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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_guilds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_guilds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Trade guilds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_guilds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_general_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_general_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>National general unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_general_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legalization,_expansion_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legalization,_expansion_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Legalization, expansion and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legalization,_expansion_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevalence worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>International unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Labour law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labour_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labour law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labour_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shop_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shop_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shop types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shop_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trade union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakbond" title="Vakbond – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vakbond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اتحاد نقابة عمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتحاد نقابة عمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicato" title="Sindicato – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sindicato" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicatu" title="Sindicatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sindicatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99mkarlar_ittifaq%C4%B1" title="Həmkarlar ittifaqı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həmkarlar ittifaqı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="শ্রমিক সংঘ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রমিক সংঘ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-h%C5%8De" title="Kang-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Прафесійны саюз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прафесійны саюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Професионален съюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Професионален съюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikat" title="Sindikat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sindikat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicat" title="Sindicat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sindicat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odbory" title="Odbory – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odbory" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undeb_llafur" title="Undeb llafur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Undeb llafur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagforening" title="Fagforening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fagforening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerkschaft" title="Gewerkschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewerkschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameti%C3%BChing" title="Ametiühing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ametiühing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Συνδικάτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνδικάτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicato" title="Sindicato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sindicato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikato" title="Sindikato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sindikato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikatu" title="Sindikatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sindikatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سندیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سندیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakfel%C3%B8g" title="Fakfeløg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fakfeløg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_professionnel" title="Syndicat professionnel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syndicat professionnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceardchumann" title="Ceardchumann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceardchumann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonadh-ci%C3%B9ird" title="Aonadh-ciùird – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aonadh-ciùird" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicato" title="Sindicato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sindicato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%A9" title="노동조합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노동조합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արհմիություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արհմիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="श्रमिक संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रमिक संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikat" title="Sindikat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sindikat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikato_laborala" title="Sindikato laborala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sindikato laborala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikat_pekerja" title="Serikat pekerja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serikat pekerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicato" title="Syndicato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syndicato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9ttarf%C3%A9lag" title="Stéttarfélag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stéttarfélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindacato" title="Sindacato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sindacato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארגון עובדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארגון עובדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პროფესიული კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროფესიული კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Кәсіподақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кәсіподақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тред-юнионизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тред-юнионизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_opificum" title="Collegium opificum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Collegium opificum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arodbiedr%C4%ABba" title="Arodbiedrība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arodbiedrība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerkschaft" title="Gewerkschaft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gewerkschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesin%C4%97_s%C4%85junga" title="Profesinė sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Profesinė sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindacaa" title="Sindacaa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sindacaa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szakszervezet" title="Szakszervezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szakszervezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Синдикат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синдикат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="തൊഴിലാളി സംഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൊഴിലാളി സംഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_sekerja" title="Kesatuan sekerja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan sekerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakbond" title="Vakbond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vakbond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ट्रेड युनियन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ट्रेड युनियन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88" title="労働組合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="労働組合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagforening" title="Fagforening – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fagforening" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagorganisasjon" title="Fagorganisasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fagorganisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaba_uyushmalari" title="Kasaba uyushmalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kasaba uyushmalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰ-ਸੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰ-ਸੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikato" title="Sindikato – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sindikato" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%8D_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="د سوداګرۍ اتحادیه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سوداګرۍ اتحادیه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindic%C3%A0" title="Sindicà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sindicà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_zawodowy" title="Związek zawodowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek zawodowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicato" title="Sindicato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sindicato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicat" title="Sindicat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sindicat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicat" title="Sindicat – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sindicat" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinrikatu" title="Sinrikatu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinrikatu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Профессиональный союз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Профессиональный союз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikata_e_pun%C3%ABtor%C3%ABve" title="Sindikata e punëtorëve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sindikata e punëtorëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_union" title="Trades union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trades union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odbory" title="Odbory – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odbory" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikat" title="Sindikat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sindikat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Синдикат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синдикат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindikat" title="Sindikat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sindikat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammattiliitto" title="Ammattiliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ammattiliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fackf%C3%B6rening" title="Fackförening – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fackförening" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyon_ng_manggagawa" title="Unyon ng manggagawa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unyon ng manggagawa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொழிற்சங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழிற்சங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%82" title="కార్మికుల సంఘం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్మికుల సంఘం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สหภาพแรงงาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพแรงงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7i_sendikas%C4%B1" title="İşçi sendikası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşçi sendikası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwumay%C9%9Bfo_kuw_(Trade_union)" title="Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Професійна спілка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Професійна спілка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="اتحاد صنعتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اتحاد صنعتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade association</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Labour Union" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Labour_Union_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Labour Union (disambiguation)">Labour Union (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trade unionism" redirects here. For the trade union movement, see <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="order-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organized labour</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_activism5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/80px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/120px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/160px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">Exploitation of labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of labor issues and events">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_unionism" title="New unionism">New unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">Sectoral collective bargaining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National-syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-syndicalism">National-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_protection_legislation" title="Employment protection legislation">Employment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity_and_labor_rights" title="Neurodiversity and labor rights">Neurodiversity and labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade unions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Trade unions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">Trade union federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">Chronological list of strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labour parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Labour_Party" title="Fiji Labour Party">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Labour_Party" title="Georgian Labour Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(New_Caledonia)" title="Labour Party (New Caledonia)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Labour Party">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Labor Party (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labor" title="Template:Labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labor" title="Template talk:Labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>trade union</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) or <b>labor union</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), often simply referred to as a <b>union</b>, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as attaining better <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">benefits</a>, improving <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">working</a> conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> of workers. </p><p>Trade unions typically fund their head office and legal team functions through regularly imposed fees called <i>union dues</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">union representatives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> are usually made up of <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplace</a> volunteers who are often appointed by members through internal democratic elections. The trade union, through an elected leadership and bargaining committee, bargains with the employer on behalf of its members, known as the rank and file, and negotiates <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and employment law">labour contracts</a> (collective bargaining agreements) with employers. </p><p>Unions may organize a particular section of skilled or unskilled workers (<a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unionism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole,_M._1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cross-section of workers from various trades (<a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">general unionism</a>), or an attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry (<a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>). The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank-and-file members and the employer, and in some cases on other non-member workers. Trade unions traditionally have a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning. </p><p>Originating in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, trade unions became popular in many countries during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Trade unions may be composed of individual workers, <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retiree" class="mw-redirect" title="Retiree">past workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Students">students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentices</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Unemployed" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployed">unemployed</a>. