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data-toggle="tab" href="#teachingdocuments" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>2</span> Teaching Documents</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Published Work" id="Published Work"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Published Work by Andrea Ruggeri</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49012014"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012014/Doing_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Doing International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67399906/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012014/Doing_International_Relations">Doing International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RossGildea">Ross Gildea</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this chapter we offer some reflections, as well references for further study, for scholars eng...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this chapter we offer some reflections, as well references for further study, for scholars engaged in research and knowledge production in the field of International Relations (IR) , that is those “doing IR”.  We may think of research methods as the strategies and tools that allow us to acquire knowledge about international relations. To make the most of the research techniques available to us, it is first useful to consider the objects of our study, as well as the nature of the disciplinary context in which knowledge production takes place. Understanding these elements gives rise to a set of important preliminary questions: What is the nature of IR, both as an area of inquiry and disciplinary practice? What are the purposes and aims of “doing” IR? How do we formulate a research question of value and develop a theory to answer it? What are some common pitfalls and fallacies when doing IR?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1c1ec3185d7998bbfafff4fcb7ab7668" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67399906,"asset_id":49012014,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67399906/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49012014"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49012014"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49012014; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43107639"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107639/The_Withdrawal_of_UN_Peace_Operations_and_State_Capacity_Descriptive_Trends_and_Research_Challenges"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Withdrawal of UN Peace Operations and State Capacity: Descriptive Trends and Research Challenges" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63361765/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107639/The_Withdrawal_of_UN_Peace_Operations_and_State_Capacity_Descriptive_Trends_and_Research_Challenges">The Withdrawal of UN Peace Operations and State Capacity: Descriptive Trends and Research Challenges</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/jds">Jessica Di Salvatore</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Peacekeeping</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) have moved away from traditional, security...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) have moved away from traditional, security-focused mandates in the last generation of peacekeeping, most research on the effectiveness of peace missions continues to evaluate success based on security outcomes — such as levels of violence on the battlefield, civilian victimization, duration of ceasefires and violence containment. Few studies adopt broader and longer-term criteria for evaluation. Pioneers of this change, Doyle and Sambanis reframed the terms of peacekeeping from a focus on military strategies to a focus on peacebuilding. But while they showed that<br />multidimensional missions can foster democratization and participatory peace in post-conflict societies, there is still debate among scholars and policy-makers about the use of peace missions as effective tools for state-building. Most of the discussion, especially among scholars, pays little attention to whether peacekeeping creates stable polities and institutions<br />that endure when the international presence eventually leaves. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43107586"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107586/Scenari_d_insicurezze_e_instabilit%C3%A0_globali_per_l_Unione_europea"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Scenari d’insicurezze e instabilità globali per l’Unione europea" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63361705/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107586/Scenari_d_insicurezze_e_instabilit%C3%A0_globali_per_l_Unione_europea">Scenari d’insicurezze e instabilità globali per l’Unione europea</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Scenari d’insicurezze e instabilità globali per l’Unione europea</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Lo scopo principale del capitolo è di presentare una breve «carrellata empirica» di sfide globali...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Lo scopo principale del capitolo è di presentare una<br />breve «carrellata empirica» di sfide globali alla stabilità della sicurezza.<br />Il capitolo discute sistematicamente i dati su tendenze e variazioni di diversi<br />aspetti relativi a conflitti, violenze ed interventi internazionale a livello<br />globale. Il capitolo inizia con una discussione analitica sul concetto<br />di instabilità politica e insicurezza. Successivamente vi sono dei paragrafi<br />che presentano dati e grafici su fenomeni globali specifici. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43107560"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107560/THE_STUDY_OF_ARMED_CONFLICT_AND_HISTORICAL_DATA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE STUDY OF ARMED CONFLICT AND HISTORICAL DATA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63361676/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107560/THE_STUDY_OF_ARMED_CONFLICT_AND_HISTORICAL_DATA">THE STUDY OF ARMED CONFLICT AND HISTORICAL DATA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why use historical data to study armed conflict? Quantitative studies of armed conflict, and more...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why use historical data to study armed conflict? Quantitative studies of armed conflict, and more specifically civil wars, have grown exponentially<br />in the past few years (Cederman and Vogt 2017). However, so too, has the use of historical data to study armed conflict. The use of historical cases to study armed conflict is well established (Tilly 1978; Skocpol and Theda 1979; Petersen 2001) with other areas of Comparative Politics experiencing a “historical turn” nearly ten years ago (Capoccia and Ziblatt 2010).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f670db69fed4156874c923dc11d4a7ea" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63361676,"asset_id":43107560,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63361676/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43107560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43107560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43107560; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39846420"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39846420/MOLTE_PERSONE_E_TANTI_MONDI_PER_STUDIARE_LE_RELAZIONI_INTERNAZIONALI"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of MOLTE PERSONE E TANTI MONDI PER STUDIARE LE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60035870/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39846420/MOLTE_PERSONE_E_TANTI_MONDI_PER_STUDIARE_LE_RELAZIONI_INTERNAZIONALI">MOLTE PERSONE E TANTI MONDI PER STUDIARE LE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Quaderni di Scienza Politica</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Le relazioni internazionali sono le interazioni politiche che si espli-citano al di fuori dei con...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Le relazioni internazionali sono le interazioni politiche che si espli-citano al di fuori dei confini nazionali. Ovviamente ciò non vuol dire che le cause di tali interazioni siano strettamente non domestiche e che la politica interna sia impermeabile alla politica internazionale. Le Relazioni Internazionali sono la disciplina politologica, per alcuni specializzazione della Scienza Politica e per altri disciplina autonoma con proprie regole e teorie, che studia lo sviluppo delle relazioni internazionali. Un topos delle Relazioni Internazionali è chiedersi come si studiano le re-lazioni internazionali. È la struttura che spiega il comportamento della parti? Oppure sono le parti che spiegano l'ordine (o disordine) della struttura internazionale? E cosa sarebbero queste parti? Stati o individui? Queste sono le domande costitutive della disciplina delle Relazioni Internazionali che studia le relazioni internazionali.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b4c5b03bff4deb9faa776872863f4938" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60035870,"asset_id":39846420,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60035870/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39846420"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39846420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39846420; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36545545"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36545545/Peacekeeping_Effectiveness_and_Blue_Helmets_Distance_from_Locals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56469424/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36545545/Peacekeeping_Effectiveness_and_Blue_Helmets_Distance_from_Locals">Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">UN peacekeeping missions are complex social organizations, with soldiers coming from several coun...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">UN peacekeeping missions are complex social organizations, with soldiers coming from several countries. In this environment, effective communication and interactions with local populations are often difficult, and establishing essential local support can be jeopardized when soldiers are culturally distant from local communities. At the same time, however, when local populations perceive peacekeepers as sufficiently distant or unbiased, the promotion of cooperation is enhanced. We explore whether cultural distance-in terms of geography, language and religion-and social distance – in terms of economy and institutions-between the peacekeepers and the local population improve the operational capabilities of a mission. We use monthly information on UN peacekeeping missions' composition from 1990 to 2015. We find that higher geographic and cultural distances correspond to higher levels of violence against civilians and higher battle deaths, whereas institutional and economic differences have the opposite effects, although these are less robust.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bbbf613acbbfef9de57acdb24d7f4aa2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56469424,"asset_id":36545545,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56469424/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36545545"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36545545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36545545; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32439097"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32439097/Winning_the_Peace_Locally_UN_Peacekeeping_and_Local_Conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52631557/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32439097/Winning_the_Peace_Locally_UN_Peacekeeping_and_Local_Conflict">Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers' actions at the local...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers' actions at the local (or subnational) level for overall mission success has lately received critical attention. Local peacekeeping is expected to matter because it reassures local actors, deters resumption of armed hostilities, coerces parties to halt fighting, and makes commitment to agreements credible. Thus peacekeepers affect the relations between central and local elites and avoid the emergence of local power vacuums and areas of lawlessness. This study uses new subnational data on the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers. It uses matching and recursive bivariate probit models with exogenous variables for temporal and spatial variation to deal with possible non-random assignment of the treatment. It is demonstrated that conflict episodes last shorter when peacekeepers are deployed to conflict-prone locations inside a country, even with comparatively modest deployment. The effect of peacekeeping on the onset of local conflict is, however, less clear-cut.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1287438d4ed5b2cb38058e1ea9b66cc4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52631557,"asset_id":32439097,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52631557/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32439097"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32439097"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32439097; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11404450"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404450/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer-Group Effects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959811/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404450/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects">Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer-Group Effects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Previous studies identified several domestic factors that may influence a country’s level of stru...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Previous studies identified several domestic factors that may influence a country’s level of structural coup-proofing, i.e., counterbalancing strategies that shall prevent internal groups from seizing power via a coup d’état. We suggest that a country’s level of counterbalancing is also affected by such policies in what we term countries’ “peer groups.” When deciding the appropriate level of counterbalancing, rulers may be affected by external information flows from a “peer group” with similar structural coup-risk characteristics (institutions) or a similar coup-risk experience (coup history). Using maximum-likelihood spatial-lag models and data in 1976-2005, we find that leaders learn from and emulate counterbalancing in other states, but rather only through an “experiential peer group.”</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9a12ece7e801103a5f5b221e8aef9dcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36959811,"asset_id":11404450,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959811/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11404450"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11404450"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11404450; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11404450]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11404450]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11404450; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='11404450']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9a12ece7e801103a5f5b221e8aef9dcf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=11404450]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":11404450,"title":"Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer-Group Effects","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11404450/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":36959811,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959811/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"BRP2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959811/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36959811/BRP2015-libre.pdf?1426240712=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCounterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277483\u0026Signature=hTA3TpbqkqFKVIU~3Ech35HZcb-2U3~xX48pf0E0Djbc5zb0ogsA18i4LOXECz2svEKdGjRgcT1XQ4M-~jNcgMG43czjcrigbQuPKW~zT-GII4ZIl913Fkos~qAAD7m1nY8twCaxaA4G6ykVxvfduymoGMqOqaeL8ltlMju6PHWQwXGHIEGRV6dvdXFQF3x1MjnxUMmOExPbXVAvFfpiG08x2I-775Y1S0Rz2~UPZOMLhxMyu0KQqFJZnH3~g4Vfio689u9tCDZe1CMQ07VKMeur9PW~qqnBaFJa9SBNf5uwXa5wwKOaX9k2Xq82QpixVAlmzLZIRDySoDLLdu5fTg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11404392"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404392/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959779/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404392/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration">From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RamManikkalingam">Ram Manikkalingam</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Violations of human rights in the context of a conflict have in recent years received an increasi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Violations of human rights in the context of a conflict have in<br />recent years received an increasing amount of attention from<br />the international media. Yet how such media attention influences<br />conflict remains understudied and, a priori, uncertain. On the<br />one hand, media coverage of human rights abuses may constitute<br />“naming and shaming” that might temper hostilities. On the other<br />hand, such coverage might spark intransigence and complicate<br />negotiations among conflicting parties, thereby hindering rather<br />than hastening peace. This article tries to adjudicate among these<br />and other possibilities by exploring how media reporting on human rights abuses influences the development of conflicts. The analysis reveals that such reporting is associated with shorter conflicts and negotiated agreements between fighting parties.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6b9180f0080dd739cfe615fabbeb7bbc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36959779,"asset_id":11404392,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959779/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11404392"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11404392"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11404392; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7886750"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7886750/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34373783/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7886750/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection">Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have all soldiers from a si...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have all soldiers from a single country, or should the U.N. recruit peacekeepers from a variety of donors? Since 1990, the number of contributors to peace operations has grown threefold and most operations have carried the mandate to protect civilians. We explore the effect of diversity in the composition of a mission, measured by fractionalisation and polarisation indices, on its performance in protecting civilians in the period 1991-2008. We find that diversity decreases the level of violence against civilians, a result that holds when distances between nations are considered.