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It argues that the lack of a clear division of labor and a culture of capital reinvestment, as proposed by economists such as Adam Smith, are significant factors hindering economic development in these regions. By analyzing various theories and frameworks, the paper concludes that without establishing these essential economic structures, African nations will struggle to attain equality in the global marketplace.","ai_title_tag":"Barriers to African Subsistence Globalization"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Globalizing African Subsistence: The Division of Labour and Capital Investment","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [47701189]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":45073007,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Globalizing African Subsistence: The Division of Labour and Capital Investment”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/45073007/mini_magick20190213-29148-1sgroad.png?1550056031" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Globalizing African Subsistence: The Division of Labour and Capital Investment</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47701189" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GKizer"><img alt="Profile image of Garrett Kizer" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/47701189/13669321/14806546/s65_garrett.kizer.jpg" />Garrett Kizer</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 24744332; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=24744332"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper examines the barriers preventing African subsistence economies from fully participating in the globalized world market. It argues that the lack of a clear division of labor and a culture of capital reinvestment, as proposed by economists such as Adam Smith, are significant factors hindering economic development in these regions. By analyzing various theories and frameworks, the paper concludes that without establishing these essential economic structures, African nations will struggle to attain equality in the global marketplace.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":45073007,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/24744332/Globalizing_African_Subsistence_The_Division_of_Labour_and_Capital_Investment"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":45073007,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/24744332/Globalizing_African_Subsistence_The_Division_of_Labour_and_Capital_Investment"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Hannah Arendt's Contribution to the Question of the Good Life in Times of Global Superfluity of Human Labor Power</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="632923" href="https://mf.academia.edu/ClaudiaLenz">Claudia Lenz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hypatia, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper relates Arendt's critique of a labor society to her thoughts on the "good life." I begin with the claim that in the post-mass production era, Western societies, traditionally centered around gainful employment, encounter a decrease in the relevance of labor and can thus no longer rely on it as a resource for individual or social meaning. From Arendt's perspective, however, the current situation allows for the possibility ofa transition from a society based on labor to a society centered around activities. I explore Arendt's different types of activities-labor, work, action-with respect to the question of justice between the genders.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The End or the Apotheosis of Labor? Hannah Arendt's Contribution to the Question of the Good Life in Times of Global Superfluity of Human Labor Power","attachmentId":51236793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/793923/The_End_or_the_Apotheosis_of_Labor_Hannah_Arendts_Contribution_to_the_Question_of_the_Good_Life_in_Times_of_Global_Superfluity_of_Human_Labor_Power","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/793923/The_End_or_the_Apotheosis_of_Labor_Hannah_Arendts_Contribution_to_the_Question_of_the_Good_Life_in_Times_of_Global_Superfluity_of_Human_Labor_Power"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="10349575" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10349575/_With_Karin_Hofmeester_Jan_Lucassen_No_Global_Labor_History_without_Africa_Reciprocal_Comparison_and_Beyond_History_in_Africa_41_2014_pp_1_28">(With Karin Hofmeester, Jan Lucassen), “No Global Labor History without Africa: Reciprocal Comparison and Beyond,” History in Africa 41, (2014), pp. 1-28.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4270949" href="https://iisg.academia.edu/FilipaRibeirodaSilva">Filipa Ribeiro da Silva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This introduction explains why it is important to include the history of labor and labor relations in Africa in Global Labor History. It suggests that the approach of the Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations 1500–2000 – with its taxonomy of labor relations – is a feasible method for applying this approach to the historiography on labor history in Africa. The introduction ends with an analysis of four case studies that are presented in this special section, with a specific focus on shifts in labor relations and how they could be explained.Cette introduction explique pourquoi serait-il important que d’inclure – dans l’Histoire Globale du Travail – l’histoire du travail et les relations de travail en Afrique. Elle véhicule l’approche du projet “Pour une Collaboratoire Globale sur l’Histoire des Relations de Travail, 1500–2000.” En particulier, ce projet propose une taxonomie des relations de travail comme instrument méthodologique, en replaçant celle-ci dans le cadre de l’historiographie de l’histoire du travail dans une perspective locale et mondialisée. L’introduction termine avec une analyse des cinq études de cas présentés dans cette section spéciale avec une attention portée aux changements survenus dans les relations de travail.