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<span>International human rights law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_human_rights_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_situation_by_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_situation_by_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal situation by jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_situation_by_jurisdiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal situation by jurisdiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_situation_by_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union/European_Economic_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union/European_Economic_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European Union/European Economic Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union/European_Economic_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_law:_Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963_and_Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_law:_Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963_and_Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Federal law: Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_law:_Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963_and_Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>New York state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Washington state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minnesota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minnesota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Minnesota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minnesota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_law:_Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_law:_Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Federal law: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_law:_Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_local_laws,_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_local_laws,_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>State and local laws, 2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_local_laws,_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_protections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_protections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Constitutional protections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_protections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statutory_Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Statutory Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_difference_between_equal_pay_for_equal_work_and_equal_pay_for_work_of_equal_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_difference_between_equal_pay_for_equal_work_and_equal_pay_for_work_of_equal_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The difference between equal pay for equal work and equal pay for work of equal value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_difference_between_equal_pay_for_equal_work_and_equal_pay_for_work_of_equal_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transparency laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transparency_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transparency laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transparency_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Colorado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Equal pay for equal work</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="التوزيع المتساوي للأجور على أساس ساعات العمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوزيع المتساوي للأجور على أساس ساعات العمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualtat_salarial" title="Igualtat salarial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Igualtat salarial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_salarial" title="Igualdad salarial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Igualdad salarial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF" title="برابری درآمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برابری درآمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99_%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%BC%EC%9E%84%EA%B8%88" title="동일노동 동일임금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동일노동 동일임금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaiton_Albashi_Don_Aikin_Dai-Dai" title="Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="समान काम का समान वेतन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समान काम का समान वेतन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaiton_Albashi_Don_Aikin_Dai-Dai" title="Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upah_setara_untuk_pekerjaan_setara" title="Upah setara untuk pekerjaan setara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upah setara untuk pekerjaan setara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequa_remuneratio_ad_aequum_laborem" title="Aequa remuneratio ad aequum laborem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aequa remuneratio ad aequum laborem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ижил хөдөлмөрт тэгш цалин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ижил хөдөлмөрт тэгш цалин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelijke_beloning" title="Gelijke beloning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gelijke beloning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%B3%83%E9%87%91" title="同一労働同一賃金 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同一労働同一賃金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਬਰਾਬਰ ਕੰਮ ਲਈ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਤਨਖਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਾਬਰ ਕੰਮ ਲਈ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਤਨਖਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF" title="د مساوي کار لپاره يوشان مزد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مساوي کار لپاره يوشان مزد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salariu_egal_pentru_munc%C4%83_egal%C4%83" title="Salariu egal pentru muncă egală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Salariu egal pentru muncă egală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95_%D8%A8%DB%86_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ھەمان بڕی مووچە بۆ ھەمان کار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەمان بڕی مووچە بۆ ھەمان کار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Једнака плата за једнак рад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Једнака плата за једнак рад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fit_i%C5%9Fe_e%C5%9Fit_%C3%BCcret" title="Eşit işe eşit ücret – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşit işe eşit ücret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="order-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organized labour</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_activism5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/80px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/120px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/160px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">Exploitation of labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of labor issues and events">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_unionism" title="New unionism">New unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National-syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-syndicalism">National-syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_protection_legislation" title="Employment protection legislation">Employment protection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equal pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Trade unions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">Trade union federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">Chronological list of strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labour parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Labour_Party" title="Fiji Labour Party">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Labour_Party" title="Georgian Labour Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(New_Caledonia)" title="Labour Party (New Caledonia)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Labour Party">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Labor Party (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labor" title="Template:Labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labor" title="Template talk:Labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Equal pay for equal work</b><sup id="cite_ref-ilolex_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilolex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">labour rights</a> that individuals in the same <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplace</a> be given equal pay.