partimos de la base de que, una vez iniciada la campaña, surgen barreras al crecimiento porque algunas personas perjudicadas que simpatizan con la causa desconfían de incurrir en los costos (de oportunidad) de participar en las concentra</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ca1af6559f9c6494b215e1ce693c39f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184124,"asset_id":114502320,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184124/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502320"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502320"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502320; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502320]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502320]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502320; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502320']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ca1af6559f9c6494b215e1ce693c39f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502320]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502320,"title":"Glee and Grievance: Emotive Events and Campaign Size in Nonviolent Resistance","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"While scholars of nonviolent resistance recognize that large-scale campaigns are more likely to be successful campaigns, we currently have little understanding of why some nonviolent protests grow into mass movements while others do not. 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scholars of nonviolent resistance recognize that large-scale campaigns are more likely to be successful campaigns, we currently have little understanding of why some nonviolent protests grow into mass movements while others do not. In this article, we explore campaign size and, in particular, the role of individual and collective motives in facilitating the growth of nonviolent campaigns. We start by assuming that, after campaign onset, barriers to growth emerge because some aggrieved individuals who are sympathetic to the cause are wary of incurring the (opportunity) costs of participating in campaign rallies. On occasion, we argue, organizers respond to this challenge by staging events that generate rewarding emotional experiences for participants and spectators, such as concerts, mass singing, or other collecti ve expressi ve acts. Since the feelings of empowerment, solidarity, catharsis, or glee that accompany these events can only be enjoyed by those who are physically present at campaign rallies, the provision of such \"emotive events\" creates an individual-level incentive for passi ve supporter s to mobilize. As this incenti ve attracts new participants, campaigns can growpotentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns. Resumen Si bien los académicos de la resistencia pacífica reconocen que las campañas a gran escala tienen más probabilidades de ser campañas exitosas, en la actualidad no entendemos bien por qué algunas protestas pacíficas se convierten en movimientos masivos mientras que otras no. En este artículo, exploramos el tamaño de las campañas y, en particular, el papel de los motivos individuales y colectivos para facilitar el crecimiento de las campañas pacíficas. Partimos de la base de que, una vez iniciada la campaña, surgen barreras al crecimiento porque algunas personas perjudicadas que simpatizan con la causa desconfían de incurrir en los costos (de oportunidad) de participar en las concentra","owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111184124,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184124/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Glee_and_Grievance_Emotive_Events_and_Campaign_Size_in_Nonviolent_Resistance.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184124/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glee_and_Grievance_Emotive_Events_and_Ca.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111184124/Glee_and_Grievance_Emotive_Events_and_Campaign_Size_in_Nonviolent_Resistance-libre.pdf?1707145194=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlee_and_Grievance_Emotive_Events_and_Ca.pdf\u0026Expires=1738792597\u0026Signature=RnIUTALtFYNWy-kUZ3y43ATljRTrFZ~EgbWpKZmF0SJzL5BnfDni96wCfRC0puAhr-FvKvon63pOuUgvd~xVwsjBAHYa5pwMPA9SzBT1RMJ7SQgJUBZFfgeHNpZ0qyGVCSqF4B88exB5VhmNCKtRo6Ae8b8-6IoIBECA8c92Qxagqb3phpWMHp6ke7o5yjR0ar1KrRCa80xkudrhk1~49nv88FhBRcWkSD4~bBdOJhfyyWOl~tnb98XNbQ0GQerK53wz1JNO2gEVi8SDh8XDzGE9Jrw23~hLrPVlIZ-kvY~ChLGTQ1geWGLf1r0Y1J-f1FZYd~~igR4IN5b~iY~59g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8993,"name":"Nonviolence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonviolence"},{"id":60519,"name":"Nonviolent Civil Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonviolent_Civil_Resistance"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502261"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502261/Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Journal of Eastern African Studies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184093/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502261/Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies">Journal of Eastern African Studies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In spite of a strong preference for African solutions to African conflicts within the African sys...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In spite of a strong preference for African solutions to African conflicts within the African system of states, non-African third parties are frequently involved in mediation in Africa, most frequently in cooperation with African third parties. Yet, the factors that explain the outcomes of non-African involvement remain largely understudied. This article addresses this gap in research through employing a comparative case study between the Naivasha peace process between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement that led to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 and the Abuja peace process between the Government of Sudan and the Darfurian rebels that led to the Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. These cases suggest that non-African leverage coordinated by African third parties enhances the prospects for mediation success, while uncoordinated non-African leverage seems to supplant efforts of African third parties. The phrase African solutions to African challenges should therefore be understood as a division of labour, rather than an excuse for non-African third parties to ignore Africa's problems or African third parties acting on their own. While African third parties should take the lead in resolving civil wars in Africa, non-African third parties should support these processes by lending additional strength.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bcae6ef95bd22ce6be61950c691ea1eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184093,"asset_id":114502261,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184093/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502261"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502261"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502261; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502261]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502261]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502261; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502261']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bcae6ef95bd22ce6be61950c691ea1eb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502261]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502261,"title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Non-African Mediation in African Conflicts","grobid_abstract":"In spite of a strong preference for African solutions to African conflicts within the African system of states, non-African third parties are frequently involved in mediation in Africa, most frequently in cooperation with African third parties. 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While African third parties should take the lead in resolving civil wars in Africa, non-African third parties should support these processes by lending additional strength.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":111184093},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114502261/Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-02-05T05:03:01.203-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":41041397,"work_id":114502261,"tagging_user_id":58938899,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":6866237,"email":"a***a@sipo.gess.ethz.ch","display_order":1,"name":"Allard Duursma","title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies"},{"id":41041398,"work_id":114502261,"tagging_user_id":58938899,"tagged_user_id":34842539,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***a@plu.edu","display_order":2,"name":"Neal Sobania","title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies"},{"id":41041399,"work_id":114502261,"tagging_user_id":58938899,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":6866188,"email":"a***a@manchester.ac.uk","display_order":4,"name":"Allard Duursma","title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies"},{"id":41041400,"work_id":114502261,"tagging_user_id":58938899,"tagged_user_id":1219383,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***d@hotmail.com","affiliation":"University of Oxford","display_order":5,"name":"Allard Duursma","title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies"},{"id":41041401,"work_id":114502261,"tagging_user_id":58938899,"tagged_user_id":42340198,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***w@plu.edu","affiliation":"Pacific Lutheran University","display_order":6,"name":"Neal Sobania","title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":111184093,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184093/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"He_who_pays_the_piper_calls_the_tune_Non_African_involvement_in_Sudan_s_African_led_mediation_proc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184093/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111184093/He_who_pays_the_piper_calls_the_tune_Non_African_involvement_in_Sudan_s_African_led_mediation_proc-libre.pdf?1707145185=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DJournal_of_Eastern_African_Studies.pdf\u0026Expires=1738792597\u0026Signature=Ew3NbALt4QQRoS5T7s3QwKebzWQQD3vTBxGiTbZ7Bi2PIQxx4-i~nE1fLRPwkG5yNNo1TyQdljzds9TRO9lMBk2bty9qG3Xdd5WyhW1KGXm3ZqKty3ZuJT62Y9moQZBD35qCrffkgHr0FOw0td3aemwweErsMWEBunZ75KwPkMnxZRaKUH2BWrBew5OHZBV8qYGTiZAyOeR2U2oHPrzdhkKlPdMqjyhzzDZWqrwh108C9GlFyLlk-KH5tz7sHLaDM3uRYZl-tzR9WhgPI7JiRFARDWh87w~g5toww-wGJ2FdNHNq3Uo2rwU9NIXtbbjprFvcEw3Krb19bVJ3E3sRRw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies","translated_slug":"","page_count":18,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In spite of a strong preference for African solutions to African conflicts within the African system of states, non-African third parties are frequently involved in mediation in Africa, most frequently in cooperation with African third parties. Yet, the factors that explain the outcomes of non-African involvement remain largely understudied. This article addresses this gap in research through employing a comparative case study between the Naivasha peace process between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement that led to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 and the Abuja peace process between the Government of Sudan and the Darfurian rebels that led to the Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. These cases suggest that non-African leverage coordinated by African third parties enhances the prospects for mediation success, while uncoordinated non-African leverage seems to supplant efforts of African third parties. The phrase African solutions to African challenges should therefore be understood as a division of labour, rather than an excuse for non-African third parties to ignore Africa's problems or African third parties acting on their own. While African third parties should take the lead in resolving civil wars in Africa, non-African third parties should support these processes by lending additional strength.","owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111184093,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184093/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"He_who_pays_the_piper_calls_the_tune_Non_African_involvement_in_Sudan_s_African_led_mediation_proc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184093/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Journal_of_Eastern_African_Studies.