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id="toc-Primary_connecting_waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_connecting_waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Primary connecting waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_connecting_waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Michigan–Huron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Michigan–Huron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Lake Michigan–Huron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Michigan–Huron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_bays_and_related_significant_bodies_of_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_bays_and_related_significant_bodies_of_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Large bays and related significant bodies of water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_bays_and_related_significant_bodies_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsulas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsulas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Peninsulas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsulas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_connection_to_the_ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_connection_to_the_ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Shipping connection to the ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_connection_to_the_ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Water levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lake_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Lake effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Invasive species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Microbiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Logging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mercury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Mercury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Sewage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Plastic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_climate_change_on_algae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_climate_change_on_algae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Impacts of climate change on algae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_climate_change_on_algae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shipwrecks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipwrecks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Shipwrecks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipwrecks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Shipping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynamically_updated_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamically_updated_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Dynamically updated data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamically_updated_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Great Lakes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Псыхъуреишхуэхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Псыхъуреишхуэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Mere" title="Groot Mere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Mere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Seen" title="Große Seen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Große Seen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%88%8B%E1%89%81_%E1%88%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%86%E1%89%BD" title="ታላላቁ ሀይቆች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታላላቁ ሀይቆች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89" title="البحيرات العظمى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحيرات العظمى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grans_Lacos_d%27America_d%27o_Norte" title="Grans Lacos d'America d'o Norte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grans Lacos d'America d'o Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܝܡܡܬܐ ܪܘܪܒܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܡܬܐ ܪܘܪܒܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="বৃহৎ হ্ৰদসমূহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৃহৎ হ্ৰদসমূহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Llagos" title="Grandes Llagos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grandes Llagos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvate_Am%C3%A9rika_Ypa_Guasuku%C3%A9ra" title="Yvate Amérika Ypa Guasukuéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvate Amérika Ypa Guasukuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_g%C3%B6ll%C9%99r" title="Böyük göllər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük göllər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1" title="بؤیوک گؤللر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک گؤللر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="বৃহৎ হ্রদসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহৎ হ্রদসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8D%CD%98-to%C4%81-%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Gō͘-toā-ô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gō͘-toā-ô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бөйөк күлдәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк күлдәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Вялікія азёры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікія азёры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Вялікія азёры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікія азёры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रेट लेक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रेट लेक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Големите езера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Големите езера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grousse_Seen" title="Grousse Seen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Grousse Seen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_jezera" title="Velika jezera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velika jezera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenno%C3%B9_Meur_Amerika" title="Lennoù Meur Amerika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lennoù Meur Amerika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D1%8D_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ехэ нуурнууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ехэ нуурнууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grans_Llacs_d%27Am%C3%A8rica_del_Nord" title="Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Мăн кӳлĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мăн кӳлĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_jezera" title="Velká jezera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká jezera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi_Lavi_(America)" title="Grandi Lavi (America) – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Grandi Lavi (America)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Llynnoedd_Mawr" title="Y Llynnoedd Mawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Llynnoedd Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_s%C3%B8er_(Nordamerika)" title="Store søer (Nordamerika) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Store søer (Nordamerika)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Seen" title="Große Seen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Große Seen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_j%C3%A4rvistu" title="Suur järvistu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur järvistu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μεγάλες Λίμνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλες Λίμνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8g_grand" title="Lèg grand – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lèg grand" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Lagos_(Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte)" title="Grandes Lagos (América del Norte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grandes Lagos (América del Norte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandaj_Lagoj_(Nordameriko)" title="Grandaj Lagoj (Nordameriko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandaj Lagoj (Nordameriko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintzira_Handiak" title="Aintzira Handiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aintzira Handiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="دریاچه‌های بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریاچه‌های بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Great Lakes" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ruv%C3%B8tn" title="Stóruvøtn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stóruvøtn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grands_Lacs_(Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord)" title="Grands Lacs (Amérique du Nord) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grands Lacs (Amérique du Nord)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutte_Marren" title="Grutte Marren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutte Marren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Lochanna_M%C3%B3ra" title="Na Lochanna Móra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Lochanna Móra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Lagos,_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="Grandes Lagos, América do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grandes Lagos, América do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%8C%80%ED%98%B8" title="오대호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오대호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%AC%D5%B3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մեծ լճեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ լճեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="विशाल झीलें – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विशाल झीलें" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulke_j%C4%9Bzory" title="Wulke jězory – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wulke jězory" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_jezera" title="Velika jezera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika jezera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Lagi" title="Granda Lagi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda Lagi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalatak_a_Dandanaw" title="Nalatak a Dandanaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nalatak a Dandanaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau-Danau_Besar_(Amerika)" title="Danau-Danau Besar (Amerika) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Danau-Danau Besar (Amerika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Lacos_(America_del_Nord)" title="Grande Lacos (America del Nord) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grande Lacos (America del Nord)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Стыр цæдтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр цæдтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6tnin_miklu" title="Vötnin miklu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vötnin miklu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi_Laghi_(America)" title="Grandi Laghi (America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grandi Laghi (America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הימות הגדולות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הימות הגדולות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_n%C9%9B_hayi_ki%C5%8B_kujomi%C5%8B" title="Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ kujomiŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ kujomiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ტბები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ტბები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ұлы көлдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы көлдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynnyn_Meur_Amerika" title="Lynnyn Meur Amerika – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lynnyn Meur Amerika" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maziwa_makubwa_ya_Amerika_Kaskazini" title="Maziwa makubwa ya Amerika Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maziwa makubwa ya Amerika Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Lak_(Am%C3%A9rik_di_N%C3%B2)" title="Gran Lak (Amérik di Nò) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gran Lak (Amérik di Nò)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol%C3%AAn_Mezin" title="Golên Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Golên Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Улуу көлдөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу көлдөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gragn_Lec" title="Gragn Lec – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gragn Lec" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Magni" title="Lacus Magni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lacus Magni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielie_ezeri" title="Lielie ezeri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielie ezeri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouss_S%C3%A9ien_(Nordamerika)" title="Grouss Séien (Nordamerika) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Grouss Séien (Nordamerika)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didieji_e%C5%BEerai" title="Didieji ežerai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didieji ežerai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groeate_Maere" title="Groeate Maere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groeate Maere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Grande" title="Lagos Grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lagos Grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/banli_lalxu" title="banli lalxu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="banli lalxu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy-tavak" title="Nagy-tavak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy-tavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD" title="विशाल तालसभ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विशाल तालसभ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Големи Езера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големи Езера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farihy_Lehibe_(Amerika_Avaratra)" title="Farihy Lehibe (Amerika Avaratra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Farihy Lehibe (Amerika Avaratra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="മഹാതടാകങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹാതടാകങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रेट लेक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेट लेक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კაბეტი ტობეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კაბეტი ტობეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="البحيرات العظيمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحيرات العظيمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik-Tasik_Besar_Amerika" title="Tasik-Tasik Besar Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tasik-Tasik Besar Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Lagos" title="Grandes Lagos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grandes Lagos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Их нуурууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их нуурууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဂရိတ်လိတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရိတ်လိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Meren" title="Grote Meren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Meren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="विशाल तालहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विशाल तालहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रेत लेक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्रेत लेक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96" title="五大湖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="五大湖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Даккхий Ӏаьмнаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Даккхий Ӏаьмнаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grat_Sian" title="Grat Sian – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grat Sian" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_store_sj%C3%B8er" title="De store sjøer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De store sjøer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_store_sj%C3%B8ane" title="Dei store sjøane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei store sjøane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grands_Lacs_(America_del_N%C3%B2rd)" title="Grands Lacs (America del Nòrd) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grands Lacs (America del Nòrd)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_ko%CA%BBllar" title="Buyuk koʻllar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk koʻllar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਮਹਾਨ ਝੀਲਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਨ ਝੀਲਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="وڈیاں جھیلاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وڈیاں جھیلاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lagh" title="Grand Lagh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grand Lagh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Seen" title="Grote Seen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grote Seen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_Jeziora" title="Wielkie Jeziora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie Jeziora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Lagos_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="Grandes Lagos da América do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grandes Lagos da América