<sup id="cite_ref-ilolex_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilolex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most commonly used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual discrimination">sexual discrimination</a>, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a>. Equal pay relates to the full range of payments and benefits, including basic pay, non-salary payments, bonuses and allowances. Some countries have moved faster than others in addressing equal pay. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As wage labor became increasingly formalized during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, women were often paid less than their male counterparts for the same labor, whether for the explicit reason that they were women or under another pretext. The principle of equal pay for equal work arose at the same part of <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminism</a>, with early efforts for equal pay being associated with nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union">Trade Union</a> activism in industrialized countries: for example, a series of strikes by unionized women in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure from Trade Unions has had varied effects, with trade unions sometimes promoting conservatism. <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Ashton_Johnson" title="Carrie Ashton Johnson">Carrie Ashton Johnson</a> was an American suffragist who related equal pay and wages of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce#19th_century" title="Women in the workforce">women in the industrial workforce</a> to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>. In 1895, she was quoted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> as having said, "When women are given the ballot, there will be equal pay for equal work."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before woman's suffrage, women who sought equal pay for equal work used a variety of strategies to convince city and state governments that they deserved the same pay as their male counterparts. For example, the women in the New York City Interborough Association of Women Teachers won their campaign in 1911 by streamlining their goals and emphasizing women's important role in the schoolroom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Second World War, trade unions and the legislatures of industrialized countries gradually embraced the principle of equal pay for equal work; one example of this process is the UK's introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_1970" title="Equal Pay Act 1970">Equal Pay Act 1970</a> in response both to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_sewing_machinists_strike_of_1968" title="Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968">Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968</a>. In recent years European trade unions have generally exerted pressure on states and employers to progress in this direction.<sup id="cite_ref-eurofound.europa.eu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurofound.europa.eu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_human_rights_law">International human rights law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International human rights law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, the statement on equal pay is the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Equal_Remuneration_Convention" title="Equal Remuneration Convention">Equal Remuneration Convention</a>, Convention 100 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> body. The Convention states that </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Each Member shall, by means appropriate to the methods in operation for determining rates of remuneration, promote and, in so far as is consistent with such methods, ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value.<sup id="cite_ref-ilolex_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilolex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Equal pay for equal work is also covered by Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Article 15 of <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution of the International Labour Organization also proclaims "the principles of equal remuneration for equal value".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EEOC's four affirmative defenses allows unequal pay for equal work when the wages are set "pursuant to (i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system; (iii) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (iv) ... any other factor other than sex."<sup id="cite_ref-EEOC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pay differential due to one of these factors is not in breach of the convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_situation_by_jurisdiction">Legal situation by jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal situation by jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union/European_Economic_Area"><span id="European_Union.2FEuropean_Economic_Area"></span>European Union/European Economic Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European Union/European Economic Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-war Europe has seen a fairly consistent pattern in women's participation in the labour market and legislation to promote equal pay for equal work across Eastern and Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koldinskà_2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koldinskà_2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some countries now in the EU, including France, Germany, and Poland, had already enshrined the principle of equal pay for equal work in their constitutions before the foundation of the EU (see table below). When the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), was founded in 1957, the principle of equal pay for equal work was named as a key principle. Article 141 of the Treaty of Rome says "each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While socially progressive, this decision does not necessarily indicate widespread progressive attitudes among the signatories to the treaty: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>While this is often viewed as an example of the progressive nature of the European community, some argue that Article 141 (previously 119) was included largely as a concession to the French who already had equal pay legislation and feared that they would be at a comparative disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The EEC's legislation was clarified in 1975 by the binding and directly applicable equal pay directive 75/117/EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prohibited all discrimination on the grounds of sex in relation to pay; this and other directives were integrated into a single Directive in 2006 (2006/54/EC).