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03df5550cd9b3c59aa033c23aee72877" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34373783,"asset_id":7886750,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34373783/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7886750"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7886750"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7886750; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8194955"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/8194955/Forging_Political_Entrepreneurs_Civil_War_Effects_on_Post_Conflict_Politics_in_Italy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Forging Political Entrepreneurs: Civil War Effects on Post-Conflict Politics in Italy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34625710/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/8194955/Forging_Political_Entrepreneurs_Civil_War_Effects_on_Post_Conflict_Politics_in_Italy">Forging Political Entrepreneurs: Civil War Effects on Post-Conflict Politics in Italy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How does violent mobilization affect post-conflict elections? This article studies the impact tha...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How does violent mobilization affect post-conflict elections? This article studies the impact that violent collective mobilization has on local electoral behavior after domestic conflict. We argue that post-conflict democratic politics at the local level can be dramatically affected by local experience of civil war. The use of violence during the war and especially local political entrepreneurs who have emerged from the conflict can influence post-violent politics. We use as case-study the civil war that took place in Italy during the last phase of World War II. Using new spatially disaggregated data on armed groups’ location and violent episodes, we assess the impact of the violent mobilization on the 1946 elections, which took place after the conflict. We find that partisans’ mobilization and, more weakly, Nazi–Fascist violent acts influenced local politics, shifting votes towards more radical positions. Our findings hold across numerous robustness checks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6cef7bad62778bfc52344bc51362e399" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34625710,"asset_id":8194955,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34625710/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8194955"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8194955"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8194955; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4589952"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4589952/Human_rights_Promotion_the_Media_and_Peacemaking_in_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human-rights Promotion, the Media and Peacemaking in Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33874282/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4589952/Human_rights_Promotion_the_Media_and_Peacemaking_in_Africa">Human-rights Promotion, the Media and Peacemaking in Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e937f2d6c7265ce12b20f0d1d8501724" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33874282,"asset_id":4589952,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33874282/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4589952"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4589952"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4589952; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3443291"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443291/Managing_Mistrust_An_Analysis_of_Cooperation_with_UN_Peacekeeping_in_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Managing Mistrust: An Analysis of Cooperation with UN Peacekeeping in Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35983235/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443291/Managing_Mistrust_An_Analysis_of_Cooperation_with_UN_Peacekeeping_in_Africa">Managing Mistrust: An Analysis of Cooperation with UN Peacekeeping in Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How many peacekeepers are needed to keep the peace? Under what conditions are local governments a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How many peacekeepers are needed to keep the peace? Under what conditions are local governments and rebel forces more willing to cooperate with an intervention force? From a theoretical perspective in which the main role of peacekeepers is to assist local actors in overcoming their commitment problems and mistrust toward each other, it follows that sufficiently robust missions should positively affect levels of cooperation. Furthermore, any effect should be conditional on the local balance of power, that is, the military leverage between government and rebel forces. Relatively weak rebel groups-facing a stronger government-should be more willing to cooperate with larger missions. In the empirical analysis, using newly collected event data on United Nation (UN) peacekeeping operations from 1989 to 2005 in African civil wars, the authors find support for conditional effect of robust peacekeeping: there is more cooperation with UN peacekeepers when the rebels are weak.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2809127c725ad25c10461e1190f1d904" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35983235,"asset_id":3443291,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35983235/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443291"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443291; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4465497"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465497/Data_and_Progress_in_Peace_and_Conflict_Research"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Data and Progress in Peace and Conflict Research" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31873968/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465497/Data_and_Progress_in_Peace_and_Conflict_Research">Data and Progress in Peace and Conflict Research</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in peace and conflict research. The Journal of Peace Research has played a key role in these developments, and has become a leading outlet for the new wave of disaggregated conflict data.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ec886d8188df908dc3f50f7282b8be7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31873968,"asset_id":4465497,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31873968/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4465497"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4465497"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4465497; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3443216"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443216/Political_opportunity_structures_democracy_and_civil_war"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Political opportunity structures, democracy, and civil war" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35991523/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443216/Political_opportunity_structures_democracy_and_civil_war">Political opportunity structures, democracy, and civil war</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Peace Research</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Theories of mobilization suggest that groups are more likely to resort to violence in the presenc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Theories of mobilization suggest that groups are more likely to resort to violence in the presence of political opportunity structures that afford greater prospects for extracting concessions from the government or better opportunities to topple ruling governments. However, existing efforts to consider the possible influences of political opportunity structures on incentives for violence and civil war empirically have almost invariably relied upon measures of democracy to proxy for the hypothesized mechanisms, most notably the argument that the opposing effects of political accommodation and repression will give rise to an inverted U-shaped relationship between democracy and the risk of civil war. The authors detail a number of problems with measures of democracy as proxies for political opportunity structures and develop alternative measures based on the likely risks that political leaders will lose power in irregular challenges and their implications for the incentives for resort to violence. The authors evaluate empirically how the security with which leaders hold office influences the prospects of violent civil conflict. The findings indicate that recent irregular leader entry and transitions indeed increase the risk of conflict onset, while democratic institutions are found to decrease the risk of civil war, after controlling for the new measures of state weakness. interests include civil war, in particular the role of state capacity and transnational relations, peacekeeping operations, and event data analysis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="736437b37cc7951445367442f884befd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35991523,"asset_id":3443216,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35991523/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443216"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443216"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443216; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4465591"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465591/Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective_Mobilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gramsci’s Persuaders: Studying Collective Mobilization " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31874016/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465591/Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective_Mobilization">Gramsci’s Persuaders: Studying Collective Mobilization </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Often a fallacy is committed when in our historical-political analysis we do not have a right rel...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Often a fallacy is committed when in our historical-political analysis we do not have a right relation between what is organic ("organico") or occasional ("occasionale"): in this way we tend to claim that causes that are just facilitating/contextual ( "operanti mediatamente") are the immediate triggering factors, or immediate causes are the efficient causes […] there are two fallacies, "economismo "and "ideologismo", in the first we overuse the mechanic explanation , in the second we overestimate the individual and voluntary element"( Gramsci 2007:1580). Never-ending debates have plagued the study of collective mobilization. Do people mobilize because structural characteristics (society, economics, culture, etc.) affect their behaviour, or because the interests and features of single actors can trigger collective action? This has been the classic structure/ agents divide. Or, do people mobilize for mundane payoffs or for ideas? In this case 1 I do refer directly to the Italian version of the Quaderni dal Carcere. The quotes reported in the text are my own translation and understanding of Gramsci's text. The reader must be aware that there have been two major published versions of the Quaderni dal Carcere. The first one, 1948-1951, organized the notebooks and part of the notes according themes ( ex. Il Risorgimento, Gli Intelettuali, Scritti su Machiavelli…) decided by the editor (F.Platone). The second major publication, 1975 and the 2007 extended version, reports exactly the order of Gramsci's notebooks without rearrangement according to themes. Moreover the 2007 edition reports also paragraph deleted by Antonio Gramsci. I use Quaderni dal Carcere, 2007.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="32f3dc3823fdeec694274ab957b65859" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31874016,"asset_id":4465591,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31874016/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4465591"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4465591"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4465591; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4465591]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4465591]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4465591; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4465591']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "32f3dc3823fdeec694274ab957b65859" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4465591]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4465591,"title":"Gramsci’s Persuaders: Studying Collective Mobilization ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4465591/Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective_Mobilization","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":31874016,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31874016/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"AR_ISR.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31874016/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31874016/AR_ISR-libre.pdf?1391461552=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277484\u0026Signature=Cmh4Ve7ZDkCxygqknYLHjeWtYByaGqx3howx-Qfj0Q74bFUYAkzzlgT4IjjwBaAPbHKQEeKt7DwTOUA8ZYbnF73O54FBqpkeMIzm4PWVW86K3BxKwgZGyBTSYL-5ZNS9RG8eoSjNQm~4hCqS7kvLOVjh5sdwvPgyoOPwGUnIuByCwhLDPU4UpqQZIz9u9yDS7h5IESSuIgiEkdfWonnEl5s2pthhn06YlFwhdvOX~ix0~4dWtcdZ6w12bYnLZJ6fb3WDrs3DO66Zhtw7GwQSUfw6rNmVWz~eddEAigLzDFWShHwZpWVC6DFeVozLfC1CZyxVnHhOw6LM33VU~SNUqw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3443258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443258/Events_Data_as_Bismarcks_Sausages_Intercoder_Reliability_Coders_Selection_and_Data_Quality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35991536/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443258/Events_Data_as_Bismarcks_Sausages_Intercoder_Reliability_Coders_Selection_and_Data_Quality">Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://essex.academia.edu/HanDorussen">Han Dorussen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Interactions</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is therefore remarkable that often so little attention is paid to intercoder reliability. It is commonly recognized that poor validity leads to systematic errors and biased inference. In contrast, low reliability is generally assumed to be a lesser concern, leading only to random errors and inefficiency. We evaluate the intercoder reliability of our recently collected data on governance events in UN peacekeeping and show how poor coding and low intercoder reliability can produce systematic errors and even biased inference. We also show how intercoder reliability checks are useful to improve data quality. Continuous testing for intercoder reliability ex post enables researchers to create better data and ultimately improves the quality of their analyses.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ef9885871c43c59e1da955e273a403d4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35991536,"asset_id":3443258,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35991536/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3443258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3443258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3443258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ef9885871c43c59e1da955e273a403d4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3443258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3443258,"title":"Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is therefore remarkable that often so little attention is paid to intercoder reliability. It is commonly recognized that poor validity leads to systematic errors and biased inference. In contrast, low reliability is generally assumed to be a lesser concern, leading only to random errors and inefficiency. We evaluate the intercoder reliability of our recently collected data on governance events in UN peacekeeping and show how poor coding and low intercoder reliability can produce systematic errors and even biased inference. We also show how intercoder reliability checks are useful to improve data quality. Continuous testing for intercoder reliability ex post enables researchers to create better data and ultimately improves the quality of their analyses.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Interactions"},"translated_abstract":"Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is therefore remarkable that often so little attention is paid to intercoder reliability. It is commonly recognized that poor validity leads to systematic errors and biased inference. In contrast, low reliability is generally assumed to be a lesser concern, leading only to random errors and inefficiency. We evaluate the intercoder reliability of our recently collected data on governance events in UN peacekeeping and show how poor coding and low intercoder reliability can produce systematic errors and even biased inference. We also show how intercoder reliability checks are useful to improve data quality. Continuous testing for intercoder reliability ex post enables researchers to create better data and ultimately improves the quality of their analyses.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3443258/Events_Data_as_Bismarcks_Sausages_Intercoder_Reliability_Coders_Selection_and_Data_Quality","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:49:45.831-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":7684553,"work_id":3443258,"tagging_user_id":4018758,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1716510,"email":"g***s@chapman.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Theodora-ismene Gizelis","title":"Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? 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The note carries out, evaluates and proposes empirical strategies to study such effects. We find that a classic panel-year data structure is insufficient to disentangle and assess possible mechanisms. Though the UN-labeled attempts to "name and shame" seem to decrease the level of violence, this and other results cannot be defended as robust and coherent in light of likely endogeneity bias. Results based on just lagged explanatory variables differ in the sign and significance of relationships with results based on instrumented-variable estimation. We highlight the value and necessity of collecting and analyzing data that is more disaggregated with respect to time and target levels. Only such further steps will allow full study the role of "naming and shaming" on domestic conflict dynamics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="322a9228368bd06a633da8da11f6b365" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31212531,"asset_id":3443342,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31212531/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443342"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443342"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443342; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="503771" id="publishedwork"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49012014"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012014/Doing_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Doing International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67399906/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012014/Doing_International_Relations">Doing International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RossGildea">Ross Gildea</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this chapter we offer some reflections, as well references for further study, for scholars eng...