do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_g%C3%B6ller" title="Büyük göller – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Büyük göller" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marile_Lacuri_(America_de_Nord)" title="Marile Lacuri (America de Nord) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marile Lacuri (America de Nord)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Великы озера – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Великы озера" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Великие озёра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великие озёра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Улуу күөллэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу күөллэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lochs" title="Great Lochs – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Great Lochs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqenet_e_M%C3%ABdha" title="Liqenet e Mëdha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Liqenet e Mëdha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Lakes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A9_kanadsk%C3%A9_jazer%C3%A1" title="Veľké kanadské jazerá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľké kanadské jazerá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_jezera" title="Velika jezera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika jezera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%95_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دەریاچە گەورەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریاچە گەورەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Велика језера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика језера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_jezera" title="Velika jezera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika jezera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotj%C3%A4rvet" title="Isotjärvet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isotjärvet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_sj%C3%B6arna" title="Stora sjöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stora sjöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Malalaking_Lawa" title="Mga Malalaking Lawa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Malalaking Lawa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அமெரிக்கப் பேரேரிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்கப் பேரேரிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglmamn_mqqurnin" title="Iglmamn mqqurnin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iglmamn mqqurnin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igelmimen_imeqqranen" title="Igelmimen imeqqranen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Igelmimen imeqqranen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granne_Laghe_(Americhe)" title="Granne Laghe (Americhe) – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Granne Laghe (Americhe)" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бөек күлләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек күлләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మహా సరస్సులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మహా సరస్సులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of lakes in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the lakes in North America. For the lakes in Africa, see <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a>. For the region, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>. For other uses of this term, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great Lakes (disambiguation)">Great Lakes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Great Lakes of North America</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;">Great Lakes</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes,_No_Clouds_(4968915002)_Brighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five continent-sized lakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Great_Lakes%2C_No_Clouds_%284968915002%29_Brighter.jpg/264px-Great_Lakes%2C_No_Clouds_%284968915002%29_Brighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Great_Lakes%2C_No_Clouds_%284968915002%29_Brighter.jpg/396px-Great_Lakes%2C_No_Clouds_%284968915002%29_Brighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Great_Lakes%2C_No_Clouds_%284968915002%29_Brighter.jpg/528px-Great_Lakes%2C_No_Clouds_%284968915002%29_Brighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="4000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Great Lakes seen from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a> satellite in August 2010. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Ontario</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png/256px-Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png/384px-Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png/512px-Great_Lakes_bathymetry_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a> map of the Great Lakes</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region">Eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Lakes&params=45_N_84_W_region:US_type:waterbody_scale:7500000">45°N 84°W / 45°N 84°W / 45; -84</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">group of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater lake">freshwater lakes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin" title="Great Lakes Basin">Great Lakes Basin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">Primary inflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Past: <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> Now: <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, precipitation, and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">groundwater springs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Primary outflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Evaporation, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">94,250 square miles (244,106 km2)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">60–480 ft (18–146 m) depending on the lakes</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">210–1,300 ft (64–396 m) depending on the lakes</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3) (lowest)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frozen</th><td class="infobox-data">around January to March</td></tr></tbody></table> The Great Lakes (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Grands Lacs), also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>. The five lakes are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Erie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Ontario</a>. (Hydrologically, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron" title="Lake Michigan–Huron">Michigan and Huron</a> are a single body of water, as they are joined by <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a>.) The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway" title="Great Lakes Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a> enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes. The lakes connect to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> basin through the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Waterway" title="Illinois Waterway">Illinois Waterway</a>. The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area and the second-largest by total volume. They contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3),<a href="#cite_note-EPAphysical-4">[4]</a> slightly less than the volume of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> (5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Because of their sea-like characteristics, such as rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons, the five Great Lakes have long been called <a href="/wiki/Inland_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland seas">inland seas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Depending on how it is measured, by surface area, either Lake Superior or <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron" title="Lake Michigan–Huron">Lake Michigan–Huron</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area" title="List of lakes by area">second-largest lake in the world</a> and the largest freshwater lake. Lake Michigan is the largest lake, by surface area, that is entirely within one country, the United States.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> around 14,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land, which then filled with meltwater.<a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-10">[10]</a> The lakes have been a major source for transportation, migration, trade, and fishing, serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The surrounding region is called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Megalopolis">Great Lakes Megalopolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Major cities within the region include, on the American side, from east to west, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, NY">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>; and, on the Canadian side, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png/240px-Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png/360px-Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png/480px-Sub-basins_Great_Lakes_Basin.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Great Lakes Basin showing the five sub-basins. Left to right they are: Superior (magenta); Michigan (cyan); Huron (green); Erie (yellow); Ontario (red).</figcaption></figure> Though the five lakes lie in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin" title="Great Lakes Basin">Great Lakes Basin</a>. As a chain of lakes and rivers, they connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes <a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">drain a large watershed</a> via many rivers and contain approximately 35,000 islands.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett1999as-12">[12]</a> There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called "inland lakes", within the basin.<a href="#cite_note-Likens2010at-13">[13]</a> The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Both the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes. The province of Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and the state of Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bathymetry">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:600px; font-size:smaller;"> <caption>Relative elevations, average depths, maximum depths, and volumes of the Great Lakes </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_9zonx2zwkwgm1jn908nxgtf6zp7o8ep"></map><img usemap="#timeline_9zonx2zwkwgm1jn908nxgtf6zp7o8ep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/9zonx2zwkwgm1jn908nxgtf6zp7o8ep.png" /></div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th align="right">Notes: </th> <td>The area of each rectangle is proportional to the volume of each lake. All measurements at Low Water Datum. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th align="right">Source: </th> <td>United States Environmental Protection Agency<a href="#cite_note-EPA-15">[15]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Surface area<a href="#cite_note-EPAphysical-4">[4]</a> </th> <td>25,700 km2 (9,910 sq mi) </td> <td>60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) </td> <td>58,000 km2 (22,300 sq mi) </td> <td>19,000 km2 (7,340 sq mi) </td> <td>82,000 km2 (31,700 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Water volume<a href="#cite_note-EPAphysical-4">[4]</a> </th> <td>480 km3 (116 cu mi) </td> <td>3,500 km3 (850 cu mi) </td> <td>4,900 km3 (1,180 cu mi) </td> <td>1,640 km3 (393 cu mi) </td> <td>12,000 km3 (2,900 cu mi) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Elevation<a href="#cite_note-EPA-15">[15]</a> </th> <td>174 m (571 ft) </td> <td>176 m (577 ft) </td> <td>176 m (577 ft) </td> <td>75 m (246 ft) </td> <td>182.9 m (600.0 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average depth<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> </th> <td>19 m (62 ft) </td> <td>59 m (195 ft) </td> <td>85 m (279 ft) </td> <td>86 m (283 ft) </td> <td>147 m (483 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Maximum depth<a href="#cite_note-dep-16">[16]</a> </th> <td>64 m (210 ft) </td> <td>228 m (748 ft) </td> <td>282 m (925 ft) </td> <td>245 m (804 ft) </td> <td>406 m (1,333 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Major settlements<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, NY</a> <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, PA</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, OH</a> <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain, OH</a> <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, OH</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky, OH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Collingwood,_Ontario" title="Collingwood, Ontario">Collingwood, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Sound" title="Owen Sound">Owen Sound, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarnia" title="Sarnia">Sarnia, ON</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, IL</a> <a href="/wiki/Waukegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waukegan">Waukegan, IL</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, IN</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin" title="Sheboygan, Wisconsin">Sheboygan, WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha, WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine, WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City, MI</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, NY</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, ON</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, MN</a> <a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan" title="Marquette, Michigan">Marquette, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan">Sault Ste. Marie, MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie, ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay, ON</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>As the surfaces of Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level, while Lake Ontario is significantly lower, and because the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a> precludes all natural navigation, the four upper lakes are commonly called the "upper great lakes". This designation is not universal. Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as "the lower lakes", because they are farther south. Sailors of <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk freighters</a> transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior as the upper lakes. This corresponds to thinking of lakes Erie and Ontario as "down south" and the others as "up north". Vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered "upbound" even though they are sailing toward its effluent current.<a href="#cite_note-Bowlus2010-18">[18]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Great_Lakes.svg/400px-Great_Lakes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Great_Lakes.svg/600px-Great_Lakes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Great_Lakes.svg/800px-Great_Lakes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>System profile of the Great Lakes</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_connecting_waterways">Primary connecting waterways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary connecting waterways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg/220px-2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg/330px-2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg/440px-2009-09-18_3060x2040_chicago_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Chicago on Lake Michigan is in the western part of the lakes megalopolis and the site of the waterway linking the lakes to the Mississippi River valley</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calumet_River" title="Calumet River">Calumet River</a> systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> System through human-made alterations and canals.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Michigan%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)">St. Marys River</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Soo_Locks" title="Soo Locks">Soo Locks</a>, connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron, via the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Ontario)" title="North Channel (Ontario)">North Channel</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a> connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron (the two are hydrologically one lake).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_River" title="St. Clair River">St. Clair River</a> connects Lake Huron to <a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Clair" title="Lake St. Clair">Lake St. Clair</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a>, bypassing the Niagara River, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> connect Lake Ontario to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a>, which connects to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Michigan–Huron">Lake Michigan–Huron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lake Michigan–Huron">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron" title="Lake Michigan–Huron">Lake Michigan–Huron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg/220px-ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg/330px-ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg/440px-ISS067-E-14016_Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Lake Michigan–Huron with north oriented to the right; taken on April 14, 2022, during <a href="/wiki/Expedition_67" title="Expedition 67">Expedition 67</a> of the International Space Station. Green Bay is at the upper right and Saginaw Bay is on the left.