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a trade union, is highest in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:OECD_union_density_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:OECD_union_density-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ILO_Density_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO_Density-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garment_Workers_on_Strike,_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garment_Workers_on_Strike%2C_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg/250px-Garment_Workers_on_Strike%2C_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garment_Workers_on_Strike%2C_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg/375px-Garment_Workers_on_Strike%2C_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garment_Workers_on_Strike%2C_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg/500px-Garment_Workers_on_Strike%2C_New_York_City_circa_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Garment workers on strike, New York City, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1913</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the publication of the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trade_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Trade Unionism">History of Trade Unionism</a></i> (1894) by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>, the predominant historical view is that a trade union "is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> described trade unions thus: "The value of labour-power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions, whose importance for the ... working class can scarcely be overestimated. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value" (<i>Capital</i> V1, 1867, p. 1069). Early <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> also saw trade unions as a way to <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratize</a> the workplace, in order to obtain political power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern definition by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> states that a trade union is "an organisation consisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent historical research by Bob James puts forward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">benefit societies</a>, which includes medieval <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows" title="Independent Order of Odd Fellows">Oddfellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendly_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Society">friendly societies</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal organisations">fraternal organizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium (ancient Rome)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_guilds">Trade guilds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trade guilds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the unification of the city-states in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> into a single empire <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2334 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">a common Mesopotamian standard</a> for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2254</span>–2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_1995,_p.1955_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_1995,_p.1955-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi#Laws" title="Code of Hammurabi"><i>Codex Hammurabi</i> Law 234</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1755–1750 BC</span>) stipulated a 2-shekel <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wage" title="Prevailing wage">prevailing wage</a> for each 60-gur (300-<a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a>) vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommer_1903_p._85_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommer_1903_p._85-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._85_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_1904_p._85-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_1910_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1910-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law 275 stipulated a ferry rate of 3-<a href="/wiki/Gerah" title="Gerah">gerah</a> per day on a <a href="/wiki/Charterparty" title="Charterparty">charterparty</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">ship charterer</a> and a shipmaster. Law 276 stipulated a 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-gerah per day <a href="/wiki/Freight_rate" title="Freight rate">freight rate</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">contract of affreightment</a> between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span>-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommer_1903_p._88_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommer_1903_p._88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._95_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_1904_p._95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_1910_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1910-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, an archaeological excavation in <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya, Egypt</a> (under an <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Eyalet</a> of the Ottoman Empire) produced a <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a>-era tablet from the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Antinous#Deification_and_the_cult_of_Antinous" title="Antinous">Temple of Antinous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Antinoöpolis">Antinoöpolis</a>, that prescribed the rules and membership dues of a <a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">burial society</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">collegium</a></i> established in <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a>, in approximately 133 AD during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (117–138) of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>collegium</i> was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal entity</a>. Following the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia" title="Lex Julia">Lex Julia</a></i> during the reign of Julius Caesar (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> (27 BC–14 AD), <i>collegia</i> required the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> or the Roman emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Ligt_2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Ligt_2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruins at <a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a> date the formation of burial societies among Roman Army soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman Navy</a> mariners to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (193–211) in 198 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2011, archaeological investigations done at the site of the artificial harbor <a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus</a> in Rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome's <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">La Ostia port</a> was home to a guildhall for a <i>corpus naviculariorum</i>, a <i>collegium</i> of merchant mariners.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Collegium</i> also included fraternities of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman priests</a> overseeing <a href="/wiki/Sacrificium_Romanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificium Romanam">ritual sacrifices</a>, practising <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a>, keeping scriptures, arranging festivals, and maintaining specific religious cults.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_trade_unions">Modern trade unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern trade unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a commonly held mistaken view holds modern trade unionism to be a product of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, the earliest modern trade unions predate Marx's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1848) by almost a century (and Marx's writings themselves frequently address the prior existence of the workers' movements of his time.) The first recorded labour strike in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> printers in 1786, who opposed a wage reduction and demanded $6 per week in wages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of modern trade unions can be traced back to 18th-century Britain, where the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> drew masses of people, including <a href="/wiki/Dependant" title="Dependant">dependents</a>, peasants and immigrants, into cities. Britain had ended the practice of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in 1574, but the vast majority of people remained as <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant-farmers</a> on estates owned by the <a href="/wiki/Landed_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed aristocracy">landed aristocracy</a>. This transition was not merely one of relocation from rural to urban environs; rather, the nature of industrial work created a new class of "worker". A farmer worked the land, raised animals and grew crops, and either owned the land or paid rent, but ultimately sold a <i>product</i> and had control over his life and work. As industrial workers, however, the workers sold their work as labour and took directions from employers, giving up part of their freedom and self-agency in the service of a master. The critics of the new arrangement would call this "<a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term that persisted was a new form of human relations: employment. Unlike farmers, workers often had less control over their jobs; without job security or a promise of an on-going relationship with their employers, they lacked some control over the work they performed or how it impacted their health and life. It is in this context that modern trade unions emerge. </p><p>In the cities, trade unions encountered much hostility from employers and government groups. In the United States, unions and unionists were regularly prosecuted under various restraint of trade and conspiracy laws, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1948_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_1948-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would later be an important arena for the development of trade unions. Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, though the relationship between the two is disputed, as the masters of the guilds employed workers (apprentices and journeymen) who were not allowed to organize.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Labourers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance of Labourers">Ordinance of Labourers</a> was enacted in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, but their way of thinking was the one that endured down the centuries, inspiring evolutions and advances in thinking which eventually gave workers more power. As collective bargaining and early worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the government began to clamp down on what it saw as the danger of popular unrest at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. In 1799, the <i><a href="/wiki/Combination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination Act">Combination Act</a></i> was passed, which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. Although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as <a href="/wiki/Luddism" class="mw-redirect" title="Luddism">Luddism</a> and had been prominent in struggles such as the <a href="/wiki/1820_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="1820 Rising">1820 Rising</a> in Scotland, in which 60,000 workers went on a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, which was soon crushed. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, although the <a href="/wiki/Combination_Act_1825" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination Act 1825">Combination Act 1825</a> restricted their activity to bargaining for wage increases and changes in working hours.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The latter name was to hide the organization's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole20103_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole20103-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_general_unions">National general unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National general unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg/170px-London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg/255px-London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg/340px-London_Trades_Demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Poster issued by the London Trades Council, advertising a demonstration held on 2 June 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>The first attempts at forming a national <a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">general union</a> in the United Kingdom were made in the 1820s and 30s. The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Protection_of_Labour" title="National Association for the Protection of Labour">National Association for the Protection of Labour</a> was established in 1830 by <a href="/wiki/John_Doherty_(trade_unionist)" title="John Doherty (trade unionist)">John Doherty</a>, after an apparently unsuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton-spinners. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Textile_and_clothing_trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile and clothing trade unions">textile related unions</a>, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others. Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals spread across the five counties of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To establish awareness and legitimacy, the union started the weekly <i>Voice of the People</i> publication, having the declared intention "to unite the productive classes of the community in one common bond of union."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1894122_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1894122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, the Welsh socialist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Consolidated_Trades_Union" title="Grand National Consolidated Trades Union">Grand National Consolidated Trades Union</a>. The organization attracted a range of <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests after the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a>' case, but soon collapsed. </p><p>More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s, better resourced but often less radical. The <a href="/wiki/London_Trades_Council" title="London Trades Council">London Trades Council</a> was founded in 1860, and the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Outrages" title="Sheffield Outrages">Sheffield Outrages</a> spurred the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> in 1868, the first long-lived <a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" class="mw-redirect" title="National trade union center">national trade union center</a>. By this time, the existence and the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> middle-class opinion. In <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></i> (1871) <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>If it were possible for the working classes, by combining among themselves, to raise or keep up the general rate of wages, it needs hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be punished, but to be welcomed and rejoiced at. Unfortunately the effect is quite beyond attainment by such means. The multitudes who compose the working class are too numerous and too widely scattered to combine at all, much more to combine effectually. If they could do so, they might doubtless succeed in diminishing the hours of labour, and obtaining the same wages for less work. They would also have a limited power of obtaining, by combination, an increase of general wages at the expense of profits.