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the national level the principle of equal pay is in general fully reflected in the legislation of the 28 EU member states and the additional countries of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA), Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The <a href="/wiki/EU_candidate_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="EU candidate countries">EU candidate countries</a> of Macedonia and Turkey also adapted their legislation to EU standards.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main national legislation concerning pay equity between men and women for different European countries is as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-eurofound.europa.eu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurofound.europa.eu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Main legal provisions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Austria </td> <td>The 1979 Act on Equal Treatment on Men and Women (as amended since) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>The 1999 Law on Equal Treatment for Men and Women (Articles 12 and 25) and the Royal Decree of 9 December 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work included in the labour code<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic </td> <td>Remuneration for work is regulated by Act no. 262/2006 Coll., the labour code, and by Act no. 234/2014 Coll., Civil Service Act. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark </td> <td>The 1976 Act on Equal Pay for Men and Women, as amended since to include additional points </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland </td> <td>The 1995 Constitution (section 5, paragraph 4) and the Act on Equality between Men and Women (section 8, paragraph 2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>The 1946 Constitution and Articles L.140.2 and thereafter of the Labour Code </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>The 1949 Constitution or "Basic Law" (Article 3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td>The 1975 Constitution (Article 22(1)), as amended in 2001, and Law 1484/1984 (Article 4) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work was previously included in the constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has changed; there is now only equality between men and women, and the pay is in the Labour Code. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland </td> <td>The 1961 Equal pay act (#60/1961),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1976 Law for Equality between women and men (#78/1976<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), 2008 Act on Equal Status and Equal Rights of Women and Men (#10/2008) and the amendment added to the law in 2017: Law on equal pay certification <sup id="cite_ref-althingi.is_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-althingi.is-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the Equal Pay Standard introduced in 2012 (ÍST 85:2012<sup id="cite_ref-stadlar.is_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadlar.is-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>The 1998 Employment Equality Act (IE9909144F),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> repealing the 1974 Anti-Discrimination (Pay) Act and the 1977 Employment Equality Act </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel </td> <td>The 1998 Law for Option Equality at Work and the 1996 Law for Equal Pay for Female Worker and Male Worker </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>The Constitution (Articles 3 and 37),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law 903/1977 (Article 2), and Law 125/1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work included in the labour code<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work included in the civil code<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work included in the labour code<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg </td> <td>The 1981 law relating to equal treatment between men and women and the 1974 Grand-Ducal Regulation of relating to equal pay for men and women (Articles 1, 2, 3(1), 3(2) and 4) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta </td> <td>The Constitution (Article 14) and the Equality for Men and Women Act </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>The Constitution (Article 1) and the 1994 Law on Equal Treatment </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>The 1978 Act on Gender Equality </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td>The 1997 Constitution, Chapter II, Article 33.2 enshrined the equal pay for equal work principle, already included in the 1952 Constitution. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td>The Constitution (Article 59) and Law 105/1997 relating to equal treatment at work and in employment </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work included in the constitution<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia </td> <td>Equal pay for equal work included in the constitution<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>The Constitution (Article 35) and the Workers' Statute (Articles 17 and 28). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td>The 1980 Act on Equality between Men and Women/Equal Opportunities Act, as amended since </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_1970" title="Equal Pay Act 1970">Equal Pay Act 1970</a>, as amended by Equal Value Regulations of 1983, and the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 and 1986, superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>2018 Update</b> <i>Law on Equal Pay Certification based on the Equal Pay Standard in Iceland</i> </p><p>Iceland introduced an Equal Pay Standard in 2012, ÍST 85:2012<sup id="cite_ref-stadlar.is_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadlar.is-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Equal wage management system - Requirements and guidance). The standard was developed by the Icelandic trade unions, the employers' confederation and government officials with the goal in mind that it would help employers prevent salary discrimination and enable them to become certified. </p><p>In 2017, the Icelandic government decided to add an amendment to the 2008 laws Act on Equal Status and Equal Rights of Women and Men (#10/2008).<sup id="cite_ref-althingi.is_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-althingi.is-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment is a law on equal pay certification and was put into effect on January 1 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-althingi.is_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-althingi.is-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the amendment companies and institutions employing 25 or more workers, on annual basis, will be required to obtain equal pay certification of their equal pay system and the implementation thereof. The purpose of this obligatory certification is to enforce the current legislation prohibiting discriminatory practices based on gender and requiring that women and men working for the same employer shall be paid equal wages and enjoy equal terms of employment for the same jobs or jobs of equal value.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Gender pay gap in the United States">Gender pay gap in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_law:_Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963_and_Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964">Federal law: Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal law: Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></div> <p>By the 20th century, women made up about a quarter of United States workforce but were still paid far less than men, whether it was the same job or a different job. There were different laws for women in some states such as, not working at night and restriction of their working hours. Women started entering more factory jobs when World War II began to replace men who were enlisted in the military. The wage gap continued to escalate during the war. The National War Labor Board put policies in place to help provide equal pay for women who were directly replacing men.