</figcaption></figure> Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake, called Lake Michigan–Huron, because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The straits are five miles (8 km) wide<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> and 120 feet (37 m) deep; the water levels rise and fall together,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-20">[20]</a> and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_bays_and_related_significant_bodies_of_water">Large bays and related significant bodies of water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Large bays and related significant bodies of water">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipigon" title="Lake Nipigon">Lake Nipigon</a>, connected to Lake Superior by the <a href="/wiki/Nipigon_River" title="Nipigon River">Nipigon River</a>, is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Layered_intrusion" title="Layered intrusion">sill-like formations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> hundreds of meters high. The lake lies in the <a href="/wiki/Nipigon_Embayment" title="Nipigon Embayment">Nipigon Embayment</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Aulacogen" title="Aulacogen">failed arm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction" title="Triple junction">triple junction</a> (centered beneath Lake Superior) in the <a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift System</a> event, estimated at 1.1 billion years ago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> is an arm of Lake Michigan along the south coast of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a> and the east coast of Wisconsin. It is separated from the rest of the lake by the <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a> in Wisconsin, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Peninsula" title="Garden Peninsula">Garden Peninsula</a> in Michigan, and the chain of islands between them, all of which were formed by the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnebago" title="Lake Winnebago">Lake Winnebago</a>, connected to Green Bay by the <a href="/wiki/Fox_River_(Green_Bay_tributary)" title="Fox River (Green Bay tributary)">Fox River</a>, serves as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93Wisconsin_Waterway" title="Fox–Wisconsin Waterway">Fox–Wisconsin Waterway</a> and is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Pool" title="Winnebago Pool">Winnebago Pool</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a> is an arm of Lake Michigan on Michigan's west coast and is one of the largest natural harbors in the Great Lakes. The bay is divided into east and west arms by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mission_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mission Peninsula">Old Mission Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The bay has one major island, <a href="/wiki/Power_Island" title="Power Island">Power Island</a>. Its name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette's</a> crossing of the bay from <a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Michigan" title="Norwood, Michigan">Norwood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northport,_Michigan" title="Northport, Michigan">Northport</a> which he called La Grande Traversee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a> is an arm of Lake Huron, extending northeast from the lake entirely within Ontario. The bay, along with its narrow westerly extensions of the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Ontario)" title="North Channel (Ontario)">North Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississagi_Strait" title="Mississagi Strait">Mississagi Strait</a>, is separated from the rest of the lake by the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Island_(Ontario)" title="Cockburn Island (Ontario)">Cockburn Island</a>, all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Lake Nipissing</a>, connected to Georgian Bay by the <a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a>, contains two <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_pipe" title="Volcanic pipe">volcanic pipes</a>, which are the <a href="/wiki/Manitou_Islands_(Lake_Nipissing)" title="Manitou Islands (Lake Nipissing)">Manitou Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callander_Bay" title="Callander Bay">Callander Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These pipes were formed by a violent, <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic eruption">supersonic eruption</a> of deep origin. The lake lies in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa-Bonnechere_Graben" title="Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben">Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> that formed 175 million years ago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Lake Simcoe</a>, connected to Georgian Bay by the <a href="/wiki/Severn_River_(central_Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn River (central Ontario)">Severn River</a>, serves as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trent%E2%80%93Severn_Waterway" title="Trent–Severn Waterway">Trent–Severn Waterway</a>, a canal route traversing <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> between Lakes Ontario and Huron.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Clair" title="Lake St. Clair">Lake St. Clair</a>, connected with Lake Huron to its north by the <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_River" title="St. Clair River">St. Clair River</a> and with Lake Erie to its south by the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a>. Although it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario and only rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes,<a href="#cite_note-LakeStClair-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S.Army-24">[24]</a> proposals for its official recognition as a Great Lake are occasionally made, which would affect its inclusion in scientific research projects designated as related to "The Great Lakes".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a>, an extension of Lake Huron into the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a>, fed by the <a href="/wiki/Saginaw_River" title="Saginaw River">Saginaw</a> and other rivers, has the largest contiguous freshwater <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg/220px-Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg/330px-Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg/440px-Put-in-Bay_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Bass_Island" title="South Bass Island">South Bass Island</a> in Lake Erie</figcaption></figure> Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of islands of the Great Lakes">35,000 islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett1999as-12">[12]</a> The largest among them is <a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a> in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn1996bv-27">[27]</a> The second-largest island is <a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale" title="Isle Royale">Isle Royale</a> in Lake Superior.<a href="#cite_note-Huber(U.S.)1975-28">[28]</a> Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves—for instance, Manitoulin Island's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manitou" title="Lake Manitou">Lake Manitou</a> is the world's largest lake on a freshwater island.<a href="#cite_note-Manivanan2008-29">[29]</a> Some of these lakes even have their own islands, like <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(Ontario)" title="Treasure Island (Ontario)">Treasure Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mindemoya" title="Lake Mindemoya">Lake Mindemoya</a> in Manitoulin Island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsulas">Peninsulas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peninsulas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg/220px-Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg/330px-Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg/440px-Skyline_of_Toronto_viewed_from_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Megalopolis">Great Lakes Megalopolis</a></figcaption></figure> The Great Lakes also have several peninsulas between them, including the <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Michigan" title="Geography of Michigan">Peninsulas of Michigan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Peninsula" title="Ontario Peninsula">Ontario Peninsula</a>. Some of these peninsulas even contain smaller peninsulas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leelanau_Peninsula" title="Leelanau Peninsula">Leelanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Thumb" title="The Thumb">Thumb</a> peninsulas. Population centers on the peninsulas include <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a> in Michigan along with <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brantford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brantford, Ontario">Brantford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto</a> in Ontario. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_connection_to_the_ocean">Shipping connection to the ocean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shipping connection to the ocean">edit</a>]</div> Although the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels,<a href="#cite_note-McCalla1994-30">[30]</a> shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>—which do not fit through the <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">locks</a> on these routes—have limited container shipping on the lakes. Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material, and bulk freighters of <a href="/wiki/Seawaymax" title="Seawaymax">Seawaymax</a>-size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Coastal_Sediments_'07-31">[31]</a> Larger ships are confined to working within the lakes. Only barges can access the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Waterway" title="Illinois Waterway">Illinois Waterway</a> system providing access to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> via the Mississippi River. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March. Some <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a> ply the lakes, keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes. The Great Lakes are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal" title="Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal">Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</a> to the Gulf of Mexico via the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a>) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%E2%80%93Tombigbee_Waterway" title="Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway</a> (a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> and the Gulf of Mexico. Commercial <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tug</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> traffic on these waterways is heavy.<a href="#cite_note-Census1908-32">[32]</a> Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at <a href="/wiki/Oswego,_New_York" title="Oswego, New York">Oswego, New York</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_levels">Water levels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water levels">edit</a>]</div> The lakes were originally fed by both precipitation and <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> from glaciers which are no longer present. In modern times, only about 1% of volume per year is "new" water, originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs. In the post-glacial period, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, and drainage have generally been balanced, making the levels of the lakes relatively constant.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> Intensive <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">human population</a> growth began in the region in the 20th century and continues today.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes' levels: diversion (the transfer of water to other watersheds) and consumption (substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants, resulting in evaporation).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Outflows through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is more than balanced by artificial inflows via the <a href="/wiki/Ogoki_River" title="Ogoki River">Ogoki River</a> and Long Lake/<a href="/wiki/Kenogami_River" title="Kenogami River">Kenogami River</a> diversions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Fluctuation of the water levels in the lakes has been observed since records began in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[35]</a> The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-BolsengaHerdendorf1993-36">[36]</a> Recent lake levels include record low levels in 2013 in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Michigan-Huron,<a href="#cite_note-jsonline-37">[37]</a> followed by record high levels in 2020<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> in the same lakes. The water level in Lake Ontario has remained relatively constant in the same time period, hovering around the historical average level.<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_lakes_water_level.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Great_lakes_water_level.png/240px-Great_lakes_water_level.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Great_lakes_water_level.png/360px-Great_lakes_water_level.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Great_lakes_water_level.png/480px-Great_lakes_water_level.png 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Water levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron in the United States, 1918 to 2019.</figcaption></figure> The lake levels are affected primarily by changes in regional meteorology and climatology. The outflows from Lakes Superior and Ontario are regulated, while the outflows of Michigan-Huron and Erie are not regulated at all. Ontario is the most tightly regulated, with its outflow controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Moses-Saunders_Power_Dam" title="Moses-Saunders Power Dam">Moses-Saunders Power Dam</a>, which explains its consistent historical levels.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1675ayer48Bernou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1675ayer48Bernou.jpg/240px-1675ayer48Bernou.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1675ayer48Bernou.jpg/360px-1675ayer48Bernou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1675ayer48Bernou.jpg/480px-1675ayer48Bernou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7748" data-file-height="6002" /></a><figcaption>1675 French map, published shortly before the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Le_Griffon" title="Le Griffon">Le Griffon</a>. Lake Michigan is named Lake Illinois (the name change is first recorded in 1681<a href="#cite_note-Ducar_may_1890_64-40">[40]</a>), and Lake Ontario is named Lake Frontenac, after <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">the then-governor of New France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_Superior,_Michigan,_Huron,_and_Erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Great_Lakes_Superior%2C_Michigan%2C_Huron%2C_and_Erie.jpg/240px-Great_Lakes_Superior%2C_Michigan%2C_Huron%2C_and_Erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Great_Lakes_Superior%2C_Michigan%2C_Huron%2C_and_Erie.jpg/360px-Great_Lakes_Superior%2C_Michigan%2C_Huron%2C_and_Erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Great_Lakes_Superior%2C_Michigan%2C_Huron%2C_and_Erie.jpg/480px-Great_Lakes_Superior%2C_Michigan%2C_Huron%2C_and_Erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4665" data-file-height="4090" /></a><figcaption>Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, photographed from the <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a> satellite in June 2022, Lake Ontario is not visible in this image.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></dt> <dd>From the <a href="/wiki/Erie_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie (tribe)">Erie tribe</a>, a shortened form of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a> word erielhonan 'long tail'.<a href="#cite_note-Room2006-41">[41]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></dt> <dd>Named for the inhabitants of the area, the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> (or "Hurons"), by the first French explorers .<a href="#cite_note-Room2006b-42">[42]</a> The Wyandot originally referred to the lake by the name karegnondi, a word which has been variously translated as "Freshwater Sea", "Lake of the Hurons", or simply "lake".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-fj6-44">[44]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a></dt> <dd>From the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> word mishi-gami "great water" or "large lake".<a href="#cite_note-WeilandWilsey2010-45">[45]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></dt> <dd>From the Wyandot word ontarí'io "lake of shining waters".<a href="#cite_note-Ylvisaker2004-46">[46]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a></dt> <dd>English translation of the French term lac supérieur "upper lake", referring to its position north of Lake Huron. The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> call it gichi-gami (from Ojibwe gichi "big, large, great"; gami "water, lake, sea"). Popularized in French-influenced transliteration as Gitchigumi as in <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot" title="Gordon Lightfoot">Gordon Lightfoot</a>'s 1976 story song "<a href="/wiki/The_Wreck_of_the_Edmund_Fitzgerald" title="The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald">The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald</a>", or Gitchee Gumee as in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s 1855 epic poem, <a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-dep-16">[16]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: 5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3), or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S. gallons, (2.3×1016 liters). The lakes contain about 84% of the surface freshwater of North America;<a href="#cite_note-epa2-47">[47]</a> if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent's land area, it would reach a depth of 5 feet (1.5 meters).