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Beyond this claim, Mill also argued that, because individual workers had no basis for assessing the wages for a particular task, labour unions would lead to greater efficiency of the market system.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legalization,_expansion_and_recognition"><span id="Legalization.2C_expansion_and_recognition"></span>Legalization, expansion and recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legalization, expansion and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg/220px-1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg/330px-1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg/440px-1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Trade union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912 <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_textile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence textile strike">Lawrence textile strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> trade unions were finally legalized in 1872, after a <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Trade Unions">Royal Commission on Trade Unions</a></i> in 1867 agreed that the establishment of the organizations was to the advantage of both employers and employees. </p><p>This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrializing countries, especially the United States, Germany and France. </p><p>In the United States, the first effective nationwide labour organization was the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, in 1869, which began to grow after 1880. Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Organized_Trades_and_Labor_Unions" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions">Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions</a> began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers. In 1886, it became known as the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> or AFL. </p><p>In Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Association_of_German_Trade_Unions" title="Free Association of German Trade Unions">Free Association of German Trade Unions</a> was formed in 1897 after the <a href="/wiki/Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservativism">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a> of Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> were repealed. </p><p>In France, labour organisation was illegal until the <a href="/wiki/1884_Waldeck_Rousseau_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="1884 Waldeck Rousseau laws">1884 Waldeck Rousseau laws</a>. The <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_bourses_du_travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération des bourses du travail">Fédération des bourses du travail</a> was founded in 1887 and merged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions) in 1895 to form the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">General Confederation of Labour</a>. </p><p>In a number of countries during the 20th century, including in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, legislation was passed to provide for the voluntary or statutory recognition of a union by an employer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_worldwide">Prevalence worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prevalence worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg/500px-Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg/750px-Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg/1000px-Trade_union_density_rate_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>World map with countries shaded according to their trade union density rate with statistics provided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> Department of Statistics <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#051d3b; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 90.0–99.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#083062; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 80.0–89.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0c4389; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 70.0–79.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0f56b0; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 60.0–69.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1369d7; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 50.0–59.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#287eec; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 40.0–49.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4f96f0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 30.0–39.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#76adf3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 20.0–29.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9dc5f6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 10.0–19.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c4dcfa; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0.0–9.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No data</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp/220px-Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp/330px-Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp/440px-Labor_union_membership_by_country.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>Labor union membership by country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp/220px-Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp/330px-Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp/440px-Hours_Worked_Compared_to_Earnings_Per_Week.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Hours Worked Compared to Earnings Per Week</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Union_density" title="Union density">Union density</a> has been steadily declining from the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> average of 35.9% in 1998 to 27.9% in the year 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:OECD_union_density_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:OECD_union_density-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reasons for these developments are a <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">decline in manufacturing</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and governmental policies. </p><p>The decline in manufacturing is the most direct influence, as unions were historically beneficial and prevalent in the sector; for this reason, there may be an increase in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a> as OECD nations continue to export manufacturing industries to these markets. The second reason is globalization, which makes it harder for unions to maintain standards across countries. The last reason is governmental policies. These come from both sides of the political spectrum. In the UK and US, it has been mostly right-wing proposals that make it harder for unions to form or that limit their power. On the other side, there are many social policies such as <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paid_vacation" class="mw-redirect" title="Paid vacation">paid vacation</a>, parental leave, etc., that decrease the need to be in a union.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prevalence of labour unions can be measured by "union density", which is expressed as a percentage of the total number of workers in a given location who are trade union members.<sup id="cite_ref-ILO_Stats_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO_Stats-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows the percentage across <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-:OECD_union_density_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:OECD_union_density-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Union density across OECD members (in %) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2000 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>.. </td> <td>13.7 </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>24.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria </td> <td>.. </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td>26.9 </td> <td>27.4 </td> <td>36.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>.. </td> <td>50.3 </td> <td>51.9 </td> <td>52.8 </td> <td>54.2 </td> <td>56.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>27.2 </td> <td>25.9 </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td>29.4 </td> <td>28.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile </td> <td>.. </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>17.7 </td> <td>16.1 </td> <td>11.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic </td> <td>.. </td> <td>11.5 </td> <td>11.7 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>27.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark </td> <td>.. </td> <td>66.5 </td> <td>66.1 </td> <td>65.5 </td> <td>67.1 </td> <td>74.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia </td> <td>.. </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>14.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland </td> <td>.. </td> <td>60.3 </td> <td>62.2 </td> <td>64.9 </td> <td>66.4 </td> <td>74.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>.. </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>10.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>.. </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>16.7 </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>17.6 </td> <td>24.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td>.. </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>23.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland </td> <td>92.2 </td> <td>91.8 </td> <td>91.0 </td> <td>89.8 </td> <td>90.0 </td> <td>89.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>26.2 </td> <td>24.1 </td> <td>24.3 </td> <td>23.4 </td> <td>25.4 </td> <td>35.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>37.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>.. </td> <td>34.4 </td> <td>34.3 </td> <td>34.4 </td> <td>35.7 </td> <td>34.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td>.. </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>17.1 </td> <td>17.3 </td> <td>17.4 </td> <td>21.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>11.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia </td> <td>.. </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>12.2 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>12.6 </td> <td>.. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td>.. </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>.. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg </td> <td>.. </td> <td>31.8 </td> <td>32.1 </td> <td>32.3 </td> <td>33.3 </td> <td>.. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>12.5 </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td>16.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>.. </td> <td>16.4 </td> <td>16.8 </td> <td>17.3 </td> <td>17.7 </td> <td>22.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>17.3 </td> <td>17.7 </td> <td>17.9 </td> <td>22.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>.. </td> <td>49.2 </td> <td>49.3 </td> <td>49.3 </td> <td>49.3 </td> <td>53.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td>.. </td> <td>23.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>16.1 </td> <td>.. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovak Republic </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>10.7 </td> <td>11.7 </td> <td>34.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>.. </td> <td>20.4 </td> <td>20.9 </td> <td>44.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>.. </td> <td>13.6 </td> <td>14.2 </td> <td>14.8 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td>17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td>.. </td> <td>65.5 </td> <td>65.6 </td> <td>66.9 </td> <td>67.8 </td> <td>81.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>.. </td> <td>14.4 </td> <td>14.9 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>15.7 </td> <td>20.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey </td> <td>.. </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>8.0 </td> <td>12.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>.. </td> <td>23.4 </td> <td>23.2 </td> <td>23.7 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>29.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>12.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a><sup id="cite_ref-:OECD_union_density_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:OECD_union_density-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_politics">Structure and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesar_chavez2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cesar_chavez2.jpg/220px-Cesar_chavez2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cesar_chavez2.jpg/330px-Cesar_chavez2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cesar_chavez2.jpg/440px-Cesar_chavez2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a> speaking at a 1974 <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a> rally in <a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano, California</a>. The UFW during Chavez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers (<a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unionism</a>, traditionally found in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US<sup id="cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole,_M._1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a cross-section of workers from various trades (<a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">general unionism</a>, traditionally found in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, the UK and the US), or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry (<a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>, found in Australia, Canada, Germany, Finland, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These unions are often divided into "<a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">locals</a>", and united in national <a href="/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">federations</a>. These federations themselves will affiliate with <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Internationals</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, union organisation is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions, i.e. unions that are specific to a plant or company. These enterprise unions, however, join industry-wide federations which in turn are members of <a href="/wiki/RENGO" title="RENGO">Rengo</a>, the Japanese national trade union confederation. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional associations</a> often carry out the functions of a trade union. In these cases, they may be negotiating for white-collar or professional workers, such as physicians, engineers or teachers. In Sweden the white-collar unions have a strong position in collective bargaining where they cooperate with blue-colar unions in setting the "mark" (the industry norm) in negotiations with the employers' association in manufacturing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A union may acquire the status of a "<a href="/wiki/Juristic_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Juristic person">juristic person</a>" (an artificial legal entity), with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents. In such cases, unions have certain legal rights, most importantly the right to engage in <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> with the employer (or employers) over wages, working hours, and other <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">terms and conditions of employment</a>. The inability of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">industrial action</a>, culminating in either <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a> or management <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">lockout</a>, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal activities may develop around these events. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg/220px-Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg/330px-Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg/440px-Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Southwest_Railroad_Strike_of_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886">Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886</a> was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In some regions, unions may face active repression, either by governments or by extralegal organizations, with many <a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">cases of violence</a>, some having lead to deaths, having been recorded historically.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle. <a href="/wiki/Social_Movement_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Movement Unionism">Social Unionism</a> encompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to their members or to workers in general. As well, unions in some countries are closely aligned with <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labour parties</a> were founded as the electoral arms of trade unions. </p><p>Unions are also delineated by the <a href="/wiki/Service_model" title="Service model">service model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">organizing model</a>. The service model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights, providing services, and resolving disputes. Alternately, the organizing model typically involves full-time <a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">union organizers</a>, who work by building up confidence, strong networks, and leaders within the workforce; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members. Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies, and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated. <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">Informal workers</a> often face unique challenges when trying to participate in trade union movements as formal trade union organizations recognized by the state and employers may not accommodate for the employment categories common in the informal economy. Simultaneously, the lack of regular work locations and loopholes relating to <a href="/wiki/False_self-employment" title="False self-employment">false self-employment</a> add barriers and costs for the trade unions when trying to organize the informal economy. This has been a significant threshold to labour organizing in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">low-income countries</a>, where the labour force mostly works in the informal economy.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions (and their historical close alignment with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>) has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_%E2%80%93_The_Union_for_British_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity – The Union for British Workers">Solidarity</a> which is supported by the far-right <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">BNP</a>. In Denmark, there are some newer apolitical "discount" unions who offer a very basic level of services, as opposed to the dominating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/220px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/330px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/440px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>A rally of the trade union <a href="/wiki/UNISON" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISON">UNISON</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> during a strike on 28 March 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast, in several European countries (e.g. Belgium, Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), religious unions have existed for decades. These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting that employees' interests always are in conflict with those of employers. Some of these Christian unions have had some ties to centrist or conservative political movements, and some do not regard strikes as acceptable political means for achieving employees' goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole,_M._1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the biggest trade union <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> emerged as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> movement with <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">religious nationalist</a> overtones<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today it supports the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely, union leaderships are usually formed through democratic <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research, such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that unionized workers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_unions">International unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest global trade union organizations include the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a> created in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest trade union federation in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>-based <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> (ITUC), created in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories, with a combined membership of 166 million. National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form <a href="/wiki/Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">global union federations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/UNI_Global_Union" title="UNI Global Union">UNI Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/IndustriALL_Global_Union" title="IndustriALL Global Union">IndustriALL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Transport_Workers_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Transport Workers Federation">International Transport Workers Federation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalists" title="International Federation of Journalists">International Federation of Journalists</a>, the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance and <a href="/wiki/Public_Services_International" title="Public Services International">Public Services International</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labour_law">Labour law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Labour law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Union law varies from country to country, as does the function of unions. For example, German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">supervisory boards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a> than other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in the United States, collective bargaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers, whereas in Austria, Denmark, Germany or Sweden, unions most often negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Employers%27_organization" title="Employers' organization">employers associations</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">sectoral bargaining</a>. </p><p>Concerning labour market regulation in the EU, Gold (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hall (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have identified three distinct systems of labour market regulation, which also influence the role that unions play: </p> <ul><li>"In the Continental European System of labour market regulation, the government plays an important role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights, which provides the basis for agreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers or employers' associations on the other. This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU, due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> member states in 2004.</li> <li>In the Anglo-Saxon System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is much more limited, which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any union or employers' associations which might represent these parties in the decision-making process. However, in these countries, collective agreements are not widespread; only a few businesses and a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labour relations. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the UK belong to this category, and in contrast to the EU core countries above, these countries first joined the EU in 1973.</li> <li>In the Nordic System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo-Saxon system. However, in contrast to the countries in the Anglo-Saxon system category, this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements, which covers most industries and most firms. This model was said to encompass Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Here, Denmark joined the EU in 1973, whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The United States takes a more <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> approach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces. Thus, it comes closest to the above Anglo-Saxon model. Also, the Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come closest to the Anglo-Saxon model. </p><p>In contrast, in Germany, the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical. In consequence, many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protection of individuals. However, the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to create a balance of power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers' associations. This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining, compared to the narrow boundaries for individual negotiations. As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union, employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers. If such an employee's association is competing against another union, its leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in labour court. In Germany, only very few professional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members, notably the medical doctor's association <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburger_Bund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marburger Bund (page does not exist)">Marburger Bund</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburger_Bund" class="extiw" title="de:Marburger Bund">de</a>]</span> and the pilots association <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vereinigung_Cockpit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vereinigung Cockpit (page does not exist)">Vereinigung Cockpit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigung_Cockpit" class="extiw" title="de:Vereinigung Cockpit">de</a>]</span>. The engineer's association <a href="/wiki/Verein_Deutscher_Ingenieure" title="Verein Deutscher Ingenieure">Verein Deutscher Ingenieure</a> does not strive to act as a union, as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses. </p><p>Beyond the classification listed above, unions' relations with political parties vary. In many countries unions are tightly bonded, or even share leadership, with a political party intended to represent the interests of the working class. Typically, this is a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democratic</a> party, but many exceptions exist, including some of the aforementioned Christian unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole,_M._1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, trade unions are almost always aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> with a few exceptions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">International Brotherhood of Teamsters</a> has supported <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> candidates on a number of occasions and the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization</a> (PATCO) endorsed <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1980. In the United Kingdom trade union movement's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> frayed as party leadership embarked on <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> plans at odds with what unions see as the worker's interests. However, it has strengthened once more after the Labour party's election of <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, who beat his brother <a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a> to become leader of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes. Additionally, in the past, there was a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Trade_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Trade Unionists">Conservative Trade Unionists</a>, or CTU, formed of people who sympathized with right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists. </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate, but collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the <a href="/wiki/Korean_New_Year" title="Korean New Year">lunar new year</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shop_types">Shop types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shop types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of several models: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shop</a> (US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK) employs only people who are already union members. The compulsory <a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">hiring hall</a> is an example of a closed shop—in this case the employer must recruit directly from the union, as well as the employee working strictly for unionized employers.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">union shop</a> (US) or a "post-entry closed shop" (UK) employs non-union workers as well but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">agency shop</a> requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiating their contract. This is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Rand_formula" title="Rand formula">Rand formula</a>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">open shop</a> does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers. Where a union is active, workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract (<a href="/wiki/Free_riders" class="mw-redirect" title="Free riders">free riders</a>) and those who do not. In the United States, state level <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work laws</a> mandate the open shop in some states. In Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based on union membership is forbidden. This affects the function and services of the union.</li></ul> <p>An EU case concerning Italy stated that, "The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ("negative" freedom of association/trade union freedom), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm to non-unionized employees."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, previous to this EU jurisprudence, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher's government restricted closed and union shops. All agreements requiring a worker to join a union are now illegal. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> of 1947 outlawed the closed shop. </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> found Danish closed-shop agreements to be in breach of Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms</a>. It was stressed that Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the conclusion of closed-shop agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trade_union" title="Talk:Trade union">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg/220px-1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg/330px-1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg/440px-1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>US income inequality and union participation have had a distinctly inverse relationship, with the disparity increasing since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_20230707_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20230707-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The academic literature shows substantial evidence that trade unions reduce <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld2014_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld2014-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WesternRosenfeld2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesternRosenfeld2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> has asserted that, "Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it easier for <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEOs</a>, sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape, to increase it." Evidence indicates that those who are <i>not</i> members of unions also see higher wages. Researchers suggest that unions set industrial norms as firms try to stop further unionization or losing workers to better-paying competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-WesternRosenfeld2011_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesternRosenfeld2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld2014_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld2014-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline in unionization since the 1960s in the United States has been associated with a pronounced rise in <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">wealth inequality</a> and, since 1967, with loss of <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a> income.