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111184093/He_who_pays_the_piper_calls_the_tune_Non_African_involvement_in_Sudan_s_African_led_mediation_proc-libre.pdf?1707145185=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DJournal_of_Eastern_African_Studies.pdf\u0026Expires=1738792597\u0026Signature=Ew3NbALt4QQRoS5T7s3QwKebzWQQD3vTBxGiTbZ7Bi2PIQxx4-i~nE1fLRPwkG5yNNo1TyQdljzds9TRO9lMBk2bty9qG3Xdd5WyhW1KGXm3ZqKty3ZuJT62Y9moQZBD35qCrffkgHr0FOw0td3aemwweErsMWEBunZ75KwPkMnxZRaKUH2BWrBew5OHZBV8qYGTiZAyOeR2U2oHPrzdhkKlPdMqjyhzzDZWqrwh108C9GlFyLlk-KH5tz7sHLaDM3uRYZl-tzR9WhgPI7JiRFARDWh87w~g5toww-wGJ2FdNHNq3Uo2rwU9NIXtbbjprFvcEw3Krb19bVJ3E3sRRw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa"},{"id":10174,"name":"Mediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediation"},{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502237"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502237/Hurdles_to_peace_a_level_of_analysis_approach_to_resolving_Sudans_civil_wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hurdles to peace: a level-of-analysis approach to resolving Sudan's civil wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184070/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502237/Hurdles_to_peace_a_level_of_analysis_approach_to_resolving_Sudans_civil_wars">Hurdles to peace: a level-of-analysis approach to resolving Sudan's civil wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why do some peace agreements end armed conflicts whereas others do not? Previous studies have pri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why do some peace agreements end armed conflicts whereas others do not? Previous studies have primarily focused on the relation between warring parties and the provisions included in peace agreements. Prominent mediators, however, have emphasised the importance of stakeholders at various levels for the outcome of peace agreements. To match the experience of these negotiators we apply a level-of-analysis approach to examine the contextual circumstances under which peace agreements are concluded. While prominent within the causes of war literature, level-of-analysis approaches are surprisingly scant in research about conflict resolution. This article compares two Sudanese Peace Agreements: the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005) that ended the North-South war and led to the independence of South Sudan, and the Darfur Peace Agreement (2006) which failed to end fighting in Darfur. We find that factors at the local, national and international level explain the different outcomes of the two agreements. Hence, the two case studies illustrate the merit of employing a level-of-analysis approach to study the outcome of peace agreements. The main contribution of this article is that it presents a new theoretical framework to understand why some peace agreements terminate armed conflict whereas others do not.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2907e7e240839ae8f4f5211537a6b108" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184070,"asset_id":114502237,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184070/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502237"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502237"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502237; 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502055]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502055]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502055; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502055']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "94ec7b621dacc524b4e77e2d52b65928" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502055]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502055,"title":"Mutual Interventions in Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114502055/Mutual_Interventions_in_Africa","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183937,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183937/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Mutual_Interventions_in_Africa.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183937/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Mutual_Interventions_in_Africa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183937/Mutual_Interventions_in_Africa-libre.pdf?1707145216=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMutual_Interventions_in_Africa.pdf\u0026Expires=1740201025\u0026Signature=Xdayn0pLDePtGwhE40ONNyHQnVnIGnUStj9QSe2OE5~w7CGaxoPbYvzH5yveJCZbHjr5TwZlv4bnxyVvtlQM3ZomR9G05kxk8sB5N3LZrrG3Ee1N51sr3rH~20ig-yBX3~kNweGFfaS2cQmb55GJlxejPuwLd3Ym1vqTbWJkjDd4tx1~c7noOfDEXCkXGcJ~nhZEGWeJPAXajCvyO-JLwnwTOTURY5uOwlD0j0kSX02rGJgHC-JzrUKnFL8Yt1Hfptp2T8Km6TPlQG2iufVgMg5Il6jB8QWrY797HFT4-f9ubhrsOmE6QhPfl7f7mkGp6uO50v~3PQCHBDXgToPjEA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501998"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501998/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Norm Fixation The Role of Implementation Practices in the Development of the Protection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183911/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501998/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection">Norm Fixation The Role of Implementation Practices in the Development of the Protection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While the normative development of the UN's focus on protection of civilians is well covered, the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While the normative development of the UN's focus on protection of civilians is well covered, there is little research on how more than two decades of translating the norm into practice has led to the development of an entire ecosystem of early warning tools across the UN system. Most of these tools have been created at the field level, and UN Member States have neither played a role in pushing for these tools nor in helping to develop them. This article makes two contributions. Empirically, the article maps the ecosystem of early warning tools for protection of civilians in UN peace operations. Second, drawing on practice theory, the article reflects on the origin of these tools and argues that bottom-up norm implementation practices in international organizations amount to norm fixations-collectively describing what a norm is and how it should be implemented in practice.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="22096f8f09cbb13b96a4f8f599400e53" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183911,"asset_id":114501998,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183911/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501998"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501998; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501998]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501998]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501998; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501998']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "22096f8f09cbb13b96a4f8f599400e53" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501998]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501998,"title":"Norm Fixation The Role of Implementation Practices in the Development of the Protection","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501998/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183911,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183911/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183911/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183911/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection-libre.pdf?1707145223=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNorm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=Wn3S6LxyoyZrVZtTL9Sn~F0chDCwA7AFlBHbEUIOEE2QJJUCTDU3t3fGktwir9Enaolvfzyo9tBW0B7zNKQ22AueiPOKGY4jels1bfS~atL7V1kWeFhMDB3A7iMy1oG3oascbn0dTC-Q93BzZIYg1XOvKa3zmkPFfF9hnoAN69JmIL~eVEJnWL881N-PaEox6YVYBKdbS9dAitQp6WEpAlBXA2HXRnJgKKaUlxCwqIK8iQXkTe70LBNnyMthKqjuYQw-QiLHCvyb83qxz6Qttn0QsQwZAnQqZvDdxyhQ5yUETKzBCXCk16iyOST~AK6wubV4rETYpwpoYncKW6Jzcw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501934"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501934/Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeepers_How_armed_actors_undermine_civilian_protection_efforts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Obstruction and intimidation of peacekeepers: How armed actors undermine civilian protection efforts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183877/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501934/Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeepers_How_armed_actors_undermine_civilian_protection_efforts">Obstruction and intimidation of peacekeepers: How armed actors undermine civilian protection efforts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While recent research focuses on why conflict parties attack peacekeepers, little attention has b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While recent research focuses on why conflict parties attack peacekeepers, little attention has been given to other types of resistance against peacekeeping missions, such as intimidation and obstruction. It is argued in this article that one reason why peacekeepers are obstructed and intimidated is that armed actors that target civilians want to maintain the operational space to carry out attacks against civilians and want to prevent peacekeepers from monitoring human rights violations. A spatially and temporally disaggregated analysis on resistance against peacekeepers in Darfur between January 2008 and April 2009 indeed suggests that the intimidation and obstruction of peacekeepers is more likely to take place in areas with higher levels of violence against civilians. The findings hold when taking into account the non-random occurrence of violence against civilians through matching the data. Finally, anecdotal evidence from other sites of armed conflict than Darfur suggests that resistance against peacekeepers in these cases is also likely to be related to the targeting of civilians. This suggest that in order to be effective in protecting civilians, peace missions should not only be robust as highlighted in previous research, but peace missions should also develop an effective strategy to deal with armed groups that try to prevent peacekeepers from fulfilling their mandate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3e22895b376bfad0720be93f8193829b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183877,"asset_id":114501934,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183877/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501934"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501934"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501934; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501934]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501934]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501934; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501934']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501920"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501920/Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Partnering to Make Peace: The Effectiveness of Joint African and Non-African Mediation Efforts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183866/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501920/Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts">Partnering to Make Peace: The Effectiveness of Joint African and Non-African Mediation Efforts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article systematically examines the varying effectiveness of African and non-African third p...