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id="Pill-react-component-d09bd6e1-2324-4415-a21d-04b6c266680e"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Wakako Maekawa</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126408962"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126408962/Consequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_Does_Pro_victimization_Sponsorship_Affect_the_Survival_of_Intervening_Leaders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Consequences of Civilian Victimization: Does Pro-victimization Sponsorship Affect the Survival of Intervening Leaders" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120289832/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126408962/Consequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_Does_Pro_victimization_Sponsorship_Affect_the_Survival_of_Intervening_Leaders">Consequences of Civilian Victimization: Does Pro-victimization Sponsorship Affect the Survival of Intervening Leaders</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Contemporary Politics</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Are political leaders penalized for sponsoring foreign governments inflicting violence against ci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Are political leaders penalized for sponsoring foreign governments inflicting violence against civilians? Foreign policy literature illustrates that involvement in international crises boosts incumbent support via rally effects, while war casualties literature demonstrates that citizens are sensitive to punishing their political leaders for negative foreign policy outcomes. We argue that sponsoring inhumane foreign governments is more likely to promote irregular penalization, such as protests, rather than regular punishment, such as loss in elections, for security threats emphasized during election periods may induce the public to condone civilian victimization in a third country. Using data on political leaders from 1991 to 2009, we find that as the levels of indirect civilian victimization increase, leaders are less likely to be terminated in a regular manners. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="121664108"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121664108/Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign_Onset_and_Tactics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Violence or Nonviolence: The Impact of Public Opinion on Campaign Onset and Tactics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490277/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121664108/Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign_Onset_and_Tactics">Violence or Nonviolence: The Impact of Public Opinion on Campaign Onset and Tactics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Peace and Conflict Studies</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent scholarship suggests that norms of nonviolent contestation strongly constrain the course o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent scholarship suggests that norms of nonviolent contestation strongly constrain the course of civil resistance campaigns. However, these norms are not uniform across countries. It may be the case that violent campaign groups may successfully mobilize supporters in societies where norms of nonviolent contestation are not established. This study seeks to answer whether campaign onset and tactics are influenced by public opinion, and if so, specifically what components of public opinion do so. We disaggregate public opinion into those on campaign tactics and campaign goals, and argue that public opinion on campaign goals affects the initiation of civil campaigns, while that on campaign tactics affects the peacefulness of a campaign. Using the AmericasBarometer and Afrobarometer, we demonstrate that high satisfaction with democracy, a proxy for public opinion on campaign goals, significantly reduces the likelihood of violent and nonviolent campaigns compared to no campaigns and that the public's high violence aversion makes violent campaigns less likely compared to nonviolent campaigns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="786888a191d30b2e680695b76739462f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490277,"asset_id":121664108,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490277/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121664108"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121664108"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121664108; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121664108]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121664108]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121664108; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121664108']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "786888a191d30b2e680695b76739462f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121664108]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121664108,"title":"Violence or Nonviolence: The Impact of Public Opinion on Campaign Onset and Tactics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121664108/Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign_Onset_and_Tactics","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":116490277,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490277/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Inata_and_Maekawa_2024_Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490277/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Pu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/116490277/Inata_and_Maekawa_2024_Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign-libre.pdf?1719805641=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DViolence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Pu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740239344\u0026Signature=L9fJoLA~9Hka5o85eFxm2geXhd~dyWrYSabtSmHKhOc3rwKOkhXH853kVFBkT7viIcFjZqAUy8iEW78Ee2n7VyKrzlNKL9uPhMDx5RVkbjiS5fcn6NeiGwbfkrsBSBcaUmVs2Ds32ctXN2hkQFqEtU3LD5dYemJiG77USTV2tSeBPfLNWdQw8eZ56UBp60zr~1qC7wTjJzNbmylCYp7hCNdSqFr0DzcnhHsxtlrfjBQKIBeQONbYufeT0cQLmggJafKq-lxqio3wqO0BmZhRfCHi-4AyQK376e1jWTGKx958xiWBCSSwJX99Lqyf2oD9AVuIXsG8357WNs4qAcHYXw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112958430"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112958430/United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilateral_foreign_aid_Credibility_of_good_governance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of United Nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: Credibility of good governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490343/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112958430/United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilateral_foreign_aid_Credibility_of_good_governance">United Nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: Credibility of good governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Development</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Does hosting UN Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) increase multilateral foreign aid inflows into ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Does hosting UN Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) increase multilateral foreign aid inflows into civil war-affected countries? Under what conditions do UN PKOs make multilateral foreign aid effective, enhancing governance quality? Multilateral foreign aid agencies increasingly focus on good governance as an allocation criterion. However, multilateral aid assistance faces dilemmas when allocating aid since it undermines the credibility of government commitments to good governance. This study argues that UN PKOs mitigate such uncertainty by initiating democratization, capacity-building, and political participation while mitigating political violence, thereby increasing the multilateral aid inflows. In missions involving these initiations, multilateral aid effectively enhances governance quality. These arguments are tested using a sample of countries that have experienced civil wars between 1991 and 2009. The findings suggest that UN PKOs increase the multilateral aid inflows. Moreover, increasing multilateral aid is more effective in improving the governance quality when missions have capacity-building or electoral tasks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="64dfa8e68d7e6ac0e430c7385ff74420" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490343,"asset_id":112958430,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490343/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112958430"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112958430"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112958430; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112958430]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112958430]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112958430; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112958430']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "64dfa8e68d7e6ac0e430c7385ff74420" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112958430]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112958430,"title":"United Nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: Credibility of good governance","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112958430/United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilateral_foreign_aid_Credibility_of_good_governance","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":116490343,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490343/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accepted_manuscript_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilaeral_foreign_aid.