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attempt at equal pay legislation in the United States, H.R. 5056, "Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex", was introduced by Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Winifred_C._Stanley" title="Winifred C. Stanley">Winifred C. Stanley</a> of Buffalo, New York, on June 19, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Archives_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Archives-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years later, legislation passed by the federal government in 1963 made it illegal to pay men and women different wage rates for equal work on jobs that require equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and are performed under similar working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year after passing the Equal Pay Act, Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Title VII of this act makes it unlawful to discriminate based on a person's race, religion, color, or sex.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Title VII attacks sex discrimination more broadly than the Equal Pay Act extending not only to wages but to compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of employment. Thus with the Equal Pay Act and Title VII, an employer cannot deny women equal pay for equal work; deny women transfers, promotions, or wage increases; manipulate job evaluations to relegate women's pay; or intentionally segregate men and women into jobs according to their gender.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Congress was debating this bill at the same time that the Equal Pay Act was coming into effect, there was concern over how these two laws would interact, which led to the passage of Senator Bennett's Amendment. This Amendment states: "It Shall not be unlawful employment practice under this subchapter for any employer to differentiate upon the basis of sex ... if such differentiation is authorized by the provisions of the [Equal Pay Act]." There was confusion on the interpretation of this Amendment, which was left to the courts to resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus US federal law now states that "employers may not pay unequal wages to men and women who perform jobs that require substantially equal skill, effort and responsibility, and that are performed under similar working conditions within the same establishment."<sup id="cite_ref-EEOC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_state">New York state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New York state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, the state of New York outlawed wage discrimination based on one's gender.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July 2019, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed into law legislation guaranteeing equal pay for equal work regardless of one's gender.<sup id="cite_ref-victoryequal_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victoryequal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-victoryparade_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victoryparade-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This builds on the 1944 law by prohibiting employers from asking job candidates about their previously salary, a loophole that has had a history of enforcing pay inequality based on gender.<sup id="cite_ref-victoryequal_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victoryequal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuomo signed the law in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2019 FIFA Women's World Cup">2019 Women's World Cup victory parade</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-victoryequal_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victoryequal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-victoryparade_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victoryparade-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington_state">Washington state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Washington state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, Governor Evans implemented a pay equity study in 1973 and another in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Remick_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remick-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results clearly showed that when comparing male and female dominated jobs there was almost no overlap between the averages for similar jobs and in every sector, a twenty percent gap emerged. For example, a food service worker earned $472 per month, and a Delivery Truck Driver earned $792, though they were both given the same number of "points" on the scale of comparable worth to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Remick_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remick-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for the state, and for the female state workers, his successor Governor Dixie Lee Ray failed to implement the recommendations of the study (which clearly stated women made 20 percent less than men).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in 1981, <a href="/wiki/AFSCME" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSCME">AFSCME</a> filed a sex discrimination complaint with the <a href="/wiki/EEOC" class="mw-redirect" title="EEOC">EEOC</a> against the State of Washington. The District Court ruled that since the state had done a study of sex discrimination in the state, found that there was severe disparities in wages, and had not done anything to ameliorate these disparities, this constituted discrimination under Title VII that was "pervasive and intentional".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court then ordered the State to pay its over 15,500 women back pay from 1979 based on a 1983 study of comparable worth.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amounted to over $800 million. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> overturned this decision, stating that Washington had always required their employees' salaries to reflect the free market, and discrimination was one cause of many for wage disparities. The court stated, "the State did not create the market disparity ... [and] neither law nor logic deems the free market system a suspect enterprise."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the suit was ultimately unsuccessful, it led to state legislation bolstering state workers' pay. The costs for implementing this equal pay policy was 2.6% of personnel costs for the state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minnesota">Minnesota</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minnesota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, the state began considering a formal comparable worth policy in the late 1970s when the Minnesota Task Force of the Council on the Economic Status of Women commissioned Hay Associates to conduct a study. The results were staggering and similar to the results in Washington (there was a 20% gap between state male and female workers pay). Hay Associates proved that in the 19 years since the Equal Pay Act was passed, wage discrimination persisted and had even increased over from 1976 to 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using their point system, they noted that while delivery van drivers and clerk typists were both scaled with 117 points each of "worth" to the state, the delivery van driver (a male-dominated profession) was paid $1,382 a month while the clerk typist (a female dominated profession) was paid $1,115 a month.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also noted that women were severely underrepresented in manager and professional positions, and that state jobs were often segregated by sex. The study finally recommended that the state take several courses of action: 1) establish comparable worth considerations for female-dominated jobs; 2) set aside money to ameliorate the pay inequity; 3) encourage affirmative action for women and minorities and 4) continue analyzing the situation to improve it. The Minnesota Legislature moved immediately in response. In 1983 the state appropriated 21.8 million dollars to begin amending the pay disparities for state employees.