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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reign and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hồ Quý Ly" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%96" title="Хо Куі Лі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хо Куі Лі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hồ Quý Ly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hồ Quý Ly" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EA%BE%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="호꾸이리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호꾸이리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%89" title="هو كوى لى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هو كوى لى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%A3%E7%8A%9B" title="胡季犛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胡季犛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B8" title="Хо Куи Ли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хо Куи Ли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hồ Quý Ly" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%97_%D0%9B%D1%96" title="Хо Кюї Лі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хо Кюї Лі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồ Quý Ly" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%A3%E7%8A%9B" title="胡季犛 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="胡季犛" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%A3%E7%8A%9B" title="胡季犛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胡季犛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%A3%E7%8A%9B" title="胡季犛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胡季犛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%A3%E7%8A%9B" title="胡季犛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胡季犛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1319152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Hồ Quý Ly<br />胡季犛</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Emperor of Đại Ngu</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Emperor of Dai Ngu state</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1400–1401</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BA%BFu_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Trần Thiếu Đế">Trần Thiếu Đế</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A1n_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Hán Thương">Hồ Hán Thương</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Retired Emperor of the Hồ Dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1401–1407</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1336<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_L%E1%BA%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đại Lại (page does not exist)">Đại Lại</a> village, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_L%E1%BB%99c_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Lộc District">Vĩnh Ninh</a> district, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81i_Ch%C3%A2u" class="mw-redirect" title="Ái Châu">Ái Châu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Đô</a> town, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1407<span style="display:none">(1407-10-22)</span> (aged 70–71)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Huy Ninh, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Minh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Minh Tông">Trần Minh Tông</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Nguy%C3%AAn_Tr%E1%BB%ABng" title="Hồ Nguyên Trừng">Hồ Nguyên Trừng</a>, unknown who is the mother<br /><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A1n_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Hán Thương">Hồ Hán Thương</a>, son of Princess Huy Ninh<br />Princess Thánh Ngâu, daughter of Princess Huy Ninh; later as Empress Khâm Thánh of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thuận Tông">Trần Thuận Tông</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Lê Quý Ly (黎季犛), later Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Thánh Nguyên (聖元)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Lê Quốc Mạo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Phạm</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hồ Quý Ly</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">胡季犛</span></span>, 1336 – 22 October 1407) ruled Đại Ngu (Vietnam) from 1400 to 1401 as the founding emperor of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a>. Quý Ly rose from a post as an official served the court of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> and a military general fought against the Cham forces during the <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)">Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)</a>. After his military defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93H%E1%BB%93_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming–Hồ War">Ming Conquest of Dai Ngu</a> (1406–1407), he and his son were captured as prisoners and were exiled to China, while the Dai Viet Empire became the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">thirteenth province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoang200718_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoang200718-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hồ Quý Ly was born in 1336 at Đại Lại village, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_L%E1%BB%99c_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Lộc District">Vĩnh Ninh</a> district, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81i_Ch%C3%A2u" class="mw-redirect" title="Ái Châu">Ái Châu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa"> Thanh Đô</a> town with aristocracy's standing. His <a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">birth name</a> was <b>Lê Quý Ly</b> (黎季犛), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Lý Nguyên</b> (理元) or <b>Nhất Nguyên</b> (一元), as he was adopted by Lê Huan, after whom he took the family name. Descended from a Chinese family named Hu who had migrated from modern <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> (China) to Dien Chau (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a>) in the tenth century, he adopted the Vietnamese surname Lê to appeal to the local elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198513_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198513-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016523_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016523-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Quý Ly's paternal aunts first came to the court of king <a href="/wiki/Tran_Nghe_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Nghe Tong">Tran Nghe Tong</a> (r. 1370–1372) and were