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article systematically examines the varying effectiveness of African and non-African third parties in mediating civil wars in Africa. Drawing on data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, supplemented with unique data on mediation efforts, which together cover all mediation efforts in civil wars in Africa between 1960 and 2012, this article presents quantitative evidence supporting the effectiveness of African third parties. Compared to non-African third parties, African third parties are far more likely to conclude peace agreements and these peace agreements are more likely to be durable. Most effective, however, are mixed mediation efforts in which there is coordination between African and non-African third parties, but in which African third parties take the lead. The phrase, 'African solutions to African challenges' should thus be understood as a division of labour and responsibilities, rather than an excuse for non-African third parties to ignore Africa's problems or African third parties acting on their own. Indeed, whilst African third parties should take the lead in mediation processes in African civil wars, non-African third parties should support these processes by lending additional strength. Through supplementing each other's comparative advantages, African and non-African third parties can more effectively resolve civil wars in Africa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="105731b6b0ff68f4acd1fc9de8dc768d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183866,"asset_id":114501920,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183866/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501920"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501920]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501920']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "105731b6b0ff68f4acd1fc9de8dc768d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501920]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501920,"title":"Partnering to Make Peace: The Effectiveness of Joint African and Non-African Mediation Efforts","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501920/Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183866,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183866/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183866/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectivene.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183866/Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts-libre.pdf?1707145232=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPartnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectivene.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=ZT7txCg0Zztzry20Ry3yzJE9t-9pQ7gAmDuQZQGuCGVFsi0MZALIQ-mFGwFogfWXPqoSJzXQ~Z-YpLvxzr5fHk-7-McQJDja1IB~FwyVxUxaGebtd7UGyW8MMbJ9qMxvp3GHefXhZU0TVP4C8hoiARLTHuwJHemMrt5qy7aac-riI9h4SR2dOcr~q8cka5s1bf3dZWAGxsqzVJBsU9fEsAa7AcWck~xjCHgqXjXl8~y4-q1UzVvbw1YnwbDDH8IzeAkKC1yAYskEVeBhQ~05KGY9o~1avmSF8H2Or1yErKMbn6vQXaBn~jD5eOb4lkmS7cax9DRW3d-AR38LMM8NWw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501910"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501910/Conflict_Security_and_Development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conflict, Security & Development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183837/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501910/Conflict_Security_and_Development">Conflict, Security & Development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The question of how International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement affects civil war peace proces...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The question of how International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement affects civil war peace processes has attracted considerable debate. Systematic assessments of the impact of ICC arrest warrants have begun to emerge, but the evidence is mixed. Based on data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) on intrastate conflicts between 2002 and 2018, this article presents evidence that suggests that ICC arrest warrants do not inhibit the onset of mediation. Neither do ICC arrest warrants seem to prevent peace agreements from being concluded. Crucially, however, ICC arrest warrants do seem to undermine the prospects for conflict resolution, defined as the termination of a conflict through a negotiated settlement. A closer look at mediation efforts in Uganda, Sudan, and the DRC reveals some of the causal mechanisms that underlie the finding that ICC involvement undermines the prospects for conflict resolution.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e687762593ed3ee1ab1032864b75acb1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183837,"asset_id":114501910,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183837/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501910"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501910; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501910]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501910; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501910']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e687762593ed3ee1ab1032864b75acb1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501910]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501910,"title":"Conflict, Security \u0026 Development","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501910/Conflict_Security_and_Development","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183837/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pursuing_justice_obstructing_peace_the_impact_of_ICC_arrest_warrants_on_resolving_civil_wars.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Conflict_Security_and_Development.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183837/Pursuing_justice_obstructing_peace_the_impact_of_ICC_arrest_warrants_on_resolving_civil_wars-libre.pdf?1707145229=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConflict_Security_and_Development.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=ElinBURJIK4y1H0WztSANVny~1tHLhTJAiN0xtcvXPBKb1HDe8boLwj4sKlMOjSvh25ENpKpFsyhrAdsgDgngfk25msoqwy7mqVSQqJ~IondSXoj6uhjX~SIF3dCgEiPK0t3f-KLJGp8r6VSZvBWnrMOfvY6De0KNBx3bSAgiaS4Af6CBWjYnfI21UVUWnVYvGD9Zh9kx2AOmpd7gOzwR~gzi4g6GCA0XxLS6gfniVBOLLmWT4IOD97ACuB2loat-MGP6xkep8VS0LMvN03DvRaGzO1hmfzsStSwOQV2KzNokqGl96LdA2vWLFt7TuOYnukwhhLvQitcyr751VaP4g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501851"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501851/Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sovereignty Host State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions and Violence against Civilians" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183822/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501851/Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians">Sovereignty Host State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions and Violence against Civilians</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5b191355cabf6e4a9d5423808cef44b1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183822,"asset_id":114501851,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183822/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501851"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501851"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501851; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501851]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501851]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501851; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501851']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501841"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501841/Technologies_of_Peace"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Technologies of Peace" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183813/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501841/Technologies_of_Peace">Technologies of Peace</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma">Allard Duursma</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JKarlsrud">John Karlsrud</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter examines the effects of the digital revolution and new information and com municatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter examines the effects of the digital revolution and new information and com munication technologies on peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The chapter is concerned with how digital and web-based information and communication technologies can be used to prevent and manage armed violence, foster inclusive societies, and ensure a durable and high-quality peace. The UN is increasingly adopting new technologies, particularly within the field of peacekeeping. To increase situational awareness, UN peacekeeping staff have crowdsourced information and used drones and satellite imagery. In addition, the analysis of peacekeeping data holds great potential for early warning. New technolog ical tools can help foster collaboration, transform attitudes, and give a stronger voice to local communities. Online platforms have been used to monitor elections, document hu man rights abuses, and facilitate communication between members of different sides in a conflict. However, since one cannot simply assume that technology will change every thing for the better, it is crucial to be aware of the ethical implications of the use of new peace technologies. The UN needs to be careful that early warning is translated into ear ly action. Peacekeepers and peacebuilders should also be vigilant when it comes to miti gating the possible abuse and negative side effects of the use of peace technologies. The chapter concludes that peace technologies significantly influence the prospects for peace keeping and peacebuilding, particularly when the use of technology helps peacekeepers and peacebuilders be more people-centric.