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this chapter we offer some reflections, as well references for further study, for scholars engaged in research and knowledge production in the field of International Relations (IR) , that is those “doing IR”.  We may think of research methods as the strategies and tools that allow us to acquire knowledge about international relations. To make the most of the research techniques available to us, it is first useful to consider the objects of our study, as well as the nature of the disciplinary context in which knowledge production takes place. Understanding these elements gives rise to a set of important preliminary questions: What is the nature of IR, both as an area of inquiry and disciplinary practice? What are the purposes and aims of “doing” IR? How do we formulate a research question of value and develop a theory to answer it? What are some common pitfalls and fallacies when doing IR?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1c1ec3185d7998bbfafff4fcb7ab7668" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67399906,"asset_id":49012014,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67399906/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49012014"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49012014"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49012014; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43107639"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107639/The_Withdrawal_of_UN_Peace_Operations_and_State_Capacity_Descriptive_Trends_and_Research_Challenges"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Withdrawal of UN Peace Operations and State Capacity: Descriptive Trends and Research Challenges" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63361765/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107639/The_Withdrawal_of_UN_Peace_Operations_and_State_Capacity_Descriptive_Trends_and_Research_Challenges">The Withdrawal of UN Peace Operations and State Capacity: Descriptive Trends and Research Challenges</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/jds">Jessica Di Salvatore</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Peacekeeping</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) have moved away from traditional, security...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) have moved away from traditional, security-focused mandates in the last generation of peacekeeping, most research on the effectiveness of peace missions continues to evaluate success based on security outcomes — such as levels of violence on the battlefield, civilian victimization, duration of ceasefires and violence containment. Few studies adopt broader and longer-term criteria for evaluation. Pioneers of this change, Doyle and Sambanis reframed the terms of peacekeeping from a focus on military strategies to a focus on peacebuilding. But while they showed that<br />multidimensional missions can foster democratization and participatory peace in post-conflict societies, there is still debate among scholars and policy-makers about the use of peace missions as effective tools for state-building. Most of the discussion, especially among scholars, pays little attention to whether peacekeeping creates stable polities and institutions<br />that endure when the international presence eventually leaves. In other words, if peace missions are beneficial for state capacity, is their legacy strong enough to avoid the possible pitfalls associated with PKO withdrawal?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9ddfccf2bc22dd0cb65f1619270878fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63361765,"asset_id":43107639,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63361765/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43107639"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43107639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43107639; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43107586"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107586/Scenari_d_insicurezze_e_instabilit%C3%A0_globali_per_l_Unione_europea"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Scenari d’insicurezze e instabilità globali per l’Unione europea" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63361705/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107586/Scenari_d_insicurezze_e_instabilit%C3%A0_globali_per_l_Unione_europea">Scenari d’insicurezze e instabilità globali per l’Unione europea</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Scenari d’insicurezze e instabilità globali per l’Unione europea</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Lo scopo principale del capitolo è di presentare una breve «carrellata empirica» di sfide globali...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Lo scopo principale del capitolo è di presentare una<br />breve «carrellata empirica» di sfide globali alla stabilità della sicurezza.<br />Il capitolo discute sistematicamente i dati su tendenze e variazioni di diversi<br />aspetti relativi a conflitti, violenze ed interventi internazionale a livello<br />globale. Il capitolo inizia con una discussione analitica sul concetto<br />di instabilità politica e insicurezza. Successivamente vi sono dei paragrafi<br />che presentano dati e grafici su fenomeni globali specifici. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43107560"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107560/THE_STUDY_OF_ARMED_CONFLICT_AND_HISTORICAL_DATA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE STUDY OF ARMED CONFLICT AND HISTORICAL DATA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63361676/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43107560/THE_STUDY_OF_ARMED_CONFLICT_AND_HISTORICAL_DATA">THE STUDY OF ARMED CONFLICT AND HISTORICAL DATA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why use historical data to study armed conflict? Quantitative studies of armed conflict, and more...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why use historical data to study armed conflict? Quantitative studies of armed conflict, and more specifically civil wars, have grown exponentially<br />in the past few years (Cederman and Vogt 2017). However, so too, has the use of historical data to study armed conflict. The use of historical cases to study armed conflict is well established (Tilly 1978; Skocpol and Theda 1979; Petersen 2001) with other areas of Comparative Politics experiencing a “historical turn” nearly ten years ago (Capoccia and Ziblatt 2010).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f670db69fed4156874c923dc11d4a7ea" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63361676,"asset_id":43107560,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63361676/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43107560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43107560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43107560; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39846420"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39846420/MOLTE_PERSONE_E_TANTI_MONDI_PER_STUDIARE_LE_RELAZIONI_INTERNAZIONALI"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of MOLTE PERSONE E TANTI MONDI PER STUDIARE LE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60035870/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39846420/MOLTE_PERSONE_E_TANTI_MONDI_PER_STUDIARE_LE_RELAZIONI_INTERNAZIONALI">MOLTE PERSONE E TANTI MONDI PER STUDIARE LE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Quaderni di Scienza Politica</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Le relazioni internazionali sono le interazioni politiche che si espli-citano al di fuori dei con...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Le relazioni internazionali sono le interazioni politiche che si espli-citano al di fuori dei confini nazionali. Ovviamente ciò non vuol dire che le cause di tali interazioni siano strettamente non domestiche e che la politica interna sia impermeabile alla politica internazionale. Le Relazioni Internazionali sono la disciplina politologica, per alcuni specializzazione della Scienza Politica e per altri disciplina autonoma con proprie regole e teorie, che studia lo sviluppo delle relazioni internazionali. Un topos delle Relazioni Internazionali è chiedersi come si studiano le re-lazioni internazionali. È la struttura che spiega il comportamento della parti? Oppure sono le parti che spiegano l'ordine (o disordine) della struttura internazionale? E cosa sarebbero queste parti? Stati o individui? Queste sono le domande costitutive della disciplina delle Relazioni Internazionali che studia le relazioni internazionali.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b4c5b03bff4deb9faa776872863f4938" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60035870,"asset_id":39846420,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60035870/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39846420"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39846420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39846420; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39846420]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39846420]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39846420; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39846420']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36545545"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36545545/Peacekeeping_Effectiveness_and_Blue_Helmets_Distance_from_Locals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56469424/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36545545/Peacekeeping_Effectiveness_and_Blue_Helmets_Distance_from_Locals">Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">UN peacekeeping missions are complex social organizations, with soldiers coming from several coun...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">UN peacekeeping missions are complex social organizations, with soldiers coming from several countries. In this environment, effective communication and interactions with local populations are often difficult, and establishing essential local support can be jeopardized when soldiers are culturally distant from local communities. At the same time, however, when local populations perceive peacekeepers as sufficiently distant or unbiased, the promotion of cooperation is enhanced. We explore whether cultural distance-in terms of geography, language and religion-and social distance – in terms of economy and institutions-between the peacekeepers and the local population improve the operational capabilities of a mission. We use monthly information on UN peacekeeping missions' composition from 1990 to 2015. We find that higher geographic and cultural distances correspond to higher levels of violence against civilians and higher battle deaths, whereas institutional and economic differences have the opposite effects, although these are less robust.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bbbf613acbbfef9de57acdb24d7f4aa2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56469424,"asset_id":36545545,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56469424/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36545545"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36545545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36545545; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32439097"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32439097/Winning_the_Peace_Locally_UN_Peacekeeping_and_Local_Conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52631557/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32439097/Winning_the_Peace_Locally_UN_Peacekeeping_and_Local_Conflict">Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers' actions at the local...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers' actions at the local (or subnational) level for overall mission success has lately received critical attention. Local peacekeeping is expected to matter because it reassures local actors, deters resumption of armed hostilities, coerces parties to halt fighting, and makes commitment to agreements credible. Thus peacekeepers affect the relations between central and local elites and avoid the emergence of local power vacuums and areas of lawlessness. This study uses new subnational data on the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers. It uses matching and recursive bivariate probit models with exogenous variables for temporal and spatial variation to deal with possible non-random assignment of the treatment. It is demonstrated that conflict episodes last shorter when peacekeepers are deployed to conflict-prone locations inside a country, even with comparatively modest deployment. The effect of peacekeeping on the onset of local conflict is, however, less clear-cut.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1287438d4ed5b2cb38058e1ea9b66cc4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52631557,"asset_id":32439097,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52631557/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32439097"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32439097"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32439097; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11404450"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404450/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer-Group Effects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959811/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404450/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects">Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer-Group Effects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Previous studies identified several domestic factors that may influence a country’s level of stru...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Previous studies identified several domestic factors that may influence a country’s level of structural coup-proofing, i.e., counterbalancing strategies that shall prevent internal groups from seizing power via a coup d’état. We suggest that a country’s level of counterbalancing is also affected by such policies in what we term countries’ “peer groups.” When deciding the appropriate level of counterbalancing, rulers may be affected by external information flows from a “peer group” with similar structural coup-risk characteristics (institutions) or a similar coup-risk experience (coup history). Using maximum-likelihood spatial-lag models and data in 1976-2005, we find that leaders learn from and emulate counterbalancing in other states, but rather only through an “experiential peer group.”</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9a12ece7e801103a5f5b221e8aef9dcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36959811,"asset_id":11404450,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959811/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11404450"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11404450"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11404450; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11404450]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11404450]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11404450; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='11404450']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9a12ece7e801103a5f5b221e8aef9dcf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=11404450]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":11404450,"title":"Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer-Group Effects","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11404450/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":36959811,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959811/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"BRP2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959811/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36959811/BRP2015-libre.pdf?1426240712=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCounterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277483\u0026Signature=hTA3TpbqkqFKVIU~3Ech35HZcb-2U3~xX48pf0E0Djbc5zb0ogsA18i4LOXECz2svEKdGjRgcT1XQ4M-~jNcgMG43czjcrigbQuPKW~zT-GII4ZIl913Fkos~qAAD7m1nY8twCaxaA4G6ykVxvfduymoGMqOqaeL8ltlMju6PHWQwXGHIEGRV6dvdXFQF3x1MjnxUMmOExPbXVAvFfpiG08x2I-775Y1S0Rz2~UPZOMLhxMyu0KQqFJZnH3~g4Vfio689u9tCDZe1CMQ07VKMeur9PW~qqnBaFJa9SBNf5uwXa5wwKOaX9k2Xq82QpixVAlmzLZIRDySoDLLdu5fTg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11404392"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404392/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959779/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11404392/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration">From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RamManikkalingam">Ram Manikkalingam</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Violations of human rights in the context of a conflict have in recent years received an increasi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Violations of human rights in the context of a conflict have in<br />recent years received an increasing amount of attention from<br />the international media. Yet how such media attention influences<br />conflict remains understudied and, a priori, uncertain. On the<br />one hand, media coverage of human rights abuses may constitute<br />“naming and shaming” that might temper hostilities. On the other<br />hand, such coverage might spark intransigence and complicate<br />negotiations among conflicting parties, thereby hindering rather<br />than hastening peace. This article tries to adjudicate among these<br />and other possibilities by exploring how media reporting on human rights abuses influences the development of conflicts. The analysis reveals that such reporting is associated with shorter conflicts and negotiated agreements between fighting parties.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6b9180f0080dd739cfe615fabbeb7bbc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36959779,"asset_id":11404392,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959779/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11404392"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11404392"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11404392; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6b9180f0080dd739cfe615fabbeb7bbc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=11404392]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":11404392,"title":"From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11404392/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":36959779,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36959779/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"BRSM2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36959779/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36959779/BRSM2015-libre.pdf?1426240446=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277484\u0026Signature=cEhSXP2fE3lGtFuLiMTQZr7ihEwxYgLu0zUesBElHZVCeJL5yfCb-bVeaw7ng0sqlnqNP2Oai~98OAI9vkIR4plsS0J6OwT~gHUHHOZJ1LyJcUFijfi7ZohHRTgwbU679c3HdqGdnTYoWmLSsiDyGOXeLWJt3mdKXJdKt1uH2KFGMI6vdjuSYaQfybSNLo5TNPR~qyT6l5Vbh8UVBfTUXFwjEm3x82Rq18jo~7Y-Dq-W3ypzos2AzGqO0VDqxMX6w-dkazHAx68WDKVFPPUAxcuXeEAtdoavGEZ3JntNmGVyde1wQCX0YXu-x~34rMXqxs1qj0UZ63C61wztGeIm6Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7886750"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7886750/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34373783/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7886750/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection">Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have all soldiers from a si...