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(With Karin Hofmeester, Jan Lucassen), “No Global Labor History without Africa: Reciprocal Comparison and Beyond,” History in Africa 41, (2014), pp. 1-28.","attachmentId":37617973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10349575/_With_Karin_Hofmeester_Jan_Lucassen_No_Global_Labor_History_without_Africa_Reciprocal_Comparison_and_Beyond_History_in_Africa_41_2014_pp_1_28","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10349575/_With_Karin_Hofmeester_Jan_Lucassen_No_Global_Labor_History_without_Africa_Reciprocal_Comparison_and_Beyond_History_in_Africa_41_2014_pp_1_28"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="88122034" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88122034/Toward_a_global_anthropology_of_labor_a_response_to_Bryan_D_Palmer_s">Toward a global anthropology of labor: a response to Bryan D. Palmer’s</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7933396" href="https://mun.academia.edu/AugustCarbonella">August Carbonella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dialectical Anthropology, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bryan Palmer has written a much welcome call for the renewal of working class studies in History and Anthropology. His focus, as his subtitle indicates, is on the Canadian working class and its achievements and failures. His consideration of class as "defined by the diverse experiences of dispossession fundamental to capitalism's origins and ongoing social relations," however, opens a window to a broader comparative perspective. His expanded definition of class invites consideration of the multiplicity and unevenness of class and labor relations not only in Canada, on which he focuses, but globally and the possibilities and limitations it poses for our understanding of labor and class more generally (see Carbonella and Kasmir 2014). Toward this end, I start with a consideration of the world-historical anthropologies of Eric Wolf (1982), Cedric Robinson (1983), and Sidney Mintz (1985), who were writing at precisely the moment when the unmaking of national working classes and the globalization of labor processes was intensifying. Collectively, they situated the differentiated 19th century processes of labor formation within transnational and global orbits, and tied them to the production of distinct racial, ethnic, and gender hierarchies. Their collective emphasis on global labor, rather than class formation, allows us to consider not only the multiplicity of laboring populations, but the possibilities and limitations they hold for solidarity across categories, regions, and borders. As Sharryn Kasmir and I defined it, "labor is a pointedly political entity, whose social protests, and quietude, organizations, and cultures reflect its multiple engagements with capital and state, as well as relationships with other workers locally, regionally, and globally." Our definition was meant to encompass not only the myriad forms of extant labor within temporal and spatial processes of capital accumulation, but the power laden processes of categorizing, differentiating, or unifying those laborers (ibid, 7). In doing so, we relied heavily on W.E.B. Du Bois' argument in Darkwater (1969 [1920]) the lived experience of dispossession and the production of difference and inequality are conjoined, simultaneous processes" (ibid).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toward a global anthropology of labor: a response to Bryan D. Palmer’s","attachmentId":92159773,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88122034/Toward_a_global_anthropology_of_labor_a_response_to_Bryan_D_Palmer_s","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88122034/Toward_a_global_anthropology_of_labor_a_response_to_Bryan_D_Palmer_s"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="26303159" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26303159/The_Commodity_Nature_of_Labor_Power_Science_and_Society_Volume_80_N_3_2016_pp_319_345">The Commodity Nature of Labor-Power. Science & Society, Volume 80, N° 3, 2016, pp. 319–345</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3290327" href="https://unq.academia.edu/GuidoStarosta">Guido Starosta</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Some recent Marxist contributions, among them the so-called New Solution to the " transformation problem, " call into question the idea of labor-power as a fully-fledged commodity. Yet, the rejection of the commodity nature of labor-power compromises Marx's whole explanation of the origin of surplus-value on the basis of the exchange of equivalents. It can be shown, however, that it is possible to offer a positive case for the commodity-nature of labor-power which is consistent with Marx's broader dialectical investigation of the determinations of the value-form. This requires building upon the arguments that Marx explicitly put forward in his economic works, but also going beyond them, albeit on the basis of those arguments themselves. Furthermore, this novel approach that treats the reproduction of labor-power as a commodity determined by the self-valorization of capital proves to be very valuable in shedding light on two classic Marxist controversies, namely: the debate on domestic labor and the one on skilled labor.