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bf8e587eec088290e03a07b98da08586" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183813,"asset_id":114501841,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183813/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501841"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501841"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501841; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501821"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501821/Third_World_Quarterly"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Third World Quarterly" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183794/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501821/Third_World_Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The impact of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on peace processes has received much scholar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The impact of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on peace processes has received much scholarly attention. We argue, based on the ICC arrest warrant against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, that ICC indictments against government officials not only can be detrimental to the prospects for peace, but can also negatively affect everyday practices of peacekeepers and humanitarian workers. We draw on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data in order to develop our argument. We interrogate some measurable consequences of the indictment in relation to the work of the United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) as well as humanitarian actors in Darfur. We do so using a data set compiled to support the work of UNAMID. We also draw on interviews with UN and UNAMID staff, aid workers, and representatives of the conflict parties. Our analysis shows that the indictment of President al-Bashir was perceived by the Sudanese government as the continuation of a confrontational approach pursued by the international community. We further show that the indictment accelerated patterns of obstruction and intimidation of peacekeeping actors, other third-party actors, and local staff associated with these. This complicated the everyday activities of peacekeepers and humanitarian efforts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5de04ecb7b673730b175384e2469746f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183794,"asset_id":114501821,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183794/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501821"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501821"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501821; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501798"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501798/The_Impact_of_Host_State_Consent_on_the_Protection_of_Civilians_in_UN_Peacekeeping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Host-State Consent on the Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183770/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501798/The_Impact_of_Host_State_Consent_on_the_Protection_of_Civilians_in_UN_Peacekeeping">The Impact of Host-State Consent on the Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma">Allard Duursma</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaraBromley">Sara Lindberg Bromley</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines how host-state consent affects the implementation of different sets of Prot...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines how host-state consent affects the implementation of different sets of Protection of Civilians (POC) activities. Given the centrality of POC to UN peacekeeping, it is therefore important to understand the factors impacting its implementation. We argue that effectively conducting POC-activities-including supporting state capacity-building, human rights reporting, physical protection, and supporting dialogue-hinges on host-state consent. Based on an analysis of UNMISS and MINUSCA, this article provides support for our argument that the quality of host-state consent can significantly affect the implementation of UN peacekeepers' POC-activities, but shows that such impacts are not necessarily uniform across different sets of efforts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="65cdfe892e0758a448de7dd926e44fbf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183770,"asset_id":114501798,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183770/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501798"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501798"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501798; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501767"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501767/When_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smart_Pressure_to_Resolve_Civil_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of When to Get Out of the Trench? Using Smart Pressure to Resolve Civil Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183741/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501767/When_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smart_Pressure_to_Resolve_Civil_Wars">When to Get Out of the Trench? Using Smart Pressure to Resolve Civil Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article puts forward a theory of smart pressure, which emphasises that thirdparty pressure o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article puts forward a theory of smart pressure, which emphasises that thirdparty pressure only works if the conflict parties under pressure can agree with the endpoint of this pressure. Hence, a potential mutually acceptable agreement needs to be formulated before a mediator starts to apply pressure. To this argument, this article employs two case studies: the mediation efforts leading up to the Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement concluded in 2005 and the Darfur Peace Agreement concluded in 2006. These cases support the smart pressure theory and suggest that mediators need to be modest about what they can accomplish using pressure.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="68112ff9b248c633171c274b9a14e35b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183741,"asset_id":114501767,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183741/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501767"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501767"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501767; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501767]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501767]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501767; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501767']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "68112ff9b248c633171c274b9a14e35b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501767]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501767,"title":"When to Get Out of the Trench? 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However, evidence used to sustain this argument is based on contribution patterns during the decade of peacekeeping that followed the Cold War. In this article, we argue that there has been a reversal in the relative willingness of democratic and nondemocratic governments to provide the United Nations with peacekeepers since then. Specifically, we propose that the introduction of more 'robust' forms of peacekeeping during the 1990s has rendered democratic governments reluctant to contribute large numbers of peacekeepers to United Nations operations because elected leaders are now concerned that voters may object to the deployment of national troops to highrisk humanitarian missions in which there is no clear national interest. By contrast, non-democratic leaders partly discount public opinion because they are less reliant on popular support to retain power. Thus, when non-democrats see that contributing troops to United Nations peacekeeping will bring them reputational and/or resource benefits, they are willing to contribute peacekeepers-and on a large scale. We test our claims quantitatively. We find that since the 1990s, democratic governments have remained more likely than non-democrats to contribute some troops to United Nations peacekeeping operations, but non-democratic governments have been more likely to</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e5f3bd2a4ccb0616d9716fd55a652797" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183679,"asset_id":114501680,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183679/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501680; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="73518844"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/73518844/Globalization_and_Security"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Globalization and Security" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/73518844/Globalization_and_Security">Globalization and Security</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Oxford Handbook of Global Studies</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter provides an overview of how globalization has changed what security is and how secur...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter provides an overview of how globalization has changed what security is and how security can be achieved most effectively. The first section provides a brief overview of the literature on globalization and security, highlighting a disconnect between the state-centric security literature and the focus on transnational linkages within the literature on globalization. The second section shows the importance of accounting for the effects of globalization when studying security. Globalization has made the threat environment more diverse and complicated for understanding the dynamics of the states system. The third section addresses the interaction of core issues at the domestic, international, and transnational levels highlighting how these interactions challenge or reinforce the traditional basis of legitimacy and authority of states and the state system. The final section concludes with a discussion of implications of the impact of globalization on security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="73518844"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73518844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73518844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73518844]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=73518843]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":73518843,"title":"Data synthesis paper, July 2017","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73518843/Data_synthesis_paper_July_2017","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="7783203" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502519"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502519/Peacekeeping_Mediation_and_the_Conclusion_of_Local_Ceasefires_in_Non_State_Conflicts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184319/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502519/Peacekeeping_Mediation_and_the_Conclusion_of_Local_Ceasefires_in_Non_State_Conflicts">Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article theorizes on how military and civilian components of peacekeeping operations contrib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article theorizes on how military and civilian components of peacekeeping operations contribute to the conclusion of local ceasefires in non-state conflicts involving armed opposition groups or communal groups. A mediation-based logic suggests that civilian peacekeeping staff can provide technical support aimed at resolving the conflict issues and engage with state officials to promote peace. A capabilities-based logic suggest that military peacekeepers can provide security during the negotiations, arrange logistics, and put military pressure on the conflict parties, which all should make the conclusion of a ceasefire more likely. The analysis supports both the capabilitiesbased and the mediation-based logic. An instrumental variable estimation helps to account for endogeneity. This article contributes to the literature on peacekeeping, mediation, and ceasefires through shifting the focus to non-state conflicts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44859cfb8d9bcbc1d469a85b2cc3f8be" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184319,"asset_id":114502519,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184319/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502519"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502519"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502519; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502498"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502498/Peacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violence_Shapes_Local_Peacebuilding_by_Civilian_Peacekeepers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeepers Without Helmets: How Violence Shapes Local Peacebuilding by Civilian Peacekeepers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184271/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502498/Peacekeepers_Without_Helmets_How_Violence_Shapes_Local_Peacebuilding_by_Civilian_Peacekeepers">Peacekeepers Without Helmets: How Violence Shapes Local Peacebuilding by Civilian Peacekeepers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are increasingly deployed during ongoing violen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are increasingly deployed during ongoing violent conflict, they are also increasingly staffed with civilian personnel tasked with peacebuilding at the local level. How does violent conflict affect civilian peacekeepers' peacebuilding efforts locally? Shifting the research focus from military to civilian peacekeepers, we argue that the latter have various incentives and the capacity to concentrate their local-level peacebuilding efforts in violence-affected areas. We test our argument using novel, georeferenced data on peacebuilding by "Civil Affairs" personnel of the peacekeeping operation in the Central African Republic. Consistent with our expectation, violence positively correlates with civilian peacekeepers' peacebuilding interventions both within and across localities. Furthermore, mediation analyses suggest that this correlation is not merely due to greater UN military deployments in violence-affected areas. Instrumental variable regression supports a causal interpretation: violence leads to more efforts by civilian peacekeepers. These findings inform expectations and assessments of peacekeeping effectiveness.