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have all soldiers from a single country, or should the U.N. recruit peacekeepers from a variety of donors? Since 1990, the number of contributors to peace operations has grown threefold and most operations have carried the mandate to protect civilians. We explore the effect of diversity in the composition of a mission, measured by fractionalisation and polarisation indices, on its performance in protecting civilians in the period 1991-2008. We find that diversity decreases the level of violence against civilians, a result that holds when distances between nations are considered.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03df5550cd9b3c59aa033c23aee72877" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34373783,"asset_id":7886750,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34373783/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7886750"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7886750"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7886750; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8194955"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/8194955/Forging_Political_Entrepreneurs_Civil_War_Effects_on_Post_Conflict_Politics_in_Italy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Forging Political Entrepreneurs: Civil War Effects on Post-Conflict Politics in Italy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34625710/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/8194955/Forging_Political_Entrepreneurs_Civil_War_Effects_on_Post_Conflict_Politics_in_Italy">Forging Political Entrepreneurs: Civil War Effects on Post-Conflict Politics in Italy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How does violent mobilization affect post-conflict elections? This article studies the impact tha...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How does violent mobilization affect post-conflict elections? This article studies the impact that violent collective mobilization has on local electoral behavior after domestic conflict. We argue that post-conflict democratic politics at the local level can be dramatically affected by local experience of civil war. The use of violence during the war and especially local political entrepreneurs who have emerged from the conflict can influence post-violent politics. We use as case-study the civil war that took place in Italy during the last phase of World War II. Using new spatially disaggregated data on armed groups’ location and violent episodes, we assess the impact of the violent mobilization on the 1946 elections, which took place after the conflict. We find that partisans’ mobilization and, more weakly, Nazi–Fascist violent acts influenced local politics, shifting votes towards more radical positions. Our findings hold across numerous robustness checks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6cef7bad62778bfc52344bc51362e399" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34625710,"asset_id":8194955,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34625710/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8194955"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8194955"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8194955; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4589952"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4589952/Human_rights_Promotion_the_Media_and_Peacemaking_in_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human-rights Promotion, the Media and Peacemaking in Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33874282/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4589952/Human_rights_Promotion_the_Media_and_Peacemaking_in_Africa">Human-rights Promotion, the Media and Peacemaking in Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e937f2d6c7265ce12b20f0d1d8501724" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33874282,"asset_id":4589952,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33874282/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4589952"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4589952"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4589952; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3443291"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443291/Managing_Mistrust_An_Analysis_of_Cooperation_with_UN_Peacekeeping_in_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Managing Mistrust: An Analysis of Cooperation with UN Peacekeeping in Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35983235/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443291/Managing_Mistrust_An_Analysis_of_Cooperation_with_UN_Peacekeeping_in_Africa">Managing Mistrust: An Analysis of Cooperation with UN Peacekeeping in Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How many peacekeepers are needed to keep the peace? Under what conditions are local governments a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How many peacekeepers are needed to keep the peace? Under what conditions are local governments and rebel forces more willing to cooperate with an intervention force? From a theoretical perspective in which the main role of peacekeepers is to assist local actors in overcoming their commitment problems and mistrust toward each other, it follows that sufficiently robust missions should positively affect levels of cooperation. Furthermore, any effect should be conditional on the local balance of power, that is, the military leverage between government and rebel forces. Relatively weak rebel groups-facing a stronger government-should be more willing to cooperate with larger missions. In the empirical analysis, using newly collected event data on United Nation (UN) peacekeeping operations from 1989 to 2005 in African civil wars, the authors find support for conditional effect of robust peacekeeping: there is more cooperation with UN peacekeepers when the rebels are weak.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2809127c725ad25c10461e1190f1d904" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35983235,"asset_id":3443291,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35983235/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443291"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443291; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4465497"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465497/Data_and_Progress_in_Peace_and_Conflict_Research"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Data and Progress in Peace and Conflict Research" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31873968/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465497/Data_and_Progress_in_Peace_and_Conflict_Research">Data and Progress in Peace and Conflict Research</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in peace and conflict research. The Journal of Peace Research has played a key role in these developments, and has become a leading outlet for the new wave of disaggregated conflict data.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ec886d8188df908dc3f50f7282b8be7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31873968,"asset_id":4465497,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31873968/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4465497"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4465497"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4465497; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3443216"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443216/Political_opportunity_structures_democracy_and_civil_war"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Political opportunity structures, democracy, and civil war" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35991523/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443216/Political_opportunity_structures_democracy_and_civil_war">Political opportunity structures, democracy, and civil war</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Peace Research</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Theories of mobilization suggest that groups are more likely to resort to violence in the presenc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Theories of mobilization suggest that groups are more likely to resort to violence in the presence of political opportunity structures that afford greater prospects for extracting concessions from the government or better opportunities to topple ruling governments. However, existing efforts to consider the possible influences of political opportunity structures on incentives for violence and civil war empirically have almost invariably relied upon measures of democracy to proxy for the hypothesized mechanisms, most notably the argument that the opposing effects of political accommodation and repression will give rise to an inverted U-shaped relationship between democracy and the risk of civil war. The authors detail a number of problems with measures of democracy as proxies for political opportunity structures and develop alternative measures based on the likely risks that political leaders will lose power in irregular challenges and their implications for the incentives for resort to violence. The authors evaluate empirically how the security with which leaders hold office influences the prospects of violent civil conflict. The findings indicate that recent irregular leader entry and transitions indeed increase the risk of conflict onset, while democratic institutions are found to decrease the risk of civil war, after controlling for the new measures of state weakness. interests include civil war, in particular the role of state capacity and transnational relations, peacekeeping operations, and event data analysis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="736437b37cc7951445367442f884befd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35991523,"asset_id":3443216,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35991523/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443216"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443216"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443216; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4465591"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465591/Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective_Mobilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gramsci’s Persuaders: Studying Collective Mobilization " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31874016/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4465591/Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective_Mobilization">Gramsci’s Persuaders: Studying Collective Mobilization </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Often a fallacy is committed when in our historical-political analysis we do not have a right rel...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Often a fallacy is committed when in our historical-political analysis we do not have a right relation between what is organic ("organico") or occasional ("occasionale"): in this way we tend to claim that causes that are just facilitating/contextual ( "operanti mediatamente") are the immediate triggering factors, or immediate causes are the efficient causes […] there are two fallacies, "economismo "and "ideologismo", in the first we overuse the mechanic explanation , in the second we overestimate the individual and voluntary element"( Gramsci 2007:1580). Never-ending debates have plagued the study of collective mobilization. Do people mobilize because structural characteristics (society, economics, culture, etc.) affect their behaviour, or because the interests and features of single actors can trigger collective action? This has been the classic structure/ agents divide. Or, do people mobilize for mundane payoffs or for ideas? In this case 1 I do refer directly to the Italian version of the Quaderni dal Carcere. The quotes reported in the text are my own translation and understanding of Gramsci's text. The reader must be aware that there have been two major published versions of the Quaderni dal Carcere. The first one, 1948-1951, organized the notebooks and part of the notes according themes ( ex. Il Risorgimento, Gli Intelettuali, Scritti su Machiavelli…) decided by the editor (F.Platone). The second major publication, 1975 and the 2007 extended version, reports exactly the order of Gramsci's notebooks without rearrangement according to themes. Moreover the 2007 edition reports also paragraph deleted by Antonio Gramsci. I use Quaderni dal Carcere, 2007.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="32f3dc3823fdeec694274ab957b65859" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31874016,"asset_id":4465591,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31874016/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4465591"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4465591"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4465591; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4465591]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4465591]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4465591; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4465591']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "32f3dc3823fdeec694274ab957b65859" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4465591]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4465591,"title":"Gramsci’s Persuaders: Studying Collective Mobilization ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4465591/Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective_Mobilization","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":31874016,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31874016/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"AR_ISR.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31874016/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Gramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31874016/AR_ISR-libre.pdf?1391461552=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGramsci_s_Persuaders_Studying_Collective.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277484\u0026Signature=Cmh4Ve7ZDkCxygqknYLHjeWtYByaGqx3howx-Qfj0Q74bFUYAkzzlgT4IjjwBaAPbHKQEeKt7DwTOUA8ZYbnF73O54FBqpkeMIzm4PWVW86K3BxKwgZGyBTSYL-5ZNS9RG8eoSjNQm~4hCqS7kvLOVjh5sdwvPgyoOPwGUnIuByCwhLDPU4UpqQZIz9u9yDS7h5IESSuIgiEkdfWonnEl5s2pthhn06YlFwhdvOX~ix0~4dWtcdZ6w12bYnLZJ6fb3WDrs3DO66Zhtw7GwQSUfw6rNmVWz~eddEAigLzDFWShHwZpWVC6DFeVozLfC1CZyxVnHhOw6LM33VU~SNUqw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3443258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443258/Events_Data_as_Bismarcks_Sausages_Intercoder_Reliability_Coders_Selection_and_Data_Quality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35991536/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3443258/Events_Data_as_Bismarcks_Sausages_Intercoder_Reliability_Coders_Selection_and_Data_Quality">Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://essex.academia.edu/HanDorussen">Han Dorussen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Interactions</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is therefore remarkable that often so little attention is paid to intercoder reliability. It is commonly recognized that poor validity leads to systematic errors and biased inference. In contrast, low reliability is generally assumed to be a lesser concern, leading only to random errors and inefficiency. We evaluate the intercoder reliability of our recently collected data on governance events in UN peacekeeping and show how poor coding and low intercoder reliability can produce systematic errors and even biased inference. We also show how intercoder reliability checks are useful to improve data quality. Continuous testing for intercoder reliability ex post enables researchers to create better data and ultimately improves the quality of their analyses.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ef9885871c43c59e1da955e273a403d4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35991536,"asset_id":3443258,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35991536/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3443258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3443258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3443258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ef9885871c43c59e1da955e273a403d4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3443258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3443258,"title":"Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is therefore remarkable that often so little attention is paid to intercoder reliability. It is commonly recognized that poor validity leads to systematic errors and biased inference. In contrast, low reliability is generally assumed to be a lesser concern, leading only to random errors and inefficiency. We evaluate the intercoder reliability of our recently collected data on governance events in UN peacekeeping and show how poor coding and low intercoder reliability can produce systematic errors and even biased inference. We also show how intercoder reliability checks are useful to improve data quality. Continuous testing for intercoder reliability ex post enables researchers to create better data and ultimately improves the quality of their analyses.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Interactions"},"translated_abstract":"Precise measurement is difficult but essential in the generation of high-quality data, and it is therefore remarkable that often so little attention is paid to intercoder reliability. It is commonly recognized that poor validity leads to systematic errors and biased inference. In contrast, low reliability is generally assumed to be a lesser concern, leading only to random errors and inefficiency. We evaluate the intercoder reliability of our recently collected data on governance events in UN peacekeeping and show how poor coding and low intercoder reliability can produce systematic errors and even biased inference. We also show how intercoder reliability checks are useful to improve data quality. Continuous testing for intercoder reliability ex post enables researchers to create better data and ultimately improves the quality of their analyses.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3443258/Events_Data_as_Bismarcks_Sausages_Intercoder_Reliability_Coders_Selection_and_Data_Quality","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:49:45.831-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":7684553,"work_id":3443258,"tagging_user_id":4018758,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1716510,"email":"g***s@chapman.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Theodora-ismene Gizelis","title":"Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? 