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1982 to 1993, women's wages in the state increased 10%. According to the Star Tribune, in 2005 women in Minnesota state government made 97 cents to the dollar, ranking Minnesota as one of the most equal for female state workers in the country. Five years later in 2010, full pay equity for women in state employment was finally achieved, with recurring, typically minor pay adjustments in local governments occurring regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_law:_Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act">Federal law: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Federal law: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/President_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Obama">President Obama</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act</a>, permitting women to sue employers for unfair pay up to 180 days after receiving an unfair paycheck. On 29 January 2016, he signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> obliging all companies with at least 100 employees to disclose the pay of all workers to the federal government, with breakdowns of pay by race, gender, and ethnicity. The goal is to encourage employers to give equal pay for equal work by increasing transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2016, Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Charlie Baker</a> signed a bill to improve upon the already existing Massachusetts Equal Pay Act. On July 1, 2018, this updated amendment went into effect to protect employees from being asked their previous salary by their current employer.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Baker sought change in the current system after recognizing that women in their respective fields, on average, were making 76 cents on the dollar compared to men doing the same job.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the updated Massachusetts Equal Pay Act, employers are not allowed to have disparity in pay for employees doing a job that requires the same level of skill, effort, and responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Massachusetts Equal Pay Act only permits differences in pay when it is based on merit, seniority, revenue generated, education, and location or travel.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its arrival in 2018, the Massachusetts Equal Pay Act became the strongest advocate for equal pay between genders in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the first state to provide affirmative defense to employers under the condition they have performed a self-audit of their pay practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to be protected, there needs to be proven record of efforts made to close the disparity in pay before they become liable for double of the discriminated employee's lost wages.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_and_local_laws,_2010s"><span id="State_and_local_laws.2C_2010s"></span>State and local laws, 2010s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State and local laws, 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>California and New York City have adopted laws which prohibit employers from asking about salary history to determine the salary that will be offered for a new job. This is intended to narrow the gender pay gap by reducing the impact of past discrimination. Many other U.S. states were considering similar laws, as of May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_Australia" title="Gender pay gap in Australia">Gender pay gap in Australia</a></div> <p>In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights started to recognize equal pay for equal work.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Equal Remuneration Convention was released in 1951 by the International Labour Organization. The convention stated that it recommends jobs to be classified according to the nature of the work rather than who is performing the work. Women and men participated in protests, calling the government to fix the 1951 convention and make equal pay the law in Australia. In 1969, there was a case brought to the ACAC by the Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union against the Meat and Allied Trades Federation. Workers argued for equal pay for every employee and the ruling of the commission was that the general female award minimum wage at 85 per cent of the male wage. This decision helped equal pay for women who were working the same job that traditionally the men would do, but all the other women got the 85 per cent. In 1972 the decision was reassessed and rules that either women or men who are working at a similar job that has a similar value, are eligible for the same working rate.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Australia's old centralised wage fixing system, "equal pay for work of equal value" by women was introduced in 1969. Anti-discrimination on the basis of sex was legislated in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canadian usage, the terms <i>pay equity</i> and <i>pay equality</i> are used somewhat differently from in other countries. The two terms refer to distinctly separate legal concepts. </p><p><i>Pay equality</i>, or equal pay for equal work, refers to the requirement that men and women be paid the same if performing the same job in the same organization. For example, a female electrician must be paid the same as a male electrician in the same organization. Reasonable differences are permitted if due to seniority or merit. </p><p><i>Pay equality</i> is required by law in each of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Canada">Canada</a>'s 14 legislative jurisdictions (ten provinces, three territories, and the federal government). Note that federal legislation applies only to those employers in certain federally regulated industries such as banks, broadcasters, and airlines, to name a few. For most employers, the relevant legislation is that of the respective province or territory. </p><p>For federally regulated employers, pay equality is guaranteed under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, pay equality is required under the Ontario Employment Standards Act.<sup id="cite_ref-OESA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OESA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Every Canadian jurisdiction has similar legislation, although the name of the law will vary. </p><p>In contrast, <i>pay equity</i>, in the Canadian context, means that male-dominated occupations and female-dominated occupations of comparable value must be paid the same if within the same employer. The Canadian term <i>pay equity</i> is referred to as "comparable worth" in the US. For example, if an organization's nurses and electricians are deemed to have jobs of equal importance, they must be paid the same. One way of distinguishing the concepts is to note that <i>pay equality</i> addresses the rights of women employees as individuals, whereas <i>pay equity</i> addresses the rights of female-dominated occupations as groups. </p><p>Certain Canadian jurisdictions have <i>pay equity</i> legislation while others do not, hence the necessity of distinguishing between <i>pay equity</i> and <i>pay equality</i> in Canadian usage. For example, in Ontario, <i>pay equality</i> is guaranteed through the Ontario Employment Standards Act<sup id="cite_ref-OESA_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OESA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>pay equity</i> is guaranteed through the Ontario Pay Equity Act.