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-work laws">Right-to-work laws</a> have been linked to greater economic inequality in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> think tank has asserted that the economic inequality argument made in favor of trade unions "misfires on several fronts. Those high union wages could not survive in the face of foreign competition or new nonunionized firms. The only way a union can provide gains for its members is to extract some fraction of the profits that firms enjoy when they hold monopoly positions." The think tank has also asserted that the decline of trade unions in the United States "cannot drive widespread inequality for the entire population, which is also affected by a rise in the knowledge economy as well as a general aging of the population."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research from Norway has found that high unionization rates lead to substantial increases in firm productivity, as well as increases in workers' wages.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research from Belgium also found productivity gains, although smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other research in the United States has found that unions can harm profitability, employment and business growth rates.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK research on employment, wages, productivity, and investment found union density improved all metrics - but only until a limit. Forming U-shaped curves, after an optimal density, more unionisation <i>worsened</i> employment, wages, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research from the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> indicates that unions can provide wage premiums and reduce inequality while reducing employment growth and restricting employment flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some trade unions oppose approaches which increase productivity, such as <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e922_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e922-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the outsourcing of labour to Asia, Latin America, and Africa has been partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership, which gives other countries a <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> in labour, making it more efficient to perform labour-intensive work there.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers and those with secure jobs at the cost of outsider workers, consumers of the goods or services produced, and the shareholders of the unionized business.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> sought to show that unionization produces higher wages (for the union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> criticized unions in chapter 18 of his publication <i><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade unions frequently advocate for <a href="/wiki/Lockstep_compensation" title="Lockstep compensation">seniority-based compensation</a> and against <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-z950_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z950-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the weakening of unions has been linked to more favourable electoral outcomes for the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislators in areas with high unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the poor, whereas areas with lower unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the rich.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher unionization rates increase the likelihood of parental leave policies being adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican-controlled states are less likely to adopt more restrictive labour policies when unions are strong in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in the United States found that American congressional representatives were more responsive to the interests of the poor in districts with higher unionization rates.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2020 American study found an association between US state level adoption of parental leave legislation and trade union strength.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, unions have been linked to lower racial resentment among whites.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in unions increases political knowledge, in particular among those with less formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to American socialist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>, "Labor unions have long occupied a paradoxical position within Marxist theory. They are an essential expression of the working class taking shape as a collective actor and an essential vehicle for working-class action. ... At the same time, unions are an imperfect and incomplete vehicle for the working class to achieve one of Marxist theory's central goals: overthrowing capitalism. Unions by their very existence affirm and reinforce capitalist class society. As organizations which primarily negotiate wages, benefits, and working conditions with employers, unions only exist in relation to capitalists."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">Public-sector trade unions</a> have been associated with increased cost of government.<sup id="cite_ref-u201_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u201-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, higher union density has been associated with lower suicide/overdose deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decreased unionization rates in the United States have been linked to an increase in occupational fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zoorob_2018_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoorob_2018-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Product_Passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Product Passport">Digital Product Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_federation_competition_in_the_United_States" title="Labor federation competition in the United States">Labor federation competition in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Management_Reporting_and_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act">Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_inspectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour inspectorate">Labour inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">List of trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_margin" title="Profit margin">Profit margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Librarians_Guild" title="Progressive Librarians Guild">Progressive Librarians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Labor_Agreement" title="Project Labor Agreement">Project Labor Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(union_organizing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (union organizing)">Salt (union organizing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_politics" title="Workplace politics">Workplace politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb1920_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1920">Webb & Webb 1920</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poole,_M._1986-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poole,_M._1986_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Poole, M., 1986. Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. 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Translated by Sommer, Otto. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Past_Exploration_Society" title="Records of the Past Exploration Society">Records of the Past Exploration Society</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n25/mode/2up">85</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present [compensation].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Code+of+Hammurabi%2C+King+of+Babylon&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Hammurabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924060109703%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_1904_p._85-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_1904_p._85_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1904" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf">"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></i>. 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Translated by Sommer, Otto. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Past_Exploration_Society" title="Records of the Past Exploration Society">Records of the Past Exploration Society</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n29/mode/2up">88</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>275. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240389">"John Stuart Mill and the Economic Rationale for Organized Labor"</a>. <i>The American Economist</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F056943451105600205">10.1177/056943451105600205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0569-4345">0569-4345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240389">23240389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157935634">157935634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economist&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill+and+the+Economic+Rationale+for+Organized+Labor&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0569-4345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157935634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23240389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F056943451105600205&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Yanochik%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23240389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1357701/trade-union">"Trade union"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trade+union&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1357701%2Ftrade-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend-Smith1981" class="citation journal cs1">Townshend-Smith, R (1981). "Trade union recognition legislation – Britain and America compared". <i>Legal Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-121X.1981.tb00120.x">10.1111/j.1748-121X.1981.tb00120.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145725063">145725063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Trade+union+recognition+legislation+%E2%80%93+Britain+and+America+compared&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-121X.1981.tb00120.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145725063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Townshend-Smith&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2007" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, C. 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(2013). "Labour Law and Union Recognition in Canada: A Historical-Institutionalist Perspective". <i>Queen's Law Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>417.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Labour+Law+and+Union+Recognition+in+Canada%3A+A+Historical-Institutionalist+Perspective&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Goodard&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.H.2015" class="citation news cs1">E.H. (29 September 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2015/09/29/why-trade-unions-are-declining">"Why trade unions are declining"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+trade+unions+are+declining&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft.au=E.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2Fwhy-trade-unions-are-declining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILO_Stats-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILO_Stats_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132038/https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_IR_EN.pdf">"Industrial relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Labour Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_IR_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+relations&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Filostat-files%2FDocuments%2Fdescription_IR_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kjellberg, Anders (2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/publications/trade-unions-in-sweden-still-high-union-density-but-widening-gaps">"Trade unions in Sweden: still high union density, but widening gaps by social category and national origin"</a>. In Jeremy Waddington & Torsten Mueller & Kurt Vandaele (eds.) <i>Trade unions in the European Union. Picking up the pieces of the neoliberal challenge</i>. Brussels: Peter Lang and Etui. Series: Travail et Société / Work and Society, Volume 86, 2023, chapter 28, pp. 1051–1092.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kjellberg, Anders (2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/141188161/The_Nordic_model_of_industrial_relations_comparing_Denmark_Finland_Norway_and_Sweden.pdf"><i>The Nordic Model of Industrial Relations: comparing Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden</i></a>. Department of Sociology, Lund University and Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/08/09/10-biggest-strikes-in-american-history/">The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223030/http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/08/09/10-biggest-strikes-in-american-history/">Archived</a> 2 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Fox Business. 9 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr23/031/2005/en/">Amnesty International report 23 September 2005</a> – fear for safety of <a href="/wiki/SINALTRAINAL" class="mw-redirect" title="SINALTRAINAL">SINALTRAINAL</a> member José Onofre Esquivel Luna</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchminkeFridell2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schminke, Tobias Gerhard; Fridell, Gavin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/globallabour/article/view/4394">"Trade Union Transformation and Informal Sector Organising in Uganda: The Prospects and Challenges for Promoting Labour-led Development"</a>. <i>Global Labour Movement</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15173%2Fglj.v12i2.4394">10.15173/glj.v12i2.4394</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Labour+Movement&rft.atitle=Trade+Union+Transformation+and+Informal+Sector+Organising+in+Uganda%3A+The+Prospects+and+Challenges+for+Promoting+Labour-led+Development&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15173%2Fglj.v12i2.4394&rft.aulast=Schminke&rft.aufirst=Tobias+Gerhard&rft.au=Fridell%2C+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmulpress.mcmaster.ca%2Fgloballabour%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detfagligehus.dk/">"See the website of the Danish discount union "Det faglige Hus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Danish.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=See+the+website+of+the+Danish+discount+union+%22Det+faglige+Hus%22&rft.pub=Danish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detfagligehus.dk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoland2005" class="citation web cs1">Poland, Professor Jacek Tittenbrun of Poznan University (18 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/revolt-polish-workers101001.htm">"The economic and social processes that led to the revolt of the Polish workers in the early eighties"</a>. <i>www.marxist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxist.com&rft.atitle=The+economic+and+social+processes+that+led+to+the+revolt+of+the+Polish+workers+in+the+early+eighties&rft.date=2005-07-18&rft.aulast=Poland&rft.aufirst=Professor+Jacek+Tittenbrun+of+Poznan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Frevolt-polish-workers101001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.money.pl/artykul/solidarnosc;popiera;kaczynskiego;jak;kiedys;walese,177,0,615857.html">Solidarność popiera Kaczyńskiego jak kiedyś Wałęsę</a> at news.money.pl <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See E McGaughey, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2995297">ssrn.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154704/http://www.acirrt.com/pubs/Trainingwagesupdate.pdf">"Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Acirrt.