honored in 1371 and 1372; this enabled Ho Quy Ly's rise to power. In 1371, he married a princess of king <a href="/wiki/Tran_Minh_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Minh Tong">Tran Minh Tong</a> after finishing a commission of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198512_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198512-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, power in <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a> remained in the hands of the royal family and the aristocracy. In 1375, through beneficial royal contacts, Quý Ly received a high military rank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198516_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1376, <a href="/wiki/Che_Bong_Nga" class="mw-redirect" title="Che Bong Nga">Che Bong Nga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> launched an offensive into Hoa Chau. King <a href="/wiki/Tran_Due_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Due Tong">Tran Due Tong</a> (r. 1373–1377) called the army for a counterattack. Quý Ly was responsible for transporting supplies and army from Nghe An, Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa, while general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Do_Tu_Binh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Do Tu Binh (page does not exist)">Do Tu Binh</a> commanded the army. The campaign became disastrous in January 1377 as king Due Tong was killed in battle and prince Tran Huc was captured; only Do Tu Binh and Le Quý Ly were able to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198517–18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198517–18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Quý Ly disappeared from politics for two years. Following the victory in <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a>, Che Bong Nga's army rapidly advanced into the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> and sacked <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, gaining control of vast territories including Thanh Hoa and Nghe An.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198518–19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198518–19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1380, Quý Ly joined Do Tu Binh in fending off a Cham attack in Thanh Hoa. In 1382, Che Bong Nga launched another northward assault into Thanh Hoa by both land and sea. A local general named Nguyen Da Phuong, put aside Quý Ly's orders and left his position to attack, inflicting a series of defeats on the Cham forces and forcing them to withdraw back to the south. In early 1383, a large fleet of Quý Ly was cancelled<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> due to a storm. In summer, <a href="/wiki/Che_Bong_Nga" class="mw-redirect" title="Che Bong Nga">Che Bong Nga</a> launched a new offensive through the mountains in today Eastern Laos, bypassing Quý Ly's position, and attacked <a href="/wiki/Son_Tay" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Tay">Son Tay</a> from the west. King Nghe Tong ordered troops to stop and repulse the Cham advances, but they were routed and a Vietnamese commander was captured. The king once again fled north across the Red River while Cham troops sacked Hanoi, occupying it for six months before their departure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198521–23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198521–23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_chief_minister">As a chief minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a chief minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1387, Nghe Tong returned to the capital and Quý Ly was appointed chief minister. By September, anti-Quy Ly faction began emerging in the court. Le A Phu, an official, had warned Prince Ngac about Quý Ly and secretly sent an offer to <a href="/wiki/Tran_Phe_De" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Phe De">Tran Phe De</a> (r. 1377–1388) seeking Quý Ly's death. However, the conspiracy was leaked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198527_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198527-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With advice from Pham Cu Luan, Quý Ly came to the old king Nghe Tong, urged to purge the young king Phe De and place Prince Ngung on the throne. In 1388, Tran Phe De was dethroned and executed, along with Le A Phu and other supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198528_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198528-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Ngu was crowned as <a href="/wiki/Tran_Thuan_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Thuan Tong">Tran Thuan Tong</a> (r. 1389–1398). Quý Ly promptly married his eldest daughter to Thuan Tong while continued placing his own men to the government. </p><p>In mid-1389, chaos and revolts against Quý Ly occurred in Thanh Hoa. Take advantage, <a href="/wiki/Che_Bong_Nga" class="mw-redirect" title="Che Bong Nga">Che Bong Nga</a> launched a new attack on Thanh Hoa. Quý Ly led an army to against them but was badly defeated. Quý Ly asked Nghe Tong for royal warships, but he preferred to keep them in defense of the capital. In late 1389, a Buddhist monk from Son Tay led a revolt against the court, attacked the capital and forced two monarchs Nghe Tong and Thuan Tong to flee to <a href="/wiki/Bac_Ninh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bac Ninh">Bac Ninh</a>. As the same time, troops were rallied to put down the rebellion while the Cham forces remained themselves in southern Delta. In February 1390, the Vietnamese inflicted a heavy defeat on the Chams that ended the war. The great Cham king was killed and his general <a href="/wiki/Ko_Cheng" title="Ko Cheng">La Ngai</a> fled to the south, proclaimed as <a href="/wiki/Ko_Cheng" title="Ko Cheng">Jaya Simhavarman VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198530–31_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198530–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </p><p>In 1392, through manipulating Nghe Tong, Quý Ly removed Tran Nhat Chuong, a member of the royal family for plotting to assassinate him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198533_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198533-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later that year, he established the first strong centralized system to patrol the country. He also introduced classical Chinese <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> learning and doctrines into the Vietnamese state. In opposite, two of the top Vietnamese scholars, Dao Su Tich and Doan Su Loi protested against the new ideology. In 1393, Quý Ly