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the three westernmost provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan) have <i>pay equality</i> legislation but no <i>pay equity</i> legislation. Some provinces (for example, Manitoba) have legislation that requires <i>pay equity</i> for public sector employers but not for private sector employers; meanwhile, <i>pay equality</i> legislation applies to everyone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_protections">Constitutional protections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Constitutional protections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of its <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles in India">Directive Principles of State Policy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> through Article 39 envisages that all states ideally direct their policy towards securing equal pay for equal work for both men and women, and also ensuring that men and women have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. While these <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles in India">Directive Principles</a> are not enforceable by any court of law, they are crucial to the governance of the country and a state is duty bound to consider them while enacting laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Myth_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myth-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While "equal pay for equal work" is not expressly a constitutional right, it has been read into the Constitution through the interpretation of Articles 14, 15 and 16 – which guarantee equality before the law, protection against discrimination and equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.<sup id="cite_ref-Myth_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myth-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> has also declared this to be a constitutional goal, available to every individual and capable of being attained through the enforcement of their fundamental rights set out in Articles 14 through 16.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a popular Supreme Court decision, the conditions of employment of the air-hostesses of Air India was challenged. The terms of employment required the mandatory retirement of females: (i) upon attaining the age of 33; (ii) if they were married within four years of service; or (iii) upon their first pregnancy. The court however struck down these provisions and held them to be arbitrary and discriminatory as it violated Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statutory_Protection">Statutory Protection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statutory Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, the Equal Remuneration Act was passed with the aim of providing equal remuneration to men and women workers and to prevent discrimination on the basis of gender in all matters relating to employment and employment opportunities. This legislation not only provides women with a right to demand equal pay, but any inequality with respect to recruitment processes, job training, promotions, and transfers within the organization can also be challenged under this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its scope does not extend to situations where: (i) a woman is attempting to comply with the requirements of laws giving women special treatment; and (ii) a woman is being accorded special treatment on account of the birth of a child, or the terms and conditions relating to retirement, marriage or death.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies and individual employers can both be held accountable to maintain the standards prescribed under this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various cases, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> has also held that discrimination on the basis of gender only arises when men and women perform the same work or work of a similar nature. However, it clarified that a flexible approach is required to be taken while deciding which kinds of work may be similar by considering the duties actually performed as a part of the job, and not the duties potentially capable of being performed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taiwan legislated the Act of Gender Equality in Employment in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It regulates that an employer must give the same salary to the workers who do the same work. The law prescribes that employers shall not discriminate against employees because of their gender or sexual orientation in the case of paying wages. Employees shall receive equal pay for equal work or equal value. However, if such differentials are the result of seniority systems, award and discipline systems, merit systems or other justifiable reasons of non-sexual or non-sexual-orientation factors, the above-mentioned restriction shall not apply. Employers may not adopt methods of reducing the wages of other employees in order to evade the stipulation of the preceding paragraph.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticisms of the principle of equal pay for equal work by women include criticism of the mechanisms used to achieve it and the methodology by which the gap is measured.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that government actions to correct gender pay disparity serve to interfere with the system of voluntary exchange. They argue the fundamental issue is that the employer is the owner of the job, not the government or the employee. The employer negotiates the job and pays according to performance, not according to job duties. Others contend that men are perceived to be high performers based on the same skill that a woman would have been able to do. A private business would not want to lose its best performers by compensating them less and can ill afford paying its lower performers higher because the overall productivity will decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Caveat_for_Employers_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caveat_for_Employers-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Subtle,_and_stubborn,_race_bias_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subtle,_and_stubborn,_race_bias-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">Independent Women's Forum</a> cites another study that prognosticates the wage gap possibly disappearing "when controlled for experience, education, and number of years on the job".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_difference_between_equal_pay_for_equal_work_and_equal_pay_for_work_of_equal_value">The difference between equal pay for equal work and equal pay for work of equal value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The difference between equal pay for equal work and equal pay for work of equal value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Equal pay for equal work</th> <th>Equal pay for work of equal value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Equal pay compares the pay of incumbents in the same or very similar jobs.</td> <td>Pay equity compares the value and pay of different jobs, such as nurse and electrician. </td></tr> <tr> <td>In Canada, either men or women can complain that their work is undervalued. If a male incumbent is paid less than a female incumbent in the same job, he can file a complaint. As well, a woman or man can complain if she or he is paid less than a man or woman in the same job.</td> <td>In Canada, only people (both men and women) in jobs traditionally reserved for women can complain that their work is undervalued. If nurses are paid less than electricians by the same employer, then they can file a complaint. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-payequity_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payequity-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Washington Center for Equitable Growth using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, occupations that are more male dominated tend to be paid better regardless of skill or education level.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, it often requires a similar level of skill and education to be an electrician as it does to be a nurse.