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490343/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/116490343/Accepted_manuscript_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilaeral_foreign_aid-libre.pdf?1719805661=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUnited_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1740239344\u0026Signature=X8CRIXyo9hTXlh6RoSvabDfoOJUrQ6WXSGUFg6ge~cJaYxRufcdD0zNKimGKLp9a3xM1IRxM7uGZRW5JSfQJt9lUOMPIU1dAkSaywzYZEHbeIOxHrrRv5ld1AwKSdOGzofVYcwkp1aMwYQBjMklTsKVW8sMKzTZHHpesJYzXMWXTr2PyaHkH3pBK3O9Ajr4xuQ873eWiD786YaMbXm45xXAKdTJtc12WAPHTrCJ0NGR58oSXZ0yKu7PkzsRX7KH9~2DJABu71b3-iItretuR9mNvlqe3cDWY3RnzZJrFXo83OmexWjMow6fP1X-Egg~jIOOKz51IpCd3qLBZW4u-5g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103261244"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261244/Does_Withdrawal_of_Troops_After_Military_Intervention_Reduce_Rebel_Groups"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does Withdrawal of Troops After Military Intervention Reduce Rebel Groups?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490355/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261244/Does_Withdrawal_of_Troops_After_Military_Intervention_Reduce_Rebel_Groups">Does Withdrawal of Troops After Military Intervention Reduce Rebel Groups?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Armed Forces & Society</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How does the withdrawal of troops after a military intervention supporting the government affect ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How does the withdrawal of troops after a military intervention supporting the government affect the number of rebel groups in the long term? This study argues that the withdrawal of foreign support for the government affects the number of rebels by directly provoking a nationalist backlash in the short term and threatening government legitimacy in the long term. Whether or not nationalism is provoked and whether legitimacy is enhanced or eroded depend on whether or not it was a humanitarian intervention. If rebels win, the intervention withdrawals also indirectly affect the number of rebel groups in the long term through the militias’ presence. Using interrupted time-series estimates between 1961 and 2005, this study found that humanitarian intervention withdrawals decrease the number of rebel groups in the long term, whereas nonhumanitarian intervention withdrawals promote the growth of militias and increase the number of rebel groups.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="72921fff61a858452c0c02d842c07ade" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490355,"asset_id":103261244,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490355/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103261244"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103261244"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103261244; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103261156"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261156/Verification_of_Peace_Accords_and_Military_Expenditures_in_Post_Conflict_Societies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Verification of Peace Accords and Military Expenditures in Post-Conflict Societies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490368/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261156/Verification_of_Peace_Accords_and_Military_Expenditures_in_Post_Conflict_Societies">Verification of Peace Accords and Military Expenditures in Post-Conflict Societies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Defence and Peace Economics</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why is it that some governments ending a civil war in a negotiated settlement succeed in reducing...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why is it that some governments ending a civil war in a negotiated<br />settlement succeed in reducing military spending while others fail? Civil<br />wars ending in peace agreements result in relatively low military expenditures; however, not all governments succeed in the reduction. I argue that implementing a third-party verification mechanism of peace accords helps reduce military spending in post-conflict societies because the verification mechanism facilitates the peace accord implementation by<br />enabling reciprocal implementation and by increasing the cost of noncompliance through active information flow. Implementation of peace<br />agreements reduces threats posed by both former and outside rebel<br />groups. This makes the government decrease the military expenditure<br />allocated to appease internal security threats. I tested this argument using<br />32 civil wars with a comprehensive peace agreement between 1992 and<br />2011. The results indicate that initiating a verification mechanism leads to<br />lower military spending.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="38e705a6b33a7782a8ef6bd204c303a7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490368,"asset_id":103261156,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490368/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103261156"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103261156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103261156; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103260880"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103260880/Book_Review_Micro_Evidence_for_Peacebuilding_Theories_and_Policies_edited_by_YuichiKubota_Singapore_Springer_2022_viii_120_pp"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Micro‐Evidence for Peacebuilding Theories and Policies edited by YuichiKubota, Singapore, Springer, 2022, viii +120 pp" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103260880/Book_Review_Micro_Evidence_for_Peacebuilding_Theories_and_Policies_edited_by_YuichiKubota_Singapore_Springer_2022_viii_120_pp">Book Review: Micro‐Evidence for Peacebuilding Theories and Policies edited by YuichiKubota, Singapore, Springer, 2022, viii +120 pp</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Developing Economies</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103260880"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103260880"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103260880; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="92698490"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/92698490/Strategic_Deployment_of_UN_Political_Missions_to_Replace_UN_Peacekeeping_Operations_The_Demand_and_Supply_Sides_of_Transition_Logic"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strategic Deployment of UN Political Missions to Replace UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Demand and Supply Sides of Transition Logic" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95638051/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/92698490/Strategic_Deployment_of_UN_Political_Missions_to_Replace_UN_Peacekeeping_Operations_The_Demand_and_Supply_Sides_of_Transition_Logic">Strategic Deployment of UN Political Missions to Replace UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Demand and Supply Sides of Transition Logic</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Peacekeeping</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although United Nations peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) produce positive outcomes for peace, so...