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="800df188b45e5f7d4645ae86c3a76bba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184271,"asset_id":114502498,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184271/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502498"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502498"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502498; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502498]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502498]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502498; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502498']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114502404"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502404/Fueling_Factionalism_The_Impact_of_Peace_Processes_on_Rebel_Group_Fragmentation_in_Civil_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fueling Factionalism? The Impact of Peace Processes on Rebel Group Fragmentation in Civil Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111184190/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114502404/Fueling_Factionalism_The_Impact_of_Peace_Processes_on_Rebel_Group_Fragmentation_in_Civil_Wars">Fueling Factionalism? The Impact of Peace Processes on Rebel Group Fragmentation in Civil Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma">Allard Duursma</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FeikeFliervoet">Feike Fliervoet</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While peace processes increase the likelihood that a civil war is resolved, they can also complic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While peace processes increase the likelihood that a civil war is resolved, they can also complicate peace by increasing the risk of rebel fragmentation. In this article, we argue that negotiations exacerbate pre-existing structural and substantial divisions within rebel organizations, therefore increasing the likelihood of a rebel split. More specifically, we put forward a theoretical framework that specifies why factions within a rebel group may disagree with the onset of negotiations, the conclusion of a peace agreement, or the implementation of an agreement-and thus break away during the peace process. We empirically assess the merit of this framework by systematically comparing the impact of these phases in a peace process on the fragmentation of rebel organizations. Using data that more accurately reflect the moment a rebel split takes place than earlier studies, we find that peace processes have a greater substantial impact on rebel fragmentation than previously assumed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c80be5e9e3c910a5d607b964f2922bdb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184190,"asset_id":114502404,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184190/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502404"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502404"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502404; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502404]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502404]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502404; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502404']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c80be5e9e3c910a5d607b964f2922bdb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502404]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502404,"title":"Fueling Factionalism? 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In this article, we explore campaign size and, in particular, the role of individual and collective motives in facilitating the growth of nonviolent campaigns. We start by assuming that, after campaign onset, barriers to growth emerge because some aggrieved individuals who are sympathetic to the cause are wary of incurring the (opportunity) costs of participating in campaign rallies. On occasion, we argue, organizers respond to this challenge by staging events that generate rewarding emotional experiences for participants and spectators, such as concerts, mass singing, or other collecti ve expressi ve acts. Since the feelings of empowerment, solidarity, catharsis, or glee that accompany these events can only be enjoyed by those who are physically present at campaign rallies, the provision of such "emotive events" creates an individual-level incentive for passi ve supporter s to mobilize. As this incenti ve attracts new participants, campaigns can growpotentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns. Resumen Si bien los académicos de la resistencia pacífica reconocen que las campañas a gran escala tienen más probabilidades de ser campañas exitosas, en la actualidad no entendemos bien por qué algunas protestas pacíficas se convierten en movimientos masivos mientras que otras no. En este artículo, exploramos el tamaño de las campañas y, en particular, el papel de los motivos individuales y colectivos para facilitar el crecimiento de las campañas pacíficas. Partimos de la base de que, una vez iniciada la campaña, surgen barreras al crecimiento porque algunas personas perjudicadas que simpatizan con la causa desconfían de incurrir en los costos (de oportunidad) de participar en las concentra</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ca1af6559f9c6494b215e1ce693c39f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184124,"asset_id":114502320,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184124/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502320"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502320"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502320; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502320]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502320]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502320; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502320']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ca1af6559f9c6494b215e1ce693c39f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502320]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502320,"title":"Glee and Grievance: Emotive Events and Campaign Size in Nonviolent Resistance","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"While scholars of nonviolent resistance recognize that large-scale campaigns are more likely to be successful campaigns, we currently have little understanding of why some nonviolent protests grow into mass movements while others do not. In this article, we explore campaign size and, in particular, the role of individual and collective motives in facilitating the growth of nonviolent campaigns. We start by assuming that, after campaign onset, barriers to growth emerge because some aggrieved individuals who are sympathetic to the cause are wary of incurring the (opportunity) costs of participating in campaign rallies. On occasion, we argue, organizers respond to this challenge by staging events that generate rewarding emotional experiences for participants and spectators, such as concerts, mass singing, or other collecti ve expressi ve acts. Since the feelings of empowerment, solidarity, catharsis, or glee that accompany these events can only be enjoyed by those who are physically present at campaign rallies, the provision of such \"emotive events\" creates an individual-level incentive for passi ve supporter s to mobilize. As this incenti ve attracts new participants, campaigns can growpotentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns. Resumen Si bien los académicos de la resistencia pacífica reconocen que las campañas a gran escala tienen más probabilidades de ser campañas exitosas, en la actualidad no entendemos bien por qué algunas protestas pacíficas se convierten en movimientos masivos mientras que otras no. En este artículo, exploramos el tamaño de las campañas y, en particular, el papel de los motivos individuales y colectivos para facilitar el crecimiento de las campañas pacíficas. 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On occasion, we argue, organizers respond to this challenge by staging events that generate rewarding emotional experiences for participants and spectators, such as concerts, mass singing, or other collecti ve expressi ve acts. Since the feelings of empowerment, solidarity, catharsis, or glee that accompany these events can only be enjoyed by those who are physically present at campaign rallies, the provision of such \"emotive events\" creates an individual-level incentive for passi ve supporter s to mobilize. As this incenti ve attracts new participants, campaigns can growpotentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns. Resumen Si bien los académicos de la resistencia pacífica reconocen que las campañas a gran escala tienen más probabilidades de ser campañas exitosas, en la actualidad no entendemos bien por qué algunas protestas pacíficas se convierten en movimientos masivos mientras que otras no. En este artículo, exploramos el tamaño de las campañas y, en particular, el papel de los motivos individuales y colectivos para facilitar el crecimiento de las campañas pacíficas. 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scholars of nonviolent resistance recognize that large-scale campaigns are more likely to be successful campaigns, we currently have little understanding of why some nonviolent protests grow into mass movements while others do not. 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As this incenti ve attracts new participants, campaigns can growpotentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns. Resumen Si bien los académicos de la resistencia pacífica reconocen que las campañas a gran escala tienen más probabilidades de ser campañas exitosas, en la actualidad no entendemos bien por qué algunas protestas pacíficas se convierten en movimientos masivos mientras que otras no. En este artículo, exploramos el tamaño de las campañas y, en particular, el papel de los motivos individuales y colectivos para facilitar el crecimiento de las campañas pacíficas. 