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acirrt.com/pubs/Trainingwagesupdate.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>99</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1745–</span>1771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2Fsoaa074">10.1093/sf/soaa074</a></span>. <q>Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy adoption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=When+Do+Unions+Matter+to+Social+Policy%3F+Organized+Labor+and+Leave+Legislation+in+US+States&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1745-%3C%2Fspan%3E1771&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsf%2Fsoaa074&rft.aulast=Engeman&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsf%252Fsoaa074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrymerGrumbach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Frymer, Paul; Grumbach, Jacob M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12537">"Labor Unions and White Racial Politics"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>65</b>: <span class="nowrap">225–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12537">10.1111/ajps.12537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907">1540-5907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221245953">221245953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Labor+Unions+and+White+Racial+Politics&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221245953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1540-5907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12537&rft.aulast=Frymer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Grumbach%2C+Jacob+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2019" class="citation journal cs1">Macdonald, David (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7">"How Labor Unions Increase Political Knowledge: Evidence from the United States"</a>. <i>Political Behavior</i>. <b>43</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11109-019-09548-7">10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-6687">1573-6687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159071392">159071392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Behavior&rft.atitle=How+Labor+Unions+Increase+Political+Knowledge%3A+Evidence+from+the+United+States&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159071392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-6687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11109-019-09548-7&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11109-019-09548-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2020/01/marxism-trade-unions-socialism-revolutionary-organizing">"Why Unions Are Good — But Not Good Enough"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Why+Unions+Are+Good+%E2%80%94+But+Not+Good+Enough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fmarxism-trade-unions-socialism-revolutionary-organizing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u201-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-u201_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnziaMoe2015" class="citation journal cs1">Anzia, Sarah F.; Moe, Terry M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n57c3tf">"Public Sector Unions and the Costs of Government"</a>. <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F678311">10.1086/678311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Public+Sector+Unions+and+the+Costs+of+Government&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F678311&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft.aulast=Anzia&rft.aufirst=Sarah+F.&rft.au=Moe%2C+Terry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F0n57c3tf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg-GuyotMooneyHagopianBarrington2020" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy; Mooney, Stephen J.; Hagopian, Amy; Barrington, Wendy E.; Hajat, Anjum (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7293351">"Solidarity and disparity: Declining labor union density and changing racial and educational mortality inequities in the United States"</a>. <i>American Journal of Industrial Medicine</i>. <b>63</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajim.23081">10.1002/ajim.23081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-0274">1097-0274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7293351">7293351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31845387">31845387</a>. <q>Results – Overall, a 10% increase in union density was associated with a 17% relative decrease in overdose/suicide mortality (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70, 0.98), or 5.7 lives saved per 100 000 person‐years (95% CI: −10.7, −0.7). Union density's absolute (lives‐saved) effects on overdose/suicide mortality were stronger for men than women, but its relative effects were similar across genders. Union density had little effect on all‐cause mortality overall or across subgroups, and modeling suggested union‐density increases would not affect mortality inequities. Conclusions - Declining union density (as operationalized in this study) may not explain all‐cause mortality inequities, although increases in union density may reduce overdose/suicide mortality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Industrial+Medicine&rft.atitle=Solidarity+and+disparity%3A+Declining+labor+union+density+and+changing+racial+and+educational+mortality+inequities+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7293351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1097-0274&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31845387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajim.23081&rft.aulast=Eisenberg-Guyot&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Mooney%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Hagopian%2C+Amy&rft.au=Barrington%2C+Wendy+E.&rft.au=Hajat%2C+Anjum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7293351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zoorob_2018-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zoorob_2018_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoorob2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zoorob, Michael (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oem.bmj.com/content/75/10/736">"Does 'right to work' imperil the right to health? The effect of labour unions on workplace fatalities"</a>. <i>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>75</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">736–</span>738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foemed-2017-104747">10.1136/oemed-2017-104747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0711">1351-0711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29898957">29898957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49187014">49187014</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Local Average Treatment Effect of a 1% decline in unionisation attributable to RTW is about a 5% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities. In total, RTW laws have led to a 14.2% increase in occupational mortality through decreased unionisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Does+%27right+to+work%27+imperil+the+right+to+health%3F+The+effect+of+labour+unions+on+workplace+fatalities&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E736-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.issn=1351-0711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49187014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29898957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foemed-2017-104747&rft.aulast=Zoorob&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foem.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F75%2F10%2F736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunthal1956" class="citation journal cs1">Braunthal, Gerard (1956). "The German Free Trade Unions during the Rise of Nazism". <i>Journal of Central European Affairs</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Central+European+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+German+Free+Trade+Unions+during+the+Rise+of+Nazism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Braunthal&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2010" class="citation book cs1">Cole, G. D. H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YaBzZXueFFYC"><i>Attempts at General Union</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136885167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136885167"><bdi>978-1136885167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attempts+at+General+Union&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1136885167&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=G.+D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYaBzZXueFFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2001" class="citation book cs1">James, Robert Noel (2001). <i>Craft, Trade or Mystery</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tighes_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighes Hill">Tighes Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Craft%2C+Trade+or+Mystery&rft.place=Tighes+Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Robert+Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses1973" class="citation journal cs1">Moses, John A. (December 1973). "The Trade Union Issue In German Social Democracy 1890–1900". <i>Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der Deutschen Arbeiterbewegung</i> (19/20): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internationale+Wissenschaftliche+Korrespondenz+zur+Geschichte+der+Deutschen+Arbeiterbewegung&rft.atitle=The+Trade+Union+Issue+In+German+Social+Democracy+1890%E2%80%931900&rft.issue=19%2F20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1973-12&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1991" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Michael (1991). <i>A brief history of the German trade unions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>: JHW Dietz Nachfolger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+German+trade+unions&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=JHW+Dietz+Nachfolger&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbWebb1920" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). "Chapter I". <i>History of Trade Unionism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+I&rft.btitle=History+of+Trade+Unionism&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Webb%2C+Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Docherty, James C. (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Organized+Labor&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocherty2010" class="citation book cs1">Docherty, James C. (2010). <i>The A to Z of Organized Labor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Organized+Labor&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide : Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact</i> ed by Neil Schlager (2 vol. 2004)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aldcroft, D. H. and Oliver, M. J., eds. <i>Trade Unions and the Economy, 1870–2000.</i> (2000).</li> <li>Campbell, A., Fishman, N., and McIlroy, J. eds. <i>British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics: The Post-War Compromise 1945–64</i> (1999).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Clegg_(industrial_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Clegg (industrial relations)">Clegg, H.A.</a> (1964). <i>1889–1910</i>. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1889%E2%80%931910&rft.series=A+History+of+British+Trade+Unions+Since+1889&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg1985" class="citation book cs1">Clegg, H.A. (1985). <i>1911–1933</i>. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. II.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1911%E2%80%931933&rft.series=A+History+of+British+Trade+Unions+Since+1889&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg1994" class="citation book cs1">Clegg, H.A. (1994). <i>1934–1951</i>. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1934%E2%80%931951&rft.series=A+History+of+British+Trade+Unions+Since+1889&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, A. J. (1996). <i>To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Build+a+New+Jerusalem%3A+Labour+Movement+from+the+1890s+to+the+1990s&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaybourn1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Laybourn" title="Keith Laybourn">Laybourn, Keith</a> (1992). <i>A history of British trade unionism c. 1770–1990</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+British+trade+unionism+c.+1770%E2%80%931990&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Laybourn&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Minkin, Lewis (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/7833038/the-contentious-alliance-trade-unions-and-the-labour"><i>The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party</i></a>. p. 708.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contentious+Alliance%3A+Trade+Unions+and+the+Labour+Party&rft.pages=708&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Minkin&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F7833038%2Fthe-contentious-alliance-trade-unions-and-the-labour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling1987" class="citation book cs1">Pelling, Henry (1987). <i>A history of British trade unionism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+British+trade+unionism&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wrigley, Chris, ed. <i>British Trade Unions, 1945–1995</i> (Manchester University Press, 1997)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Zeitlin, Jonathan (1987). "From labour history to the history of industrial relations". <i>Economic History Review</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2596686">10.2307/2596686</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596686">2596686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=From+labour+history+to+the+history+of+industrial+relations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2596686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2596686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Directory of Employer's Associations, Trade unions, Joint Organisations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0113612508" title="Special:BookSources/0113612508"><bdi>0113612508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+Employer%27s+Associations%2C+Trade+unions%2C+Joint+Organisations&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0113612508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Berghahn, Volker R., and Detlev Karsten. <i>Industrial Relations in West Germany</i> (Bloomsbury Academic, 1988).</li> <li>European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/social/keyDocuments.jsp?type=0&policyArea=0&subCategory=0&country=0&year=0&advSearchKey=IRIE&mode=advancedSubmit&langId=en"><i>Industrial Relations in Europe 2010.</i></a></li> <li>Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca, and Richard Hyman. <i>Trade unions in western Europe: Hard times, hard choices</i> (Oxford UP, 2013).</li> <li>Kjellberg, Anders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1964092&fileOId=2064087">"The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007"</a>, <i>Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies</i> (NJWLS) Vol. 1. No 1 (August 2011), pp. 67–93.</li> <li>Kjellberg, Anders (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/the-membership-development-of-swedish-trade-unions-and-union-confederations-since-the-end-of-the-nineteenth-century(f155826a-fa3c-41c7-9e34-19c7fc94a8dc).html"><i>The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the Nineteenth Century</i></a> (Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility). Research Reports 2017:2. Lund: Department of Sociology, Lund University.</li> <li>Markovits, Andrei. <i>The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>McGaughey, Ewan, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2995297">ssrn.com</a></li> <li>Misner, Paul. <i>Catholic Labor Movements in Europe. Social Thought and Action, 1914–1965</i> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol16reviews/vol16no120horn.pdf">online review</a></li> <li>Mommsen, Wolfgang J., and Hans-Gerhard Husung, eds. <i>The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880–1914</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1985).