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although United Nations peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) produce positive outcomes for peace, some missions are strategically replaced by cheaper and smaller UN political missions (PMs). This article explores why certain peacekeepers are replaced by UN PMs and unpacks the exit strategy of UN PKOs. The logic of demand-side and supply-side perspectives is evaluated using data on the deployment of UN peacekeepers and UN PMs in post-civil war countries between 1993 and 2016. Signing comprehensive peace agreements (CPAs) increases the chances of UN PKOs being replaced by UN PMs because as the willingness to develop politically increases, the demand for civilian personnel after demilitarization also rises. On the supply side, as the preferences of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council concerning target states become more heterogenous, UN PKOs are more likely to be replaced by UN PMs because coordination problems encourage members to choose less burdensome missions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3a73f79f4c005b7d74d56cfc61d798c7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":95638051,"asset_id":92698490,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/95638051/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="92698490"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="92698490"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 92698490; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87828976"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87828976/External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_governments_violence_against_civilians"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of External intelligence assistance and the recipient government's violence against civilians" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91937816/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87828976/External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_governments_violence_against_civilians">External intelligence assistance and the recipient government's violence against civilians</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Conflict Management and Peace Science</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">During a civil war, does external intelligence assistance reduce violence perpetrated by the reci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">During a civil war, does external intelligence assistance reduce violence perpetrated by the recipient government against civilians? I contend that intelligence assistance reduces violence against civilians by facilitating identification problems and adopting a "winninghearts-and-minds strategy," which enhances the recipient government's legitimacy and intelligence potential. Enhanced intelligence capability solves the recipient government's identification problems. I examined this logic using a dataset on external support and onesided violence between 1990 and 2008. The empirical findings show that external intelligence assistance reduces the recipient government's violence against civilians.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="33dd3ac644289f7ff7e45cff3ebdb489" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91937816,"asset_id":87828976,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91937816/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87828976"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87828976"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87828976; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87828976]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87828976]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87828976; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87828976']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "33dd3ac644289f7ff7e45cff3ebdb489" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87828976]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87828976,"title":"External intelligence assistance and the recipient government's violence against civilians","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87828976/External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_governments_violence_against_civilians","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":91937816,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91937816/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accepted_manuscript_External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_government_s_violence_against_civilians.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91937816/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"External_intelligence_assistance_and_the.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/91937816/Accepted_manuscript_External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_government_s_violence_against_civilians-libre.pdf?1664840797=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExternal_intelligence_assistance_and_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1740257011\u0026Signature=czGn2ak1QwHhkMtGyN-taQTeqOnsiRMgTi2-ZlSb82RZGaV2Lt5hUOzAeRwEI0bJUaHlMdd3lNEaHbqfOJ4PN6DYB-8SUjU3YJ8OHPIm4TEx4XZMsapdOTBBzf1lAoDv~RDycjGnnsEJjbQL2uqQFYqitWSglE2Z5519Dwul428B0c5pGbb6qv2f4JHon-P6IVpQUx55nE57oTXhZVtOtPDLbqFAQUqiUjtxNIahx~F~CTHWWfPmApyuiD8P615BgrtsZc6NN8laJ8pPJopW7NbAIICVHEIPLMUvk~yHNxL3k6WH5L0xL-Yx1let1sD7Iyw5DJBRiqueaSUjZLtM0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86098993"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098993/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_Political_Bargaining_in_Solving_Governmental_Incompatibility"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of External Supporters and Negotiated Settlement: Political Bargaining in Solving Governmental Incompatibility" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90628290/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098993/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_Political_Bargaining_in_Solving_Governmental_Incompatibility">External Supporters and Negotiated Settlement: Political Bargaining in Solving Governmental Incompatibility</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">External supporters have heterogeneous preferences over civil war outcomes depending on the issue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">External supporters have heterogeneous preferences over civil war outcomes depending on the issues at stake. In this article, the bargaining model and empirical study show that such preferences of external supporters need to be considered, not only when analyzing the causes of support, but also when analyzing how they affect a conflict. By adding an external supporter to a traditional conflict bargaining model as a strategic actor who receives a payoff from the political division, this article investigates how the preferences of external supporters influence the likelihood of a peace agreement in civil wars over a government. I demonstrate that a peace agreement is more likely to happen when the external supporters of the government side are not satisfied with the current political status quo of the supported state. The empirical analysis of political civil wars from 1976 to 2009 supports the implications of the bargaining model.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e33a1cb804ff699458005ee429dce223" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90628290,"asset_id":86098993,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90628290/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86098993"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86098993"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86098993; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86098993]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86098993]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86098993; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86098993']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e33a1cb804ff699458005ee429dce223" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86098993]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86098993,"title":"External Supporters and Negotiated Settlement: Political Bargaining in Solving Governmental Incompatibility","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86098993/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_Political_Bargaining_in_Solving_Governmental_Incompatibility","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":90628290,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90628290/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_accepted_manuscript.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90628290/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settl.