<a href="#cite_note-Grady2-48">[48]</a> This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis.<a href="#cite_note-CaytonSisson2006-49">[49]</a> The total <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> combined.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor/Schechter/Wolfson-50">[50]</a> The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles (16,900 km),<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly</a>. Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 km) of coastline, while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500 km) are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3,288 miles (5,292 km) of lakes, followed by Wisconsin (820 miles (1,320 km)), New York (473 miles (761 km)), and Ohio (312 miles (502 km)).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> A notable modern phenomenon is the formation of <a href="/wiki/Ice_volcano" title="Ice volcano">ice volcanoes</a> over the lakes during wintertime. Storm-generated waves carve the lakes' ice sheet and create conical mounds through the eruption of water and slush. The process is only well-documented in the Great Lakes, and has been credited with sparing the southern shorelines from worse rocky erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Fahnestock19732-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacial_lakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/330px-Glacial_lakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/495px-Glacial_lakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Glacial_lakes.jpg/660px-Glacial_lakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain_Sea_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/330px-Champlain_Sea_1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/495px-Champlain_Sea_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/660px-Champlain_Sea_1.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a> - The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </figcaption></figure> It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmus-54">[54]</a> when two previously fused <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> split apart and created the <a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift</a>, which crossed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Tectonic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Tectonic Zone">Great Lakes Tectonic Zone</a>. A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior. When a second fault line, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_rift_system" title="Saint Lawrence rift system">Saint Lawrence rift</a>, formed approximately 570 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie was created, along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River. The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago), when the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> receded.<a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-10">[10]</a> The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Algonquin" title="Lake Algonquin">Lake Algonquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a>) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as they are today.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Because of the uneven nature of glacier <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin. Land below the glaciers <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">"rebounded"</a> as it was uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Since the glaciers covered some areas longer than others, this glacial rebound occurred at different rates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts)<a href="#cite_note-epa-atlas-ch2-57">[57]</a> with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the west, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-king-58">[58]</a> The lakes have a moderating effect on the climate; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce <a href="/wiki/Lake_effect_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake effect snow">lake effect snowfall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epa-atlas-ch2-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_effect">Lake effect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lake effect">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png/220px-Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="589" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png/330px-Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png/440px-Lake_effect_snow_wind_direction_bands1.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="3845" /></a><figcaption>The location of common lake effect bands on the Great Lakes</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow#Great_Lakes_region" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake-effect snow § Great Lakes region</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Great_Lakes" title="Special:EditPage/Great Lakes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Great Lakes can have an effect on regional weather called <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a>, which is sometimes very localized. Even late in winter, the lakes often have no icepack in the middle. The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface, which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above. As the slightly warmer, moist air passes over the colder land surface, the moisture often produces concentrated, heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or "streamers". This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges. During freezing weather with high winds, the "<a href="/wiki/Snowbelt" title="Snowbelt">snowbelts</a>" receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern, especially along the eastern shores of the lakes. Snowbelts are found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario. Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores. The lakes tend to moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. They protect against frost during transitional weather and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland. This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "<a href="/wiki/Fruit_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit belt">fruit belts</a>", where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Michigan">western Michigan</a> has apple orchards, and cherry orchards are cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a>. Near <a href="/wiki/Collingwood,_Ontario" title="Collingwood, Ontario">Collingwood, Ontario</a>, commercial fruit orchards, including a few wineries, exist near the shoreline of southern <a href="/wiki/Nottawasaga_Bay" title="Nottawasaga Bay">Nottawasaga Bay</a>. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the lakes' moderating effects, as do the large commercial fruit and wine growing areas of the Niagara Peninsula located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> region of New York, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Ontario" title="Prince Edward County, Ontario">Prince Edward County, Ontario</a>, on Lake Ontario's northeast shore. The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms, such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel" title="Hurricane Hazel">Hurricane Hazel</a> in 1954, and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Goderich,_Ontario_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado">2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado</a>, which moved onshore as a tornadic <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspout</a>. In 1996, a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/1996_Lake_Huron_cyclone" title="1996 Lake Huron cyclone">1996 Lake Huron cyclone</a>. Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer; these <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_complex" title="Mesoscale convective complex">Mesoscale convective complexes</a> or MCCs<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings. These storms mainly occur during the night, and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes, but more often straight-line winds accompanied by intense lightning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_image_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/330px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/495px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/660px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem</figcaption></figure></div></div> Historically, the Great Lakes, in addition to their <a href="/wiki/Lake_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake ecology">lake ecology</a>, were surrounded by various <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> ecoregions (except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> occasionally intruded). Logging, urbanization, and agriculture uses have changed that relationship. In the early 21st century, Lake Superior's shores are 91% forested, Lake Huron 68%, Lake Ontario 49%, Lake Michigan 41%, and Lake Erie, where logging and urbanization has been most extensive, 21%. Some of these forests are second or third growth (i.e. they have been logged before, changing their composition). At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans, and many more are threatened or endangered.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> Meanwhile, exotic and invasive species have also been introduced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Areas_of_Concern#Invasive_species" title="Great Lakes Areas of Concern">Great Lakes Areas of Concern § Invasive species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" title="Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)">Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="Category:Fish of the Great Lakes">Category:Fish of the Great Lakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_carp_in_North_America" title="Asian carp in North America">Asian carp in North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg/220px-Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg/330px-Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg/440px-Lakesturgeon_public_U.S.Fish%26Wildlife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_sturgeon" title="Lake sturgeon">Lake sturgeon</a>, the largest native fish in the Great Lakes and the subject of extensive commercial fishing in the 19th and 20th centuries is listed as a threatened species<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> While the organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes, the deep waters contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp (order <a href="/wiki/Mysida" title="Mysida">mysida</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_scud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deepwater scud (page does not exist)">deepwater scud</a> (a crustacean of the order <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">amphipoda</a>), two types of <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_sculpin" title="Deepwater sculpin">deepwater sculpin</a> (a spiny, large-headed fish).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Great Lakes are an important source of <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>. Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-14">[14]</a> Throughout history, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book: "The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes (66,000 long tons; 74,000 short tons) [147 million pounds]."<a href="#cite_note-glearb-62">[62]</a> By 1801, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York Legislature</a> found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early 19th century, the government of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed, but enforcement remained difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Bogue2001m-63">[63]</a> On both sides of the Canada–United States border, the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and impoundments have multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and <a href="/wiki/Lake_sturgeon" title="Lake sturgeon">lake sturgeon</a> from reaching their spawning grounds. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25% in general fish harvests by 1875. The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Commission-64">[64]</a> Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">whitefish</a>, important because of their culinary desirability and, hence, economic consequence. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million kg).<a href="#cite_note-MacdonaldService2009-65">[65]</a> By 1900, commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually.<a href="#cite_note-js2-66">[66]</a> By 1938, Wisconsin's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized, generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers, and hauling 14 million pounds per year.<a href="#cite_note-js2-66">[66]</a> The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-MacdonaldService2009-65">[65]</a> The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1972) notes: "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery."<a href="#cite_note-glearb-62">[62]</a> Water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s, combined with successful salmonid stocking programs, have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery.<a href="#cite_note-Agency1998-67">[67]</a> The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-js2-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Superior_North_Shore(v2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lake_Superior_North_Shore%28v2%29.jpg/220px-Lake_Superior_North_Shore%28v2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lake_Superior_North_Shore%28v2%29.jpg/330px-Lake_Superior_North_Shore%28v2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lake_Superior_North_Shore%28v2%29.jpg/440px-Lake_Superior_North_Shore%28v2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs at <a href="/wiki/Palisade_Head" title="Palisade Head">Palisade Head</a> on Lake Superior in Minnesota near Silver Bay.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Invasive species">edit</a>]</div> Since the 19th century, an estimated 160 new species have found their way into the Great Lakes ecosystem; many have become invasive; the overseas ship ballast and ship hull parasitism are causing severe economic and ecological impacts.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISEA-69">[69]</a> According to the Inland Seas Education Association, on average a new species enters the Great Lakes every eight months.<a href="#cite_note-ISEA-69">[69]</a> Introductions into the Great Lakes include the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussel</a>, which was first discovered in 1988, and <a href="/wiki/Quagga_mussel" title="Quagga mussel">quagga mussel</a> in 1989. Since 2000, the invasive quagga mussel has smothered the bottom of Lake Michigan almost from shore to shore, and their numbers are estimated at 900 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-js2-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a> are efficient filter feeders, competing with native mussels and reducing available food and spawning grounds for fish. In addition, the mussels may be a nuisance to industries by clogging pipes. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> estimated in 2007 that the economic impact of the zebra mussel could be about $5 billion over the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg/170px-Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg/255px-Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg/340px-Zebra_mussel_GLERL_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A zebra mussel–encrusted vector-averaging <a href="/wiki/Current_meter" title="Current meter">current meter</a> from Lake Michigan.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(fish)" title="Alewife (fish)">alewife</a> first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th-century canals. By the 1960s, the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie. Periodic mass die-offs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan's biomass which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s as high as 90%. In the late 1960s, the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids, including the native lake trout as well as non-native <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a> salmon; by the 1980s, alewife populations had dropped drastically.