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Yet, the factors that explain the outcomes of non-African involvement remain largely understudied. This article addresses this gap in research through employing a comparative case study between the Naivasha peace process between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement that led to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 and the Abuja peace process between the Government of Sudan and the Darfurian rebels that led to the Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. These cases suggest that non-African leverage coordinated by African third parties enhances the prospects for mediation success, while uncoordinated non-African leverage seems to supplant efforts of African third parties. The phrase African solutions to African challenges should therefore be understood as a division of labour, rather than an excuse for non-African third parties to ignore Africa's problems or African third parties acting on their own. While African third parties should take the lead in resolving civil wars in Africa, non-African third parties should support these processes by lending additional strength.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bcae6ef95bd22ce6be61950c691ea1eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184093,"asset_id":114502261,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184093/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502261"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502261"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502261; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502261]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114502261]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502261; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114502261']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bcae6ef95bd22ce6be61950c691ea1eb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114502261]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114502261,"title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Non-African Mediation in African Conflicts","grobid_abstract":"In spite of a strong preference for African solutions to African conflicts within the African system of states, non-African third parties are frequently involved in mediation in Africa, most frequently in cooperation with African third parties. 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Previous studies have pri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why do some peace agreements end armed conflicts whereas others do not? Previous studies have primarily focused on the relation between warring parties and the provisions included in peace agreements. Prominent mediators, however, have emphasised the importance of stakeholders at various levels for the outcome of peace agreements. To match the experience of these negotiators we apply a level-of-analysis approach to examine the contextual circumstances under which peace agreements are concluded. While prominent within the causes of war literature, level-of-analysis approaches are surprisingly scant in research about conflict resolution. This article compares two Sudanese Peace Agreements: the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005) that ended the North-South war and led to the independence of South Sudan, and the Darfur Peace Agreement (2006) which failed to end fighting in Darfur. We find that factors at the local, national and international level explain the different outcomes of the two agreements. Hence, the two case studies illustrate the merit of employing a level-of-analysis approach to study the outcome of peace agreements. The main contribution of this article is that it presents a new theoretical framework to understand why some peace agreements terminate armed conflict whereas others do not.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2907e7e240839ae8f4f5211537a6b108" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111184070,"asset_id":114502237,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111184070/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114502237"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114502237"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114502237; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501998"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501998/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Norm Fixation The Role of Implementation Practices in the Development of the Protection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183911/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501998/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection">Norm Fixation The Role of Implementation Practices in the Development of the Protection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While the normative development of the UN's focus on protection of civilians is well covered, the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While the normative development of the UN's focus on protection of civilians is well covered, there is little research on how more than two decades of translating the norm into practice has led to the development of an entire ecosystem of early warning tools across the UN system. Most of these tools have been created at the field level, and UN Member States have neither played a role in pushing for these tools nor in helping to develop them. This article makes two contributions. Empirically, the article maps the ecosystem of early warning tools for protection of civilians in UN peace operations. Second, drawing on practice theory, the article reflects on the origin of these tools and argues that bottom-up norm implementation practices in international organizations amount to norm fixations-collectively describing what a norm is and how it should be implemented in practice.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="22096f8f09cbb13b96a4f8f599400e53" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183911,"asset_id":114501998,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183911/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501998"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501998; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501998]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501998]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501998; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501998']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "22096f8f09cbb13b96a4f8f599400e53" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501998]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501998,"title":"Norm Fixation The Role of Implementation Practices in the Development of the Protection","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501998/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183911,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183911/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183911/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183911/Norm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation_Practices_in_the_Development_of_the_Protection-libre.pdf?1707145223=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNorm_Fixation_The_Role_of_Implementation.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=Wn3S6LxyoyZrVZtTL9Sn~F0chDCwA7AFlBHbEUIOEE2QJJUCTDU3t3fGktwir9Enaolvfzyo9tBW0B7zNKQ22AueiPOKGY4jels1bfS~atL7V1kWeFhMDB3A7iMy1oG3oascbn0dTC-Q93BzZIYg1XOvKa3zmkPFfF9hnoAN69JmIL~eVEJnWL881N-PaEox6YVYBKdbS9dAitQp6WEpAlBXA2HXRnJgKKaUlxCwqIK8iQXkTe70LBNnyMthKqjuYQw-QiLHCvyb83qxz6Qttn0QsQwZAnQqZvDdxyhQ5yUETKzBCXCk16iyOST~AK6wubV4rETYpwpoYncKW6Jzcw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501934"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501934/Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeepers_How_armed_actors_undermine_civilian_protection_efforts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Obstruction and intimidation of peacekeepers: How armed actors undermine civilian protection efforts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183877/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501934/Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeepers_How_armed_actors_undermine_civilian_protection_efforts">Obstruction and intimidation of peacekeepers: How armed actors undermine civilian protection efforts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While recent research focuses on why conflict parties attack peacekeepers, little attention has b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While recent research focuses on why conflict parties attack peacekeepers, little attention has been given to other types of resistance against peacekeeping missions, such as intimidation and obstruction. It is argued in this article that one reason why peacekeepers are obstructed and intimidated is that armed actors that target civilians want to maintain the operational space to carry out attacks against civilians and want to prevent peacekeepers from monitoring human rights violations. A spatially and temporally disaggregated analysis on resistance against peacekeepers in Darfur between January 2008 and April 2009 indeed suggests that the intimidation and obstruction of peacekeepers is more likely to take place in areas with higher levels of violence against civilians. The findings hold when taking into account the non-random occurrence of violence against civilians through matching the data. Finally, anecdotal evidence from other sites of armed conflict than Darfur suggests that resistance against peacekeepers in these cases is also likely to be related to the targeting of civilians. This suggest that in order to be effective in protecting civilians, peace missions should not only be robust as highlighted in previous research, but peace missions should also develop an effective strategy to deal with armed groups that try to prevent peacekeepers from fulfilling their mandate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3e22895b376bfad0720be93f8193829b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183877,"asset_id":114501934,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183877/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501934"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501934"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501934; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501934]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501934]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501934; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501934']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3e22895b376bfad0720be93f8193829b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501934]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501934,"title":"Obstruction and intimidation of peacekeepers: How armed actors undermine civilian protection efforts","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501934/Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeepers_How_armed_actors_undermine_civilian_protection_efforts","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183877,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183877/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeeper_civilian_protection_efforts.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183877/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekee.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183877/Obstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekeeper_civilian_protection_efforts-libre.pdf?1707145222=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DObstruction_and_intimidation_of_peacekee.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=Vq8argr6srPLQ86D3DMHRvm653aZVR7~H-~7JIGZmPodpS5UyFlfy2FAsHmHfjDZaqDUund2ab~8rIcX8CNI-D2BYUQ~tFHoTpXvHqZuSd6qEScU2wSdVgwBLM2ryivTbhVJS9b057esZyPpJhalDsd~9GKcAb3c05hdubLgv5OfQzT3zrp5muep12cib3IAj3KswtPkFwO13oesliVMiY8EaqgFkap2Z~liUo1eZTzt52O~ZyUu7ydRAHVV8IKyn7PAD4qiZ-pg4sDAmVNZj7USWDbK2sRqZiqQyJqj2TKrZIWh52xDALX~2VShyBnFGPdVVNXfCffU4sI-rkY4Vw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501920"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501920/Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Partnering to Make Peace: The Effectiveness of Joint African and Non-African Mediation Efforts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183866/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501920/Partnering_to_Make_Peace_The_Effectiveness_of_Joint_African_and_Non_African_Mediation_Efforts">Partnering to Make Peace: The Effectiveness of Joint African and Non-African Mediation Efforts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article systematically examines the varying effectiveness of African and non-African third p...