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/90628290/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_accepted_manuscript-libre.pdf?1662249363=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExternal_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settl.pdf\u0026Expires=1740257011\u0026Signature=BAesMZxR-TzQcOLVIrZnuFqa5vH~cEEG9M0bbpyXSFt4sAD9t5l8aYx~8j7tvb8F8PnkfSlUQu7mbFcC2tTKCOEujPTqUWwB6-jmavjk9itCcWgFGfwjqGD7oLP1GWFP~DjLnaxviyZ0alF3nvx4GvP8tj8AzeN3BlFyal9s92aOm~0x69Lhak0ifX40FNG6~tZCznaN8cX9PcAHpVgPqlu2wtyMLObjjXfoLAs3CC7j8tdsXwCzipeDfdWvcNzE~cLsU5Vjcn7gdGMZ1SlxEZzGWhjt3jc7kJu33GBKwlInuMYGEIAO3O50Sx6mZ9R~ZOpNPniHBc0mMncD46TTDg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86098868"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098868/Strategic_Territorial_Power_sharing_and_Multi_party_Bargaining_in_Civil_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strategic Territorial Power-sharing and Multi-party Bargaining in Civil Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90628148/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098868/Strategic_Territorial_Power_sharing_and_Multi_party_Bargaining_in_Civil_Wars">Strategic Territorial Power-sharing and Multi-party Bargaining in Civil Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span> Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Territorial power-sharing arrangements in civil wars face trade-offs between broadening inclusion...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Territorial power-sharing arrangements in civil wars face trade-offs between broadening inclusions and dangers of secession. This article argues that in civil wars over a government, the commitment problem is overcome as secession is not in its political agenda, however, the central concern pertains to the issues that arise in policymaking. Granting autonomy at the subnational level leads to peace without weakening the central authority. In addition, in bargaining over policies with multiple conflict parties, a government strategically makes concessions of territorial power-sharing to retain the status quo of national policy and positions in the government in a situation where dominance by one party is not attainable. It signals a government's less resolute attitude in accommodating additional rebel groups. Hence, territorial power-sharing entails positive externality. This article finds that in civil wars over a government, at a dyad level, the positive effects of territorial power-sharing in peace decreases over time. Instead, the likelihood of a peace agreement with another rebel group increases. The results imply that the effectiveness of the autonomy arrangement depends on strategic concessions and broader future inclusions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3b8aafa1a8ef6d9fd107bdb63f3c181b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90628148,"asset_id":86098868,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90628148/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86098868"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86098868"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86098868; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86059657"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059657/UN_Involvement_and_Civil_War_Peace_Agreement_Implementation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of UN Involvement and Civil War Peace Agreement Implementation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90597354/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059657/UN_Involvement_and_Civil_War_Peace_Agreement_Implementation">UN Involvement and Civil War Peace Agreement Implementation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa">Wakako Maekawa</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9FAr%C4%B11">Barış Arı</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Public Choice</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Many studies argue that third-party guarantees, such as those of the United Nations, increase the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Many studies argue that third-party guarantees, such as those of the United Nations, increase the chances that belligerents will sign peace agreements, but it is unclear how third-party involvement affects the implementation of such agreements. We unpack the relationship between UN involvement and peace agreement success by focusing on the risk factors of defections during the peace accord implementation phase. We argue that two types of commitment problems, namely involuntary and voluntary defections, emerge due to the characteristics of the peace process as well as new opportunities available to rebel groups. We expect that shifts in relative power and polarized voting lead to overall lower implementation score, but UN deployment has a mitigating effect, thereby increasing the levels of overall accord implementation. Using data from the Peace Accords Matrix Implementation Dataset from 1989 to 2010 and personnel commitments to United Nations peacekeeping operations, we find evidence that large UN missions are better placed to support the implementation and longevity of the peace process.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="019b566239c56a591046bb8d13248789" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90597354,"asset_id":86059657,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90597354/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86059657"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86059657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86059657; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86059188"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059188/Evaluating_the_effect_of_military_intervention_on_rebel_governance_in_terms_of_disaggregated_human_security"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evaluating the effect of military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90596872/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059188/Evaluating_the_effect_of_military_intervention_on_rebel_governance_in_terms_of_disaggregated_human_security">Evaluating the effect of military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Small Wars & Insurgencies</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security. Case studies reveal that, on the one hand, a 'thirst for legitimacy' influenced by military intervention has led rebel groups to engage in internal and external diplomatic activities. Moreover, their efforts to develop fundamental rebel governance structures have had clearly positive effects on human security. On the other hand, when repelled from a territory by military interventions, rebel groups have attempted to control their remaining territories through the imposition of fear, which can devastate human security in rebel-held areas.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="024d3c51fa58c42d485a12b8970b94fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90596872,"asset_id":86059188,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90596872/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86059188"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86059188"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86059188; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="15732472" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126408962"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126408962/Consequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_Does_Pro_victimization_Sponsorship_Affect_the_Survival_of_Intervening_Leaders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Consequences of Civilian Victimization: Does Pro-victimization Sponsorship Affect the Survival of Intervening Leaders" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120289832/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126408962/Consequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_Does_Pro_victimization_Sponsorship_Affect_the_Survival_of_Intervening_Leaders">Consequences of Civilian Victimization: Does Pro-victimization Sponsorship Affect the Survival of Intervening Leaders</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Contemporary Politics</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Are political leaders penalized for sponsoring foreign governments inflicting violence against ci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Are political leaders penalized for sponsoring foreign governments inflicting violence against civilians? Foreign policy literature illustrates that involvement in international crises boosts incumbent support via rally effects, while war casualties literature demonstrates