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The note carries out, evaluates and proposes empirical strategies to study such effects. We find that a classic panel-year data structure is insufficient to disentangle and assess possible mechanisms. Though the UN-labeled attempts to "name and shame" seem to decrease the level of violence, this and other results cannot be defended as robust and coherent in light of likely endogeneity bias. Results based on just lagged explanatory variables differ in the sign and significance of relationships with results based on instrumented-variable estimation. We highlight the value and necessity of collecting and analyzing data that is more disaggregated with respect to time and target levels. Only such further steps will allow full study the role of "naming and shaming" on domestic conflict dynamics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="322a9228368bd06a633da8da11f6b365" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31212531,"asset_id":3443342,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31212531/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3443342"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3443342"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3443342; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="766763" id="workingpapers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38710528"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/38710528/Security_and_Stability_for_Whom_Concepts_and_Observables"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Security and Stability for Whom ? Concepts and Observables" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58794280/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/38710528/Security_and_Stability_for_Whom_Concepts_and_Observables">Security and Stability for Whom ? Concepts and Observables</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper addresses the concept "political stability" in an attempt to provide conceptual clarit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper addresses the concept "political stability" in an attempt to provide conceptual clarity to the oft-used term for researchers and policy makers. A crucial attribute of stability is the presence and management of violent political conflict. However, stability should not be defined exclusively in terms of the incidence and intensity of political violence. It is crucial to identify the diverse beneficiaries of political stability: citizens, domestic incumbent groups and international actors. First, this paper examines conceptualizations of political stability by focusing on when the political realm becomes violent and affects security. Second, it highlights the tensions of extant conceptualizations of stability. Third, it provides a succinct discussion on observables and operationalizations of stability within literature and their pitfalls.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a5a62a0d1bb7a7ec2c3850b4dcb10516" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58794280,"asset_id":38710528,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58794280/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38710528"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38710528"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38710528; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38710528]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38710528]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38710528; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38710528']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a5a62a0d1bb7a7ec2c3850b4dcb10516" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38710528]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38710528,"title":"Security and Stability for Whom ? 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Evidence from Italy 1946-1968" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56526091/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36598204/The_long_term_electoral_legacies_of_civil_war_in_young_democracies_Evidence_from_Italy_1946_1968">The long-term electoral legacies of civil war in young democracies. Evidence from Italy 1946-1968</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Are there long-term legacies of civil wars on the electoral geography of post-conflict democracie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Are there long-term legacies of civil wars on the electoral geography of post-conflict democracies? We argue that parties derived from armed bands enjoy an organizational advantage in areas where they fought and won the war. Former combatants can create a strong local party organization that serves as a crucial mobilization tool for elections. Parties have strong incentives to institutionalize this organizational advantage and retain electoral strongholds over time. We test our theory on the case of Italy (1946-1968). Our findings indicate that, on average, the communist party managed to create a stronger organization in areas where its bands fought the resistance war against Nazi-fascist forces—and leftwing parties had a better electoral performance in those areas in subsequent elections. A stronger party organization is correlated with a positive electoral performance for many years, while the direct effect of civil war on electoral patterns decays after few years.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bdd3f7ffc8fdd878c787d92e1bae6c9c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56526091,"asset_id":36598204,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56526091/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36598204"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36598204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36598204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36598204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36598204]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36598204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36598204']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bdd3f7ffc8fdd878c787d92e1bae6c9c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36598204]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36598204,"title":"The long-term electoral legacies of civil war in young democracies. Evidence from Italy 1946-1968","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36598204/The_long_term_electoral_legacies_of_civil_war_in_young_democracies_Evidence_from_Italy_1946_1968","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":56526091,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56526091/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"CostalliRuggeri_CPS_final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56526091/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_long_term_electoral_legacies_of_civi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56526091/CostalliRuggeri_CPS_final-libre.pdf?1525897103=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_long_term_electoral_legacies_of_civi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277484\u0026Signature=BnpcFMMUIoo8l0zxDEzELkKwlJb9X60Y33frPywbahSfNJMG8Ab5v9Oui0UbF2IrLieGEL36awPPwO6QGHyfx2t7TC5pkwR7mlcDOjGXlveo0JLa-olwJmSRRfmxOKRiuMG024VLUQrHvupI3moqx~jL5-iAibeA0QNVma0LliWfy3d3lgFnfZEvTfKSm345PDBnMaYmoRyrPcxu8O~opP1~Ks5Ul2f1YFIL9Q9KRu18ItxYJWOMuaMB3tkmxWL7mrkq2uF00gGHR88XYnauOlX3XtkscFsd3Su-OV3X132Oyq~HtgnhSlWNuKb3N4YEMAENzHHe1qh3iwSgWMwwcw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12099068"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12099068/Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Italy_1943_1945"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Indignation, Ideologies and Armed Mobilization: Italy 1943–1945 " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37416159/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12099068/Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Italy_1943_1945">Indignation, Ideologies and Armed Mobilization: Italy 1943–1945 </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper theorizes and provides empirical evidence on the role of indignation and radical ideol...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper theorizes and provides empirical evidence on the role of indignation and radical ideologies in the process of armed mobilization. We argue that these non-material factors play a crucial role – in addition to that played by material factors – in the chain that leads to armed collective action. Indignation is a push-factor that moves individuals away from accepting the status of the incumbent power. Ideology acts as a pull-factor that provides a new set of strategies against the incumbent. Our empirical analysis focuses on the Italian civil war (1943–45). First, we provide a national statistical analysis where the Italian provinces are the analytical units. Secondly, we offer a within-province analysis focusing on just two of them, using municipalities as the units of analysis. Finally, we provide a qualitative analysis based on historical micro-narratives and interviews with ex-partisans. The empirical data support our theoretical arguments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0cf462757eaee1e4c78b7fed3d9ff7dd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37416159,"asset_id":12099068,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37416159/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12099068"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12099068"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12099068; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12099068]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12099068]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12099068; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12099068']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0cf462757eaee1e4c78b7fed3d9ff7dd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12099068]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12099068,"title":"Indignation, Ideologies and Armed Mobilization: Italy 1943–1945 ","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper theorizes and provides empirical evidence on the role of indignation and radical ideologies in the process of armed mobilization. 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","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12099068/Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Italy_1943_1945","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-04-24T23:55:25.721-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":451344,"work_id":12099068,"tagging_user_id":4018758,"tagged_user_id":105744,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***i@unifi.it","affiliation":"Università degli Studi di Firenze (University of Florence)","display_order":1,"name":"Stefano Costalli","title":"Indignation, Ideologies and Armed Mobilization: Italy 1943–1945 "}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37416159,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37416159/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Costalli_RuggeriRESISTANCE.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37416159/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobiliz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37416159/Costalli_RuggeriRESISTANCE-libre.pdf?1429947712=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobiliz.pdf\u0026Expires=1738741847\u0026Signature=T8LOTsHq6bfV9zqngQLrllFAtgcl05bbZ84rRSUY2JPlbTpSWmk5-uTHLzRjpmTYha9hfSEVcTnTSaAsguL9z9yLYZ0TgQt2iPKLpcPaBmyl0-OthEtyt6BdGoul1tAwRlJGqYY97wsYDtyyvUSwVE3sU2tLlZhqi-jE2D96Rqck50uKh4mAcKoK5AKtoVgljsQgcNlg8b7HupYB6RrP1jP3h7BAVq9elHppdMIKyKp9kdhbGhGedOxYU7CBj2V1S~mOXtRxJWYpWd5TJ~KjVLBTccfyuch-OXhwxEphu5DDLBExQccSXUrtICMfC4NKETSgNmNeQuEcC7jlP1U2rA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Italy_1943_1945","translated_slug":"","page_count":60,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This paper theorizes and provides empirical evidence on the role of indignation and radical ideologies in the process of armed mobilization. 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","owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":37416159,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37416159/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Costalli_RuggeriRESISTANCE.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37416159/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobiliz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37416159/Costalli_RuggeriRESISTANCE-libre.pdf?1429947712=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobiliz.pdf\u0026Expires=1738741847\u0026Signature=T8LOTsHq6bfV9zqngQLrllFAtgcl05bbZ84rRSUY2JPlbTpSWmk5-uTHLzRjpmTYha9hfSEVcTnTSaAsguL9z9yLYZ0TgQt2iPKLpcPaBmyl0-OthEtyt6BdGoul1tAwRlJGqYY97wsYDtyyvUSwVE3sU2tLlZhqi-jE2D96Rqck50uKh4mAcKoK5AKtoVgljsQgcNlg8b7HupYB6RrP1jP3h7BAVq9elHppdMIKyKp9kdhbGhGedOxYU7CBj2V1S~mOXtRxJWYpWd5TJ~KjVLBTccfyuch-OXhwxEphu5DDLBExQccSXUrtICMfC4NKETSgNmNeQuEcC7jlP1U2rA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion"},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies"},{"id":2221,"name":"Italian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italian_Studies"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology"},{"id":8004,"name":"Resistance (Social)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_"},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7260262"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7260262/On_the_Frontline_Every_Day_Subnational_Deployment_of_United_Nations_Peacekeepers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the Frontline Every Day? Subnational Deployment of United Nations Peacekeepers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33874102/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7260262/On_the_Frontline_Every_Day_Subnational_Deployment_of_United_Nations_Peacekeepers">On the Frontline Every Day? Subnational Deployment of United Nations Peacekeepers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://essex.academia.edu/HanDorussen">Han Dorussen</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://essex.academia.edu/IsmeneGizelis">Ismene Gizelis</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="28d93250c723ce73e70a2accf83fb1ae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33874102,"asset_id":7260262,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33874102/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7260262"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7260262"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7260262; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7260262]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7260262]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7260262; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7260262']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "28d93250c723ce73e70a2accf83fb1ae" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7260262]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7260262,"title":"On the Frontline Every Day? 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Temporal dynamics of British Decolonization in Sub‐Saharan Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31965632/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4602644/Making_History_or_Forced_by_History_Temporal_dynamics_of_British_Decolonization_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa">Making History or Forced by History? Temporal dynamics of British Decolonization in Sub‐Saharan Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper offers an explanation of the temporal sequence of decolonization of the British coloni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper offers an explanation of the temporal sequence of decolonization of the British colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa, starting from 1957. Our findings, based on data on colonial budgets and on colonial political movements, suggest that colonies posting budget deficits were the first to be granted independence. Even though both political leadership and organizational characteristics of local movements do not offer a statistically significant explanation of the decolonization pattern, proxies for coordination costs suggest that there is a weak relationship between higher coordination costs for political mobilization and the sequence of decolonization. Theoretically, this research offers two important contributions. The first is on the extent to which agents can decide and act during crucial historical and structural change in world politics; the second is whether the independence sequence was influenced by British decisions alone or in conjunction with local dynamics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f1be6360ce26aa014c094af2b93bb287" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31965632,"asset_id":4602644,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31965632/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4602644"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4602644"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4602644; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4602644]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4602644]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4602644; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4602644']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f1be6360ce26aa014c094af2b93bb287" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4602644]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4602644,"title":"Making History or Forced by History? 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Concretely, we test whether information cues about acts of &quot;public diplomacy&quot; by different international actors (China, the United States and the EU) shape peoples&#39; attitudes towards these actors.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612711"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612711"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612711; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612711]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612711]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612711; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612711']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612711]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612711,"title":"Shifting Public Attitudes towards International Actors in Times of Emergency Evidence from Italy","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612711/Shifting_Public_Attitudes_towards_International_Actors_in_Times_of_Emergency_Evidence_from_Italy","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612708"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612708/Do_UN_peace_operations_lead_to_more_terrorism_Repertoires_of_rebel_violence_and_third_party_interventions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021283/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612708/Do_UN_peace_operations_lead_to_more_terrorism_Repertoires_of_rebel_violence_and_third_party_interventions">Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Journal of International Relations</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent research suggests that UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) reduce conventional violence. How...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent research suggests that UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) reduce conventional violence. However, rebel groups have been increasingly using a combination of conventional and non-conventional violence, for example, terrorism. Little is known about whether and under which conditions PKOs shape rebels’ incentives to resort to more terrorism. At the same time, existing research on the use of terrorism in civil wars primarily focuses on domestic factors, thus overlooking the impact of external shocks such as the deployment of PKOs. We argue that PKOs can have critical unintended consequences inducing tactical adaptation in rebel violence as they alter the government-rebels balance of power. Particularly, rebel groups that are militarily strong prior to the UN arrival are incentivized to escalate terrorist violence to overcome the physical barrier imposed by PKO forces and improve their bargaining position vis-à-vis the government. Weaker groups, which in the absence of PKOs are more...