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Commodity Nature of Labor-Power. Science \u0026 Society, Volume 80, N° 3, 2016, pp. 319–345","attachmentId":46616620,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26303159/The_Commodity_Nature_of_Labor_Power_Science_and_Society_Volume_80_N_3_2016_pp_319_345","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26303159/The_Commodity_Nature_of_Labor_Power_Science_and_Society_Volume_80_N_3_2016_pp_319_345"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="80630437" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80630437/Labour_in_a_Global_World_Case_Studies_from_the_White_Goods_Industry_in_Africa_South_America_East_Asia_and_Europe_T_Nichols_and_S_Cam">Labour in a Global World. Case Studies from the White Goods Industry in Africa, South America, East Asia and Europe – T. Nichols and S. Cam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15291200" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TheoNichols">Theo Nichols</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The British Journal of Sociology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Labour in a Global World. Case Studies from the White Goods Industry in Africa, South America, East Asia and Europe – T. Nichols and S. Cam","attachmentId":86948726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80630437/Labour_in_a_Global_World_Case_Studies_from_the_White_Goods_Industry_in_Africa_South_America_East_Asia_and_Europe_T_Nichols_and_S_Cam","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80630437/Labour_in_a_Global_World_Case_Studies_from_the_White_Goods_Industry_in_Africa_South_America_East_Asia_and_Europe_T_Nichols_and_S_Cam"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="37815249" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37815249/Claims_of_Labor_in_Globalization_Africa_Citizenship_and_the_Integral_State">Claims of Labor in Globalization: Africa, Citizenship, and the Integral State</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67859501" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RajiSinghSoni">Raji S Soni</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8192311" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RalphCallebert">Ralph Callebert</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Socialism and Democracy, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conventional accounts of rights, citizenship, and political belonging are often deeply rooted in concepts of labor. The study of labor, however, generally continues to derive its concepts from Western histories and experiences. African social history enables scholars to challenge this approach and to rethink labor as such. Relatedly, scholarship on modes of citizenship, political mobilization, and belonging in Africa, especially in relation to labor, goes back at least to Fanon. How do people access the state, its resources, and its patronage when employment or entrepreneurialism do not fulfil this role, as is often the case in Africa and much of the Global South? Addressing these questions via Fanon and Said, both of whom lead us to Gramsci’s concept of the integral state, we argue that to claim the state—rather than the nation or the market—we must recognize as labor the life-worlds and struggles of the poor, the unemployed, or those marginally connected to global markets.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Claims of Labor in Globalization: Africa, Citizenship, and the Integral State","attachmentId":57814854,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37815249/Claims_of_Labor_in_Globalization_Africa_Citizenship_and_the_Integral_State","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37815249/Claims_of_Labor_in_Globalization_Africa_Citizenship_and_the_Integral_State"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="90570146" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90570146/3_Labour_Subsumption_and_Exploitation">3. Labour Subsumption and Exploitation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="296439" href="https://unisi.academia.edu/escrepanti">ernesto screpanti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Labour and Value, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The sphere of circulation or commodity exchange, within whose boundaries the sale and purchase of labour-power goes on, is in fact a very Eden of the innate rights of man. It is the exclusive realm of Freedom, Equality, Property and Bentham. Freedom, because both buyer and seller of a commodity, let us say, of labour-power, are determined only by their own free will. They contract as free persons, who are equal before the law. Their contract is the final result in which their joint will finds a common legal expression. Equality, because each enters into relation with the other as with a simple owner of commodity, and they exchange equivalent for equivalent. Property, because each disposes only of what is his own. And Bentham, because each looks only to his own advantage […]. And precisely for that reason, either in accordance with the preestablished harmony of things, or under the auspices of the omniscient providence, they all work together to their mutual advantage, for the common weal, and in the common interest. When we leave this sphere of simple circulation or the exchange of commodities, which provides the 'free-trader vulgaris' with his views, his concepts and the standard by which he judges the society of capital and wage-labour, a certain change takes place, or so it appears, in the physiognomy of our dramatis personae. He who was previously the money-owner now strides out in front as a capitalist; the possessor of labour-power follows as his worker. The one smirks self-importantly and is intent on business; the other is timid and holds back, like someone who has brought his own hide to market and now has nothing else to expect but a tanning.