that citizens are sensitive to punishing their political leaders for negative foreign policy outcomes. We argue that sponsoring inhumane foreign governments is more likely to promote irregular penalization, such as protests, rather than regular punishment, such as loss in elections, for security threats emphasized during election periods may induce the public to condone civilian victimization in a third country. Using data on political leaders from 1991 to 2009, we find that as the levels of indirect civilian victimization increase, leaders are less likely to be terminated in a regular manners. Although the corresponding effect on irregular exit is less robust, our extension analysis shows that indirect civilian victimization increases protests, which could impose costs on incumbent leaders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c2cb3b74c7e6a57de4dd09ebe74e67c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120289832,"asset_id":126408962,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120289832/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126408962"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126408962"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126408962; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c2cb3b74c7e6a57de4dd09ebe74e67c0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126408962]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126408962,"title":"Consequences of Civilian Victimization: Does Pro-victimization Sponsorship Affect the Survival of Intervening Leaders","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126408962/Consequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_Does_Pro_victimization_Sponsorship_Affect_the_Survival_of_Intervening_Leaders","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":120289832,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120289832/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accepted_manuscript_consequences_of_civilian_victimization.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120289832/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Consequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_D.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/120289832/Accepted_manuscript_consequences_of_civilian_victimization-libre.pdf?1734503752=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConsequences_of_Civilian_Victimization_D.pdf\u0026Expires=1740239344\u0026Signature=Y--lCpkY596Vo7Ye376lrXSD1R7dcsPtQo3LYlDW~uyeXijLRiq6RYQ0JktT561vtlZIQ2Su6Le2e6oqSkIf-8gOj5ZiHchWrbsP7HZtZgPJ2WAsDTIrKqsVr2fBKGgNn~NlrXJhDHKct8nzG9ogfmRrY7-9S315FRUPhvMB8Y7gMa5Ybu3W7UH1iTwuWdXo2LmJngY49wh-o5nQBsygtK4AN4NkxGnyFe1VB9dvhTN5E-JPwLuiGYqENI3evqedYgiDQ3ktQMd4EY08Dkp39-VccBF44BPSZkbzrqTrgwosrUIiwqnXyQsSjL2icQYOQ8JgbfYveg-yenhqf4rkaA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="121664108"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121664108/Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign_Onset_and_Tactics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Violence or Nonviolence: The Impact of Public Opinion on Campaign Onset and Tactics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490277/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121664108/Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign_Onset_and_Tactics">Violence or Nonviolence: The Impact of Public Opinion on Campaign Onset and Tactics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Peace and Conflict Studies</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent scholarship suggests that norms of nonviolent contestation strongly constrain the course o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent scholarship suggests that norms of nonviolent contestation strongly constrain the course of civil resistance campaigns. However, these norms are not uniform across countries. It may be the case that violent campaign groups may successfully mobilize supporters in societies where norms of nonviolent contestation are not established. This study seeks to answer whether campaign onset and tactics are influenced by public opinion, and if so, specifically what components of public opinion do so. We disaggregate public opinion into those on campaign tactics and campaign goals, and argue that public opinion on campaign goals affects the initiation of civil campaigns, while that on campaign tactics affects the peacefulness of a campaign. Using the AmericasBarometer and Afrobarometer, we demonstrate that high satisfaction with democracy, a proxy for public opinion on campaign goals, significantly reduces the likelihood of violent and nonviolent campaigns compared to no campaigns and that the public's high violence aversion makes violent campaigns less likely compared to nonviolent campaigns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="786888a191d30b2e680695b76739462f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490277,"asset_id":121664108,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490277/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121664108"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121664108"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121664108; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121664108]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121664108]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121664108; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121664108']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "786888a191d30b2e680695b76739462f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121664108]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121664108,"title":"Violence or Nonviolence: The Impact of Public Opinion on Campaign Onset and Tactics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121664108/Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign_Onset_and_Tactics","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":116490277,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490277/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Inata_and_Maekawa_2024_Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490277/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Pu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/116490277/Inata_and_Maekawa_2024_Violence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Public_Opinion_on_Campaign-libre.pdf?1719805641=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DViolence_or_Nonviolence_The_Impact_of_Pu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740239344\u0026Signature=L9fJoLA~9Hka5o85eFxm2geXhd~dyWrYSabtSmHKhOc3rwKOkhXH853kVFBkT7viIcFjZqAUy8iEW78Ee2n7VyKrzlNKL9uPhMDx5RVkbjiS5fcn6NeiGwbfkrsBSBcaUmVs2Ds32ctXN2hkQFqEtU3LD5dYemJiG77USTV2tSeBPfLNWdQw8eZ56UBp60zr~1qC7wTjJzNbmylCYp7hCNdSqFr0DzcnhHsxtlrfjBQKIBeQONbYufeT0cQLmggJafKq-lxqio3wqO0BmZhRfCHi-4AyQK376e1jWTGKx958xiWBCSSwJX99Lqyf2oD9AVuIXsG8357WNs4qAcHYXw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112958430"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112958430/United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilateral_foreign_aid_Credibility_of_good_governance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of United Nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: Credibility of good governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490343/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112958430/United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilateral_foreign_aid_Credibility_of_good_governance">United Nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: Credibility of good governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Development</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Does hosting UN Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) increase multilateral foreign aid inflows into ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Does hosting UN Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) increase multilateral foreign aid inflows into civil war-affected countries? Under what conditions do UN PKOs make multilateral foreign aid effective, enhancing governance quality? Multilateral foreign aid agencies increasingly focus on good governance as an allocation criterion. However, multilateral aid assistance faces dilemmas when allocating aid since it undermines the credibility of government commitments to good governance. This study argues that UN PKOs mitigate such uncertainty by initiating democratization, capacity-building, and political participation while mitigating political violence, thereby increasing the multilateral aid inflows. In missions involving these initiations, multilateral aid effectively enhances governance