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66adabaf686a380870cfc45dbf5387e2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021283,"asset_id":94612708,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021283/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612708"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612708"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612708; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612708]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612708]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612708; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612708']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "66adabaf686a380870cfc45dbf5387e2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612708]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612708,"title":"Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? 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Getting real on relative positions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021281/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612707/Italy_and_its_international_relations_Getting_real_on_relative_positions">Italy and its international relations. Getting real on relative positions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What is the position of Italy in contemporary international politics? How does Italy compare with...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is the position of Italy in contemporary international politics? How does Italy compare with its neighbors or with the so-called great powers in terms of power? What are the most influential factors to be considered when evaluating Italian foreign policy? Contemporary international politics is multidi-mensional and multifaceted and positioning a country in the international system involves looking at various and diverse domains. These domains and trajectories have experienced substantive changes and, in turn, the role and relative position of Italy have dramatically changed. This article aims to pro-vide empirical trends in Italy’s positioning in international relations, showing the existence of some unsolved issues and the reasons for specific underlying tensions in Italian foreign policy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0b5e540890e3b0734aa6cf5ac8b667da" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021281,"asset_id":94612707,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021281/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612707"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612707"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612707; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612707]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612707]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612707; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612707']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0b5e540890e3b0734aa6cf5ac8b667da" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612707]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612707,"title":"Italy and its international relations. 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Scholars and practitioners are divided on the broad efficacy of human-rights promotion in the context of conflict: some argue that human-rights promotion helps pacify by stabilizing and civilizing conflicts, and others argue that such promotion can spur conflict by making combatants fear reprisals. Poor measurement of human-rights promotion and its role in shaping conflicts, however, has obscured adjudication of this debate. The present paper remedies this problem by developing detailed and daily measures of human-rights “naming and shaming” in New York Times reporting and opinion pieces, matching these data with daily data on conflict intensity in seven African conflicts. Based on the resulting data, we find support for the view that such media naming and shaming pacifies more than provokes ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612704"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612704"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612704; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612704]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612704]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612704,"title":"Human rights promotion, the media and peacemaking in Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612704/Human_rights_promotion_the_media_and_peacemaking_in_Africa","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612702"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612702/Diffusione_e_dinamiche_della_violenza_collettiva_il_caso_del_Libano"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Diffusione e dinamiche della violenza collettiva: il caso del Libano" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612702/Diffusione_e_dinamiche_della_violenza_collettiva_il_caso_del_Libano">Diffusione e dinamiche della violenza collettiva: il caso del Libano</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612702"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612702"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612702; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612702]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612702]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612702; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612702']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612702]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612702,"title":"Diffusione e dinamiche della violenza collettiva: il caso del Libano","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612702/Diffusione_e_dinamiche_della_violenza_collettiva_il_caso_del_Libano","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612699"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612699/Who_are_Our_Experts_Predictors_of_Participation_in_Expert_Surveys"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Who are Our Experts? Predictors of Participation in Expert Surveys" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021289/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612699/Who_are_Our_Experts_Predictors_of_Participation_in_Expert_Surveys">Who are Our Experts? Predictors of Participation in Expert Surveys</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Who are the colleagues participating when asked to complete expert surveys? This research note in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Who are the colleagues participating when asked to complete expert surveys? This research note investigates which individuals’ characteristics associate with positive responses. Drawing on an expert survey dedicated to post-conflict trials, we collect data on various attributes of both respondents and non-respondents such as their age, sex, academic positions, disciplines, and research outputs. We expect that decisions to participate result from an interplay of (1) individuals’ levels of context-specific expertise, (2) the value attached to their expert role, (3) their confidence in making authoritative statements, and (4) resource constraints. Employing logistic regression models and statistical simulations (n = 414), we find that context-specific expertise is the primary, but not the only determinant of participation. On the one hand and luckily, individuals whose research corresponds closely to the object of study are most likely to participate. On the other hand and unfortunatel...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a9a9bae49193b17ffceb195ea0019a53" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021289,"asset_id":94612699,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021289/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612699"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612699; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612699]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612699]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612699; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612699']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a9a9bae49193b17ffceb195ea0019a53" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612699]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612699,"title":"Who are Our Experts? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612697"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612697/The_Withdrawal_of_UN_Peace_Operations_and_State_Capacity_Descriptive_Trends_and_Research_Challenges"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Withdrawal of UN Peace Operations and State Capacity: Descriptive Trends and Research Challenges" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021288/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612697/The_Withdrawal_of_UN_Peace_Operations_and_State_Capacity_Descriptive_Trends_and_Research_Challenges">The Withdrawal of UN Peace Operations and State Capacity: Descriptive Trends and Research Challenges</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Peacekeeping</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d75d63e1499cdd081866c1ba4954f501" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021288,"asset_id":94612697,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021288/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612697"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612697"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612697; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612695"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612695/The_Long_Term_Electoral_Legacies_of_Civil_War_in_Young_Democracies_Italy_1946_1968"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Long-Term Electoral Legacies of Civil War in Young Democracies: Italy, 1946-1968" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021280/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612695/The_Long_Term_Electoral_Legacies_of_Civil_War_in_Young_Democracies_Italy_1946_1968">The Long-Term Electoral Legacies of Civil War in Young Democracies: Italy, 1946-1968</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Comparative Political Studies</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Are there long-term legacies of civil wars on the electoral geography of post-conflict democracie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Are there long-term legacies of civil wars on the electoral geography of post-conflict democracies? We argue that parties derived from armed bands enjoy an organizational advantage in areas where they fought and won the war. Former combatants can create a strong local party organization that serves as a crucial mobilization tool for elections. Parties have strong incentives to institutionalize this organizational advantage and retain electoral strongholds over time. We test our theory on the case of Italy (1946-1968). Our findings indicate that, on average, the communist party managed to create a stronger organization in areas where its bands fought the resistance war against Nazi-Fascist forces—and left-wing parties had a better electoral performance in those areas in subsequent elections. A stronger party organization is correlated with a positive electoral performance for many years, while the direct effect of civil war on electoral patterns decays after few years.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8f60bce3a3a38ef289091a7d3822ab3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021280,"asset_id":94612695,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021280/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612695"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612695"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612695; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612692"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612692/The_known_knowns_and_known_unknowns_of_peacekeeping_data"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The known knowns and known unknowns of peacekeeping data" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021274/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612692/The_known_knowns_and_known_unknowns_of_peacekeeping_data">The known knowns and known unknowns of peacekeeping data</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Peacekeeping</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">at Buffalo, SUNY Much of the literature on United Nations peacekeeping has sought to assess the e...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">at Buffalo, SUNY Much of the literature on United Nations peacekeeping has sought to assess the effectiveness of UN-sponsored peacekeeping operations (PKOs) in pursuing peace in war-torn countries. Recent data collection efforts have attempted to contribute to this endeavor by disaggregating information on UN PKOs in terms of their composition, activities, and experiences in the field. Initial quantitative assessments of peacekeeping largely relied upon rudimentary representations of PKOs in their empirical models, often employing dichotomous indicators of the presence or absence of a mission in a given host state in attempting to reveal the general effect of peacekeeping. However, what recent data collection projects have revealed is that peacekeeping missions come in many shapes and sizes, are variously mandated, deploy to heterogeneous locations, and are faced with variously complex challenges. In this paper, I touch on my own data collection efforts that seek to add detail on PKO deployments, pointing to research questions that can be effectively addressed with these data. UN Mission Composition Initial work on peacekeeping effectiveness was largely qualitative, often focusing on a particular case or a handful of cases in an attempt to delineate the factors that were associated with mission success or failure. While rich in detail and historiographic rigor, these studies tended to suffer from a lack of inter-case comparison, often selecting on the dependent variable and arriving at deterministic outcomes. Subsequent quantitative work assessed differences in cases to which PKOs were and were not deployed, noting that the UN tended to select rather difficult cases, and often indicating that PKOs were generally effective in achieving a number of intervention goals. 1 Yet, while there was some delineation between what types of missions were deployed, the data generally did not account for heterogeneity across missions. As such, early quantitative analyses were limited in their policy advice beyond promoting the fact that peacekeeping generally appeared effective.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67ea637bb8e1d8d9a365dfca5db7d80e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021274,"asset_id":94612692,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021274/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612692"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612692; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612690"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612690/Peacekeeping_Effectiveness_and_Blue_Helmets_Distance_from_Locals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021272/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612690/Peacekeeping_Effectiveness_and_Blue_Helmets_Distance_from_Locals">Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions are complex social organizations, with soldiers coming ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions are complex social organizations, with soldiers coming from several countries. In this environment, effective communication and interactions with local populations are often difficult, and establishing essential local support can be jeopardized when soldiers are culturally distant from local communities. At the same time, however, when local populations perceive peacekeepers as sufficiently distant or unbiased, the promotion of cooperation is enhanced. We explore whether cultural distance—in terms of geography, language, and religion—and social distance—in terms of economy and institutions—between the peacekeepers and the local population improve the operational capabilities of a mission. We use monthly information on UN peacekeeping missions’ composition from 1990 to 2015. We find that higher geographic and cultural distances correspond to higher levels of violence against civilians and higher battle deaths, whereas institutional and econom...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ed82140229b1dc444a5a54ac0918674d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021272,"asset_id":94612690,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021272/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612690"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612690; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612689"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612689/Fraud_Is_What_People_Make_of_It_Election_Fraud_Perceived_Fraud_and_Protesting_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fraud Is What People Make of It: Election Fraud, Perceived Fraud, and Protesting in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021209/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612689/Fraud_Is_What_People_Make_of_It_Election_Fraud_Perceived_Fraud_and_Protesting_in_Nigeria">Fraud Is What People Make of It: Election Fraud, Perceived Fraud, and Protesting in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why do fraudulent elections encourage protesting? Scholars suggest that information about fraud s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why do fraudulent elections encourage protesting? Scholars suggest that information about fraud shapes individuals’ beliefs and propensity to protest. Yet these accounts neglect the complexity of opinion formation and have not been tested at the individual level. We distinguish between the mobilizing effects of actual incidents of election fraud and individuals’ subjective perceptions of fraud. While rational updating models would imply that both measures similarly affect mobilization, we argue that subjective fraud perceptions are more consistent predictors of protesting, also being shaped by attitudes, information, and community networks. Our empirical analysis uses geo-referenced individual-level data on fraud events, fraud perception, and protesting from the 2007 Nigerian elections. Our analysis yields two main findings: proximity to reported fraud has no effect on protesting and citizens perceiving elections as fraudulent are consistently more likely to protest, and more so if ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="681278c3a18bcc9cb23ade42e0d10368" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021209,"asset_id":94612689,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021209/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612689"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612689"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612689; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612687"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612687/Effectiveness_of_Peacekeeping_Operations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Operations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612687/Effectiveness_of_Peacekeeping_Operations">Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Operations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international communi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflict reduction may, to some extent, explain the evolution toward multidimensional missions and the unprecedented number of peacekeepers deployed in the last decade. As consequence, the growing importance of peacekeeping effectiveness has sparked a new wave of research that empirically investigates whether and under which conditions UN peacekeeping works. Peacekeepers are mostly deployed in conflict or postconflict environments where violence is either ongoing or lingering. Thus, violence remains a priority for peace missions. Consequently, peacekeeping is deemed successful or effective according to whether...