</li> <li>Ribeiro, Ana Teresa. "Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Europe." <i>E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies</i> 5.1 (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adapt.it/EJCLS/index.php/ejcls_adapt/article/viewFile/342/447">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111161958/http://www.adapt.it/EJCLS/index.php/ejcls_adapt/article/viewFile/342/447">Archived</a> 11 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Upchurch, Martin, and Graham Taylor. <i>The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Arnesen, Eric, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History</i> (2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415968267">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Beik, Millie, ed. <i>Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History</i> (2005) over 100 annotated primary documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313318646">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Boris, Eileen, and Nelson Lichtenstein, eds. <i>Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays</i> (2002)</li> <li>Brody, David. <i>In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195067908">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Guild, C. M. (2021). Union Library Workers Blog: The Years 2019–2020 in Review. <i>Progressive Librarian</i>, 48, 110–165.</li> <li>Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. <i>Labor in America: A History</i> (2004), textbook, based on earlier textbooks by Dulles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Osnos" title="Evan Osnos">Osnos, Evan</a>, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 29 January 2024</li> <li>Taylor, Paul F. <i>The ABC-CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement</i> (1993) 237pp; short encyclopedia</li> <li>Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall, <i>American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century</i>(3rd ed. 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/080187078X">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alexander, Robert Jackson, and Eldon M. Parker. <i>A history of organized labor in Brazil</i> (Greenwood, 2003).</li> <li>Dean, Adam. 2022. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/opening-up-by-cracking-down/0986F8FA66EC6A2FEB76C5DB1CDCBFCD">Opening Up By Cracking Down: Labor Repression and Trade Liberalization in Democratic Developing Countries</a></i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Hodder, A. and L. Kretsos, eds. <i>Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View</i> (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2015). Review: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolgate2016" class="citation journal cs1">Holgate, Jane (9 July 2016). "Book review: A Hodder and L Kretsos (eds), Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View". <i>Work, Employment and Society</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">561–</span>562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0950017015614214">10.1177/0950017015614214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-0170">0950-0170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155792641">155792641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work%2C+Employment+and+Society&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+A+Hodder+and+L+Kretsos+%28eds%29%2C+Young+Workers+and+Trade+Unions%3A+A+Global+View&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E561-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2016-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155792641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-0170&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0950017015614214&rft.aulast=Holgate&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kester, Gérard. <i>Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Lenti, Joseph U. <i>Redeeming the Revolution: The State and Organized Labor in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 2017).</li> <li>Levitsky, Steven, and Scott Mainwaring. "Organized labor and democracy in Latin America". <i>Comparative Politics</i> (2006): 21–42, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20434019">20434019</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20434019">10.2307/20434019</a>.</li> <li>Lipton, Charles (1967). <i>The Trade Union Movement of Canada: 1827–1959</i>. (3rd ed. Toronto, Ont.: New Canada Publications, 1973).</li> <li>Orr, Charles A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/159416">"Trade Unionism in Colonial Africa"</a> <i>Journal of Modern African Studies</i>, 4 (1966), pp. 65–81</li> <li>Panitch, Leo & Swartz, Donald (2003). <i>From consent to coercion: The assault on trade union freedoms</i> (third edition. Ontario: Garamound Press).</li> <li>Taylor, Andrew. <i>Trade Unions and Politics: A Comparative Introduction</i> (Macmillan, 1989).</li> <li>Visser, Jelle. "Union membership statistics in 24 countries." <i>Monthly Labor Review</i>. 129 (2006): 38+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=key_workplace">online</a></li> <li>Visser, Jelle. "ICTWSS: Database on institutional characteristics of trade unions, wage setting, state intervention and social pacts in 34 countries between 1960 and 2007". Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, AIAS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uva-aias.net/208">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Trade_union" class="extiw" title="q:Trade union">Trade union</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trade_Unions" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trade Unions">Trade Unions</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050625080457/http://www.actu.asn.au/">Australian Council of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981202051850/http://labourstart.org/">LabourStart international trade union news service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiolabour.net/">RadioLabour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newunionism.net/">New Unionism Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106180541/http://newunionism.net/">Archived</a> 6 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2004/trade-union-membership-1993-2003">Trade union membership 1993–2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407002543/https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2004/trade-union-membership-1993-2003">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 26 European countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2009/trade-union-membership-2003-2008">Trade union membership 2003–2008</a> – European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 28 European countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionancestors.co.uk/">Trade Union Ancestors</a> – Listing of 5,000 UK trade unions with histories of main organisations, trade union "family trees" and details of union membership and strikes since 1900.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionhistory.info/index.php">TUC History online</a> – History of the British union movement</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718192916/http://www.ugt-cat.net/subdominis/ajlleida/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=116">Short history of the UGT in Catalonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105041417/http://www.younionize.info/">Younionize Global Union Directory</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workplacefairness.org/unions-retaliation">Retaliation for Union Activity and Collection Action Rights</a>", Workplace Fairness</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labornotes.org/"><i>Labor Notes</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/history-labor-unions-colonial-times-2009"><i>A History of Labor Unions from Colonial Times to 2009</i></a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_labour252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Organized labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Organized labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_labour252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organized labour</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labour council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" class="mw-redirect" title="National trade union center">National trade union centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">Unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk of the chapel">Clerk of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the chapel">Father of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(union_organizing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (union organizing)">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">Open shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(union)" title="Bump (union)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labour revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-away" title="Stay-away">Stay-away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organizational dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labour spies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labour code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_by_region89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Trade_unions_by_region89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trade unions by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_in_Africa271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_Africa271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trade unions in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Angola" title="Trade unions in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Benin" title="Trade unions in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswana" title="Trade unions in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Trade unions in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burundi" title="Trade unions in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cameroon" title="Trade unions in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cape_Verde" title="Trade unions in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Chad" title="Trade unions in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Comoros" title="Trade unions in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Trade unions in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Egypt" title="Trade unions in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Gambia" title="Trade unions in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Guinea" title="Trade unions in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Niger" title="Trade unions in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegal" title="Trade unions in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Trade unions in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Sudan" title="Trade unions in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Sudan" title="Trade unions in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tanzania" title="Trade unions in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Togo" title="Trade unions in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Uganda" title="Trade unions in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Saint_Helena" title="Trade unions in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_in_the_Americas383" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_the_Americas383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trade unions in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Argentina" title="Trade unions in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Brazil" title="Trade unions in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Colombia" title="Trade unions in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Costa_Rica" title="Trade unions in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ecuador" title="Trade unions in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Grenada" title="Trade unions in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Trade unions in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Trade unions in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_in_Asia411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_Asia411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trade unions in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Afghanistan" title="Trade unions in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armenia" title="Trade unions in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Trade unions in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cyprus" title="Trade unions in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Egypt" title="Trade unions in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_India" title="Trade unions in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Laos" title="Trade unions in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Oman" title="Trade unions in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Pakistan" title="Trade unions in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Qatar" title="Trade unions in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Turkey" title="Trade unions in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Christmas_Island" title="Trade unions in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_in_Europe127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_Europe" title="Template:Trade unions in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trade_unions_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Trade unions in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trade_unions_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trade unions in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_Europe127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Europe" title="Trade unions in Europe">Trade unions in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Andorra" title="Trade unions in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armenia" title="Trade unions in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Trade unions in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Belarus" title="Trade unions in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cyprus" title="Trade unions in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Turkey" title="Trade unions in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Trade unions in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Trade unions in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_in_Oceania113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_Oceania113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trade unions in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Trade unions in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Fiji" title="Trade unions in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Trade unions in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Nauru" title="Trade unions in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Palau" title="Trade unions in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Christmas_Island" title="Trade unions in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insurance256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insurance" title="Template:Insurance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insurance" title="Template talk:Insurance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insurance256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br />insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death_and_dismemberment_insurance" title="Accidental death and dismemberment insurance">Accidental death and dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_insurance" title="Dental insurance">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_permanent_disability_insurance" title="Total permanent disability insurance">Total permanent disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_overhead_expense_disability_insurance" title="Business overhead expense disability insurance">Business overhead expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_protection_insurance" title="Income protection insurance">Income protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_life_insurance" title="Mortgage life insurance">Mortgage life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_life_insurance" title="Term life insurance">Term life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_life_insurance" title="Universal life insurance">Universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_universal_life_insurance" title="Variable universal life insurance">Variable universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_life_insurance" title="Whole life insurance">Whole life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_insurance" title="Bond