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article systematically examines the varying effectiveness of African and non-African third parties in mediating civil wars in Africa. Drawing on data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, supplemented with unique data on mediation efforts, which together cover all mediation efforts in civil wars in Africa between 1960 and 2012, this article presents quantitative evidence supporting the effectiveness of African third parties. Compared to non-African third parties, African third parties are far more likely to conclude peace agreements and these peace agreements are more likely to be durable. Most effective, however, are mixed mediation efforts in which there is coordination between African and non-African third parties, but in which African third parties take the lead. The phrase, 'African solutions to African challenges' should thus be understood as a division of labour and responsibilities, rather than an excuse for non-African third parties to ignore Africa's problems or African third parties acting on their own. Indeed, whilst African third parties should take the lead in mediation processes in African civil wars, non-African third parties should support these processes by lending additional strength. Through supplementing each other's comparative advantages, African and non-African third parties can more effectively resolve civil wars in Africa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="105731b6b0ff68f4acd1fc9de8dc768d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183866,"asset_id":114501920,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183866/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501920"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501920]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501920']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501910"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501910/Conflict_Security_and_Development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conflict, Security & Development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183837/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501910/Conflict_Security_and_Development">Conflict, Security & Development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The question of how International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement affects civil war peace proces...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The question of how International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement affects civil war peace processes has attracted considerable debate. Systematic assessments of the impact of ICC arrest warrants have begun to emerge, but the evidence is mixed. Based on data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) on intrastate conflicts between 2002 and 2018, this article presents evidence that suggests that ICC arrest warrants do not inhibit the onset of mediation. Neither do ICC arrest warrants seem to prevent peace agreements from being concluded. Crucially, however, ICC arrest warrants do seem to undermine the prospects for conflict resolution, defined as the termination of a conflict through a negotiated settlement. A closer look at mediation efforts in Uganda, Sudan, and the DRC reveals some of the causal mechanisms that underlie the finding that ICC involvement undermines the prospects for conflict resolution.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e687762593ed3ee1ab1032864b75acb1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183837,"asset_id":114501910,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183837/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501910"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501910; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e687762593ed3ee1ab1032864b75acb1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501910]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501910,"title":"Conflict, Security \u0026 Development","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501910/Conflict_Security_and_Development","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183837/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pursuing_justice_obstructing_peace_the_impact_of_ICC_arrest_warrants_on_resolving_civil_wars.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Conflict_Security_and_Development.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183837/Pursuing_justice_obstructing_peace_the_impact_of_ICC_arrest_warrants_on_resolving_civil_wars-libre.pdf?1707145229=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConflict_Security_and_Development.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=ElinBURJIK4y1H0WztSANVny~1tHLhTJAiN0xtcvXPBKb1HDe8boLwj4sKlMOjSvh25ENpKpFsyhrAdsgDgngfk25msoqwy7mqVSQqJ~IondSXoj6uhjX~SIF3dCgEiPK0t3f-KLJGp8r6VSZvBWnrMOfvY6De0KNBx3bSAgiaS4Af6CBWjYnfI21UVUWnVYvGD9Zh9kx2AOmpd7gOzwR~gzi4g6GCA0XxLS6gfniVBOLLmWT4IOD97ACuB2loat-MGP6xkep8VS0LMvN03DvRaGzO1hmfzsStSwOQV2KzNokqGl96LdA2vWLFt7TuOYnukwhhLvQitcyr751VaP4g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501851"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501851/Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sovereignty Host State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions and Violence against Civilians" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183822/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501851/Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians">Sovereignty Host State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions and Violence against Civilians</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5b191355cabf6e4a9d5423808cef44b1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183822,"asset_id":114501851,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183822/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501851"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501851"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501851; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501851]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501851]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501851; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501851']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5b191355cabf6e4a9d5423808cef44b1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501851]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501851,"title":"Sovereignty Host State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions and Violence against Civilians","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501851/Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183822,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183822/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183822/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_agains.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183822/Sovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_against_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Violence_against_Civilians-libre.pdf?1707145229=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSovereignty_Host_State_Resistance_agains.pdf\u0026Expires=1740201025\u0026Signature=Cwpt3WlPSC48xNeFNsRQ-cS8jnEw4D1kdOXd4GSMXsvOjdfYZ0GnI2WeiNelO9FJc1n38DO-ACtK1cSOu-itC8bnprGDjGntSDw3s1DeVFImdAndHX7kWUVhzmzWfDFVlSOl54gCFfMh0Q32V243unokqmtUzQVKAIoNiv3PuyyZI99nyTX6uT~mD0GY-4gE4t03~HWhBlqEjgQaJuR8ggKwx4l2iZM3c1w00ORG7LZaecYDBz7vAhQayB4QLdKMocfdsN-sybMuEH0yAA4D3fkOGkFfoWSdfbga~01vHO0T17bonSJ2U7jIEfte3cCUdstX8FMClTPw-50wIiumig__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501841"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501841/Technologies_of_Peace"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Technologies of Peace" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183813/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501841/Technologies_of_Peace">Technologies of Peace</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma">Allard Duursma</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JKarlsrud">John Karlsrud</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter examines the effects of the digital revolution and new information and com municatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter examines the effects of the digital revolution and new information and com munication technologies on peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The chapter is concerned with how digital and web-based information and communication technologies can be used to prevent and manage armed violence, foster inclusive societies, and ensure a durable and high-quality peace. The UN is increasingly adopting new technologies, particularly within the field of peacekeeping. To increase situational awareness, UN peacekeeping staff have crowdsourced information and used drones and satellite imagery. In addition, the analysis of peacekeeping data holds great potential for early warning. New technolog ical tools can help foster collaboration, transform attitudes, and give a stronger voice to local communities. Online platforms have been used to monitor elections, document hu man rights abuses, and facilitate communication between members of different sides in a conflict. However, since one cannot simply assume that technology will change every thing for the better, it is crucial to be aware of the ethical implications of the use of new peace technologies. The UN needs to be careful that early warning is translated into ear ly action. Peacekeepers and peacebuilders should also be vigilant when it comes to miti gating the possible abuse and negative side effects of the use of peace technologies. The chapter concludes that peace technologies significantly influence the prospects for peace keeping and peacebuilding, particularly when the use of technology helps peacekeepers and peacebuilders be more people-centric.