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612687"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612687"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612687; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612687]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612687]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612687; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612687']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612687]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612687,"title":"Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Operations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612687/Effectiveness_of_Peacekeeping_Operations","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612686"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612686/Winning_the_Peace_Locally_UN_Peacekeeping_and_Local_Conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021270/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612686/Winning_the_Peace_Locally_UN_Peacekeeping_and_Local_Conflict">Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Organization</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers’ actions at the local...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers’ actions at the local subnational level for overall mission success has lately received critical attention. Local peacekeeping is expected to matter because it reassures local actors, deters resumption of armed hostilities, coerces parties to halt fighting, and makes commitment to agreements credible. Thus peacekeepers affect the relations between central and local elites and avoid the emergence of local power vacuums and areas of lawlessness. This study uses new subnational data on the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers. It uses matching and recursive bivariate probit models with exogenous variables for temporal and spatial variation to deal with possible nonrandom assignment of the treatment. We demonstrate that conflict episodes last for shorter periods when peacekeepers are deployed to conflict-prone locations inside a country, even with comparatively modest deployment. The effect of peacekeeping ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6c4df4de24dbe190da9fc19edf518ee4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021270,"asset_id":94612686,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021270/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612686"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612686"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612686; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612686]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612686]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612686; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612686']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612684"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612684/Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Civil_War_in_Italy_1943_45"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Indignation, Ideologies, and Armed Mobilization: Civil War in Italy, 1943–45" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021290/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612684/Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Civil_War_in_Italy_1943_45">Indignation, Ideologies, and Armed Mobilization: Civil War in Italy, 1943–45</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Security</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Ideas shape human behavior in many circumstances, including those involving political violence. Y...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Ideas shape human behavior in many circumstances, including those involving political violence. Yet they have usually been underplayed in studies of the causes of armed mobilization. Likewise, emotions have been overlooked in most analyses of intrastate conflict. A mixed-methods analysis of Italian resistance during the Fascist regime and the Nazi occupation (1943–45) provides the opportunity to theorize and analyze empirical evidence on the role of indignation and radical ideologies in the process of armed mobilization. These nonmaterial factors play a crucial role in the chain that leads to armed collective action. Indignation is a push factor that moves individuals away from accepting the status quo. Radical ideologies act as pull factors that provide a new set of strategies against the incumbent. More specifically, detachment caused by an emotional event disconnects the individual from acceptance of the current state of social relations, and individuals move away from the status...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9bee7709d635c4081c2b4ce4da686182" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021290,"asset_id":94612684,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021290/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612684"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612684"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612684; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612684]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612684]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612684; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612684']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9bee7709d635c4081c2b4ce4da686182" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612684]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612684,"title":"Indignation, Ideologies, and Armed Mobilization: Civil War in Italy, 1943–45","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612684/Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobilization_Civil_War_in_Italy_1943_45","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":97021290,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021290/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"costalliruggeriis.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021290/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Indignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobiliz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/97021290/costalliruggeriis-libre.pdf?1673263936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndignation_Ideologies_and_Armed_Mobiliz.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277484\u0026Signature=DSmjKZ5nKPJeK94TcYrXOcEc0~-PxUIlGTkHFLY-MZrmQuTEmJC-1XbZALOjZSWqewF5OEqUif9BEN1NB4-AwHP2buRqnMgpj8qwU1it17yFMYv4nNgx8tYHD2-j7cC95-Axh4ro6MzR9Ief~SwAxi2kOO2ham4N9~sBPII4uMEt9zjA9jW23W1zy5NwZ9gvVkj5Mhv2rdb~p9sgHkLxx~kqifqOBwl0LNZZRso0n5olsa~GDmZ6dHbW~nnpT2jcw8XpOZjw64x-BrGgzsIzsHpajFlTu7R25bVnFXJ8E-Gje~2mxnOEk8SqN993K3uDU1YyVzoupvzaI4-0acz6lA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612682"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612682/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021279/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612682/Counterbalancing_Spatial_Dependence_and_Peer_Group_Effects">Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Political Science Research and Methods</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Previous studies identified several domestic factors that may influence a country’s level of stru...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Previous studies identified several domestic factors that may influence a country’s level of structural coup-proofing, i.e., counterbalancing strategies that shall prevent internal groups from seizing power via a coup d’état. We suggest that a country’s level of counterbalancing is also affected by such policies in what we term countries’ “peer groups.” When deciding the appropriate level of counterbalancing, rulers may be affected by external information flows from a “peer group” with similar structural coup-risk characteristics (institutions) or a similar coup-risk experience (coup history). Using maximum likelihood spatial lag models and data in 1976–2005, we find that leaders learn from and emulate counterbalancing in other states, but rather only through an “experiential peer group.”</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c69e5d656bea500887a32290c85057ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021279,"asset_id":94612682,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021279/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612682"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612682"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612682; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612680"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612680/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021300/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612680/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection">Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>British Journal of Political Science</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have soldiers from a single...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">For a given number of troops in a peace operation, is it advisable to have soldiers from a single country, or should the UN recruit peacekeepers from a variety of donor countries? Since 1990, the number of contributors to peace operations has grown threefold, and most operations have carried the mandate to protect civilians. This article explores the effect of diversity in the composition of a mission, measured by fractionalization and polarization indices, on its performance in protecting civilians in Africa in the period 1991–2008. It finds that mission diversity decreases the level of violence against civilians, a result that holds when geographic and linguistic distances between countries are considered.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a0672c4b14eb0719e1db7af2feee699c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021300,"asset_id":94612680,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021300/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612680; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a0672c4b14eb0719e1db7af2feee699c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612680]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612680,"title":"Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612680/Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeeping_Missions_and_Civilian_Protection","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":97021300,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021300/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"WRAP_Bove_20Ruggeri_20BJPS_201.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021300/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Kinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeepi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/97021300/WRAP_Bove_20Ruggeri_20BJPS_201-libre.pdf?1673263939=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKinds_of_Blue_Diversity_in_UN_Peacekeepi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740277484\u0026Signature=Ry7-8LP8XY80FHtlIDhhkDuyPYWyzFeWFpmnRx7kIGu0bBL~H2RSMBmpvFRFZ5zaQqjTsemh7-xVp-r43st6euoSZvCUUV0PgK5Y2TlWmy8eRne11nYGGNt5d9st4GrIz9gyNuGcYN54BYg0HMKIEAKP~AQL~CQORgSs8BnjkQyHjf4Qq2Dxg~BQNPUZ8Ut8f8Dtcqaoyyczg6XpYc4BsJAulpasePUedvyJOg9sUMYATq2TjcheQ3-xbcVtV5jHUZuSv72ecHcFSCDTbvxYcMselm6-Lqeu9AzY1i0ulW9Z-YJs0K1DQXQpwztj-pfU7tiUN1TPe1W-lhFHFQQrgg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612679"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612679/8_Human_rights_promotion_the_media_and_peacemaking_in_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 8 Human rights promotion, the media and peacemaking in Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612679/8_Human_rights_promotion_the_media_and_peacemaking_in_Africa">8 Human rights promotion, the media and peacemaking in Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612679"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612679"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612679; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612679]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612679]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612679; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612679']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612679]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612679,"title":"8 Human rights promotion, the media and peacemaking in Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612679/8_Human_rights_promotion_the_media_and_peacemaking_in_Africa","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612677"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612677/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612677/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration">From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Interactions</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Violations of human rights in the context of a conflict have in recent years received an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Violations of human rights in the context of a conflict have in recent years received an increasing amount of attention from the international media. Yet how such media attention influences conflict remains understudied and, a priori, uncertain. On the one hand, media coverage of human rights abuses may constitute “naming and shaming” that might temper hostilities. On the other hand, such coverage might spark intransigence and complicate negotiations among conflicting parties, thereby hindering rather than hastening peace. This article tries to adjudicate among these and other possibilities by exploring how media reporting on human rights abuses influences the development of conflicts. The analysis reveals that such reporting is associated with shorter conflicts and negotiated agreements between fighting parties.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612677"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612677"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612677; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612677]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94612677]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612677; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94612677']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94612677]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94612677,"title":"From Media Attention to Negotiated Peace: Human Rights Reporting and Civil War Duration","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94612677/From_Media_Attention_to_Negotiated_Peace_Human_Rights_Reporting_and_Civil_War_Duration","owner_id":4018758,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94612675"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612675/Data_and_progress_in_peace_and_conflict_research"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Data and progress in peace and conflict research" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97021285/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94612675/Data_and_progress_in_peace_and_conflict_research">Data and progress in peace and conflict research</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Peace Research</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in peace and conflict research. The Journal of Peace Research has played a key role in these developments, and has become a leading outlet for the new wave of disaggregated conflict data. We survey progress in the development of conflict data and how this interacts with theory development and progress in research, drawing specifically on examples from the move towards a greater focus on disaggregation and agency in conflict research. We focus on disaggregation in three specific dimensions, namely the resolution of conflict data, agency in conflict data, and the specific strategies used in conflict, and we also discuss new efforts to study conflict processes beyond the use of violence. We look ahead to new challenges in conflict research and how data developments and the emergence of ‘big data’ push us to think harder about types of conflict, agency, and the ‘right’ level of aggregation for qu...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a496ac4a1061a707e0b2e1f044aef892" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97021285,"asset_id":94612675,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97021285/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94612675"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94612675"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94612675; 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Pioneers of this change, Doyle and Sambanis reframed the terms of peacekeeping from a focus on military strategies to a focus on peacebuilding. But while they showed that<br />multidimensional missions can foster democratization and participatory peace in post-conflict societies, there is still debate among scholars and policy-makers about the use of peace missions as effective tools for state-building. Most of the discussion, especially among scholars, pays little attention to whether peacekeeping creates stable polities and institutions<br />that endure when the international presence eventually leaves. In other words, if peace missions are beneficial for state capacity, is their legacy strong enough to avoid the possible pitfalls associated with PKO withdrawal?