insurance">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_interruption_insurance" title="Business interruption insurance">Business interruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_owner%27s_policy" title="Business owner's policy">Business owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_protection_insurance" title="Collateral protection insurance">Collateral protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">Directors and officers liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_bond" title="Fidelity bond">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-redemption_insurance" title="Over-redemption insurance">Over-redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_insurance" title="Pollution insurance">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">Professional liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">Protection and indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_credit_insurance" title="Trade credit insurance">Trade credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">Umbrella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler insurance">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_risk_insurance" title="Builder's risk insurance">Builder's risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_insurance" title="Contents insurance">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_insurance" title="Flood insurance">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_insurance" title="Home insurance">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords%27_insurance" title="Landlords' insurance">Landlords'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">Lenders mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renters%27_insurance" title="Renters' insurance">Renters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_insurance" title="Title insurance">Title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport/<br />Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAP_insurance" title="GAP insurance">GAP insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_marine_insurance" title="Inland marine insurance">Inland marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_auto_insurance" title="Public auto insurance">Public auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_insurance" title="Satellite insurance">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance-linked_security" title="Insurance-linked security">Insurance-linked securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">Casualty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Casualty_insurance" title="Insurance">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_insurance" title="Crop insurance">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_crop_insurance" title="Catastrophic crop insurance">Catastrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-peril_crop_insurance" title="Multi-peril crop insurance">Multi-peril</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_insurance" title="Cyber insurance">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate_insurance" title="Expatriate insurance">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_insurance" title="Group insurance">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index-based_insurance" title="Index-based insurance">Index-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_insurance" title="Parametric insurance">Parametric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_insurance" title="Interest rate insurance">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnap_and_ransom_insurance" title="Kidnap and ransom insurance">Kidnap and ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_expenses_insurance" title="Legal expenses insurance">Legal expenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">No-fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_insurance" title="Pet insurance">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk_insurance" title="Political risk insurance">Political risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_indemnity_insurance" title="Prize indemnity insurance">Prize indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_insurance" title="Tuition insurance">Tuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_risk_insurance" title="War risk insurance">War risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_insurance" title="Weather insurance">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">Insurance <br />policy</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">Adverse selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">Value of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_cash_value" title="Actual cash value">Actual cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_value" title="Cash value">Cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(insurance)" title="Cancellation (insurance)">Cancellation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_rata" title="Pro rata">Pro rata</a></i></li> <li>Short rate table</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Claim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">Claims adjuster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">Co-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copayment" title="Copayment">Copayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurability" title="Insurability">Insurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurable_interest" title="Insurable interest">Insurable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_value" title="Replacement value">Replacement value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">Self-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_loss" title="Total loss">Total loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underinsured" title="Underinsured">Underinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">Underwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_profit" title="Underwriting profit">Profit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance <br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_industry_in_China" title="Insurance industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle insurance in the United States">Vehicle insurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">Mesopotamian banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§100–105; §126</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§234</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§235–238; §240</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§275–277</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_cycle" title="Insurance cycle">Insurance cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurance" title="Category:Insurance">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Insurance" title="Outline of finance">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syndicalism780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syndicalism" title="Template:Syndicalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syndicalism" title="Template talk:Syndicalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syndicalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syndicalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syndicalism780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Hand That Will Rule The World—One Big Union""><img alt=""The Hand That Will Rule The World—One Big Union"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/100px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/150px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/200px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Labour unionisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (1864–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWA%E2%80%93AIT" title="IWA–AIT">IWA–AIT</a> and affiliates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers%27_Federation" title="Argentine Regional Workers' Federation">Argentine Regional Workers' Federation</a> (FORA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Workers_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Workers Confederation">Brazilian Workers Confederation</a> (COB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (CNT–AIT, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Revolutionary_Anarcho-Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists">Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists</a> (CRAS, Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Workers%27_Union" title="Free Workers' Union">Free Workers' Union</a> (FAU, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Forbund" title="Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund">Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund</a> (NSF–IAA, Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a> (SF–IWA, Britain)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Spain)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Spain)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGT, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(Chile)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (Chile)">IWW-Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW-South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union" title="Irish Transport and General Workers' Union">Irish Transport and General Workers' Union</a> (ITGWU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagoppositionens_Sammenslutning" title="Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning">Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning</a> (FS, Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Workers' Union (Portugal)">National Workers' Union</a> (UON, Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAC_Syndikalisterna" title="SAC Syndikalisterna">Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation</a> (SAC, Sweden) </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thompson_Bain" title="James Thompson Bain">Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Berth" title="Édouard Berth">Berth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">De Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Delesalle" title="Paul Delesalle">Delesalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fitzgerald_(trade_unionist)" title="Mary Fitzgerald (trade unionist)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Griffuelhes" title="Victor Griffuelhes">Griffuelhes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janvion" title="Émile Janvion">Janvion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Jouhaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Monatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver" title="Juan García Oliver">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Pelloutier" title="Fernand Pelloutier">Pelloutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/15px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/23px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/30px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syndicalism" title="Category:Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy499" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy499" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;">Variants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br />and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-59568d54d6-sk47l","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.733","walltime":"2.105","ppvisitednodes":{"value":34785,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":578694,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":125709,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":485737,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1709.915 1 -total"," 34.20% 584.873 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.88% 391.157 2 Template:Navboxes"," 22.11% 378.136 14 Template:Navbox"," 13.43% 229.594 105 Template:Iso2country"," 11.97% 204.651 41 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.26% 158.325 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 7.62% 130.293 1 Template:Trade_unions_in_Europe"," 7.49% 128.000 20 Template:Cite_web"," 7.37% 125.982 1 Template:Europe_topic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.893","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":32446201,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdul-RazzakPratoWolton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhlquist2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnziaMoe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBamberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthBrysonDale-Olsen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecherStegmueller2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBotz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunthal1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucciJansa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._M._N.1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClegg1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClegg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClegg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsNiemesh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDocherty2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDocherty2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE.H.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEavis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenberg-GuyotMooneyHagopianBarrington2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngeman2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarberHerbstKuziemkoNaidu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrymerGrumbach2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsburg1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammurabi1903\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHammurabi1904\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHammurabi1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertel-Fernandez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolgate2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKautsky1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingYanochik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramarz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaybourn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhardt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintott1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinkin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonastiriotis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonastiriotis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelling1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlman1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoland2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchminkeFridell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomich2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownshend-Smith1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanHeuvelen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagtmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbWebb1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbWebb1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelsh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesternRosenfeld2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZeitlin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoorob2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Ligt2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Africa topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Americas in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Business organizations\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Insurance\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Labor\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Oceania topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Organized labor\"] = 1,\n [\"Overline\"] = 10,\n [\"Particular human rights\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 6,\n [\"Refend\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Syndicalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Trade unions in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-zqq64","timestamp":"20250219122613","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Trade union","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_union","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178790","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178790","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-28T15:19:36Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T13:21:34Z","headline":"organization of workers with common goals"}</script> </body> </html>