<sup id="cite_ref-payequity_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payequity-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, electricians, a male-dominated field, earn more than nurses, a female-dominated field. In situations where, for example, the electrician is performing their job 200 feet above the base floor of an offshore oil rig, then pay should be higher because the risks are likewise higher. However, this does not explain the gap between the average work of electricians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A criticism to equal pay for work of equal value is the lack of proper comparation mechanisms, it is based on subjective impressions and not based on real facts and statistics. As in previous example, checking statistic data from US BLS, we can prove that it is a false statement that electricians earn more than nurses. Based on the statistics electricians earn ~1015$/weekly<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while nurses earn ~1223$/weekly,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so in this case proving that nurses, a female dominated field, earn more than electricians, a male dominated field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transparency_laws">Transparency laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transparency laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compensation_transparency" title="Compensation transparency">Compensation transparency</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg/148px-Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg/222px-Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg/296px-Gender_Pay_Inequality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A woman holding up a sign protesting that she earns less than a "him" (a male coworker) for the same work</figcaption></figure> <p>Transparency laws require companies to disclose wages to employees or the government. This can reduce the <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a> by allowing women to negotiate for equivalent pay (rather than a salary history which may reflect past discrimination) and by shaming employers into treating men and women equally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of jurisdictions in the United States have enacted laws which require employers to furnish salary ranges per role on job advertisements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colorado">Colorado</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>'s Equal Pay for Equal Work Act was passed and signed into law, effective January 21, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its first year, as the only US state with such a law, <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineer</a> Aaron Batilos noticed that the rising need for <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was overwhelmingly excluding the state of Colorado. He started a website, <i>coloradoexcluded.com</i>, which found hundreds of companies, including <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">PETA</a>, were excluding Colorado from hiring to avoid posting salary ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Labor_and_Employment" title="Colorado Department of Labor and Employment">Colorado Department of Labor and Employment</a> (CDLE) warning companies with a presence in Colorado that they were required to comply or face fines of $10,000 per violation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following CDLE's warning, the number of companies attempting to circumvent the law was drastically reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City</a> passed Int. 1208-2018, which was signed into law in January 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was originally set to take effect on May 15, 2022, but was later delayed until November 1, 2022, after pushback from businesses resulted in amendments which limited the requirement to jobs which are physically located within the city limits.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state-wide bill, Senate Bill (SB) S9427, was passed June 3, 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of September 2022, Governor <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Kathy Hochul</a> had not yet signed the bill into law.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington">Washington</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2021–2022, software engineer <a href="/wiki/Cher_Scarlett" title="Cher Scarlett">Cher Scarlett</a> lobbied for an amendment to Washington's Equal Pay and Opportunities Act of 2019, which previously only required employers to disclose salary ranges upon request and prohibited the practice of requesting a candidate's salary history.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SB 5761 expanded the salary range requirement to all Washington job postings, and was signed into law on March 30, 2022, effective January 1, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scarlett called on the states of New York and California to enact similar laws to end the exclusion of Colorado workers from job postings.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2022, Senator <a href="/wiki/Monique_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Monique Limón">Monique Limón</a> introduced SB 1162.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed on August 30, 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and signed into law September 27, 2022, effective January 1, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, under the 2022 amendment, employers with 100 or more employees must also submit an annual pay data report to the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Fair_Employment_and_Housing" class="mw-redirect" title="California Department of Fair Employment and Housing">California Department of Fair Employment and Housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allonby_v._Accrington_and_Rossendale_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Allonby v. Accrington and Rossendale College">Allonby v. Accrington and Rossendale College</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Day" title="Equal Pay Day">Equal Pay Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">Feminization of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_India" title="Gender pay gap in India">Gender pay gap in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_one_price" title="Law of one price">Law of one price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Material feminism">Material feminism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ilolex-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilolex_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilolex_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilolex_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/equalcompensation.cfm">"Equal Pay and Compensation Discrimination"</a>. <i>www.eeoc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Women Teachers' Lobby": Justice, Gender, and Politics in the Equal Pay Fight of the New York City Interborough Association of Women Teachers, 1906-1911". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 24–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2023.49">10.1017/heq.2023.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Women+Teachers%27+Lobby%22%3A+Justice%2C+Gender%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Equal+Pay+Fight+of+the+New+York+City+Interborough+Association+of+Women+Teachers%2C+1906-1911&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-42&rft.date=2024-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2023.49&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEqual+pay+for+equal+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurofound.europa.eu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurofound.europa.eu_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurofound.europa.eu_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060116/http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2002/01/study/tn0201101s.htm">"Gender pay equity in Europe"</a>. <i>Eurofound</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurofound&rft.atitle=Gender+pay+equity+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurofound.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Freport%2F2002%2Fgender-pay-equity-in-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEqual+pay+for+equal+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, article 7</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>: Part II, Article 4, section 4</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>, Article 15</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091225111436/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/constq.htm">"ILOLEX: Constitution"</a>. <i>arquivo.pt</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Protocol&rft.atitle=Newsom+just+signed+California+pay+transparency+bill+SB+1162&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.protocol.com%2Fbulletins%2Fnewsom-pay-transparency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEqual+pay+for+equal+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-growing-pay-transparency-trend-and-3887767/">"The Growing Pay Transparency Trend and How Employers Should Prepare"</a>. <i>JD Supra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JD+Supra&rft.atitle=The+Growing+Pay+Transparency+Trend+and+How+Employers+Should+Prepare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdsupra.com%2Flegalnews%2Fthe-growing-pay-transparency-trend-and-3887767%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEqual+pay+for+equal+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_pay_for_equal_work&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Neill, June Ellenoff (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/ComparableWorth.html">"Comparable Worth"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">David R. Henderson</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparable+Worth&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=June+Ellenoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc1%2FComparableWorth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEqual+pay+for+equal+work" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317650570">317650570</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50016270">50016270</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163149563">163149563</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.three-peaks.net/equalpay.htm">Pay Equity Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Careers/10/22/equal.pay/">CNN report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202014937/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=pay+equity&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form">Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Pay Equity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reuther.wayne.edu/taxonomy/term/581">Historic photos and records on the fight for pay equity.</a> Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518234720/http://www.marxist.com/women/equal_pay.html">"Whatever Happened to Equal Pay?" Marxist Essay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pay-equity.org/day-kit.html">Pay Equity Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222926/http://viewer.zmags.com/showmag.php?mid=pfgsh#/page14/">"The Truth Behind Women's Wages in Mining", Jack Caldwell and Cecilia Jamasmie</a></li> <li>[Brandt, Mark J. “Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies.” Psychological Science, vol. 22, no. 11, 2011, pp. 1413–18. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41320046">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41320046</a>.]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms" title="List of executive search firms">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fair" title="Job fair">Job fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">Letter of recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit" title="Person–environment fit">Person–environment fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory" title="Personality–job fit theory">Personality–job fit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_hire" title="Personality hire">Personality hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">Employee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Working class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Red-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">No-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Orange-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Scarlet-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Black-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Gold-collar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master craftsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overspecialization" title="Overspecialization">Overspecialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_firm" title="Practice firm">Practice firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">Gap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_call,_no_show" title="No call, no show">No call, no show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call" class="mw-redirect" title="On-call">On-call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_bracket" title="Income bracket">Income bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Canada" title="Minimum wage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_compression" title="Wage compression">Wage compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Benefits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_leave" title="Marriage leave">Marriage leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States" title="Sick leave in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents" title="List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents">List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">Occupational noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">Corporate collapses and scandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willingness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreout" title="Boreout">Boreout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_job" title="Dead-end job">Dead-end job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">Termination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_offboarding" title="Employee offboarding">Employee offboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slip_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink slip (employment)">Pink slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_resignation" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_planning" title="Retirement planning">Retirement planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Economic depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Job losses caused by the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_recessions" title="Lists of recessions">Lists of recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of unemployment">Types of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Convention,_1919" title="Unemployment Convention, 1919">Unemployment Convention, 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">List of countries by unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate" title="List of sovereign states by employment rate">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_index" title="Job creation index">Job creation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">Employer of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><i>U.S.A.:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">Busy work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">Credentialism and educational inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_postal" title="Going postal">Going postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> See also templates</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of 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