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ccbd11c0c47c929f955cd2309a6690a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58794311,"asset_id":38710557,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58794311/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38710557"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38710557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38710557; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37973002"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37973002/Fraud_Is_What_People_Make_of_It_Election_Fraud_Perceived_Fraud_and_Protesting_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fraud Is What People Make of It: Election Fraud, Perceived Fraud, and Protesting in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57989663/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37973002/Fraud_Is_What_People_Make_of_It_Election_Fraud_Perceived_Fraud_and_Protesting_in_Nigeria">Fraud Is What People Make of It: Election Fraud, Perceived Fraud, and Protesting in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/jds">Jessica Di Salvatore</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why do fraudulent elections encourage protesting? Scholars suggest that information about fraud s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why do fraudulent elections encourage protesting? Scholars suggest that information about fraud shapes individuals' beliefs and propensity to protest. Yet these accounts neglect the complexity of opinion formation and have not been tested at the individual level. We distinguish between the mobilizing effects of actual incidents of election fraud and individuals' subjective perceptions of fraud. While rational updating models would imply that both measures similarly affect mobilization, we argue that subjective fraud perceptions are more consistent predictors of protesting, also being shaped by attitudes, information, and community networks. Our empirical analysis uses geo-referenced individual-level data on fraud events, fraud perception, and protesting from the 2007 Nigerian elections. Our analysis yields two main findings: proximity to reported fraud has no effect on protesting and citizens perceiving elections as fraudulent are consistently more likely to protest, and more so if embedded in community networks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0701ca11b0f553ddd9a0720841c41bd7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57989663,"asset_id":37973002,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57989663/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37973002"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37973002"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37973002; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37778451"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37778451/Formulating_Research_Questions_and_Designing_Research_Projects_in_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Formulating Research Questions & Designing Research Projects in International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57774694/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37778451/Formulating_Research_Questions_and_Designing_Research_Projects_in_International_Relations">Formulating Research Questions & Designing Research Projects in International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/AdamMcCauley">Adam McCauley</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">word count: 8,246 (9,916 with references) Nam placuisse nocet (Perfection brings destruction) "Th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">word count: 8,246 (9,916 with references) Nam placuisse nocet (Perfection brings destruction) "The Metamorphoses", Ovid Every researcher must pick a research question. The researcher must turn to her draft, sharpen this question, making it clear and explicit, before polishing it and elaborating on the subsequent research project. Regardless of perspective, philosophy, approach, or assumptions, strong research begins with a clear question. Surely, readers will find all chapters in this handbook extremely useful, for the lucky ones some of these chapters on different methods will be eyeopeners. However, not all chapters will be necessary for every research project and researcher.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a52a150008103b2a9011a726cb5c05eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57774694,"asset_id":37778451,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57774694/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37778451"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37778451"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37778451; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32942001"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32942001/Emotions_Ideologies_and_Violent_Political_Mobilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Emotions, Ideologies and Violent Political Mobilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53073730/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32942001/Emotions_Ideologies_and_Violent_Political_Mobilization">Emotions, Ideologies and Violent Political Mobilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/StefanoCostalli">Stefano Costalli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The advent of radical Islamist groups, the birth of Isis and several violent events in the last f...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The advent of radical Islamist groups, the birth of Isis and several violent events in the last fifteen years have shown that ideologies and emotions are strictly associated with political violence. However, have these intangible factors concrete roles in the process of armed mobilization and in the management of armed groups? Or are they simply epiphenomena? Even though classical studies on revolutions often acknowledged the ideological implications of those phenomena and research on armed groups performed during the Cold War was mainly focused on Marxist insurgencies, most contemporary social science literature on armed mobilization, civil wars and terrorism neglects the role of emotions and ideologies, developing behavioral models that mostly focus on material factors. Journalists and policy-makers tend to assume that emotions, ideologies and political violence are somehow intertwined, but rigorous scholarly work on this very topic is still underdeveloped. This symposium aims to go beyond structural and material explanations of conflict and mobilization. The following contributions focus more on agency and provide diverse angles on the relations between emotions, ideologies and political violence. We argue that including emotions and ideologies in our theoretical frameworks will allow us to unpack the decision making process that leads individuals from the acceptance of the status quo to mobilize and opting for political violence. It will also help us understand the behavior of armed actors once individuals have been mobilized. Moreover, we suggest that ideologies and emotions should be studied together and researchers should further theorize their possible feedback and interactions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="449e7135d5c92802a72383bce2257d84" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53073730,"asset_id":32942001,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53073730/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32942001"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32942001"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32942001; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32942001]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32942001]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32942001; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32942001']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "449e7135d5c92802a72383bce2257d84" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32942001]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32942001,"title":"Emotions, Ideologies and Violent Political Mobilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The advent of radical Islamist groups, the birth of Isis and several violent events in the last fifteen years have shown that ideologies and emotions are strictly associated with political violence. 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However, have these intangible factors concrete roles in the process of armed mobilization and in the management of armed groups? Or are they simply epiphenomena? Even though classical studies on revolutions often acknowledged the ideological implications of those phenomena and research on armed groups performed during the Cold War was mainly focused on Marxist insurgencies, most contemporary social science literature on armed mobilization, civil wars and terrorism neglects the role of emotions and ideologies, developing behavioral models that mostly focus on material factors. Journalists and policy-makers tend to assume that emotions, ideologies and political violence are somehow intertwined, but rigorous scholarly work on this very topic is still underdeveloped. This symposium aims to go beyond structural and material explanations of conflict and mobilization. The following contributions focus more on agency and provide diverse angles on the relations between emotions, ideologies and political violence. We argue that including emotions and ideologies in our theoretical frameworks will allow us to unpack the decision making process that leads individuals from the acceptance of the status quo to mobilize and opting for political violence. It will also help us understand the behavior of armed actors once individuals have been mobilized. Moreover, we suggest that ideologies and emotions should be studied together and researchers should further theorize their possible feedback and interactions. ","owner":{"id":4018758,"first_name":"Andrea","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ruggeri","page_name":"andrearuggeri","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2013-05-01T18:26:49.711-07:00","display_name":"Andrea Ruggeri","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri"},"attachments":[{"id":53073730,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53073730/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"CostalliRuggeri_IntroSympFINALMay2017.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53073730/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Emotions_Ideologies_and_Violent_Politica.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/53073730/CostalliRuggeri_IntroSympFINALMay2017-libre.pdf?1494447643=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmotions_Ideologies_and_Violent_Politica.pdf\u0026Expires=1738741847\u0026Signature=gIu1Nwyt2EjRt54RBmzaA1SqpKanZ1L-k~iaqOsTnvrSMvRLHNJSwHMUR5Neq0gH5hTRCeHoLxvSHTe5DkGZAt3ZGhZKJzFmFT4UmJSZZT8FxZ44Y1W3XsC~A9qDhzZ3-VAxkTw4gM0um2R8v4FcVIFbYamKzniNUtdAn8rTMJWGz8x7423jWXMs78yEAbm3jQeTckpoD1e95Eg7fDyvDjyCtbJZiiYsH2rJgGaTez57EegejOwy67ZgK3w4wqoOxbNV-No8EfusBCChppH0sl9f2HC~bHBkc1D8TqJ4NrJ2VXlojZvGfLFEbccXhNObnmuRZCAYXmdH-fXnGhAHrQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion"},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology"},{"id":10314,"name":"Social Movements (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Political_Science_"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32703051"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32703051/Peacekeeping_as_a_Tool_of_Foreign_Policy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Peacekeeping as a Tool of Foreign Policy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52865695/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32703051/Peacekeeping_as_a_Tool_of_Foreign_Policy">Peacekeeping as a Tool of Foreign Policy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Peacekeeping is one of the principal activities and foreign policy tools implemented by the inter...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Peacekeeping is one of the principal activities and foreign policy tools implemented by the international community to create and ‘maintain international peace and security’.  Peacekeeping operations (PKOs) have grown in size and scope in the past few decades and have included traditional peacekeeping, multidimensional peacekeeping, and peace enforcement. Now PKOs pursue far-reaching objectives ranging from humanitarian assistance and the repatriation of refugees, over the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former combatants, to liberal democratic assistance policies. Offering some descriptive statistics, this chapter suggests that the proliferation and increased scope of PKOs imply greater significance of peacekeeping as a tool of foreign policy. As such, peacekeeping operations are not deployed solely according to matters of global peace and security, but the deployment of and contribution to PKOs is increasingly shaped by individual state’s foreign and security policy considerations. An increasing literature studying the supply side of peacekeeping offers a broad range of arguments for why countries contribute to PKOs referring to realism, liberalism, alliance politics, or domestic politics. Foreign and security policy goals that states try to attain by participating in PKOs include status enhancement and influence in the international system, the reduction of the threat of conflict diffusion into its own territory and of a potential influx of refugees, or the stabilisation of political relations, international trade, and alliance politics. The existing literature leaves us, however, with some lingering questions and methodological challenges that require further attention. Of particular importance are questions related to the politics of tool choice and the effectiveness of peacekeeping as a tool of foreign policy. Methodological challenges exist regarding data availability and collection as well as the appropriate modelling of cooperation between different organisations conducting PKOs and the interdependence of countries’ decisions regarding their choice of peacekeeping as a tool of foreign policy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ea0908797834808ea0f08504cebdfa2e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52865695,"asset_id":32703051,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52865695/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32703051"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32703051"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32703051; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32439067"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32439067/The_Effectiveness_of_Peacekeeping_Operations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Operations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52631532/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32439067/The_Effectiveness_of_Peacekeeping_Operations">The Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Operations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/andrearuggeri">Andrea Ruggeri</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/jds">Jessica Di Salvatore</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What do we know about effectiveness of peacekeeping operation? What are the main empirical findin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What do we know about effectiveness of peacekeeping operation? What are the main empirical findings of the recently flourishing quantitative literature? The main goals of this chapter are a) to discuss how “effectiveness” in empirical studies on peacekeeping has been conceptualized and operationalized; b) to review and summarize the major theoretical contributions and research designs that address the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; c) to summarize the empirical findings and cumulative knowledge on peacekeeping operations; and d) to elaborate necessary and future empirical challenges for the study of effectiveness of peacekeeping operations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b3cf3e676bb105a2ac457fb217566da0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52631532,"asset_id":32439067,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52631532/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32439067"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32439067"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32439067; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11286209" id="teachingdocuments"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49012052"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012052/Rules_of_Thumb_on_Academic_Publishing"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rules of Thumb on Academic Publishing" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67399953/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012052/Rules_of_Thumb_on_Academic_Publishing">Rules of Thumb on Academic Publishing</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Writing articles, submitting and publishing them is the central business for an academic. Being...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Writing articles, submitting and publishing them is the central business for an academic. <br /><br />Being an academic and not submitting manuscripts - and, therefore, not publishing them – is like those parents, at the playfield sidelines, yelling at the coach or at the kids how they should play the game. Either you start spending time on the playfield yourself or invest better your own time in other activities. But let’s not rush into other possible activities, let's think about the publishing articles playfield.<br /><br />If you believe those published papers you have read were immediately pretty when they were born, you never saw newborn babies. They are beautiful, at the start, only for their parents. Then, they grow and with parental care and attention, they (can) become beautiful kids. It is going to take time, care and tears for those papers to become pretty.<br /><br />Those papers you see published are at the best of their “polishing and shining”, but you don't know their dark trajectories. You don't know when the author had that idea for the first time, you don't know how many half-baked papers are still collecting dust on his/her desk . You don’t know how much “pushback” that paper got at conferences. How many times that manuscript was misunderstood, and how many times that was the author’s fault for poor writing or presenting the evidence in a cluttered way. And you don't know how that published article relates to the manuscript that entered the “publishing circle ”. And, most importantly, you don't know how many rejections that paper got.<br /><br />Hence, you need to be aware of the “publishing circle” for articles. I won’t cover the preliminary steps on writing the paper, but only the steps just before submitting and also a word on dealing with resubmissions. Moreover, I don't cover on “where to submit”, it is in another handout. Another handout -but nothing in here -will be on the “publishing circle” for academic books.<br /><br />And of course, dealing with rejections – but for that, you need to build a “thick skin”. This “thickening” is part of the process, like when you learn playing the guitar. It doesn't need to be painful, knowing that we all go through it but also talking openly about rejection could help.<br /><br />The “publishing circle” tends to be a solitaire business, or shared with co-authors, but as with all professional activities you will improve by doing it. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49012044"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012044/Workshop_on_Theorizing_in_PoliSci"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Workshop on Theorizing in PoliSci" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67399945/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49012044/Workshop_on_Theorizing_in_PoliSci">Workshop on Theorizing in PoliSci</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">By theorizing I mean the process that comes before a theory is presented in its final form" Swedb...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By theorizing I mean the process that comes before a theory is presented in its final form" Swedberg 2016, 7 "Although everyone is for "more theory," most of us have rather little understanding of how to get "more theory"." Dina A. Zinnes, 1980, 315 "Introspective imagination and analytical energy are not enough to discriminate scientifically among competing mechanisms but are crucial for the supply of candidates. Give me a good speculative mechanism any day rather than a batch of useless survey data". Gambetta, 1998: 120 Often, we are asked what our theory is. And we should, indeed, be able to answer that in a quick and sharp fashion. However, how do we get there? How do we shape, draft and calibrate our theory? This central issue is about theory making or theorizing. 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