held the first examination for both classical scholars and low officials. His reforms received fully supports and encourage from the old king Nghe Tong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198534–35_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198534–35-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1395, Nghe Tong died. Quy Ly's first move was translating the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> into <a href="/wiki/Chu_Nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Nom">Nom</a>. In the same year, he forbade officials to wear broad-sleeve garments, allowing only narrow sleeves. In the next year, he set up entire the government dresses. He issued the first Vietnamese banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198540–43_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198540–43-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quy Ly worked on many aspect, tried to integrate Chinese classic learning and Confucianism into the Vietnamese state. In early 1397, he ordered the construction of a new capital in northwest <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoa">Thanh Hoa</a>. He renamed the old capital Hanoi to Dong Do, while his new capital is called <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_the_H%E1%BB%93_Dynasty" title="Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty">Tay Do</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198545–46_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198545–46-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1398, Quý Ly manipulated king Thuan Tong into abdicating. He appointed the two-year-old Prince An as king <a href="/wiki/Tran_Thieu_De" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Thieu De">Tran Thieu De</a> (r. 1398–1400). In 1399 Quý Ly moved the abdicated Thuan Tong into isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198552_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198552-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_and_exile">Reign and exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></div> <p>In 1400, Quý Ly dethroned the last Trần emperor and declared himself emperor, establishing his clan in royal positions and renaming the kingdom from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu. Encountering a failed coup by the Trần, Quý Ly suppressed dissenters by executing 370 dissidents, seizing their possessions, enslaving their female relatives, and burying alive or drowning males of all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198553_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198553-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1401, he abdicated in favor of his second son <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A1n_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Hán Thương">Hồ Hán Thương</a>, who also the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Tran_Minh_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Minh Tong">Tran Minh Tong</a>. In accordance with the former Trần dynasty's tradition, Hồ Quý Ly styled himself as Emperor Emeritus and still possessed much power over state affairs. From 1400 to 1403, Hồ Quý Ly and his son, Hồ Hán Thương sent three expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>. The first and third expeditions ended with Champa's defensive victory; however the second one (1402) resulted in the Champa King <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Simhavarman_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaya Simhavarman V">Jaya Simhavarman V</a> relinquishing southern <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam">Quảng Nam</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Quảng Ngãi">Quảng Ngãi</a> to Dai Viet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1407, he was captured by Ming forces in Thiên Cầm cave and was exiled to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019194_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019194-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was forced to enlist in the Ming army as a common soldier. It is not clear when he died. His son, Hồ Hán Thương, and grandson, Hồ Nhuế, also died in Chinese exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Forefather : Hồ Hưng Dật</li> <li>Father : Hồ Quốc Mạo</li> <li>Mother : Phạm Thị Mỗ</li> <li>Brothers : Hồ Quý Đôn, Hồ Quý Uông, Hồ Quý Mỗ, Hồ Quý Hàm, Hồ Quý Tì</li> <li>Spouses : Huy Ninh Princess, Thái Từ Empress, Nguyễn Thị Mỗ</li> <li>Children : <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Nguy%C3%AAn_Tr%E1%BB%ABng" title="Hồ Nguyên Trừng">Hồ Nguyên Trừng</a> (general), <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A1n_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Hán Thương">Hồ Hán Thương</a> (second emperor), Hồ Thánh Ngâu (<a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a>'s empress)</li> <li>Grandchildren : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Nhu%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hồ Nhuế (page does not exist)">Hồ Nhuế</a> (crown prince), Hồ Ngũ Lang, Hồ Vô Cữu, Hồ Tử Chương, Hồ Tử Việp, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BA%BFu_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Trần Thiếu Đế">Trần Thiếu Đế</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa</i> (國語詩義)</li> <li><i>Minh đạo lục</i> (明道錄)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech">Speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You inquire about the state of affairs in Annan.<br />Annan's customs are simple and pure.<br />Moreover, official clothing is according to the Tang system.<br />The rites and music that control intercourse between the ruler<br /> and the officials<br />are those of the Han.<br />The jade brush unfolds new laws.<br />The gold sword slices the scales of armor.