quality. These arguments are tested using a sample of countries that have experienced civil wars between 1991 and 2009. The findings suggest that UN PKOs increase the multilateral aid inflows. Moreover, increasing multilateral aid is more effective in improving the governance quality when missions have capacity-building or electoral tasks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="64dfa8e68d7e6ac0e430c7385ff74420" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490343,"asset_id":112958430,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490343/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112958430"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112958430"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112958430; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112958430]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112958430]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112958430; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112958430']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "64dfa8e68d7e6ac0e430c7385ff74420" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112958430]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112958430,"title":"United Nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: Credibility of good governance","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112958430/United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilateral_foreign_aid_Credibility_of_good_governance","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":116490343,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490343/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accepted_manuscript_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilaeral_foreign_aid.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490343/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/116490343/Accepted_manuscript_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_and_multilaeral_foreign_aid-libre.pdf?1719805661=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUnited_Nations_peacekeeping_operations_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1740239344\u0026Signature=X8CRIXyo9hTXlh6RoSvabDfoOJUrQ6WXSGUFg6ge~cJaYxRufcdD0zNKimGKLp9a3xM1IRxM7uGZRW5JSfQJt9lUOMPIU1dAkSaywzYZEHbeIOxHrrRv5ld1AwKSdOGzofVYcwkp1aMwYQBjMklTsKVW8sMKzTZHHpesJYzXMWXTr2PyaHkH3pBK3O9Ajr4xuQ873eWiD786YaMbXm45xXAKdTJtc12WAPHTrCJ0NGR58oSXZ0yKu7PkzsRX7KH9~2DJABu71b3-iItretuR9mNvlqe3cDWY3RnzZJrFXo83OmexWjMow6fP1X-Egg~jIOOKz51IpCd3qLBZW4u-5g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103261244"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261244/Does_Withdrawal_of_Troops_After_Military_Intervention_Reduce_Rebel_Groups"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does Withdrawal of Troops After Military Intervention Reduce Rebel Groups?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490355/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261244/Does_Withdrawal_of_Troops_After_Military_Intervention_Reduce_Rebel_Groups">Does Withdrawal of Troops After Military Intervention Reduce Rebel Groups?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Armed Forces & Society</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">How does the withdrawal of troops after a military intervention supporting the government affect ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">How does the withdrawal of troops after a military intervention supporting the government affect the number of rebel groups in the long term? This study argues that the withdrawal of foreign support for the government affects the number of rebels by directly provoking a nationalist backlash in the short term and threatening government legitimacy in the long term. Whether or not nationalism is provoked and whether legitimacy is enhanced or eroded depend on whether or not it was a humanitarian intervention. If rebels win, the intervention withdrawals also indirectly affect the number of rebel groups in the long term through the militias’ presence. Using interrupted time-series estimates between 1961 and 2005, this study found that humanitarian intervention withdrawals decrease the number of rebel groups in the long term, whereas nonhumanitarian intervention withdrawals promote the growth of militias and increase the number of rebel groups.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="72921fff61a858452c0c02d842c07ade" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490355,"asset_id":103261244,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490355/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103261244"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103261244"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103261244; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103261244]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103261244]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103261244; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='103261244']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103261156"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261156/Verification_of_Peace_Accords_and_Military_Expenditures_in_Post_Conflict_Societies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Verification of Peace Accords and Military Expenditures in Post-Conflict Societies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116490368/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103261156/Verification_of_Peace_Accords_and_Military_Expenditures_in_Post_Conflict_Societies">Verification of Peace Accords and Military Expenditures in Post-Conflict Societies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Defence and Peace Economics</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why is it that some governments ending a civil war in a negotiated settlement succeed in reducing...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why is it that some governments ending a civil war in a negotiated<br />settlement succeed in reducing military spending while others fail? Civil<br />wars ending in peace agreements result in relatively low military expenditures; however, not all governments succeed in the reduction. I argue that implementing a third-party verification mechanism of peace accords helps reduce military spending in post-conflict societies because the verification mechanism facilitates the peace accord implementation by<br />enabling reciprocal implementation and by increasing the cost of noncompliance through active information flow. Implementation of peace<br />agreements reduces threats posed by both former and outside rebel<br />groups. This makes the government decrease the military expenditure<br />allocated to appease internal security threats. I tested this argument using<br />32 civil wars with a comprehensive peace agreement between 1992 and<br />2011. The results indicate that initiating a verification mechanism leads to<br />lower military spending.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="38e705a6b33a7782a8ef6bd204c303a7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116490368,"asset_id":103261156,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116490368/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103261156"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103261156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103261156; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103260880"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103260880/Book_Review_Micro_Evidence_for_Peacebuilding_Theories_and_Policies_edited_by_YuichiKubota_Singapore_Springer_2022_viii_120_pp"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Micro‐Evidence for Peacebuilding Theories and Policies edited by YuichiKubota, Singapore, Springer, 2022, viii +120 pp" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103260880/Book_Review_Micro_Evidence_for_Peacebuilding_Theories_and_Policies_edited_by_YuichiKubota_Singapore_Springer_2022_viii_120_pp">Book Review: Micro‐Evidence for Peacebuilding Theories and Policies edited by YuichiKubota, Singapore, Springer, 2022, viii +120 pp</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Developing Economies</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103260880"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103260880"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103260880; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="92698490"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/92698490/Strategic_Deployment_of_UN_Political_Missions_to_Replace_UN_Peacekeeping_Operations_The_Demand_and_Supply_Sides_of_Transition_Logic"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strategic Deployment of UN Political Missions to Replace UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Demand and Supply Sides of Transition Logic" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95638051/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/92698490/Strategic_Deployment_of_UN_Political_Missions_to_Replace_UN_Peacekeeping_Operations_The_Demand_and_Supply_Sides_of_Transition_Logic">Strategic Deployment of UN Political Missions to Replace UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Demand and Supply Sides of Transition Logic</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Peacekeeping</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although United Nations peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) produce positive outcomes for peace, so...