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ruffe" title="Ruffe">ruffe</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Percid" class="mw-redirect" title="Percid">percid</a> fish from Eurasia, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)" title="Saint Louis River (Lake Superior tributary)">Saint Louis River</a> within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River, the <a href="/wiki/Round_goby" title="Round goby">round goby</a> can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: it preys upon bottom-feeding fish, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The influx of parasitic <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lamprey</a> populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the United States and Canada working on joint proposals to control it. By the mid-1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a> populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced, with the lamprey deemed largely to blame. This led to the launch of the bi-national <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a>. Several species of exotic <a href="/wiki/Cladocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladocera">water fleas</a> have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes, such as the spiny waterflea, <a href="/wiki/Bythotrephes_longimanus" title="Bythotrephes longimanus">Bythotrephes longimanus</a>, and the fishhook waterflea, <a href="/wiki/Cercopagis_pengoi" title="Cercopagis pengoi">Cercopagis pengoi</a>, potentially having an effect on the <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> population. Several species of <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations. More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive <a href="/wiki/Asian_carp" title="Asian carp">Asian carp</a> out of the lakes. These fast-growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Invasive species, particularly zebra and quagga mussels, may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Microbiology">edit</a>]</div> Scientists understand that the micro-aquatic life of the lakes is abundant but know very little about some of the most plentiful microbes and their environmental effects in the Great Lakes. Although a drop of lake water may contain 1 million <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> cells and 10 million <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, only since 2012 has there been a long-term study of the lakes' micro-organisms. Between 2012 and 2019 more than 160 new species have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" title="Category:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)">Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Trees_of_the_Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America) (page does not exist)">Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)</a></div> Native habitats and ecoregions in the Great Lakes region include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar">Alvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen#Rich_fens" title="Fen">Boreal rich fen</a> (such as in <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Door_County,_Wisconsin#Plant_communities_unique_to_the_area" title="Flora of Door County, Wisconsin">Door County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_forest-boreal_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern forest-boreal transition">Eastern forest-boreal transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Great_Lakes_lowland_forests" title="Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests">Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Lakes_forests" title="Southern Great Lakes forests">Southern Great Lakes forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_forest-grasslands_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Central forest-grasslands transition">Central forest-grasslands transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest_forest-savanna_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition">Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Great_Lakes_forests" title="Western Great Lakes forests">Western Great Lakes forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canadian_Shield_forests" title="Central Canadian Shield forests">Central Canadian Shield forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">Laurentian Mixed Forest Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech-maple_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech-maple forest">Beech-maple forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitats_of_the_Indiana_Dunes" title="Habitats of the Indiana Dunes">Habitats of the Indiana Dunes</a></li></ul> Plant lists include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_flowers" title="List of Michigan flowers">List of Michigan flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_wild_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Minnesota wild flowers">List of Minnesota wild flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Minnesota trees">List of Minnesota trees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logging">Logging</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Logging">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> of the extensive forests in the Great Lakes region removed <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian</a> and adjacent tree cover over rivers and streams, which provide shade, moderating water temperatures in fish spawning grounds. Removal of trees also destabilized the soil, with greater volumes washed into stream beds causing siltation of gravel beds, and more frequent flooding. Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) had impacted fish populations.<a href="#cite_note-Dempsey2004-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</a>]</div> The first U.S. <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>, passed by a Congressional override after being vetoed by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1972, was a key piece of legislation,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> along with the bi-national <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Water_Quality_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement">Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement</a> signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s, and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced. Federal and state regulations control substances like <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>. The first of 43 "<a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Areas_of_Concern" title="Great Lakes Areas of Concern">Great Lakes Areas of Concern</a>" to be formally "de-listed" through successful cleanup was Ontario's Collingwood Harbour in 1994; Ontario's Severn Sound followed in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_Bay" title="Presque Isle Bay">Presque Isle Bay</a> in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery, as is Ontario's Spanish Harbour. Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the <a href="/wiki/River_Rouge_(Michigan)" title="River Rouge (Michigan)">Rouge River (Michigan)</a> and Waukegan Harbor (Illinois).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie, <a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a>, and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan. By the mid-1980s, most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate_detergent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphate detergent (page does not exist)">phosphate detergents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Blue-green algae, or <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> blooms,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> have been problematic on Lake Erie since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> "Not enough is being done to stop fertilizer and phosphorus from getting into the lake and causing blooms," said Michael McKay, executive director of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a>. The largest Lake Erie bloom to date occurred in 2015, exceeding the severity index at 10.5 and in 2011 at a 10.<a href="#cite_note-windsorstar.com-86">[86]</a> In early August 2019, satellite images depicted a bloom stretching up to 1,300 square kilometres on Lake Erie, with the heaviest concentration near <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>. A large bloom does not necessarily mean the cyanobacteria ... will produce toxins", said Michael McKay, of the University of Windsor. Water quality testing was underway in August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-windsorstar.com-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mercury">Mercury</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mercury">edit</a>]</div> Until 1970, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> was not listed as a harmful chemical, according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration. In the 21st century, mercury has become more apparent in water tests. Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production, and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions. Studies conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water, it forms the compound <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methyl mercury</a>, which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption. This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types, but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish. Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals, and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sewage">Sewage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sewage">edit</a>]</div> The amount of raw sewage dumped into the waters was the primary focus of both the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and federal laws passed in both countries during the 1970s. Implementation of secondary treatment of municipal sewage by major cities greatly reduced the routine discharge of untreated sewage during the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Commission" title="International Joint Commission">International Joint Commission</a> in 2009 summarized the change: "Since the early 1970s, the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably. This is a result of significant expenditures to date on both infrastructure and technology, and robust regulatory systems that have proven to be, on the whole, quite effective."<a href="#cite_note-ijc.org-90">[90]</a> The commission reported that all urban sewage treatment systems on the U.S. side of the lakes had implemented secondary treatment, as had all on the Canadian side except for five small systems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Though contrary to federal laws in both countries, those treatment system upgrades have not yet eliminated <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer</a> overflow events.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This describes when older sewerage systems, which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant, are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms. Local sewage treatment authorities then must release untreated effluent, a mix of rainwater and sewage, into local water bodies. While enormous public investments such as the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Tunnel">Deep Tunnel</a> projects in Chicago and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> have greatly reduced the frequency and volume of these events, they have not been eliminated. The number of such overflow events in Ontario, for example, is flat according to the International Joint Commission.<a href="#cite_note-ijc.org-90">[90]</a> Reports about this issue on the U.S. side highlight five large municipal systems (those of Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Milwaukee and <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a>) as being the largest current periodic sources of untreated discharges into the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/290px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/435px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/580px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Diatoms of different sizes seen through the microscope. These minuscule <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> are encased within a <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>.</figcaption></figure> The fish of the Great Lakes have anti-depressant drugs meant for humans in their brains, which has caused concerns. The number of American adults who take anti-depressant drugs rose from 7.7% of all American adults in 1999–2002 to 12.7% in 2011–2014. As the anti-depressant drugs pass out of human bodies and through sanitation systems into the Great Lakes, this has resulted in fish in the Great Lakes with twenty times the level of anti-depressants in their brains than what is in the water, leading to the fish being exceedingly happy and hence less risk-averse, to the extent of damaging the fish populations.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plastic">Plastic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Plastic">edit</a>]</div> Researchers have found that more than 22 million pounds (10.0 kt) of plastic end up in the Great Lakes each year.<a href="#cite_note-agl-93">[93]</a> Plastics in the water break up into very small particles known as <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>. Microplastics can also come from synthetic clothing washed down our drains.<a href="#cite_note-varsity-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">Plastic waste</a> found in the lakes include <a href="/wiki/Single-use_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-use plastic">single-use plastics</a>, plastics used in packaging, takeout containers as well as <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pellet_pollution" title="Plastic pellet pollution">pre-production pellets</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">plastics industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> High concentrations of microplastics were discovered in 100 percent of the fish that were studied by researchers from the Rochman Lab. About 50 million pounds (23 kt) of fish is harvested each year from Great Lakes which has raised concerns on how this might affect human health.<a href="#cite_note-varsity-94">[94]</a> Microscopic pieces of plastic have also been found in drinking water coming from Great Lakes. It is estimated that nearly 40 million people in the region rely on drinking water from the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-agl-93">[93]</a> A number of self-operating floating devices called Seabin, were put in the Great Lakes to capture plastic trash as part of the Great Lakes Plastic Cleanup project. The project captured 74,000 pieces of trash using this technology between 2020 and 2021; however, it does not claim to catch up with 22 million pounds (10.0 kt) of plastic that ends up in Great Lakes every year. The production, consumption, and throwing away of plastics seems to remain the core of Great Lakes trash problem.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_of_climate_change_on_algae">Impacts of climate change on algae</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Impacts of climate change on algae">edit</a>]</div> Algae such as <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, along with other <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_producers" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary producers">primary producers</a> supporting the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> of the Great Lakes,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and have been <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">affected by global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The changes in the size or in the function of the primary producers may have a direct or an indirect impact on the food web. Photosynthesis carried out by diatoms constitutes about one fifth of the total photosynthesis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] By taking <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> out of the water to photosynthesize, diatoms help to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the water, as CO2 would react with water to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#In_aqueous_solution" title="Carbon dioxide">carbonic acid</a>. <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO−3 + H+</dd></dl> Diatoms acquire <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> carbon through passive diffusion of CO2 and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3</a>, and use <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> mediated active transport to speed up this process.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Large diatoms require more carbon uptake than smaller diatoms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[100]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">positive correlation</a> between the surface area and the chlorophyll concentration of diatom cells.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le-griffon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Le-griffon.jpg/290px-Le-griffon.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Le-griffon.jpg/435px-Le-griffon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Le-griffon.jpg/580px-Le-griffon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut of Le Griffon</figcaption></figure> Several Native American populations (<a href="/wiki/Paleo-indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-indians">Paleo-indians</a>) inhabited the region around 10,000 BC, after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The peoples of the Great Lakes traded from around 1000 AD, as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio. The <a href="/wiki/Rush%E2%80%93Bagot_Treaty" title="Rush–Bagot Treaty">Rush–Bagot Treaty</a> signed in 1818, after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a> eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes. Nonetheless, both nations maintained coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes. The brigantine <a href="/wiki/Le_Griffon" title="Le Griffon">Le Griffon</a>, which was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>, was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>, and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7, 1679.<a href="#cite_note-Woodford1991-104">[104]</a> During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the <a href="/wiki/First_Welland_Canal" title="First Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2010oi-105">[105]</a> By 1848, with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Danzer2011re-106">[106]</a> With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. After railroads and surface roads developed, the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, have now vanished. The immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities, and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, such as Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, and many others. Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward, many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel, especially in home styles and accent. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastland_Christopher_Columbus_leaving_Chicago_ca1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Eastland_Christopher_Columbus_leaving_Chicago_ca1912.jpg/290px-Eastland_Christopher_Columbus_leaving_Chicago_ca1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Eastland_Christopher_Columbus_leaving_Chicago_ca1912.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The passenger ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Eastland" title="SS Eastland">SS Eastland</a> (foreground) leaving Chicago, c. 1909</figcaption></figure> Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than to make steel on the spot. Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships), and supplies, food, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and the general northeast track of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula, Ohio">Ashtabula, Ohio</a>. Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently, it has some distinctive vocabulary. Ships, no matter the size, are called "boats". When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called "steamboats"—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design; ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as "<a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">lakers</a>". Foreign boats are known as "salties". One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000-by-105-foot (305 by 32 m), 78,850-long-ton (80,120-metric-ton) self-unloader. This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight, and a few larger ships replacing many small ones. During World War II, the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sable" title="USS Sable">USS Sable</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Wolverine_(IX-64)" title="USS Wolverine (IX-64)">USS Wolverine</a>. Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez2008o-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on March 6, 1998, when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a> signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the <a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sea Grant Program">National Sea Grant Program</a>, contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Following a small uproar, the Senate voted to revoke the designation on March 24 (although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Alan B. McCullough has written that the fishing industry of the Great Lakes got its start "on the American side of Lake Ontario in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaumont_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaumont Bay (page does not exist)">Chaumont Bay</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a> on Lake Erie, and on the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> at about the time of the War of 1812". Although the region was sparsely populated until the 1830s, so there was not much local demand and transporting fish was prohibitively costly, there were economic and infrastructure developments that were promising for the future of the fishing industry going into the 1830s. Particularly, the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal and the Welland Canal a few years later. The fishing industry expanded particularly in the waters associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> that connect Lake Erie and Lake Huron. In fact, two major suppliers of fish in the 1830s were the fur trading companies <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">American Fur Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bogue3-111">[111]</a> The catch from these waters was sent to the growing market for <a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">salted fish</a> in Detroit, where merchants involved in the fur trade had already gained some experience handling salted fish. One such merchant was <a href="/wiki/John_P._Clark" title="John P. Clark">John P. Clark</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipbuilder">shipbuilder</a> and merchant who began selling fish in the area of <a href="/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc, Wisconsin">Manitowoc, Wisconsin</a> where whitefish was abundant. Another operation cropped up in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>, Canadian waters plentiful with trout as well as whitefish. In 1831, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_MacGregor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander MacGregor (page does not exist)">Alexander MacGregor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goderich,_Ontario" title="Goderich, Ontario">Goderich, Ontario</a> found whitefish and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> in abundant supply around the Fishing Islands. A contemporary account by <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> missionary John Evans describes the fish as resembling a "bright cloud moving rapidly through the water".<a href="#cite_note-bogue3-111">[111]</a> From 1844 through 1857, <a href="/wiki/Palace_steamer" title="Palace steamer">palace steamers</a> carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson19912-112">[112]</a> In the first half of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_passenger_steamers" title="Great Lakes passenger steamers">large luxurious passenger steamers</a> sailed the lakes in opulence.<a href="#cite_note-KoutskyKoutsky20062-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Cleveland_Navigation_Company" title="Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company">Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company</a> had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate these vessels.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands. As of 2007, four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, two on Lake Michigan: a steamer from <a href="/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan" title="Ludington, Michigan">Ludington, Michigan</a>, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to <a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon, Michigan</a>, one on Lake Erie: a boat from <a href="/wiki/Kingsville,_Ontario" title="Kingsville, Ontario">Kingsville, Ontario</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington, Ontario</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Pelee,_Ontario" title="Pelee, Ontario">Pelee Island, Ontario</a>, then onto <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky, Ohio</a>, and one on Lake Huron: the MS Chi-Cheemaun<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth, Manitoulin Island, operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company. <a href="/wiki/HSC_Virgen_de_Coromoto" title="HSC Virgen de Coromoto">An international ferry</a> across Lake Ontario from <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> ran during 2004 and 2005 but is no longer in operation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipwrecks">Shipwrecks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shipwrecks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes">List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Storms_of_the_North_American_Great_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Storms of the North American Great Lakes">Great Storms of the North American Great Lakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Storm_of_1913" title="Great Lakes Storm of 1913">Great Lakes Storm of 1913</a></div> The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel; <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> are common threats. The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms, in particular in the autumn, from late October until early December. Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes. The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Thunder Bay (Michigan)">Thunder Bay (Michigan)</a>, beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. The Lake Superior shipwreck coast from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Marais,_Michigan" title="Grand Marais, Michigan">Grand Marais, Michigan</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Point" title="Whitefish Point">Whitefish Point</a> became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="Graveyard of the Great Lakes">Graveyard of the Great Lakes</a>". More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Point_Underwater_Preserve" title="Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve">Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve</a> serves as an underwater museum to protect the many shipwrecks in this area. The first ship to sink in Lake Michigan was Le Griffon, also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes. Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac, she was lost with all hands aboard.<a href="#cite_note-ledger0411042-117">[117]</a> Its wreck may have been found in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> but a wreck subsequently discovered in a different location was also claimed in 2014 to be Le Griffon.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The largest and last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the <a href="/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald" title="SS Edmund Fitzgerald">SS Edmund Fitzgerald</a>, which sank on November 10, 1975, just over 17 miles (30 km) offshore from Whitefish Point on Lake Superior. The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of <a href="/wiki/PS_Lady_Elgin" title="PS Lady Elgin">Lady Elgin</a>, wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan. In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Eastland" title="SS Eastland">SS Eastland</a> rolled over while loading passengers, killing 841. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Shipwreck_Museum" title="Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum">Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society</a> announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus, a 420-foot (130 m) long, century-old <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> carrier. Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11, 1907, during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>, to Buffalo, New York. The entire crew of 23 drowned, except one, Charles Pitz, who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea diving">deep sea divers</a> in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ontario_(1780)" title="HMS Ontario (1780)">HMS Ontario</a> in what has been described as an "archaeological miracle".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/L.R._Doty" class="mw-redirect" title="L.R. Doty">L.R. Doty</a> was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat Molly V.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The ship sank in October 1898, probably attempting to rescue a small schooner, Olive Jeanette, during a terrible storm. Still missing are the two last warships to sink in the Great Lakes, the French minesweepers <a href="/wiki/French_minesweepers_Inkerman_and_Cerisoles" title="French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles">Inkerman and Cerisoles</a>, which vanished in Lake Superior during a blizzard in 1918. 78 people died, making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes. The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a> was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan off Wisconsin. It is the site of a large number of historically significant <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwrecks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png/530px-Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png" decoding="async" width="530" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png/795px-Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png/1060px-Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Seaway_map_1959.png 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Great Lakes, <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway" title="Great Lakes Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> depicting the entire length.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg/290px-Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg/435px-Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg/580px-Overview_of_the_Great_Lakes_from_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of, closest to farthest, Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron (North is to the right) plus the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> of upstate New York, near Lake Ontario, June 14, 2012, taken aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, with lake names added</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping">Shipping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shipping">edit</a>]</div> Except when the water is frozen during winter, more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes,<a href="#cite_note-clui-126">[126]</a> which remain a major <a href="/wiki/Water_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Water transport">water transport</a> corridor for bulk goods. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway" title="Great Lakes Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a> connects all the lakes; the shorter <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> connects the lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway and operate only on the Waterway and lakes. In 2002, 162 million net <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo. Major ports on the Great Lakes include <a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth-Superior</a>, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Twin Harbors, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Oshawa_Port_Authority" title="Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Port_Authority" title="Thunder Bay Port Authority">Thunder Bay</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation">Recreation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Recreation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marina_Fest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Marina_Fest.jpg/290px-Marina_Fest.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Marina_Fest.jpg/435px-Marina_Fest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Marina_Fest.jpg/580px-Marina_Fest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Escanaba,_Michigan" title="Escanaba, Michigan">Escanaba</a>'s Ludington Park in Michigan</figcaption></figure> Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-GroverKrantzberg2012-128">[128]</a> A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including some <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing ships</a>. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a U.S.$4 billion a year industry with <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coregonus" title="Coregonus">whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smelt_(fish)" title="Smelt (fish)">smelt</a>, lake trout, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a> being major catches. Many other <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water sports</a> are practiced on the lakes such as <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_kayak" title="Sea kayak">sea kayaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurfing">kitesurfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powerboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerboat">powerboating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_surfing" title="Lake surfing">lake surfing</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Circle_Tour" title="Great Lakes Circle Tour">Great Lakes Circle Tour</a> is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Great_Lakes_1.PNG/290px-Great_Lakes_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Great_Lakes_1.PNG/435px-Great_Lakes_1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Great_Lakes_1.PNG/580px-Great_Lakes_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Various national, state, provincial, and municipal jurisdictions govern the Great Lakes</figcaption></figure> In 1872, a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States and access to Lake Michigan to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Dominion of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway, but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a> plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act of 1986",<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Commission" title="Great Lakes Commission">Great Lakes Commission</a>, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons (600,000 m3) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements, the first of which is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court. The second, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Compact" title="Great Lakes Compact">Great Lakes Compact</a>, has been approved by the state legislatures of all eight states that border the Great Lakes as well as the U.S. Congress, and was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on October 3, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government's Fiscal Year 2011 budget, and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget. Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups, wetlands and coastline restoration projects, and invasive species-related projects. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Act of 2019 passed as <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/116/public/294?link-type=html">116–294 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/116/public/294?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a> on January 5, 2021, reauthorizing the program through Fiscal Year 2026. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Great_Lakes" title="Alliance for the Great Lakes">Alliance for the Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Treaty_of_1909" title="Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909">Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide" title="Eastern Continental Divide">Eastern Continental Divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_census_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes census statistical areas">Great Lakes census statistical areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Protection_Fund" title="Great Lakes Protection Fund">Great Lakes Protection Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_WATER_Institute" title="Great Lakes WATER Institute">Great Lakes WATER Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recycling_and_Northern_Development_Canal" title="Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal">Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary">Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of municipalities on the Great Lakes">List of municipalities on the Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Populated islands of the Great Lakes">Populated islands of the Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Years%27_War" title="Sixty Years' War">Sixty Years' War</a> for control of the Great Lakes</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html">"Great Lakes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>. June 28, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fglnpo%2Fbasicinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111122929/http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap6.html">"LUHNA Chapter 6: Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region"</a>. USGS: Ecosystems. November 20, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap6.html">the original</a> on January 11, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUHNA+Chapter+6%3A+Historical+Landcover+Changes+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region&rft.pub=USGS%3A+Ecosystems&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.usgs.gov%2Fluhna%2Fchap6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhassemi2007" class="citation book cs1">Ghassemi, Fereidoun (2007). Inter-basin water transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86969-0"><bdi>978-0-521-86969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inter-basin+water+transfer&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86969-0&rft.aulast=Ghassemi&rft.aufirst=Fereidoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAphysical-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPAphysical_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPAphysical_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPAphysical_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529233616/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html">"Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 25, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html">the original</a> on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes%3A+Basic+Information%3A+Physical+Facts&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fglnpo%2Fphysfacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2007" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydMNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7">The inland seas of North America: and the natural and industrial productions ...</a> John Duff Montreal Hew Ramsay Toronto AH Armour and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665341281" title="Special:BookSources/9780665341281"><bdi>9780665341281</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+inland+seas+of+North+America%3A+and+the+natural+and+industrial+productions+...&rft.pub=John+Duff+Montreal+Hew+Ramsay+Toronto+AH+Armour+and+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780665341281&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DydMNAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/toptens/largelakes.html">"The Top Ten: The Ten Largest Lakes of the World"</a>. infoplease.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infoplease.com&rft.atitle=The+Top+Ten%3A+The+Ten+Largest+Lakes+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Ftoptens%2Flargelakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217040540/http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/largestlakes.htm">"Largest Lakes in the World by Area, Volume and Depth"</a>. About.com Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/largestlakes.htm">the original</a> on February 17, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Education&rft.atitle=Largest+Lakes+in+the+World+by+Area%2C+Volume+and+Depth&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fod%2Flists%2Fa%2Flargestlakes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1970" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Jack (1970) [1763]. "Great Lakes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (Commemorative Edition for Expo'70 ed.). Chicago: William Benton. p. 774. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-135-1"><bdi>978-0-85229-135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=774&rft.edition=Commemorative+Edition+for+Expo%2770&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-135-1&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html">"Large Lakes of the World"</a>. factmonster.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factmonster.com&rft.atitle=Large+Lakes+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fipka%2FA0001777.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellLightfootMcManamonMilner2008" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=RA1-PA25">Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02189-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02189-3&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Kent&rft.au=McManamon%2C+Francis&rft.au=Milner%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarfWRW5OFVgC%26pg%3DRA1-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220180833/http://www.america2050.org/great_lakes.html">"Great Lakes"</a>. America 2050. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.america2050.org/great_lakes.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+2050&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america2050.org%2Fgreat_lakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett1999as-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett1999as_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett1999as_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1999" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Tom (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2nhumNsiAC&pg=PA1991-IA7">State of the Great Lakes: 1997 Annual Report</a>. Diane Publishing. p. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-4358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-4358-8"><bdi>978-0-7881-4358-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Great+Lakes%3A+1997+Annual+Report&rft.pages=1991&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-4358-8&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN2nhumNsiAC%26pg%3DPA1991-IA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Likens2010at-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Likens2010at_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLikens2010" class="citation book cs1">Likens, Gene E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzJOqh90RuwC&pg=PA326">Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective</a>. Academic Press. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382003-7"><bdi>978-0-12-382003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lake+Ecosystem+Ecology%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-12-382003-7&rft.aulast=Likens&rft.aufirst=Gene+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzJOqh90RuwC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grady-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady_14-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady2007" class="citation book cs1">Grady, Wayne (2007). The Great Lakes. Vancouver: Greystone Books and <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki_Foundation" title="David Suzuki Foundation">David Suzuki Foundation</a>. pp. 13, 21–26, 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-197-0"><bdi>978-1-55365-197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Lakes&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=13%2C+21-26%2C+42-43&rft.pub=Greystone+Books+and+David+Suzuki+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-197-0&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328170959/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html">"Great Lakes Atlas: Factsheet #1"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 9, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes+Atlas%3A+Factsheet+%231&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fglnpo%2Fatlas%2Fgl-fact1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dep-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dep_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dep_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114034432/http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html">"Great Lakes Map"</a>. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+Map&rft.pub=Michigan+Department+of+Environmental+Quality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdeq%2F0%2C1607%2C7-135-3313_3677-15926--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of cities on the Great Lakes">List of cities on the Great Lakes</a> for a complete list. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowlus2010-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowlus2010_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowlus2010" class="citation book cs1">Bowlus, W. Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyGjHG1PaUEC&pg=PA215">Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry</a>. McFarland. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8655-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-8655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Ore+Transport+on+the+Great+Lakes%3A+The+Development+of+a+Delivery+System+to+Feed+American+Industry&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8655-7&rft.aulast=Bowlus&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyGjHG1PaUEC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001804.html">"Michigan and Huron: One Lake or Two?"</a>. Information Please Database. Pearson Education. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Please+Database&rft.atitle=Michigan+and+Huron%3A+One+Lake+or+Two%3F&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0001804.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-20"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John W., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig">The New York Times Almanac</a> (2007 ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303820-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303820-7"><bdi>978-0-14-303820-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Almanac&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303820-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorktimes200600wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peninsulatownship.com">"Home"</a>. Peninsula Township. Retrieved December 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Peninsula+Township&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peninsulatownship.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724012748/http://home.cogeco.ca/~nananne/backgroundgeology/070211-BackgroundGeology-w.html">"Background Geology of the North Bay area"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.cogeco.ca/~nananne/backgroundgeology/070211-BackgroundGeology-w.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Geology+of+the+North+Bay+area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.cogeco.ca%2F~nananne%2Fbackgroundgeology%2F070211-BackgroundGeology-w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-LakeStClair-23"><a href="#cite_ref-LakeStClair_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416124842/http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/stclairReport/summary_00.pdf">"Lake St. Clair summary report"</a> (PDF). Great Lakes.net. 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Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-3517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-3517-8"><bdi>978-1-4674-3517-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 7, 2022. <q>By 1681, a map published in Paris, obviously based on this new information, shows the Mississippi River and the western shore of Lake Michigan. 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CRC Press. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-769-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-769-3"><bdi>978-1-57808-769-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes%3A+Lessons+in+Participatory+Governance&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-769-3&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Velma+I.&rft.au=Krantzberg%2C+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-HMjx9tgoEC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725204133/http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/">"Great Lakes Circle Tour"</a>. Great-lakes.net. July 5, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/">the original</a> on July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+Circle+Tour&rft.pub=Great-lakes.net&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-lakes.net%2Ftourism%2Fcircletour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowlus2010" class="citation book cs1">Bowlus, W. Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyGjHG1PaUEC&q=false&pg=PA227">Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry</a>. McFarland. p. 227, n.35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8655-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-8655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Ore+Transport+on+the+Great+Lakes%3A+The+Development+of+a+Delivery+System+to+Feed+American+Industry&rft.pages=227%2C+n.35&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8655-7&rft.aulast=Bowlus&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyGjHG1PaUEC%26q%3Dfalse%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172833/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/4053/default.aspx">"Federal Statute on Great Lakes. Water Diversions. Water Resources Development Act"</a>. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/4053/default.aspx">the original</a> on October 29, 2007. Retrieved October 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Statute+on+Great+Lakes.+Water+Diversions.+Water+Resources+Development+Act&rft.pub=Ohio+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.oh.us%2Ftabid%2F4053%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> United States. Water Resources Development Act of 1986. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/99/662">99–662</a>, approved November 17, 1986. <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1962d-20">§ 1962d-20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement.pdf">"Great Lakes—St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060308043903/http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes%E2%80%94St.+Lawrence+River+Basin+Sustainable+Water+Resources+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cglg.org%2Fprojects%2Fwater%2Fdocs%2F12-13-05%2FGreat_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Water_Resources_Compact.pdf">"Agreement. Great Lakes-St Lawrence River Basin Water Resources"</a> (PDF). cglg.org. December 13, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement.+Great+Lakes-St+Lawrence+River+Basin+Water+Resources&rft.pub=cglg.org&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cglg.org%2Fprojects%2Fwater%2Fdocs%2F12-13-05%2FGreat_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Water_Resources_Compact.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatlakes.org/Page.aspx?pid=526">"Great Lakes Compact"</a>. Alliance for the Great Lakes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+Compact&rft.pub=Alliance+for+the+Great+Lakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatlakes.org%2FPage.aspx%3Fpid%3D526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>), as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987 (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/100/4">100–4</a>, approved February 4, 1987), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/113?link-type=html">114–113 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/113?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, approved December 18, 2015). <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1268">§ 1268</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206222143/http://greatlakesrestoration.us/">"Great Lakes Restoration Initiative home page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatlakesrestoration.us/">the original</a> on February 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes+Restoration+Initiative+home+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreatlakesrestoration.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnin2006" class="citation book cs1">Annin, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzMeZHaLP_gC&pg=PP1">The Great Lakes Water Wars</a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-077-4"><bdi>978-1-61091-077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Lakes+Water+Wars&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-61091-077-4&rft.aulast=Annin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzMeZHaLP_gC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltran1995" class="citation book cs1">Beltran, R.; et al. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch2.html">The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book</a>. Environmental Protection Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-23441-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-662-23441-3"><bdi>0-662-23441-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Lakes%3A+An+Environmental+Atlas+and+Resource+Book&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-662-23441-3&rft.aulast=Beltran&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fglnpo%2Fatlas%2Fglat-ch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonSheets2006" class="citation book cs1">Coon, W.F.; Sheets, R.A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5180/">Estimate of Ground Water in Storage in the Great Lakes Basin</a>. Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5180. United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estimate+of+Ground+Water+in+Storage+in+the+Great+Lakes+Basin&rft.series=Scientific+Investigations+Report+2006-5180&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Coon&rft.aufirst=W.F.&rft.au=Sheets%2C+R.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fsir%2F2006%2F5180%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2018" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Dan (2018). The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35555-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35555-0"><bdi>978-0-393-35555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Life+of+the+Great+Lakes&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-35555-0&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolling2019" class="citation book cs1">Holling, Holling Clancy (2019) [1941]. <a href="/wiki/Paddle-to-the-Sea" title="Paddle-to-the-Sea">Paddle-to-the-Sea</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-15082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-15082-5"><bdi>978-0-395-15082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paddle-to-the-Sea&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-395-15082-5&rft.aulast=Holling&rft.aufirst=Holling+Clancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> (an illustrated children's book about the Great Lakes and their environment).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornbeck_Tanner1987" class="citation book cs1">Hornbeck Tanner, Helen (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nby_e78_g7_a87_1987">Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2056-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2056-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-2056-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Great+Lakes+Indian+History&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2056-0&rft.aulast=Hornbeck+Tanner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnby_e78_g7_a87_1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2013" class="citation book cs1">Riley, John L. (2013). The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Once+and+Future+Great+Lakes+Country%3A+An+Ecological+History&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"> (traces environmental change in the region since the last ice age.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Lakes#Q7347" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Lakes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Eric W. Morse 1968, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkscanadahistory.com/publications/fur-trade-canoe-routes.pdf">Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada /Then and Now</a>, pp 121</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Great_Lakes">"Great Lakes" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Lakes&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_49/June_1896/How_the_Great_Lakes_Were_Built">"How the Great Lakes Were Built" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a>. Vol. 49. June 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=How+the+Great+Lakes+Were+Built&rft.volume=49&rft.date=1896-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Lakes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/grandslacs-greatlakes/default.asp?lang=En&n=70283230-1">Great Lakes website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Canadian Department of the Environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/">Great Lakes website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://binational.net/">Binational website of USEPA and Environment Canada for Great Lakes Water Quality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518092315/http://binational.net/">Archived</a> May 18, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/">Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory website</a> (an arm of the American <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060126235433/http://www.great-lakes.net/">Great Lakes Information Network</a>, sponsored by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glc.org/">Great Lakes Commission</a>, an official American <a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">interstate compact</a> agency.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatlakesecho.org/">Great Lakes Echo, a publication covering Great Lakes environmental issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.MaritimeHistoryOfTheGreatLakes.ca/">Maritime History of the Great Lakes</a>, digital library covering Great Lakes history.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamically_updated_data">Dynamically updated data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dynamically updated data">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/">Surface temperatures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230142/http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/">Archived</a> May 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/">Water levels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/glcfs/currents/glcfs-currents-avg.html">Currents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707093015/https://www.glerl.noaa.gov//res/glcfs/currents/glcfs-currents-avg.html">Archived</a> July 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ais.boatnerd.com/">Ship locations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093823/http://www.waterlevels.gc.ca/C%26A/NetworkMeans2014.pdf">Water levels since 1918</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greatlakes" title="Template:Greatlakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greatlakes" title="Template talk:Greatlakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greatlakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greatlakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Lakes</a> of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Superior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipigon" title="Lake Nipigon">Nipigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Simcoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Clair" title="Lake St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnebago" title="Lake Winnebago">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Couchiching" title="Lake Couchiching">Couchiching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays and channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erie</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maumee_Bay" title="Maumee Bay">Maumee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_Bay" title="Presque Isle Bay">Presque Isle Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky_Bay" title="Sandusky Bay">Sandusky Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huron</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nottawasaga_Bay" title="Nottawasaga Bay">Nottawasaga Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(Michigan%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="Lake George (Michigan–Ontario)">Lake George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munuscong_Lake" title="Munuscong Lake">Munuscong Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Ontario)" title="North Channel (Ontario)">North Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potagannissing_Bay" title="Potagannissing Bay">Potagannissing Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Channel" title="St. Joseph Channel">St. Joseph Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Thunder Bay (Michigan)">Thunder Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Michigan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand Traverse Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bay_de_Noc" title="Big Bay de Noc">Big Bay de Noc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bay_de_Noc" title="Little Bay de Noc">Little Bay de Noc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_des_Morts" title="Porte des Morts">Porte des Morts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay" title="Sturgeon Bay">Sturgeon Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou_Passage" title="Manitou Passage">Manitou Passage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour" title="Hamilton Harbour">Hamilton Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bay" title="Humber Bay">Humber Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodus_Bay" title="Sodus Bay">Sodus Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Toronto Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellers_Bay" title="Wellers Bay">Wellers Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Au_Train_Bay" title="Au Train Bay">Au Train Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequamegon_Bay" title="Chequamegon Bay">Chequamegon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_Bay" title="Huron Bay">Huron Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay" title="Keweenaw Bay">Keweenaw Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokegama_Bay" title="Pokegama Bay">Pokegama Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Bay" title="Superior Bay">Superior Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Ontario)" title="Thunder Bay (Ontario)">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Bay" title="Whitefish Bay">Whitefish Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batchawana_Bay" title="Batchawana Bay">Batchawana Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulais_Bay" title="Goulais Bay">Goulais Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. Clair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bay_(Michigan)" title="Anchor Bay (Michigan)">Anchor Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway" title="Great Lakes Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipigon_River" title="Nipigon River">Nipigon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_River" title="St. Clair River">St. Clair River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Michigan%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)">St. Marys River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Canal" title="Sault Ste. Marie Canal">Sault Ste. Marie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_Locks" title="Soo Locks">Soo Locks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac" title="Straits of Mackinac">Straits of Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay_Ship_Canal" title="Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal">Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent%E2%80%93Severn_Waterway" title="Trent–Severn Waterway">Trent–Severn Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Welland_Canal" title="First Welland Canal">First canal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of islands of the Great Lakes">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle_Islands" title="Apostle Islands">Apostle Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Detroit_River" title="List of islands in the Detroit River">Detroit River Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_Isle_Royale_National_Park" title="List of islands in Isle Royale National Park">Isle Royale National Park Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale_National_Park" title="Isle Royale National Park">Isle Royale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands" title="List of Lake Erie Islands">Lake Erie Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kagawong" title="Lake Kagawong">Lake Kagawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manitou" title="Lake Manitou">Lake Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mindemoya" title="Lake Mindemoya">Lake Mindemoya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(Ontario)" title="Treasure Island (Ontario)">Treasure Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ontario" title="List of islands of Ontario">Province of Ontario Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Michigan" title="List of islands of Michigan">State of Michigan Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_islands_in_Lake_Huron" title="List of Michigan islands in Lake Huron">Lake Huron Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_islands_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of populated islands of the Great Lakes">Populated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Islands" title="Potawatomi Islands">Potawatomi Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Admiralty" title="Lake Admiralty">Lake Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Algonquin" title="Lake Algonquin">Lake Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Arkona" title="Lake Arkona">Lake Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chippewa" title="Lake Chippewa">Lake Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Coleman" title="Lake Coleman">Lake Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Duluth" title="Lake Duluth">Lake Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Lake_Erie" title="Early Lake Erie">Early Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Frontenac" title="Lake Frontenac">Lake Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maumee" title="Lake Maumee">Lake Maumee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Great_Lakes" title="Nipissing Great Lakes">Nipissing Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Saginaw" title="Lake Saginaw">Lake Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Stanley" title="Lake Stanley">Lake Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tonawanda" title="Lake Tonawanda">Lake Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Warren" title="Lake Warren">Lake Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wayne" title="Lake Wayne">Lake Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Whittlesey" title="Lake Whittlesey">Lake Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Bonnet_Ridge" title="Scotch Bonnet Ridge">Scotch Bonnet Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Great_Lakes" title="Alliance for the Great Lakes">Alliance for the Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_and_St._Lawrence_Governors_and_Premiers" title="Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers">Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Areas_of_Concern" title="Great Lakes Areas of Concern">Great Lakes Areas of Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin_Soil_Erosion_and_Sediment_Control_Program" title="Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program">Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Charter" title="Great Lakes Charter">Great Lakes Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Commission" title="Great Lakes Commission">Great Lakes Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Compact" title="Great Lakes Compact">Great Lakes Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Environmental_Research_Laboratory" title="Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory">Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes%E2%80%93Saint_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement" title="Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement">Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Commission" title="International Joint Commission">International Joint Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of municipalities on the Great Lakes">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of cities on the Great Lakes">Cities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin" title="Great Lakes Basin">Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Yacht_Club_Race_to_Mackinac" title="Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac">Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Circle_Tour" title="Great Lakes Circle Tour">Circle Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_St._Lawrence_River_and_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of crossings of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes">Crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Loop" title="Great Loop">Great Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Door_County,_Wisconsin#Lake_breeze" title="Climate of Door County, Wisconsin">Lake breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake-effect snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan%E2%80%93Huron" title="Lake Michigan–Huron">Lake Michigan–Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_surfing" title="Lake surfing">Lake surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of marine protected areas of the Great Lakes">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marysburgh_vortex" title="Marysburgh vortex">Marysburgh vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Great_Lakes_museum_and_historic_ships" title="List of Great Lakes museum and historic ships">Museum and historic ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of ports on the Great Lakes">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia_(bioregion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentia (bioregion)">Laurentia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes">Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_storms_on_the_Great_Lakes" title="List of storms on the Great Lakes">Storms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Treaty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Great Lakes Treaty (disambiguation)">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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