<br />Every year in the second or third month<br />Peach and plum seeds are planted in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton201272_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201272-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hồ Quý Ly describing his country to a <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> envoy through a poem</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hồ Quý Ly has been a subject of controversial debates among Vietnamese historians, some scholars value his radical thoughts and reformation, while others regard him as a usurper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He ordered the construction of <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_the_H%E1%BB%93_Dynasty" title="Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty">a citadel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hóa Province">Thanh Hóa Province</a>. The remnants of this citadel are included in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites">list of World Heritage Sites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoang200718-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoang200718_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoang2007">Hoang 2007</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198513-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198513_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016523-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016523_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian 2016</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTsai2001" class="citation book cs1">Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001). "The Price of Glory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC"><i>Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295981093" title="Special:BookSources/9780295981093"><bdi>9780295981093</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Champa's invasions, coupled with natural disasters and political intrigues, ultimately induced the usurper Le Qui-ly (1335–1407) to topple the Tran regime. In 1400 Le established the Ho dynasty (Le's Chinese name was Ho Nhat-nguyen, or Hu Yiyuan) with a new capital called Tay-do (Chinese: Xidu), or the Western Capital, in Thanh-hoa [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Glory&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Happiness%3A+The+Ming+Emperor+Yongle&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780295981093&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Shih-shan+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOuSsxBuALQYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198512-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198512_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198516-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198516_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198517–18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198517–18_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198518–19-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198518–19_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198521–23-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198521–23_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198527-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198527_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198528-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198528_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198530–31-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198530–31_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198533-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198533_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198534–35-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198534–35_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198540–43-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198540–43_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 40–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198545–46-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198545–46_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198552-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198552_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198553-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore198553_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore1985">Whitmore 1985</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019194-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019194_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201272-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton201272_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2012">Dutton 2012</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutton2012" class="citation cs2">Dutton, George E. (2012), <i>Sources of Vietnamese Tradition</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Vietnamese+Tradition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoang2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoang, Anh Tuấn (2007). <i>Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637–1700</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-04-742169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-04-742169-6"><bdi>978-9-04-742169-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+for+Silver%3A+Dutch-Vietnamese+relations%2C+1637%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-04-742169-6&rft.aulast=Hoang&rft.aufirst=Anh+Tu%E1%BA%A5n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2019). <i>Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-05379-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-05379-6"><bdi>978-0-190-05379-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+a+history+from+earliest+time+to+the+present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-190-05379-6&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiksicYian2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John Norman</a>; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). <i>Ancient Southeast Asia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415735544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415735544"><bdi>978-0415735544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0415735544&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+Norman&rft.au=Yian%2C+Goh+Geok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(historian)" title="Keith Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Keith W.</a> (2013). <i>A History of the Vietnamese</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore1985" class="citation book cs1">Whitmore, John K. (1985). <i>Vietnam, Hồ Quý Ly, and the Ming (1371–1421)</i>. Yale Center for International and Area Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%2C+H%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly%2C+and+the+Ming+%281371%E2%80%931421%29&rft.pub=Yale+Center+for+International+and+Area+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH%E1%BB%93+Qu%C3%BD+Ly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Hồ Quý Ly </div><div><b>Hồ dynasty</b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BA%BFu_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Trần Thiếu Đế">Trần Thiếu Đế</a></div><i><b>as Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Emperor of Đại Ngu</a> </b><br />1400–1401 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A1n_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Hán Thương">Hồ Hán Thương</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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