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although United Nations peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) produce positive outcomes for peace, some missions are strategically replaced by cheaper and smaller UN political missions (PMs). This article explores why certain peacekeepers are replaced by UN PMs and unpacks the exit strategy of UN PKOs. The logic of demand-side and supply-side perspectives is evaluated using data on the deployment of UN peacekeepers and UN PMs in post-civil war countries between 1993 and 2016. Signing comprehensive peace agreements (CPAs) increases the chances of UN PKOs being replaced by UN PMs because as the willingness to develop politically increases, the demand for civilian personnel after demilitarization also rises. On the supply side, as the preferences of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council concerning target states become more heterogenous, UN PKOs are more likely to be replaced by UN PMs because coordination problems encourage members to choose less burdensome missions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3a73f79f4c005b7d74d56cfc61d798c7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":95638051,"asset_id":92698490,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/95638051/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="92698490"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="92698490"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 92698490; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87828976"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87828976/External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_governments_violence_against_civilians"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of External intelligence assistance and the recipient government's violence against civilians" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91937816/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87828976/External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_governments_violence_against_civilians">External intelligence assistance and the recipient government's violence against civilians</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Conflict Management and Peace Science</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">During a civil war, does external intelligence assistance reduce violence perpetrated by the reci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">During a civil war, does external intelligence assistance reduce violence perpetrated by the recipient government against civilians? I contend that intelligence assistance reduces violence against civilians by facilitating identification problems and adopting a "winninghearts-and-minds strategy," which enhances the recipient government's legitimacy and intelligence potential. Enhanced intelligence capability solves the recipient government's identification problems. I examined this logic using a dataset on external support and onesided violence between 1990 and 2008. The empirical findings show that external intelligence assistance reduces the recipient government's violence against civilians.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="33dd3ac644289f7ff7e45cff3ebdb489" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91937816,"asset_id":87828976,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91937816/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87828976"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87828976"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87828976; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87828976]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87828976]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87828976; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87828976']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "33dd3ac644289f7ff7e45cff3ebdb489" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87828976]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87828976,"title":"External intelligence assistance and the recipient government's violence against civilians","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87828976/External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_governments_violence_against_civilians","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":91937816,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91937816/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accepted_manuscript_External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_government_s_violence_against_civilians.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91937816/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"External_intelligence_assistance_and_the.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/91937816/Accepted_manuscript_External_intelligence_assistance_and_the_recipient_government_s_violence_against_civilians-libre.pdf?1664840797=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExternal_intelligence_assistance_and_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1740257011\u0026Signature=czGn2ak1QwHhkMtGyN-taQTeqOnsiRMgTi2-ZlSb82RZGaV2Lt5hUOzAeRwEI0bJUaHlMdd3lNEaHbqfOJ4PN6DYB-8SUjU3YJ8OHPIm4TEx4XZMsapdOTBBzf1lAoDv~RDycjGnnsEJjbQL2uqQFYqitWSglE2Z5519Dwul428B0c5pGbb6qv2f4JHon-P6IVpQUx55nE57oTXhZVtOtPDLbqFAQUqiUjtxNIahx~F~CTHWWfPmApyuiD8P615BgrtsZc6NN8laJ8pPJopW7NbAIICVHEIPLMUvk~yHNxL3k6WH5L0xL-Yx1let1sD7Iyw5DJBRiqueaSUjZLtM0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86098993"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098993/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_Political_Bargaining_in_Solving_Governmental_Incompatibility"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of External Supporters and Negotiated Settlement: Political Bargaining in Solving Governmental Incompatibility" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90628290/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098993/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_Political_Bargaining_in_Solving_Governmental_Incompatibility">External Supporters and Negotiated Settlement: Political Bargaining in Solving Governmental Incompatibility</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Conflict Resolution</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">External supporters have heterogeneous preferences over civil war outcomes depending on the issue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">External supporters have heterogeneous preferences over civil war outcomes depending on the issues at stake. In this article, the bargaining model and empirical study show that such preferences of external supporters need to be considered, not only when analyzing the causes of support, but also when analyzing how they affect a conflict. By adding an external supporter to a traditional conflict bargaining model as a strategic actor who receives a payoff from the political division, this article investigates how the preferences of external supporters influence the likelihood of a peace agreement in civil wars over a government. I demonstrate that a peace agreement is more likely to happen when the external supporters of the government side are not satisfied with the current political status quo of the supported state. The empirical analysis of political civil wars from 1976 to 2009 supports the implications of the bargaining model.