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bf8e587eec088290e03a07b98da08586" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183813,"asset_id":114501841,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183813/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501841"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501841"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501841; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501821"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501821/Third_World_Quarterly"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Third World Quarterly" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183794/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501821/Third_World_Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The impact of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on peace processes has received much scholar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The impact of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on peace processes has received much scholarly attention. We argue, based on the ICC arrest warrant against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, that ICC indictments against government officials not only can be detrimental to the prospects for peace, but can also negatively affect everyday practices of peacekeepers and humanitarian workers. We draw on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data in order to develop our argument. We interrogate some measurable consequences of the indictment in relation to the work of the United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) as well as humanitarian actors in Darfur. We do so using a data set compiled to support the work of UNAMID. We also draw on interviews with UN and UNAMID staff, aid workers, and representatives of the conflict parties. Our analysis shows that the indictment of President al-Bashir was perceived by the Sudanese government as the continuation of a confrontational approach pursued by the international community. We further show that the indictment accelerated patterns of obstruction and intimidation of peacekeeping actors, other third-party actors, and local staff associated with these. This complicated the everyday activities of peacekeepers and humanitarian efforts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5de04ecb7b673730b175384e2469746f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183794,"asset_id":114501821,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183794/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501821"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501821"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501821; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501798"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501798/The_Impact_of_Host_State_Consent_on_the_Protection_of_Civilians_in_UN_Peacekeeping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Host-State Consent on the Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183770/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501798/The_Impact_of_Host_State_Consent_on_the_Protection_of_Civilians_in_UN_Peacekeeping">The Impact of Host-State Consent on the Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma">Allard Duursma</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaraBromley">Sara Lindberg Bromley</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines how host-state consent affects the implementation of different sets of Prot...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines how host-state consent affects the implementation of different sets of Protection of Civilians (POC) activities. Given the centrality of POC to UN peacekeeping, it is therefore important to understand the factors impacting its implementation. We argue that effectively conducting POC-activities-including supporting state capacity-building, human rights reporting, physical protection, and supporting dialogue-hinges on host-state consent. Based on an analysis of UNMISS and MINUSCA, this article provides support for our argument that the quality of host-state consent can significantly affect the implementation of UN peacekeepers' POC-activities, but shows that such impacts are not necessarily uniform across different sets of efforts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="65cdfe892e0758a448de7dd926e44fbf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183770,"asset_id":114501798,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183770/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501798"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501798"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501798; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501767"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501767/When_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smart_Pressure_to_Resolve_Civil_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of When to Get Out of the Trench? Using Smart Pressure to Resolve Civil Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183741/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501767/When_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smart_Pressure_to_Resolve_Civil_Wars">When to Get Out of the Trench? Using Smart Pressure to Resolve Civil Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article puts forward a theory of smart pressure, which emphasises that thirdparty pressure o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article puts forward a theory of smart pressure, which emphasises that thirdparty pressure only works if the conflict parties under pressure can agree with the endpoint of this pressure. Hence, a potential mutually acceptable agreement needs to be formulated before a mediator starts to apply pressure. To this argument, this article employs two case studies: the mediation efforts leading up to the Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement concluded in 2005 and the Darfur Peace Agreement concluded in 2006. These cases support the smart pressure theory and suggest that mediators need to be modest about what they can accomplish using pressure.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="68112ff9b248c633171c274b9a14e35b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183741,"asset_id":114501767,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183741/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501767"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501767"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501767; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501767]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501767]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501767; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501767']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "68112ff9b248c633171c274b9a14e35b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=114501767]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":114501767,"title":"When to Get Out of the Trench? Using Smart Pressure to Resolve Civil Wars","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114501767/When_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smart_Pressure_to_Resolve_Civil_Wars","owner_id":58938899,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":58938899,"first_name":"Allard","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Duursma","page_name":"AllardDuursma","domain_name":"ethz","created_at":"2017-01-16T10:23:37.802-08:00","display_name":"Allard Duursma","url":"https://ethz.academia.edu/AllardDuursma"},"attachments":[{"id":111183741,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183741/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Use_of_Smart_Pressure_in_Mediation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183741/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"When_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smar.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111183741/The_Use_of_Smart_Pressure_in_Mediation-libre.pdf?1707145241=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhen_to_Get_Out_of_the_Trench_Using_Smar.pdf\u0026Expires=1740219632\u0026Signature=JutOUGqiYNlqbgDqX-gugwwcScMGVIl-3KHGov1BNiIYz31x9B8aYcPAAd1a0Skm22HZ5LTC5DAAnr780XZp5Qs79netIpylidLghzYSDurZns5j74VWLT6vhI6GWmsqq97Ea2N7iHsVT1tqprKdLtCtkik8CNhRO299CN3B8oLaR3goosW6~WtsHHolw4YzK3OLepcHHfEOKDOKE4imOphYG9DtW9BVyZZ4dxLYPNGejxof-peW5vsa0lzpUsnrI6i3~sdtXYaHDaUlF0rXUM2VDJLC-gieaRBkiABSBEJ2-SwX5xXqEC6tteml9kxumAigmjCtagAQbomBuBTpvQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114501680"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501680/Voted_out_Regime_type_elections_and_contributions_to_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Voted out - Regime type, elections and contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111183679/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114501680/Voted_out_Regime_type_elections_and_contributions_to_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations">Voted out - Regime type, elections and contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Previous research has suggested that leaders of democratic regimes are particularly willing to co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Previous research has suggested that leaders of democratic regimes are particularly willing to contribute troops to United Nations peacekeeping operations because backing 'liberal' peacekeeping allows them to support the diffusion of liberal institutions. However, evidence used to sustain this argument is based on contribution patterns during the decade of peacekeeping that followed the Cold War. In this article, we argue that there has been a reversal in the relative willingness of democratic and nondemocratic governments to provide the United Nations with peacekeepers since then. Specifically, we propose that the introduction of more 'robust' forms of peacekeeping during the 1990s has rendered democratic governments reluctant to contribute large numbers of peacekeepers to United Nations operations because elected leaders are now concerned that voters may object to the deployment of national troops to highrisk humanitarian missions in which there is no clear national interest. By contrast, non-democratic leaders partly discount public opinion because they are less reliant on popular support to retain power. Thus, when non-democrats see that contributing troops to United Nations peacekeeping will bring them reputational and/or resource benefits, they are willing to contribute peacekeepers-and on a large scale. We test our claims quantitatively. We find that since the 1990s, democratic governments have remained more likely than non-democrats to contribute some troops to United Nations peacekeeping operations, but non-democratic governments have been more likely to</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e5f3bd2a4ccb0616d9716fd55a652797" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111183679,"asset_id":114501680,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111183679/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114501680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114501680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501680; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501680]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=114501680]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114501680; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='114501680']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73518845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73518845]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73518845; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='73518845']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="73518844"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/73518844/Globalization_and_Security"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Globalization and Security" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/73518844/Globalization_and_Security">Globalization and Security</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Oxford Handbook of Global Studies</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter provides an overview of how globalization has changed what security is and how secur...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter provides an overview of how globalization has changed what security is and how security can be achieved most effectively. The first section provides a brief overview of the literature on globalization and security, highlighting a disconnect between the state-centric security literature and the focus on transnational linkages within the literature on globalization. The second section shows the importance of accounting for the effects of globalization when studying security. Globalization has made the threat environment more diverse and complicated for understanding the dynamics of the states system. The third section addresses the interaction of core issues at the domestic, international, and transnational levels highlighting how these interactions challenge or reinforce the traditional basis of legitimacy and authority of states and the state system. The final section concludes with a discussion of implications of the impact of globalization on security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="73518844"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73518844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73518844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73518844]").text(description); 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