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"3. Labour Subsumption and Exploitation","attachmentId":94097435,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90570146/3_Labour_Subsumption_and_Exploitation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90570146/3_Labour_Subsumption_and_Exploitation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="5556354" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5556354/Abstract_Labour_Against_its_nature_and_on_its_time">Abstract Labour: Against its nature and on its time</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2935607" href="https://york.academia.edu/WernerBonefeldYork">Werner Bonefeld</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Capital & Class, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent debates on abstract labour have highlighted Marx's ambivalent conception of this important term. This article criticises current physiological definitions of the term, and against the background of earlier debates in Capital & Class, develops abstract labour as a specifically capitalist form of labour which entails a specific conception of social labour time-a time made abstract. The political implications of these rival accounts are formidable.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abstract Labour: Against its nature and on its time","attachmentId":56754649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5556354/Abstract_Labour_Against_its_nature_and_on_its_time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5556354/Abstract_Labour_Against_its_nature_and_on_its_time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="53989007" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53989007/Rethinking_the_concept_of_labour">Rethinking the concept of labour</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15605911" href="https://ub.academia.edu/SNarotzky">Susana Narotzky</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Is labour a useful concept for anthropology today? This essay attempts to respond theoretically to the challenge that the contributions to this special issue empirically pose. The essay rethinks the concept of labour by addressing three questions that deal with the relation of human work effort and capital accumulation: the first refers to alienation; the second to the difference between abstract and concrete labour; and the third to ambiguity. Over the years, these issues have addressed particular aspects of social reproduction, helping define labour as a concept, albeit a heterogeneous one,that is relationally linked to capital. Dislocation, together with the parallel concepts of dispossession, disorganization, disconnection, and differentiation, emerges prominently in the analyses of contemporary labour transformations and spacificities. Finally, the essay engages with seemingly disappearing labour futures and what this means for the concept of labour. What is the value of work for capital and, conversely, the value of labouring for people today? lntroduction: a problem of method This special issue on labour raises important questions that we will probably not be able to resolve but which should not be hastily dismissed. First, there is the epistemological question of the value of concepts cross-culturally and cross-historically, in this case the value of the concept of 'labour'. Anthropologists (but also historians) have been struggling with this thorny issue from the outset. How useful is an extraneous concept to understand the processes, conflicts, settlements, tensions, and harmonies that take place in a historically and culturally different environment where our present-day Western categorizations may not exist, or may be embedded in a very different reality? As many have argued, the nature/culture divide or the self-contained individual may not be significat, whereas other unknown forms of categorization may be present that we cannot fathom or imagine. In sum, this epistemological question determines our method and the internal tension that makes its value. If we abandon the quest for universally applicable concepts, we are at pains to justify the worth of our discipline for we cannot compare, and the terrifying 'so what?' dilemma emerges as we become cornered into being mere consumers of native theory. If we do not acknowledge the concreteness of living experience and its eventual incommensurability, on the</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rethinking the concept of labour","attachmentId":70569365,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53989007/Rethinking_the_concept_of_labour","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53989007/Rethinking_the_concept_of_labour"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":45073007,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":45073007,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_45073007" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="14206159" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14206159/Labour_is_not_a_commodity_Reappraising_the_origins_of_the_maxim">Labour is not a commodity: Reappraising the origins of the maxim</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33112043" href="https://uio.academia.edu/SteinEvju">Stein Evju</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Labour Law Journal, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/970162/African_Women_and_Power_Labor_Gender_and_Feminism_In_the_Age_of_Globalization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="112186771" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112186771/Rethinking_Worlds_of_Labour">Rethinking Worlds of Labour</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="622040" href="https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/LucienvanderWalt">Lucien van der Walt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">De Gruyter eBooks, 2016</p><div 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Abstract Labour as a Historical Reality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="296439" href="https://unisi.academia.edu/escrepanti">ernesto screpanti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Labour and Value, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2. 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