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e33a1cb804ff699458005ee429dce223" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90628290,"asset_id":86098993,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90628290/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86098993"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86098993"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86098993; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86098993]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86098993]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86098993; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86098993']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e33a1cb804ff699458005ee429dce223" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86098993]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86098993,"title":"External Supporters and Negotiated Settlement: Political Bargaining in Solving Governmental Incompatibility","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86098993/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_Political_Bargaining_in_Solving_Governmental_Incompatibility","owner_id":234096399,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":234096399,"first_name":"Wakako","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Maekawa","page_name":"WakakoMaekawa","domain_name":"osaka-u","created_at":"2022-09-02T19:54:12.260-07:00","display_name":"Wakako Maekawa","url":"https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa"},"attachments":[{"id":90628290,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90628290/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_accepted_manuscript.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90628290/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settl.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/90628290/External_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settlement_accepted_manuscript-libre.pdf?1662249363=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExternal_Supporters_and_Negotiated_Settl.pdf\u0026Expires=1740257011\u0026Signature=BAesMZxR-TzQcOLVIrZnuFqa5vH~cEEG9M0bbpyXSFt4sAD9t5l8aYx~8j7tvb8F8PnkfSlUQu7mbFcC2tTKCOEujPTqUWwB6-jmavjk9itCcWgFGfwjqGD7oLP1GWFP~DjLnaxviyZ0alF3nvx4GvP8tj8AzeN3BlFyal9s92aOm~0x69Lhak0ifX40FNG6~tZCznaN8cX9PcAHpVgPqlu2wtyMLObjjXfoLAs3CC7j8tdsXwCzipeDfdWvcNzE~cLsU5Vjcn7gdGMZ1SlxEZzGWhjt3jc7kJu33GBKwlInuMYGEIAO3O50Sx6mZ9R~ZOpNPniHBc0mMncD46TTDg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86098868"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098868/Strategic_Territorial_Power_sharing_and_Multi_party_Bargaining_in_Civil_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strategic Territorial Power-sharing and Multi-party Bargaining in Civil Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90628148/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86098868/Strategic_Territorial_Power_sharing_and_Multi_party_Bargaining_in_Civil_Wars">Strategic Territorial Power-sharing and Multi-party Bargaining in Civil Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span> Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Territorial power-sharing arrangements in civil wars face trade-offs between broadening inclusion...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Territorial power-sharing arrangements in civil wars face trade-offs between broadening inclusions and dangers of secession. This article argues that in civil wars over a government, the commitment problem is overcome as secession is not in its political agenda, however, the central concern pertains to the issues that arise in policymaking. Granting autonomy at the subnational level leads to peace without weakening the central authority. In addition, in bargaining over policies with multiple conflict parties, a government strategically makes concessions of territorial power-sharing to retain the status quo of national policy and positions in the government in a situation where dominance by one party is not attainable. It signals a government's less resolute attitude in accommodating additional rebel groups. Hence, territorial power-sharing entails positive externality. This article finds that in civil wars over a government, at a dyad level, the positive effects of territorial power-sharing in peace decreases over time. Instead, the likelihood of a peace agreement with another rebel group increases. The results imply that the effectiveness of the autonomy arrangement depends on strategic concessions and broader future inclusions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3b8aafa1a8ef6d9fd107bdb63f3c181b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90628148,"asset_id":86098868,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90628148/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86098868"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86098868"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86098868; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86059657"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059657/UN_Involvement_and_Civil_War_Peace_Agreement_Implementation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of UN Involvement and Civil War Peace Agreement Implementation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90597354/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059657/UN_Involvement_and_Civil_War_Peace_Agreement_Implementation">UN Involvement and Civil War Peace Agreement Implementation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/WakakoMaekawa">Wakako Maekawa</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9FAr%C4%B11">Barış Arı</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Public Choice</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Many studies argue that third-party guarantees, such as those of the United Nations, increase the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Many studies argue that third-party guarantees, such as those of the United Nations, increase the chances that belligerents will sign peace agreements, but it is unclear how third-party involvement affects the implementation of such agreements. We unpack the relationship between UN involvement and peace agreement success by focusing on the risk factors of defections during the peace accord implementation phase. We argue that two types of commitment problems, namely involuntary and voluntary defections, emerge due to the characteristics of the peace process as well as new opportunities available to rebel groups. We expect that shifts in relative power and polarized voting lead to overall lower implementation score, but UN deployment has a mitigating effect, thereby increasing the levels of overall accord implementation. Using data from the Peace Accords Matrix Implementation Dataset from 1989 to 2010 and personnel commitments to United Nations peacekeeping operations, we find evidence that large UN missions are better placed to support the implementation and longevity of the peace process.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="019b566239c56a591046bb8d13248789" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90597354,"asset_id":86059657,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90597354/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86059657"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86059657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86059657; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86059188"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059188/Evaluating_the_effect_of_military_intervention_on_rebel_governance_in_terms_of_disaggregated_human_security"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evaluating the effect of military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90596872/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86059188/Evaluating_the_effect_of_military_intervention_on_rebel_governance_in_terms_of_disaggregated_human_security">Evaluating the effect of military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Small Wars & Insurgencies</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security. Case studies reveal that, on the one hand, a 'thirst for legitimacy' influenced by military intervention has led rebel groups to engage in internal and external diplomatic activities. Moreover, their efforts to develop fundamental rebel governance structures have had clearly positive effects on human security. On the other hand, when repelled from a territory by military interventions, rebel groups have attempted to control their remaining territories through the imposition of fear, which can devastate human security in rebel-held areas.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="024d3c51fa58c42d485a12b8970b94fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90596872,"asset_id":86059188,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90596872/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86059188"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86059188"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86059188; 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